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remain+in+employment

  • 1 remain in employment

    remain v in employment PERS in Arbeit bleiben, in Beschäftigung bleiben

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > remain in employment

  • 2 employment

    employment PERS Arbeitsverhältnis n, Beschäftigung f, Dienstverhältnis n accept employment PERS Beschäftigung annehmen, eine Stelle annehmen, eine Arbeit annehmen be without employment PERS ohne Arbeit sein, ohne Beschäftigung sein find employment PERS Beschäftigung finden, Arbeit finden get sb back into employment PERS, SOC jmdn. wieder in Beschäftigung bringen in active employment PERS aktiv tätig in gainful employment PERS erwerbstätig on the employment front ECON, PERS, POL was den Arbeitsmarkt angeht remain in employment PERS in Arbeit bleiben, in Beschäftigung bleiben seek employment PERS Arbeit suchen, Beschäftigung suchen stay in employment PERS in Arbeit (ver)bleiben, im Beruf (ver)bleiben take employment PERS Beschäftigung annehmen, Arbeit annehmen take up employment PERS eine Arbeit aufnehmen, eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen withdraw from employment PERS, SOC sich aus dem Berufsleben zurückziehen, sich aus dem Arbeitsleben zurückziehen

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > employment

  • 3 remain in deficit

    English-Russian base dictionary > remain in deficit

  • 4 Arbeit

    Arbeit f 1. GEN task, work, workmanship; 2. PERS work, job, employment; 3. WIWI (AE) labor, (BE) labour aktiv nach Arbeit suchen PERS, SOZ actively looking for work (such as contacting employers or public or private employment agencies) an die Arbeit gehen PERS start work an der Arbeit sein PERS be at work Arbeit annehmen PERS take employment, take a job, accept a job Arbeit aufgeben PERS give up work Arbeit aufnehmen PERS take up employment, take up work, start a job Arbeit ausführen PERS carry out work, perform work Arbeit beginnen PERS start a job, start work, begin work Arbeit durchführen PERS carry out work, perform work Arbeit finden PERS find work, find employment, find a job Arbeit haben PERS have a job, be employed, be in work Arbeit muss sich lohnen POL, WIWI make work pay (strategischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit) Arbeit nach Vorschrift machen PERS work to rule, go slow, (AE) work to contract Arbeit schaffen PERS create work Arbeit suchen PERS seek work, look for work, look for a job, seek a job Arbeit verrichten PERS do one’s work, carry out one’s work Arbeit wieder aufnehmen PERS, SOZ resume work, return to work Arbeiten auslagern GEN, PERS outsource, contract out Arbeiten nach außen vergeben GEN, PERS outsource, contract out, put out to contract auf Arbeit gehen PERS go to work bei der Arbeit fehlen PERS be off work der Arbeit abgeneigt GEN, PERS, MGT disinclined to work, work-shy (arbeitsscheu) die Arbeit antreten PERS report for work die Arbeit beenden 1. GEN finish work; 2. PERS cease work, stop working die Arbeit einstellen GEN finish work die Arbeit im Griff haben PERS be on top of one’s job die Arbeit niederlegen PERS down tools, walk out gute Arbeit leisten PERS do a good job in der Arbeit sein PERS be at work in Arbeit bleiben PERS stay in employment, continue to work, remain in employment, stay in the job, remain in the job in Arbeit sein 1. GEN, IND, MGT be in process, be in progress; 2. PERS be employed in Arbeit verbleiben PERS stay in employment, stay in the job, remain in the job, continue to work, remain in employment in Arbeit vermitteln SOZ place in work, place people in work, place in jobs, place people in jobs jmdn. wieder in Arbeit bringen PERS bring sb back to work, get sb back into work mit Arbeit eingedeckt sein PERS (infrml) be up to one’s neck in work, have lots to do mit der Arbeit anfangen PERS begin work, begin to work, start work, start to work ohne Arbeit sein PERS be out of work, be without employment schlechte Arbeit leisten PERS do a bad job seine Arbeit verlieren PERS lose one’s work, lose one’s job sich an die Arbeit machen GEN get down to work sich seine Arbeit einteilen PERS organize one’s work, divide up one’s work von der Arbeit freistellen PERS release from work, give time off zur Arbeit gehen PERS go to work
