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1 span
spæn 1. noun1) (the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.) spennvidde, bruspenn2) (the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.) tidsrom, periode2. verb(to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.) spenne/strekke seg overbru--------omspenne--------par--------spannIsubst. \/spæn\/1) spann (avstanden mellom tommel og lillefinger, omtrent 9 tommer\/23 cm)2) tidsrom, levnetsløp, utmålt (leve)tid, spann (av tid)3) (arkitektur, elektronikk) spennvidde4) ( arkitektur) lysvidde (av overdekket åpning)5) (bro)spenn6) ( overført) spennvidde, rekkevidde, omfang7) ( EDB) variasjonsbredde8) ( luftfart) vingebredde, spennvidde9) (amer., eller sørafr.) spann, par (av hester eller okser)the short span of human life menneskets korte livthe span of an arch buevidden, bæreviddenIIverb \/spæn\/1) måle (med utspilte fingre)2) ( om bro e.l.) spenne over, strekke seg over3) ( overført) omspenne, spenne over, strekke seg over4) ( også overført) slå (en) bro over, overbygge5) ta seg over, krysse, sette over6) spenne (om), gripe (om)7) bedømme, kalkulere8) ( sjøfart) surre (fast)9) (amer., om hester, okser e.l.) utgjøre et spannspan someone's wrist gripe noen om håndleddetIIIverb \/spæn\/( gammeldags) pret. av ➢ spin, 2 -
2 span
Ⅰspan [spæn]уст. past от spin 2Ⅱspan [spæn]1. n1) длина́ мо́ста́, ширина́ реки́, разма́х рук и т.п.2) пролёт ( моста); расстоя́ние ме́жду опо́рами (арки, свода)3) ав. разма́х (крыла́)4) пядь (= 9 дюймам)5) коро́ткое расстоя́ние6) промежу́ток вре́мени; пери́од вре́мени;his life had well-nigh completed its span жизнь его́ уже́ бли́зилась к концу́
7) ж.-д. перего́н8) мат. хо́рда2. v1) перекрыва́ть (об арке, крыше и т.п.); соединя́ть берега́ ( о мосте);to span a river with a bridge постро́ить мост че́рез ре́ку́
2) простира́ться, охва́тывать3) измеря́ть пя́дями; перен. измеря́ть; охва́тывать;his eye spanned the intervening space он глаза́ми сме́рил расстоя́ние
4) муз. взять окта́вуⅢspan [spæn]1. n1) мор. штаг-ко́рнак2) амер. па́ра лошаде́й, воло́в и т.п. ( как упряжка)2. v мор. крепи́ть; привя́зывать; затя́гивать -
3 span
I [spæn]1) (period of time) periodo m., arco m. di tempo2) (across hand) spanna f.; (across arms) apertura f.; (of bridge) campata f.; (of arch) luce f.wing-span — (of bird, aircraft) apertura alare
II [spæn]the whole span of human history — fig. l'intero corso della storia dell'umanità
1) [bridge, arch] attraversare2) ing. costruire un ponte su [ river]* * *[spæn] 1. noun1) (the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.) luce, campata2) (the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.) durata2. verb(to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.) attraversare* * *I [spæn]1. n2. vt(subj : bridge etc) attraversareII [spæn] pther interests spanned every aspect of nature — i suoi interessi spaziavano in ogni aspetto della natura
See:* * *span (1) /spæn/n.2 ( di arco, ponte, ecc.) luce; campata: the span of an arch, la luce d'un arco; a bridge of four spans, un ponte a quattro campate4 (= time span) periodo (di tempo); tratto di tempo; arco di tempo: attention span, capacità di concentrazione (o di attenzione); He has a limited attention span, si distrae facilmente5 distanza fra due estremità; lunghezza; larghezza● (edil.) span roof, tetto a due spioventi.span (2) /spæn/n.3 (naut.) patta d'oca; penzolo.(to) span (1) /spæn/A v. t.1 misurare a spanne; misurare2 attraversare; stendersi attraverso: A bridge spans the river at the mouth, un ponte attraversa il fiume alla foce3 (fig.) abbracciare: The Roman Empire spanned five centuries, l'Impero Romano abbracciò cinque secoliB v. i.● to span a river with a bridge, gettare un ponte su un fiume.(to) span (2) /spæn/v. t.* * *I [spæn]1) (period of time) periodo m., arco m. di tempo2) (across hand) spanna f.; (across arms) apertura f.; (of bridge) campata f.; (of arch) luce f.wing-span — (of bird, aircraft) apertura alare
II [spæn]the whole span of human history — fig. l'intero corso della storia dell'umanità
1) [bridge, arch] attraversare2) ing. costruire un ponte su [ river] -
4 span
̈ɪspæn
1. сущ.
1) пядь (= 9 дюймам)
2) промежуток времени;
период времени his life had well-nigh completed its span ≈ жизнь его уже близилась к концу span of control attention span life span memory span
3) короткое расстояние
4) длина моста, ширина реки, размах рук и т. п.
5) авиац. размах (крыла)
6) пролет( моста) ;
расстояние между опорами (арки, свода)
7) мор. штаг-корнак
8) амер. пара лошадей, волов и т. п. (как упряжка)
9) ж.-д. перегон
10) мат. хорда
2. гл.