    * * *
    f 1. < Geschäft> task, work, workmanship; 2. < Person> work, job, employment; 3. <Vw> labor (AE), labour (BE) ■ Arbeit annehmen < Person> take employment, take a job, accept a job ■ Arbeit aufgeben < Person> give up work ■ Arbeit aufnehmen < Person> take up employment, take up work, start a job ■ Arbeit beginnen < Person> start a job, start work, begin work ■ Arbeit finden < Person> find work, find employment ■ Arbeit haben < Person> have a job, be employed ■ Arbeit muss sich lohnen <Pol, Vw> strategischer Ansatz zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit make work pay ■ Arbeit suchen < Person> seek work, look for work, look for a job, seek a job ■ Arbeit wieder aufnehmen < Person> resume work, return to work ■ der Arbeit abgeneigt <Geschäft, Person, Mgmnt> arbeitsscheu disinclined to work, work-shy ■ die Arbeit beenden < Geschäft> finish work < Person> cease work, stop working ■ die Arbeit einstellen < Geschäft> finish work ■ die Arbeit im Griff haben < Person> be on top of one's job ■ die Arbeit niederlegen < Person> down tools, walk out ■ in Arbeit sein 1. <Geschäft, Ind, Mgmnt> be in process, be in progress; 2. < Person> be employed ■ in Arbeit vermitteln < Sozial> place in work, place people in work, place in jobs, place people in jobs ■ mit Arbeit eingedeckt sein < Person> be up to one's neck in work infrml, have lots to do ■ ohne Arbeit sein < Person> be out of work, be without employment ■ seine Arbeit verlieren < Person> lose one's work, lose one's job ■ sich an die Arbeit machen < Geschäft> get down to work ■ von der Arbeit freistellen < Person> release from work
    * * *
    Arbeit
    work, labo(u)r, (Aufgabe) task, assignment, (Ausführung) workmanship, craftsmanship, handiwork, (Beschäftigung) employment, achievement, job, occupation, (Dienst) service, (Erzeugnis) product, make, (Geschäft) concern, business, (Leistung) performance, output, (Mühe) effort, trouble, pains, toil, exertion, (Stück) piece of work, job, (Tätigkeit) activity, operation;
    auf dem Weg zur Arbeit (Versicherungsrecht) on the way to business;
    bei der Arbeit on the job, at work;
    mit Arbeit überlastet overwhelmed with work;
    nach umfangreicher und harter Arbeit after much hard work;
    ohne Arbeit out of work;
    während der Arbeit in course of one’s employment;
    über Gemeinkosten abgerechnete Arbeit indirect labo(u)r;
    in der Qualität abweichende Arbeit spotty piece of work;
    auferlegte Arbeit task;
    wieder aufgenommene Arbeit return to plant;
    auserwählte Arbeit delicate workmanship;
    schlampig ausgeführte Arbeit slipshod (shoddy, ragged) [piece of] work;
    ausgezeichnete Arbeit excellent piece of work;
    in der Ausführung begriffene Arbeit work in progress;
    bequeme und lukrative Arbeit sweet job;
    bezahlte Arbeit paid work;
    im Akkord bezahlte Arbeit work at piece rates;
    schlecht bezahlte Arbeit badly paid (journeyman) work, tight job;
    nach Stunden (stundenweise) bezahlte Arbeit time work, work at time rates;
    untertariflich bezahlte Arbeit scab work;
    eigene Arbeit personal labo(u)r;
    in den Tarif einbezogene Arbeit bargain work;
    einträgliche Arbeit fat [job];
    entfremdete Arbeit alienation of labo(u)r;
    noch zu erledigende Arbeiten jobs awaiting attention;
    erstklassige Arbeit finest workmanship;
    fachmännische Arbeit professional job;
    fertig gestellte Arbeit [accomplished] work;
    freiwillige Arbeit labo(u)r of love;
    ganztägige Arbeit full-time job;
    geistige Arbeit brainwork, headwork;
    im Stücklohn geleistete Arbeit contract work;
    tatsächlich geleistete Arbeit hours worked;
    in Angriff genommene Arbeit job in hand;
    gewöhnliche Arbeit ordinary labo(u)r;
    gleichwertige Arbeit equal work;
    grenzüberschreitende Arbeit transnational work;
    harte Arbeit hard work;
    hervorragende Arbeit first-rate workmanship, excellent piece of work;
    hochwertige Arbeit high-class workmanship;
    kinderleichte Arbeit child’s play;
    körperliche Arbeit manual labo(u)r;
    langweilige Arbeit dry work, boring job, a chore (US);
    laufende Arbeit work in progress;
    liederliche Arbeit slipshod work;
    mechanische Arbeit unskilled labo(u)r, routine job;
    minderwertige Arbeit inferior workmanship;
    monotone Arbeit humdrum work;
    niedrige Arbeit menial work;
    öffentliche Arbeiten public works;
    Zeit raubende Arbeit time-consuming work;
    saisonbedingte Arbeit seasonality of work;
    schlampige Arbeit a lick and a promise (coll.), slipshod (shoddy, ragged) [piece of] work;
    schlechte Arbeit poor workmanship;
    schludrige Arbeit badly finished (rush, slovenly) work, slapdash, slopwork;
    schmutzige Arbeit dirty work;
    schweres Stück (schwierige) Arbeit tough job, difficult task;
    selbstständige Arbeit occupation of a professional nature;
    termingebundene Arbeit (Werbung) traffic;
    überflüssige Arbeit unnecessary labo(u)r;
    global übernommene Arbeit lump work;
    vertraglich übernommene Arbeit contract labo(u)r;
    unbezahlte Arbeit unremunerative work;
    unerledigte Arbeit unfinished work;
    ungelernte Arbeit common labo(u)r, manual (unskilled) work;
    unselbstständige Arbeit wagework, employment [work], (Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen) dependent personal service;
    vergütete Arbeit work against payment;
    vorausbezahlte Arbeit horse (sl.);
    vorbereitete Arbeit dead work;
    vordringliche Arbeit priority (key) job;
    ziemliche Arbeit lot of work;
    nicht zusagende Arbeit uncongenial job;
    mit dem Euro zusammenhängende Arbeit euro-related work;
    Arbeit im Akkord task wages (work), job work, piecework,
    Arbeit am laufenden Band work on the assembly line, serial production;
    Arbeit für den Fachmann skilled job;
    Arbeit von Führungskräften managerial work;
    Arbeit als landwirtschaftlicher Gehilfe farm labo(u)ring;
    Arbeit und Kapital Capital and Labo(u)r;
    Arbeit auf Prämienbasis work on the bonus system;
    Arbeit außerhalb der Saison off-season work;
    Arbeit in wechselnden Schichten split shift;
    Arbeit unter Tage underground work;
    Arbeit im Tagelohn daywork;
    Arbeit unter Tariflohn scab work;
    Arbeit mit geringer Verdienstspanne low-profit work;
    Arbeit nach Vorschrift go-slow (Br.), work-to-rule (Br.);
    Arbeit sparend labo(u)r-saving;
    Arbeit an einen Untergebenen abgeben to devolve work on a subordinate;
    j. bei einer Arbeit ablösen to give s. o. a spell;
    zur Arbeit anhalten to keep in harness;
    ganz in seiner Arbeit aufgehen to burn with love for one’s work;
    mit der Arbeit aufhören to knock off work;
    Arbeit wieder aufnehmen to go back to work,to fall to work again;
    Arbeit bei Fortsetzung der Lohnverhandlungen wieder aufnehmen to negotiate a return to work pending further talks;
    Arbeit aufteilen to divide up the work;
    Arbeit auf mehrere Leute aufteilen to break up a piece of work among several people;
    Arbeiten und Lieferungen ausschreiben to invite tenders;
    Arbeit aussetzen to stop working, to walk out (US);
    von der Arbeit befreien to release from working;
    bei der Ernte Arbeit bekommen to get a turn of work at the harvest;
    großen Teil der Arbeit hinter sich bringen to get through a lot of work;
    Arbeit einstellen to stop working, to knock off, (streiken) to lay down tools, to cease work, (kündigen) to quit work, (streiken) to turn out, to come out on strike, to walk out (US);
    Arbeit erledigen to manage a piece of work;
    seine Arbeit flüchtig erledigen to scurry through one’s work;