1) измерять пядями;
перен. измерять;
охватывать his eye spanned the intervening space ≈ он глазами смерил расстояние
2) перекрывать( об арке, крыше и т. п.) ;
соединять берега (о мосте) to span a river with a bridge ≈ построить мост через реку
3) охватывать, простираться Syn: stretch, reach
4) муз. взять октаву
5) мор. крепить;
привязывать;
затягивать пядь, спен (22,8 см) интервал, промежуток времени - man's life is but a * жизнь человеческая коротка - in a * of twenty years за двадцатилетний период - the whole * of Roman histpry история Рима с начала и до конца расстояние от одного конца до другого;
размах рук;
ширина (реки) (строительство) расстояние между опорами (специальное) пролет (мостового крана, арки) охват, объем - a long * of memory воспоминания, охватывающие много лет - a * of attention( психологическое) неустойчивость внимания, рассеянность( компьютерное) объем машинной памяти - a * of immediate memory объем быстродействующей памяти (строительство) пролетное строение( железнодорожное) перегон (авиация) размах (лопасти, крыльев) (техническое) зев( гаечного ключа) ;
раствор( губок тисков) (математика) хорда (дуги) (физическое) размах, двойная амплитуда( колебаний) перекрывать (об арке, крыше) наводить мост или переправу соединять берега (о мосте) заполнять (пробел, промежуток) - imagination will * the gap in our knowledge воображение поможет заполнить пробел в наших знаниях охватывать, включать - his carrer *ned four decades его деятельность продолжалась четыре десятилетия - a memory that *s half a century память, охватывающая полстолетия переправляться - to * a river переправляться через реку;
форсировать реку (электротехника) натягивать (провод) (музыкальное) брать октаву или большой интервал (одной рукой) измерять пядью мерить - his eyes *ned the space он смерил расстояние глазами, он на глаз прикинул расстояние (американизм) парная упряжка (лошадей, мулов, волов) запрягать лошадей, мулов, волов (американизм) составлять парную упряжку (по масти, росту) (морское) стягивать веревками (морское) крепить, затягивать past от spin data ~ вчт. диапазон данных ~ измерять пядями;
перен. измерять;
охватывать;
his eye spanned the intervening space он глазами смерил расстояние ~ промежуток времени;
период времени;
his life had wellnigh completed its span жизнь его уже близилась к концу life ~ долговечность life ~ продолжительность жизни life ~ ресурс life ~ срок службы span длина моста, ширина реки, размах рук ~ past от spin ~ муз. взять октаву ~ измерять пядями;
перен. измерять;
охватывать;
his eye spanned the intervening space он глазами смерил расстояние ~ интервал ~ короткое расстояние ~ мор. крепить;
привязывать;
затягивать ~ амер. пара лошадей (волов и т. п.) ;
упряжка ~ ж.-д. перегон ~ перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.) ;
соединять берега (о мосте) ;
to span a river with a bridge построить мост через реку ~ пролет (моста) ;
расстояние между опорами (арки, свода) ~ промежуток времени;
период времени;
his life had wellnigh completed its span жизнь его уже близилась к концу ~ промежуток времени ~ простираться, охватывать ~ пядь (= 9 дюймам) ~ ав. размах (крыла) ~ мат. хорда ~ мор. штаг-корнак ~ перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.) ;
соединять берега (о мосте) ;
to span a river with a bridge построить мост через реку spick and ~ безупречно чистый spick and ~ новый, свежий;
с иголочки -
5 span
{spæn}
I. вж. spin
II. 1. измервам с педя
2. обхващам, обгръщам (и прен.)
his eye SPANned the distance той измери разстоянието с око
3. простирам се над, свързвам две противоположни точки (за мост, свод и пр.)
to SPAN a river with a bridge построявам мост над река
4. продължавам, трая, обхващам, разпростирам се върху
his career SPANned four decades кариерата му обхваща четири десетилетия
III. 1. педя (мярка около 23 см), прен. късо разстояние, протежение, пространство
2. ограничен период от време, промеждутък, продължителност, времетраене
the whole SPAN of Roman history цялата история на Римската империя
3. дължина от край до край
4. ав. разпереност на крилата
5. част от мост между две подпори
IV. n ам. чифт животни (коне, мулета, волове и пр.)* * *{span} вж. spin1.(2) {span} v (-nn-) 1. измервам с педя; 2. обхващам, обгръщам (и{3} {span} n 1. педя (мярка около 23 см); прен. късо разстояние;{4} {span} n ам. чифт животни (коне, мулета, волове и пр.).* * *хорда; обем; обхващам; педя; плесница;* * *1. his career spanned four decades кариерата му обхваща четири десетилетия 2. his eye spanned the distance той измери разстоянието с око 3. i. вж. spin 4. ii. измервам с педя 5. iii. педя (мярка около 23 см), прен. късо разстояние, протежение, пространство 6. iv. n ам. чифт животни (коне, мулета, волове и пр.) 7. the whole span of roman history цялата история на Римската империя 8. to span a river with a bridge построявам мост над река 9. ав. разпереност на крилата 10. дължина от край до край 11. обхващам, обгръщам (и прен.) 12. ограничен период от време, промеждутък, продължителност, времетраене 13. продължавам, трая, обхващам, разпростирам се върху 14. простирам се над, свързвам две противоположни точки (за мост, свод и пр.) 15. част от мост между две подпори* * *span[spæn] I. pt от spin; II. span v (- nn-) 1. меря с педя; обхващам, обгръщам (и прен.); his eye \spanned the distance той измери разстоянието с око; 2. простирам се над (за мост, свод); to \span a river with a bridge построявам мост над река; 3. мор. връзвам с въже; 4. пълзя (за гъсеница педомерка, копринена буба и под.); III. n 1. педя (= 9 инча); прен. късо разстояние; кратък период от време; our life is but a \span животът ни е много кратък; 2. ширина (на свод, мост); ав. разпереност на крилата; 3. дължина от край до край; the whole \span of Roman history цялата история на Римската империя; 4. мор. вързано въже с примка по средата. -
6 span
[spæn] 1. noun1) (the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.) razmik med dvema stebroma2) (the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.) trajanje2. verb(to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.) premostiti, povezovati* * *I [spæn]nounped, pedenj (mera, 9 col, 22,ɜ cm); razpon; razpetina (letala itd.); razmik med dvema stebroma ali opornikoma; lok mosta; časovni razmik, (kratka) doba (čas), trajanje; obseg; nautical zvita vrv, katere konca sta spojena; American vprega (volov, konj itd.)II [spæn]transitive verbpremostiti, spojiti z lokom, povezati oba brega (reke), obokati, zajeti, obseči; meriti na pedi; nautical zategniti, stisniti (kaj) z vrvmi; prepreči; intransitive verb raztezati se, razpenjati se (prek reke itd.)III [spæn]obsolete preterite od to spin -
7 span
[̈ɪspæn]data span вчт. диапазон данных span измерять пядями; перен. измерять; охватывать; his eye spanned the intervening space он глазами смерил расстояние span промежуток времени; период времени; his life had wellnigh completed its span жизнь его уже близилась к концу life span долговечность life span продолжительность жизни life span ресурс life span срок службы span длина моста, ширина реки, размах рук span past от spin span муз. взять октаву span измерять пядями; перен. измерять; охватывать; his eye spanned the intervening space он глазами смерил расстояние span интервал span короткое расстояние span мор. крепить; привязывать; затягивать span амер. пара лошадей (волов и т. п.); упряжка span ж.-д. перегон span перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.); соединять берега (о мосте); to span a river with a bridge построить мост через реку span пролет (моста); расстояние между опорами (арки, свода) span промежуток времени; период времени; his life had wellnigh completed its span жизнь его уже близилась к концу span промежуток времени span простираться, охватывать span пядь (= 9 дюймам) span ав. размах (крыла) span мат. хорда span мор. штаг-корнак span перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.); соединять берега (о мосте); to span a river with a bridge построить мост через реку spick and span безупречно чистый spick and span новый, свежий; с иголочки -
8 span
I [spæn] 1. сущ.1)а) пядь (= 9 дюймам или 22,8 см.; расстояние, примерно равное расстоянию от кончика большого пальца до кончика мизинца)б) уст. рука с расправленными пальцами (для измерения чего-л.)2)б) небольшой участок (земли, пространства)There was not a span free from cultivation. — Не было ни одного необработанного клочка земли.
3)а) промежуток времени; период времениHis life had well-nigh completed its span. — Жизнь его уже близилась к концу.
б) жизнь, продолжительность жизниSyn:4)а) объём, размах, диапазон- attention spana span of smb.'s activities — сфера деятельности кого-л.
- memory spanб) мат. разница, разбросв) авиа размах крыла5)в) ж.-д. перегон ( расстояние между двумя станциями)6) мор. штаг-корнак7) амер. пара лошадей, волов ( как упряжка)8) мат. хорда2. гл.1)б) измерять, мерить, отмерятьHis eye spanned the intervening space. — Он глазами смерил расстояние.
Syn:measure 2.в) обхватывать, охватыватьto span one's wrist — взять кого-л. за запястье
Syn:2)а) охватывать, простираться, распространятьсяa career that spanned four decades — карьера, охватившая четыре десятилетия
б) перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.)в) соединять берега ( о мосте)Two parallel bridges span the river. — Два моста, расположенных параллельно друг другу, соединяют берега реки.
•Syn:3) муз. взять октаву4) мор. крепить; привязывать; затягиватьII [spæn] уст.; прош. вр. от spin -
9 span
Ipast of spin 2.II1. noun1) пядь (= 9 дюймам)2) промежуток времени; период времени; his life had wellnigh completed its span жизнь его уже близилась к концу3) короткое расстояние4) длина моста, ширина реки, размах рук и т. п.5) aeron. размах (крыла)6) пролет (моста); расстояние между опорами (арки, свода)7) naut. штаг-корнак8) amer. пара лошадей, волов и т. п. (как упряжка)9) railways перегон10) math. хорда2. verb1) измерять пядями; fig. измерять; охватывать; his eye spanned the intervening space он глазами смерил расстояние2) перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.); соединять берега (о мосте); to span a river with a bridge построить мост через реку3) простираться, охватывать4) mus. взять октаву5) naut. крепить; привязывать; затягивать* * *1 (0) пядь2 (n) двойная амплитуда; интервал; охват; пролет; протяженность; размах; размах рук; расстояние; расстояние между опорами; спен3 (v) соединять берега* * *пядь (= 9 дюймам - расстояние* * *[ spæn] n. пядь, интервал, миг; промежуток времени; короткое расстояние, диапазон; пролет, перегон, размах крыла v. перекрывать, соединять, привязывать, затягивать; выдавливать, прясть, плести* * *диапазонзатягиватьинтервалохватыватьперекрыватьпривязыватьпромежутокпростиратьсяпядь* * *1. сущ. 1) а) пядь б) устар. рука с расправленными пальцами (для измерения чего-л.) 2) а) б) небольшой участок (земли, пространства) 3) а) промежуток времени; период времени б) перен. жизнь, время жизни человека 4) а) объем, размах, диапазон б) мат. разница в) авиац. размах крыла 5) а) короткое расстояние б) пролет (моста); расстояние между опорами (арки, свода) в) ж.-д. перегон 2. гл. 1) а) измерять пядями б) измерять в) обхватывать 2) а) простираться, распространяться (в пространстве и времени) б) перекрывать (об арке, крыше и т. п.); соединять берега (о мосте) -
10 span
the \span of years between them seemed to act as a separation der Altersabstand zwischen ihnen schien sie zu trennen;\span of history Geschichtsspanne f;life \span Lebensspanne f;over a \span of several months über einen Zeitraum von einigen Monaten;\span of office Amtszeit f;\span of time Zeitspanne ffinger \span Fingerbreite f;wing \span Flügelspannweite f;broad \span große Spannbreite [der Hand];the bridge crosses the river in a single \span die Brücke überspannt den Fluss in einem Bogen;1) ( stretch over)to \span sth bridge, arch etw überspannen;2) ( time)3) ( contain)to \span sth knowledge etw umfassen4) ( place hands round)to \span sth with one's hands etw mit den Händen umspannen adjPHRASES:spick and \span blitz[e]blank ( fam) -
11 span
spæn
1. noun1) (the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.) luz, palmo2) (the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.) espacio, período, lapso
2. verb(to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.) atravesar, cruzartr[spæn]1 (of horses) tronco; (of oxen) yunta————————tr[spæn]2 (of time) espacio, período, lapso■ over a span of five years durante un período de cinco años, en un lapso de cinco años1 (cross) atravesar, cruzar2 (extend over) abarcar, extenderse a■ a career spanning 50 years in showbusiness una trayectoria que abarca 50 años en el mundo del espectáculo————————tr[spæn]1→ link=spin spin{span n1) : lapso m, espacio m (de tiempo)life span: duración de la vida2) : luz f (entre dos soportes)n.• duración s.f.• envergadura s.f.• extensión completa s.f.• ojo s.m.• palmo (Unidades) s.m.• palmo de la mano s.m.• pareja de caballos s.f.• tramo s.m.• trecho s.m.v.• atravesar v.• extenderse sobre v.