    Arbeit innerhalb einer Woche erledigen to finish a job within (inside of, US) a week;
    in Arbeit ersticken to be smothered with work;
    der Arbeit fernbleiben to absent o. s. from work;
    scharenweise der Arbeit fernbleiben to stay away from the assembly line in droves;
    während der Arbeit schnell etw. futtern to put on the nose bag (fam.);
    Auftrag in Arbeit geben to put an order in hand;
    an die Arbeit gehen to proceed to business;
    auf Arbeit gehen to go out (take) to work;
    ernsthaft an die Arbeit gehen to go roundly to work;
    seine Arbeit lieb gewinnen to reconcile o. s. to one’s work;
    neues Buch in Arbeit haben to have a new book on the stocks;
    keine Arbeit haben to be out of work (unemployed);
    Arbeit wieder aufgenommen haben to be back on the job;
    unerledigte Arbeit liegen haben to fall behind with one’s work;
    sein Äußerstes bei der Arbeit hergeben to work to the full at one’s task;
    durch seine Arbeit hinzulernen to learn on the job;
    von seiner Hände Arbeit leben to live by one’s hands (by the sweat of one’s brow), to be left to one’s purchase;
    ausgezeichnete Arbeit leisten to do a first-class job;
    bahnbrechende Arbeit leisten to do pioneer work;
    gute Arbeit leisten to give good service, to make a good job of it;
    schlechte Arbeit leisten to tinker;
    schludrige Arbeit leisten to scamp;
    Arbeit leiten to direct a job;
    im Rahmen einer Arbeit liegen to fall within the scope of a job;
    sich an die Arbeit machen to get (settle) down to work, to hitch up to a job (US), to get down to it, to roll up one’s sleeves;
    sich eifrig an die Arbeit machen to buckle down to work;
    sich selbst an die Arbeit machen to put one’s hand to the plough (plow, US);
    seiner täglichen Arbeit nachgehen to go about one’s usual work (business), to do one’s daily stint;
    seiner Arbeit im Ausland nachgehen to work on assignment abroad;
    seine Arbeit niederlegen to drop one’s work, to stay off one’s job, to down tools (Br.), to walk out (US);
    sehr nach Arbeit riechen to smell of the lamp (midnight oil);
    Arbeit sabotieren to make a bad job of s. th.;
    auf Arbeit sein to be out at work;
    in Arbeit sein to be in hand (process) of manufacture;
    mit ganzer Seele (ganzem Herzen) bei der Arbeit sein to have one’s heart in (lend one’s soul to) one’s work;
    an selbstständige Arbeit gewöhnt sein to be accustomed to working independently;
    Arbeit sparend sein (Maschinen) to be real labo(u)r savers;
    mit seiner Arbeit im Rückstand sein to be behind (in arrears) with one’s work;
    bei jem. in Lohn und Arbeit stehen to be in s. one’s employ;
    Arbeit fertig stellen to finish off a job;
    sich in die Arbeit stürzen to plunge into business;
    Arbeit suchen to look for (seek) a job, to seek work (employment);
    bei der Arbeit trödeln to slack at one’s job;
    Arbeit übernehmen to [under]take a job;
    zusätzliche Arbeiten übernehmen to take on extra work;
    Arbeit im Akkord vergeben to let out a job of work on contract;
    Arbeiten und Lieferungen vergeben to let out a work in contract, to give on contract;
    seine Arbeit vernachlässigen to be negligent in one’s work;
    Arbeit verpfuschen to butcher a job;
    allerlei Arbeiten verrichten to do odd jobs;
    Arbeit seiner Angestellten verrichten to keep a dog and bark o. s.;
    Arbeit verschaffen to procure labo(u)r;
    jem. Arbeit verschaffen to find s. o. work;
    Arbeit vollenden to execute a job of work;
    mit niedrigen Arbeiten beschäftigt werden to be employed at a lower status;
    mit seiner Arbeit fertig werden to get through one’s work;
    Material für eine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zusammenstellen to collect material for a scientific work.
    scheuen, Arbeit
    to shirk one’s share of work;
    keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense.
    verrichten, Arbeit
    to operate;
    Gelegenheitsarbeiten verrichten to char.