I spæna) ( full extent - of hand) palmo m; (- of wing) envergadura f; (- of bridge, arch) luz fb) ( part of bridge) arco mc) ( of time) lapso m, espacio m, período md) ( range)at this age children have a short attention span — a esta edad los niños no pueden mantener la atención por períodos prolongados
the whole span of American history — la historia americana en toda su extensión; life span
II
a) ( extend over) abarcar*a career that spanned 60 years — una carrera que abarcó 60 años or que se extendió a lo largo de 60 años
b) ( cross) \<\<bridge\>\> \<\<river\>\> extenderse* sobre, cruzar*
III
I [spæn]1. N1) [of hand] palmo m ; [of wing] envergadura f2) [of road etc] tramo m ; [of bridge, arch] luz f ; [of roof] vano ma span of 50 metres — (=bridge) una luz de 50 metros
3) [of time] lapso m, espacio m4) (fig)the whole span of world affairs — toda la extensión de los asuntos mundiales, los asuntos mundiales en toda su amplitud
5) † (=measure) palmo m6) (=yoke) [of oxen] yunta f ; [of horses] pareja f2. VT1) [bridge] extenderse sobre, cruzar2) (in time) abarcar3) (=measure) medir a palmos
II
[spæn]PT of spin* * *
I [spæn]a) ( full extent - of hand) palmo m; (- of wing) envergadura f; (- of bridge, arch) luz fb) ( part of bridge) arco mc) ( of time) lapso m, espacio m, período md) ( range)at this age children have a short attention span — a esta edad los niños no pueden mantener la atención por períodos prolongados
the whole span of American history — la historia americana en toda su extensión; life span
II
a) ( extend over) abarcar*a career that spanned 60 years — una carrera que abarcó 60 años or que se extendió a lo largo de 60 años
b) ( cross) \<\<bridge\>\> \<\<river\>\> extenderse* sobre, cruzar*
III
-
12 span
I 1. noun1) (full extent) Spanne, die2. transitive verb,span of life/time — Lebens-/Zeitspanne, die
- nn- überspannen [Fluss]; umfassen [Zeitraum]IIsee academic.ru/111626/spick">spick* * *[spæn] 1. noun1) (the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.) der Brückenbogen2) (the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man's life.) die Spanne2. verb(to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.) überspannen* * *span1[spæn]the \span of years between them seemed to act as a separation der Altersabstand zwischen ihnen schien sie zu trennenattention [or concentration] \span Konzentrationsspanne f\span of history Geschichtsspanne flife \span Lebensspanne fover a \span of several months über einen Zeitraum von einigen Monaten\span of office Amtszeit f\span of time Zeitspanne ffinger \span Fingerbreite fwing \span Flügelspannweite fbroad \span große Spannbreite [der Hand]the bridge crosses the river in a single \span die Brücke überspannt den Fluss in einem Bogena single-\span bridge eine eingespannte BrückeII. vt<- nn->1. (stretch over)2. (time)3. (contain)4. (place hands round)to \span sth with one's hands etw mit den Händen umspannenIII. adjspan2[spæn]span3[spæn]* * *I [spn]1. n1) (of hand) Spanne f; (= wingspan, of bridge etc) Spannweite f; (= arch of bridge) (Brücken)bogen m2) (= time span) Zeitspanne f, Zeitraum m; (of memory) Gedächtnisspanne f; (of attention) Konzentrationsspanne f; (= range) Umfang mthe whole span of world affairs — die Weltpolitik in ihrer ganzen Spannweite
4) (old: measurement) Spanne f2. vt(rope, rainbow) sich spannen über (+acc); (bridge also) überspannen; (plank) führen über (+acc); years, globe, world umspannen; (= encircle) umfassen; (in time) sich erstrecken über (+acc), umfassen II (old) pret See: of spin* * *span1 [spæn]A s1. Spanne f:b) englisches Maß (= 9 inches)2. ARCHa) Spannweite f (eines Bogens)b) Stützweite f (einer Brücke)c) (einzelner) (Brücken)Bogen3. FLUG Spannweite f4. SCHIFF Spann n, Haltetau n, -kette f5. fig Spanne f, Umfang m7. Zeitspanne f8. Lebensspanne f, -zeit f:B v/t1. abmessen2. umspannen3. sich erstrecken über (akk) (auch fig), überspannen4. überbrücken5. fig überspannen, umfassenspan2 [spæn] s Gespann n* * *I 1. noun1) (full extent) Spanne, diespan of life/time — Lebens-/Zeitspanne, die
2) (of bridge) Spannweite, die2. transitive verb,- nn- überspannen [Fluss]; umfassen [Zeitraum]II* * *n.Bereich -e m. v.umfassen v. -
13 bridge
̈ɪbrɪdʒ I
1. сущ.
1) конструкция для преодоления водной или подобной преграды а) мост to build, construct, erect a bridge ≈ соорудить мост to throw a bridge across a river ≈ перекинуть мост через реку bascule bridge cantilever bridge arch bridge footbridge bridge railroad bridge railway bridge pontoon bridge suspension bridge toll bridge covered bridge bridge of boats raft bridge gold bridge silver bridge б) сходни, корабельный трап, "планка"
2) предмет или объект, похожий на мост по форме или функции а) переносица б) дужка( очков и т.д.) в) подставка (деталь струнного музыкального инструмента) г) мост (в зуботехнике - несущая конструкция протеза) д) балка( в основании пола или потолка, положенная поперек несущих балок) е) желоб, по которому спускают в плавильную печь руду ж) капитанский мостик з) риф, подводные скалы или камни, формирующие гряду и) электр. шунт ∙ to cross a bridge when one comes to it ≈ решать проблему по мере ее поступления to burn bridges behind one ≈ сжигать за собой мосты, сжигать корабли
2. гл.
1) строить мост;
перекрывать( преграду) ;
класть какой-л. предмет поверх двух других bridge one's way
2) преодолевать препятствия, выходить из затруднения Our hearts have bridged the ocean with their love. ≈ Даже океан не разорвал нашу любовь.
3) электр. шунтировать
4) надувать, обманывать, предавать, подводить Syn: to throw smb. over a bridge ∙ bridge over to bridge a gap ≈ ликвидировать разрыв II сущ. бридж( карточная игра) мост, мостик - * span пролет моста - * member звено моста - * site место наводки /постройки/ моста - to throw a * навести мост перемычка, перегородка( морское) капитанский мостик переносица (тж. * of the nose) подставка, кобылка( скрипки, гитары и т. п.) мост (зубной протез) (техническое) порог топки (электротехника) перемычка;
параллельное соединение, шунт > to throw smb. over the * предательски поступать по отношению к кому-л., подставить кому-л. ножку, подвести кого-л., "утопить" > don't cross the *s before you come to them (пословица) не следует создавать себе трудностей заранее > let every man praize /speak well of/ the * he goes over (пословица) не плюй в колодец, пригодится воды напиться наводить, строить мост - to * a river построить мост через реку соединять мостом перекрывать преодолевать препятствия (горное) затягивать кровлю (электротехника) шунтировать - to * a gap ликвидировать разрыв /отставание/ (карточное) бридж bridge бридж (карточная игра) ~ капитанский мостик ~ кобылка (скрипки, гитары и т. п.) ~ мост (для искусственных зубов) ~ мост;
мостик, перемычка;
bridge of boats понтонный, плашкоутный мост;
raft bridge наплавной мост ~ эл. параллельное соединение, шунт ~ перекрывать ~ переносица ~ порог топки ~ преодолевать препятствия, выходить из затруднения;
to bridge over the difficulties преодолеть трудности ~ преодолевать препятствия ~ соединять мостом;
наводить мост, строить мост;
перекрывать ~ эл. шунтировать;
to bridge a gap ликвидировать разрыв ~ эл. шунтировать;
to bridge a gap ликвидировать разрыв ~ мост;
мостик, перемычка;
bridge of boats понтонный, плашкоутный мост;
raft bridge наплавной мост ~ преодолевать препятствия, выходить из затруднения;
to bridge over the difficulties преодолеть трудности floating ~ понтонный или наплавной мост flying ~ паром-самолет flying ~ перекидной мост gold (или silver) ~ перен. путь к почетному отступлению ~ мост;
мостик, перемычка;
bridge of boats понтонный, плашкоутный мост;
raft bridge наплавной мост swing ~ разводной мост Wheatstone ~ эл. мост(ик) сопротивления, мост Уистона -
14 bridge
I [brɪdʒ]2) fig. (link) ponte m., collegamento m.3) (stage) (transitional) passaggio m.; (springboard) trampolino m. di lancio (to verso)4) (on ship) ponte m., plancia f. di comando5) (of nose) dorso m.6) (of spectacles) ponticello m.7) (on guitar, violin) ponticello m.8) med. ponte m.••II [brɪdʒ]1) costruire un ponte su [ river]2) fig.to bridge the gap between two countries — gettare un o fare da ponte tra due paesi
III [brɪdʒ]to bridge a gap in [sth.] — riempire un vuoto in [ conversation]; sanare un buco di [ budget]; colmare una lacuna in [ knowledge]
nome (card game) bridge m.* * *[bri‹] 1. noun1) (a structure carrying a road or railway over a river etc.) ponte2) (the narrow raised platform for the captain of a ship.) ponte, passerella3) (the bony part (of the nose).) dorso, ponte4) (the support of the strings of a violin etc.) ponticello2. verb1) (to build a bridge over: They bridged the stream.) costruire un ponte su2) (to close a gap, pause etc: He bridged the awkward silence with a funny remark.) colmare* * *I [brɪdʒ]2) fig. (link) ponte m., collegamento m.3) (stage) (transitional) passaggio m.; (springboard) trampolino m. di lancio (to verso)4) (on ship) ponte m., plancia f. di comando5) (of nose) dorso m.6) (of spectacles) ponticello m.7) (on guitar, violin) ponticello m.8) med. ponte m.••II [brɪdʒ]1) costruire un ponte su [ river]2) fig.to bridge the gap between two countries — gettare un o fare da ponte tra due paesi
III [brɪdʒ]to bridge a gap in [sth.] — riempire un vuoto in [ conversation]; sanare un buco di [ budget]; colmare una lacuna in [ knowledge]
nome (card game) bridge m. -
15 cross
kros