    Business german-english dictionary > Arbeit

  • 5 Beschäftigung

    Beschäftigung f 1. PERS employment; 2. WIWI activity Beschäftigung abbauen PERS cut employment, reduce employment, cut back employment Beschäftigung annehmen PERS take employment, take a job, accept a job Beschäftigung aufnehmen PERS take up employment, take up work, to start a job Beschäftigung beenden PERS stop working, cease employment, cease working; quit (kündigen) Beschäftigung beginnen PERS start a job, start work, begin work Beschäftigung finden PERS find employment, find work, find a job Beschäftigung haben PERS be employed, have a job Beschäftigung schaffen PERS create employment, create jobs Beschäftigung suchen PERS seek employment, look for employment, seek a job, look for a job, seek work, look for work Beschäftigung verringern PERS reduce employment, cut employment, cut jobs, cut back employment Beschäftigung wieder aufnehmen PERS, SOZ resume work, return to work bisherige Dauer der Beschäftigung PERS current spell of employment, current period of employment in Beschäftigung bleiben PERS remain in employment jmdn. wieder in Beschäftigung bringen PERS get sb back into employment, bring sb back to work, get sb back into work ohne Beschäftigung sein PERS be without employment, be out of work wieder in Beschäftigung bringen PERS bring sb back to work, get sb back into employment
    * * *
    f 1. < Person> employment; 2. <Vw> activity ■ Beschäftigung annehmen < Person> take employment, take a job, accept a job ■ Beschäftigung aufnehmen < Person> take up employment, take up work, to start a job ■ Beschäftigung beenden < Person> stop working, cease employment ■ Beschäftigung beginnen < Person> start a job, start work, begin work ■ Beschäftigung finden < Person> find employment ■ Beschäftigung haben < Person> be employed, have a job ■ Beschäftigung suchen < Person> seek employment, look for employment, seek a job, look for a job, seek work, look for work ■ ohne Beschäftigung sein < Person> be without employment, be out of work
    * * *
    Beschäftigung
    employ[ment], engagement, appointment, (Arbeit) work, (Beruf) vocation, occupation, job, pursuit, business, spell, lay (sl.);
    auf Beschäftigung ausgerichtet (pol.) employment-oriented;
    ohne Beschäftigung unemployed, out of work (employ);
    ohne regelmäßige Beschäftigung at a loose end;
    abhängige Beschäftigung dependent employment;
    Berufskrankheiten auslösende Beschäftigung disease-breeding occupation;
    ausschließliche Beschäftigung sole occupation;
    außerberufliche Beschäftigung outside activities;
    befristete Beschäftigung temporary job;
    berufliche Beschäftigung business occupation;
    einträgliche (entgeltliche) Beschäftigung gainful occupation (US), profitable employment, duck soup (US sl.);
    einzige Beschäftigung exclusive employment (occupation);
    ganztätige Beschäftigung full- (whole-) time job (employment);
    besonders gefährliche Beschäftigung extra-hazardous employment;
    geistlose Beschäftigung routine business;
    gelegentliche Beschäftigung casual employment, employment of a casual nature;
    geringfügige Beschäftigung small-scale employment;
    geschützte Beschäftigung sheltered employment;
    Gewinn bringende Beschäftigung gainful occupation;
    gewöhnliche Beschäftigung usual occupation;
    hauptamtliche Beschäftigung full-time employment (job);
    illegale Beschäftigung underground employment;
    irgendeine Beschäftigung ordinary job;
    kaufmännische Beschäftigung commercial appointment;
    lebenslange Beschäftigung lifelong employment;
    leichte Beschäftigung light occupation;
    lohnende Beschäftigung profitable employment, remunerative occupation;
    mangelnde Beschäftigung underemployment;
    nächtliche Beschäftigung night work;