I adjective(angry: I get very cross when I lose something.) enfadado, cabreado, enojado, malhumorado- crossly
II
1. plural - crosses; noun1) (a symbol formed by two lines placed across each other, eg + or x.) cruz2) (two wooden beams placed thus (+), on which Christ was nailed.) cruz3) (the symbol of the Christian religion.) cruz4) (a lasting cause of suffering etc: Your rheumatism is a cross you will have to bear.) cruz5) (the result of breeding two varieties of animal or plant: This dog is a cross between an alsatian and a labrador.) cruce, híbrido6) (a monument in the shape of a cross.) cruz7) (any of several types of medal given for bravery etc: the Victoria Cross.) cruz
2. verb1) (to go from one side to the other: Let's cross (the street); This road crosses the swamp.) cruzar, atravesar2) ((negative uncross) to place (two things) across each other: He sat down and crossed his legs.) cruzar3) (to go or be placed across (each other): The roads cross in the centre of town.) cruzarse4) (to meet and pass: Our letters must have crossed in the post.) cruzarse5) (to put a line across: Cross your `t's'.) tachar6) (to make (a cheque or postal order) payable only through a bank by drawing two parallel lines across it.) cruzar7) (to breed (something) from two different varieties: I've crossed two varieties of rose.) cruzar8) (to go against the wishes of: If you cross me, you'll regret it!) contrariar•- cross-- crossing
- crossbow
- cross-breed
- cross-bred
- crosscheck
3. noun(the act of crosschecking.) verificación (comparando con otras fuentes)- cross-country skiing
- cross-examine
- cross-examination
- cross-eyed
- cross-fire
- at cross-purposes
- cross-refer
- cross-reference
- crossroads
- cross-section
- crossword puzzle
- crossword
- cross one's fingers
- cross out
cross1 adj enfadadocross2 n cruzthe teacher put a cross by the wrong answers el profesor hizo una cruz al lado de las respuestas incorrectascross3 vb cruzar / atravesar
cross /kros/ sustantivo masculino (— en motociclismo) motocross (— en moto) motocross race ' cross' also found in these entries: Spanish: adelantar - anticipar - atravesar - bizca - bizco - bizquear - calentar - calvario - campo - cantero - cariño - corte - cruce - cruzar - crucero - cruz - cruzada - cruzado - cruzarse - cuestación - ser - esquí - fondo - formón - franquear - magín - molesta - molesto - mosqueada - mosqueado - ojo - pasar - perfil - persignarse - por - precaución - rebote - reventar - salvar - santiguarse - sección - surcar - tachar - transversal - traspasar - vía crucis - aspa - bies - cabeza - centrar English: bridge - cross - cross off - cross out - cross-country - cross-examine - cross-eyed - cross-legged - cross-reference - cross-section - cross-stitch - double-cross - form - hold on - path - picket-line - see - Southern Cross - square - unsafe - against - bar - cut - double - finger - get - pass - red - shape - span - squint - twotr[krɒs]1 (gen) cruz nombre femenino5 SMALLSEWING/SMALL sesgo1 (street, river, bridge, etc) cruzar, atravesar; (arms, legs) cruzar2 (cheque) cruzar3 SMALLBIOLOGY/SMALL (animal, plant) cruzar4 (thwart - person) contrariar; (- plans, wishes) frustrar5 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (pass - ball) cruzar1 (angry) enojado,-a, enfadado,-a, furioso,-a2 (transverse) cruzado,-a, transversal; (winds) lateral\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLcross my heart (and hope to die) te lo jurofingers crossed con los dedos cruzadosto cross one's mind ocurrírsele a uno■ it has crossed my mind that... se me ha ocurrido que...to cross oneself santiguarse, persignarse, hacer la señal de la cruzto cross swords with somebody pelearse con alguien, reñir con alguiento get cross about something enfadarse por algoto have/get a crossed line (on phone) haberse cruzado las líneasto have/get one's lines/wires crossed no hablar de lo mismocross ['krɔs] vt1) : cruzar, atravesarto cross the street: cruzar la calleseveral canals cross the city: varios canales atraviesan la ciudad2) cancel: tachar, cancelarhe crossed his name off the list: tachó su nombre de la planilla3) interbreed: cruzar (en genética)cross adj1) : que atraviesacross ventilation: ventilación que atraviesa un cuarto2) contrary: contrario, opuestocross purposes: objetivos opuestos3) angry: enojado, de mal humorcross n1) : cruz fthe sign of the cross: la señal de la cruz2) : cruza f (en biología)adj.• arisco, -a adj.• crepo, -a adj.• cruzado, -a adj.• malhumorado, -a adj.• opuesto, -a adj.• transversal adj.• travesero, -a adj.• travieso, -a adj.n.(§ pl.: crosses) = aspa s.f.• calvario s.m.• cruce s.m.• cruz s.f.v.• contrariar v.• cruzar v.• franquear v.• pasar v.• recorrer v.
I krɔːs, krɒs1)a) ( Relig) cruz fto make the sign of the cross — hacer* la señal de la cruz; ( cross oneself) persignarse, santiguarse*, hacerse* la señal de la cruz
we all have our cross to bear — todos cargamos con or llevamos nuestra cruz
b) (mark, sign) cruz f3) ( Sport)a) ( in soccer) pase m cruzadob) ( in boxing) cruzado m, cross m
II
1.
1) ( go across) \<\<road\>\> cruzar*; \<\<river/desert\>\> cruzar*, atravesar*it crossed my mind that... — se me ocurrió que..., me pasó por la cabeza que...