    nebenberufliche Beschäftigung occupation outside of office work, part-time job;
    regelmäßige Beschäftigung regular occupation;
    saisonabhängige Beschäftigung seasonal employment;
    nicht selbstständige Beschäftigung wage-earning employment;
    sitzende Beschäftigung sedentary employment;
    sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung employment subject to social insurance;
    stundenweise Beschäftigung part-time (casual) employment;
    überwiegende Beschäftigung (Einkommensteuer) paramount occupation;
    übliche Beschäftigung daily (usual) occupation, daily stint;
    unbedeutende Beschäftigung potty little job (sl.);
    ungleichmäßige Beschäftigung unstable employment;
    unregelmäßige Beschäftigung irregular employment;
    unselbstständige Beschäftigung wage-earning employment;
    versicherungsfreie Beschäftigung uninsured employment;
    zeitweilige Beschäftigung part-time employment;
    zukunftsträchtige Beschäftigung prospective employment;
    zumutbare Beschäftigung suitable employment;
    zusätzliche Beschäftigung additional employment;
    entgeltliche Beschäftigung eines anderen using the services of another for pay;
    Beschäftigung älterer Arbeitnehmer employment of elderly people;
    Beschäftigung in der Bauindustrie construction employment;
    Beschäftigung auf der Baustelle on-site employment;
    Beschäftigung im industriellen Bereich manufacturing employment;
    Beschäftigung in einer Branche line activity;
    Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Dienst public service job;
    Beschäftigung in der Dienstleistungsindustrie service employment;
    Beschäftigung von Gelegenheitsarbeitern casualization;
    Beschäftigung in der Industrie factory employment, industrial occupation;
    Beschäftigung von Jugendlichen youth (juvenile) employment;
    Beschäftigung von Kindern child labo(u)r, employment of children;
    Beschäftigung in Kurzarbeit (zwecks Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit) staggering short (of shifts), (zwecks Vermeidung von Entlassungen) work sharing;
    Beschäftigung mit Nichtigkeiten shilly-shally;
    Beschäftigung in der Produktionsindustrie manufacturing employment;
    Beschäftigung im Staatsdienst government job, state employment;
    Beschäftigung in der Stahlindustrie steel-industry employment;
    Beschäftigung von Untervertretern pyramid selling;
    Beschäftigung zeitweise aussetzen to suspend employment;
    Beschäftigung ausüben to carry on a business, to do a job;
    Beschäftigung von älteren Arbeitnehmern erleichtern to facilitate the employment of older workers;
    Beschäftigung finden to find employment;
    untergeordnete Beschäftigung finden to obtain menial tasks;
    Beschäftigung älterer Arbeitnehmer fördern to promote the employment of older workers;
    Beschäftigung bestimmter Arbeitnehmergruppen fördern to encourage the employment of specific groups of workers;
    lebenslange Beschäftigung garantieren to guarantee lifelong employment;
    jem. Beschäftigung geben to employ s. o.;
    einträgliche Beschäftigung haben to live on (be left to) one’s purchases (Scot.);
    regelmäßige Beschäftigung haben to have a regular job;
    einer geregelten Beschäftigung nachgehen to go about one’s lawful business (occupation);
    seiner täglichen Beschäftigung nachgehen to go about one’s usual work, to do one’s daily stint;
    um eine Beschäftigung nachsuchen to apply for a job;
    seine Beschäftigung nicht ernst nehmen to play around (US sl.);
    ohne Beschäftigung sein to be unemployed (out of a job);
    ohne regelmäßige Beschäftigung sein to be at a loose end;
    sich nach einer geeigneten Beschäftigung umsehen to look for occupation suited to one’s abilities;
    jem. eine Beschäftigung verschaffen to find s. o. a job.