2) \<\<arms/legs\>\> cruzar*we have a crossed line — ( Telec) se han cruzado las líneas, está ligado (Arg, Ven)
to have one's lines o wires crossed — (colloq)
3) ( put line through)to cross the t — ponerle* el palito a la t
4) (BrE Fin) \<\<cheque\>\> cruzar*5) \<\<plants/breeds\>\> cruzar*to cross something WITH something — cruzar* algo con algo
6) ( go against) \<\<person\>\> contrariar*; \<\<plans\>\> frustrar7) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> cruzar*, tirar cruzado
2.
via) ( walk across road) cruzar*to cross over (the road) — cruzar* (la calle)
b) \<\<paths/roads\>\> cruzarse*; \<\<letters\>\> cruzarse*
3.
v reflto cross oneself — persignarse, santiguarse*, hacerse* la señal de la cruz
Phrasal Verbs:
III
adjective -er, -est (esp BrE) enojado (esp AmL), enfadado (esp Esp)to get cross — enojarse (esp AmL), enfadarse (esp Esp)
[krɒs]to be cross ABOUT something — estar* enojado or (esp Esp) enfadado por algo
1. N1) (=sign, decoration) cruz fto make the sign of the cross — hacer la señal de la cruz ( over sobre); santiguarse
the Cross — (Rel) la Cruz
to bear a/one's cross —
2) (Bio, Zool) cruce m, cruzamiento m ; (fig) mezcla fit's a cross between a horse and a donkey — es un cruce or cruzamiento de caballo y burro
the game is a cross between squash and tennis — el juego es una mezcla de squash y tenis, el juego está a medio camino entre el squash y el tenis
3) (=bias)cut on the cross — cortado al bies or al sesgo
4) (Ftbl) centro m, pase m cruzado2. ADJ1) (=angry) enfadado, enojado (LAm); (=vexed) molestoto be/get cross with sb (about sth) — enfadarse or (LAm) enojarse con algn (por algo)
don't be/get cross with me — no te enfades or (LAm) enojes conmigo
they haven't had a cross word in ten years — no han cruzado palabra en diez años, llevan diez años sin cruzar palabra
2) (=diagonal etc) transversal, oblicuo3. VT1) (=go across) [person] [+ road, room] cruzar; [+ bridge] cruzar, pasar; [+ ditch] cruzar, salvar; [+ river, sea, desert] cruzar, atravesar; [+ threshold] cruzar, traspasarit crossed my mind that... — se me ocurrió que...
they have clearly crossed the boundary into terrorism — está claro que han traspasado la frontera que separa del terrorismo
a smile crossed her lips — una sonrisa se dibujó en sus labios, esbozó una sonrisa
we'll cross that bridge when we come to it — (fig) no anticipemos problemas
2) (=draw line across) [+ cheque] cruzarcrossed cheque — (Brit) cheque m cruzado
to cross o.s. — santiguarse
cross my heart! — (in promise) ¡te lo juro!
to cross a "t" — poner el rabito a la "t"
3) (=place crosswise) [+ arms, legs] cruzarkeep your fingers crossed for me — ¡deséame suerte!
I got a crossed line — (Telec) había (un) cruce de líneas
they got their lines crossed — (fig) hubo un malentendido entre ellos
- cross sb's palm with silver- cross swords with sbwire 1., 1)4) (=thwart) [+ person] contrariar, ir contra; [+ plan] desbaratar5) [+ animals, plants] cruzar4. VI1) (=go to other side) cruzar, ir al otro ladohe crossed from one side of the room to the other to speak to me — cruzó or atravesó la sala para hablar conmigo, fue hasta el otro lado de la sala para hablar conmigo
to cross from Newhaven to Dieppe — pasar or cruzar de Newhaven a Dieppe
3) (=meet and pass) [letters, people] cruzarse* * *
I [krɔːs, krɒs]1)a) ( Relig) cruz fto make the sign of the cross — hacer* la señal de la cruz; ( cross oneself) persignarse, santiguarse*, hacerse* la señal de la cruz
we all have our cross to bear — todos cargamos con or llevamos nuestra cruz
b) (mark, sign) cruz f3) ( Sport)a) ( in soccer) pase m cruzadob) ( in boxing) cruzado m, cross m
II
1.
1) ( go across) \<\<road\>\> cruzar*; \<\<river/desert\>\> cruzar*, atravesar*it crossed my mind that... — se me ocurrió que..., me pasó por la cabeza que...
2) \<\<arms/legs\>\> cruzar*we have a crossed line — ( Telec) se han cruzado las líneas, está ligado (Arg, Ven)
to have one's lines o wires crossed — (colloq)
3) ( put line through)to cross the t — ponerle* el palito a la t
4) (BrE Fin) \<\<cheque\>\> cruzar*5) \<\<plants/breeds\>\> cruzar*to cross something WITH something — cruzar* algo con algo
6) ( go against) \<\<person\>\> contrariar*; \<\<plans\>\> frustrar7) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> cruzar*, tirar cruzado
2.
via) ( walk across road) cruzar*to cross over (the road) — cruzar* (la calle)
b) \<\<paths/roads\>\> cruzarse*; \<\<letters\>\> cruzarse*
3.
v reflto cross oneself — persignarse, santiguarse*, hacerse* la señal de la cruz
Phrasal Verbs:
III
adjective -er, -est (esp BrE) enojado (esp AmL), enfadado (esp Esp)to get cross — enojarse (esp AmL), enfadarse (esp Esp)
to be cross ABOUT something — estar* enojado or (esp Esp) enfadado por algo
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16 Roebling, John Augustus
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 12 July 1806 Muhlhausen, Prussiad. 22 July 1869 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]German/American bridge engineer and builder.[br]The son of Polycarp Roebling, a tobacconist, he studied mathematics at Dr Unger's Pedagogium in Erfurt and went on to the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1826 with honours in civil engineering. He spent the next three years working for the Prussian government on the construction of roads and bridges. With his brother and a group of friends, he emigrated to the United States, sailing from Bremen on 23 May 1831 and docking in Philadelphia eleven weeks later. They bought 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) in Butler County, western Pennsylvania, and established a village, at first called Germania but later known as Saxonburg. Roebling gave up trying to establish himself as a farmer and found work for the state of Pennsylvania as Assistant Engineer on the Beaver River canal and others, then surveying a railroad route across the Allegheny Mountains. During his canal work, he noted the failings of the hemp ropes that were in use at that time, and recalled having read of wire ropes in a German journal; he built a rope-walk at his Saxonburg farm, bought a supply of iron wire and trained local labour in the method of wire twisting.At this time, many canals crossed rivers by means of aqueducts. In 1844, the Pennsylvania Canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River was due to be renewed, having become unsafe. Roebling made proposals which were accepted by the canal company: seven wooden spans of 162 ft (49 m) each were supported on either side by a 7 in. (18 cm) diameter cable, Roebling himself having to devise all the machinery required for the erection. He subsequently built four more suspension aqueducts, one of which was converted to a toll bridge and was still in use a century later.In 1849 he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he set up a new wire rope plant. In 1851 he started the construction (completed in 1855) of an 821 ft (250 m) long suspension railroad bridge across the Niagara River, 245 ft (75 m) above the rapids; each cable consisted of 3,640 wrought iron wires. A lower deck carried road traffic. He also constructed a bridge across the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, a task which was much protracted due to the Civil War; this bridge was finally completed in 1866.Roebling's crowning achievement was to have been the design and construction of the bridge over the Hudson River between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, but he did not live to see its completion. It had a span of 1,595 ft (486 m), designed to bear a load of 18,700 tons (19,000 tonnes) with a headroom of 135 ft (41 m). The work of building had barely started when, at the Brooklyn wharf, a boat crushed Roebling's foot against the timbering and he died of tetanus three weeks later. His son, Washington Augustus Roebling, then took charge of this great work.[br]Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Books.D.McCullough, 1982, The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge, New York: Simon \& Schuster.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Roebling, John Augustus
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17 cross
cross [krɒs]1. nouna. ( = mark, emblem) croix f• to mark/sign with a cross marquer/signer d'une croixb. ( = mixture) hybride mc. [of material] biais m2. adjectivea. ( = angry) en colère• it makes me cross when... cela me met en colère quand...b. ( = traverse, diagonal) transversal, diagonala. [+ room, street, sea, river, bridge] traverser ; [+ threshold, border] franchir• it crossed my mind that... il m'est venu à l'esprit que...• to cross cultures [idea, practice] passer d'une culture à l'autreb. to cross one's arms/legs croiser les bras/les jambesc. to cross o.s. se signer• cross my heart (and hope to die)! (inf) croix de bois, croix de fer(, si je mens je vais en enfer) ! (inf)d. ( = thwart) [+ person] contrecarrer les projets de ; [+ plans] contrecarrerb. [letters, paths] se croiser5. compounds• cross-country race or running cross m► cross-examine transitive verb interroger (de façon serrée) ; (in court) faire subir un contre-interrogatoire à• to be at cross-purposes with sb ( = misunderstand) comprendre qn de travers• we were talking at cross-purposes il y avait un quiproquo ► cross-question transitive verb faire subir un interrogatoire à[+ item on list] rayer[+ word] barrer* * *[krɒs], US [krɔːs] 1.1) ( shape) croix fthe Cross — Religion la Croix
to put a cross against — cocher [name, item]
‘put a cross in the box’ — ‘faites une croix dans la case’, ‘cochez la case’
a cross between X and Y — fig un mélange de X et de Y
3) ( in sewing)2.1) ( angry) fâchéto get cross — se fâcher ( with contre)
to make somebody cross — mettre quelqu'un en colère, agacer quelqu'un
2) ( contrary to general direction) [breeze] contraire3.transitive verb1) ( go across by moving) lit traverser [road, room]; traverser, passer [river]; franchir [border, line, mountains]; ( span) [bridge] franchir, enjamber; ( have route across) [road, railway line, river] traverser; fig dépasser [limit, boundary]it crossed his mind that — il lui est venu à l'esprit or l'idée que
2) ( intersect with) couper3) ( place in shape of a cross) croiserto cross one's legs/arms — croiser les jambes/bras
5) ( oppose) contrarier [person]6) ( draw line across) barrer [cheque]4.1) (also cross over)2) ( intersect) se croiser; [lines] se couper3) [letters] se croiser5. 6.crossed past participle adjective Telecommunications [line] brouilléPhrasal Verbs:••to have a ou one's cross to bear — porter sa croix
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18 Eads, James Buchanan
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 23 May 1820 Lawrenceburg, Indiana, USAd. 8 March 1887 Nassau, Bahamas[br]American bridge-builder and hydraulic engineer.[br]The son of an immigrant merchant, he was educated at the local school, leaving at the age of 13 to take on various jobs, eventually becoming a purser on a Mississippi steamboat. He was struck by the number of wrecks lying in the river; he devised a diving bell and, at the age of 22, set up in business as a salvage engineer. So successful was he at this venture that he was able to retire in three years' time and set up the first glassworks west of the Ohio River. This, however, was a failure and in 1848 he returned to the business of salvage on the Ohio River. He was so successful that he was able to retire permanently in 1857. From the start of the American Civil War in 1861 he recommended to President Lincoln that he should obtain a fleet of armour-plated, steam-powered gunboats to operate on the western rivers. He built seven of these himself, later building or converting a further eighteen. After the end of the war he obtained the contract to design and build a bridge over the Mississippi at St Louis. In this he made use of his considerable knowledge of the river-bed currents. He built a bridge with a 500 ft (150 m) centre span and a clearance of 50 ft (15 m) that was completed in 1874. The three spans are, respectively, 502 ft, 520 ft and 502 ft (153 m, 158 m and 153 m), each being spanned by an arch. The Mississippi river is subject to great changes, both seasonal and irregular, with a range of over 41 ft (12.5 m) between low and high water and a velocity varying from 4 ft (1.2 m) to 12 1/2 ft (3.8 m) per second. The Eads Bridge was completed in 1874 and in the following year Eads was commissioned to open one of the mouths of the Mississippi, for which he constructed a number of jetty traps. He was involved later in attempts to construct a ship railway across the isthmus of Panama. He had been suffering from indifferent health for some years, and this effort was too much for him. He died on 8 March 1887. He was the first American to be awarded the Royal Society of Arts' Albert Medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts Albert Medal.Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Publications.T.I.Williams, Biographical Dictionary of Science.IMcN -
19 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
20 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR
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