    Business german-english dictionary > Beschäftigung

  • 6 Beruf

    Beruf m 1. GEN occupation, vocation, profession; career (Laufbahn); job (Stellung); 2. PERS occupation, vocation, profession; career (Laufbahn); job (Stellung); trade (Geschäftszweig) Beruf ausüben PERS practise an occupation, exercise an occupation einem Beruf nachgehen PERS pursue an occupation, pursue a job, pursue a profession, practice a profession, practice a job im Beruf stehen PERS (BE) working im Beruf (ver)bleiben PERS stay in the job, continue to work, continue work, stay in employment, remain in employment in seinem Beruf aufgehen (BE) be completely absorbed in one’s work, be completely absorbed in one’s job, be completely absorbed in one’s profession sein Hobby zum Beruf machen PERS turn one’s hobby into a profession seinen Beruf wechseln PERS change one’s job, change one’s occupation sich auf einen Beruf vorbereiten PERS train for an occupation, train for a job, train for a profession, prepare for an occupation, prepare for a job, prepare for a profession von Beruf PERS by occupation, by profession, by trade was sind Sie von Beruf? PERS what is your occupation? what is your job? what is your profession? What do you do for a living?
    * * *
    m 1. < Geschäft> occupation, vocation, profession, Laufbahn career, Stellung job; 2. < Person> occupation, vocation, profession, Laufbahn career, Stellung job, Geschäftszweig trade

    Business german-english dictionary > Beruf

  • 7 оставаться в дефиците

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > оставаться в дефиците

  • 8 оставам

    1. remain, stay
    (не заминавам) stay/remain behind, stay on
    оставам назад (за часовник) be slow. lose time
    оставам за обед/чай stay to dinner/tea
    оставам за през нощта stay (for) the night, stay over night
    оставам в паметта на stick in o.'s memory
    оставам в съзнанието stick/linger in the mind
    оставам на власт remain in power
    оставам в сила remain in force, hold good, ( за заповед) stand
    оставам в същия клас not get o.'s remove, stay down
    оставам до края (на представление и пр.) sit out
    2. (на лице, на разположение съм) be left
    остават още няколко минути there are still a few minutes to go (до before)
    остава много малко време/пари time/money is very short
    не остава нищо друго, освен there is nothing for it but (to с inf.), the only alternative is
    не ми остава нищо друго освен have no choice/option but (to с inf.)
    остава ми само едно I have only one course left, the only thing left for me (to do)
    единственото нещо, което ми остава all I have left
    това, което е останало от what is left of
    от... не е останало нищо nothing remains of...
    остава ми за цял живот remain with one all o.'s life
    3. (в дадено състояние, положение) be, be left, remain
    оставам дето съм stay where one is
    оставам на мястото си разг. stay put
    оставам за постоянно come to stay
    оставам назад fall behind, be left behind
    оставам назад от времето си fall behind the time(s)
    не оставам назад от keep up with, keep abreast of
    не оставам назад от времето си move with the times
    оставам сам be left alone, be left by o.s.
    оставам сам на себе си be thrown back upon o.s., be left to o.'s own resources
    оставам сам (на света), оставам без близки be thrown upon the world
    оставам без баща/майка be left fatherless/motherless
    тя остана вдовица she was left a widow
    оставам на работа stay on the job
    оставам без работа be thrown out of work
    не оставам без работа keep busy, have no lack of employment
    оставам седнал/прав remain seated/standing
    оставамбез средства/ оставам на улицата be left destitute/without resources
    оставам без нищо be left with nothing
    оставам без подслон be left homeless, lose o.'s home
    оставам гладен go hungry
    не оставам гладен keep the wolf from the door
    оставам жив remain/stay alive
    оставам верен на remain/stay faithful to, stay loyal to, ( на принципи и) live up to, abide by, stick with
    оставам верен на себе си remain true to o.s.
    оставам с чувството be left (with the) feeling (that)
    оставам доволен be pleased (от with)
    оставам с убеждението be left with the conviction
    оставам с впечатление get the impression, be left with the impression (че that)
    оставам да се чудя be left wondering
    оставам в неведение be left in ignorance
    оставам незабелязан от някого escape s. o's notice
    оставам на сухо/с пръст в уста be left out in the cold; get nothing for all o.'s pains
    оставам висящ (за въпрос и пр.) remain outstanding; be pendent
    оставам неутрален stay neutral
    оставам все същият remain for ever one/always the same
    оставам на своето hold o.'s own, agree to disagree
    оставам на милостта на throw o.s. on the mercy of
    оставам в сянка прен. take a back seat
    не оставам длъжен give as good as one gets, answer back
    творба, която ще остане a work that will endure
    ако остане на мене if I had my way, left to myself
    прякорът му остана the nickname stuck to him
    не ми останаха крака от ходене I have walked myself lame/my legs off
    * * *
    оста̀вам,
    гл.
    1. remain, stay; (не заминавам) stay/remain behind, stay on; \оставам в паметта на stick in o.’s memory; \оставам в сила remain in force, hold good, (за заповед) stand; \оставам в съзнанието stick/linger in the mind; \оставам в същия клас not get o.’s remove, stay down; \оставам до края (на представление и пр.) sit out; \оставам на власт remain in power, continue in office; \оставам назад (за часовник) be slow, lose time; \оставам през нощта stay (for) the night, stay over night;
    2. (на лице, на разположение съм) be left; не ми остава нищо друго освен I have no choice/option but (to с inf.); nothing remains for me but; не остава нищо друго, освен there is nothing for it but (to с inf.), the only alternative is; остава ми за цял живот remain with one all o.’s life; остава ми само едно I have only one course left, the only thing left for me (to do); остава много малко време/пари time/money is very short; остават още две обиколки спорт. two more laps to go;
    3. (в дадено състояние, положение) be, be left, remain; не \оставам без работа keep busy, have no lack of employment; не \оставам гладен keep the wolf from the door; не \оставам назад от keep up with, keep abreast of; не \оставам назад от времето си move with the times; \оставам без баща/майка be left fatherless/motherless; \оставам без подслон be left homeless, lose o.’s home; \оставам без работа be thrown out of work; \оставам без средства/\оставам на улицата be left destitute/without resources; \оставам верен на remain/stay faithful to, stay loyal to, (на принципи) live up to, abide by, stick with, stand by; \оставам верен на себе си remain true to o.s.; \оставам висящ (за въпрос и пр.) remain outstanding; be pendent; \оставам все същия remain for ever one/always the same; \оставам гладен go hungry; \оставам да се чудя be left wondering; \оставам доволен be pleased (от with); \оставам където съм stay where one is; \оставам на мястото си разг. stay put; \оставам на работа stay on the job; \оставам на сухо/с пръст в уста be left out in the cold; get nothing for all o.’s pains; \оставам назад fall behind, be left behind; \оставам незабелязан от някого escape s.o.’s notice; \оставам постоянно ( във времето) come to stay; \оставам с впечатление get the impression, be left with the impression (че that); \оставам сам (на света), \оставам без близки be thrown upon the world; \оставам сам на себе си be thrown back upon o.s., be left to o.’s own resources; • ако остана на if I should depend on; ако остане на мене if I had my way, left to myself; къде остана …? what about …? малко остана да падна I almost/(very) nearly/all but fell; между нас да си остане, тук да си остане let this remain between us, keep mum about it; не ми останаха крака от ходене I have walked myself lame/my legs off; не \оставам длъжен give as good as one gets, answer back, get o.’s own back; не се оставяй! stand up for yourself; остава да се види it remains to be seen; \оставам в сянка прен. take a back seat; \оставам на милостта на throw o.s. on the mercy of; \оставам на своето hold o.’s own, agree to disagree; остават ми очите в нещо I can’t keep my eyes off s.th.; остави другото, ами … what matters is …; остани си със здраве keep well, God be with you; прякорът му остана the nickname stuck to him; та какво остава за to say nothing of; така си и остана it was left at that; творба, която ще остане a work that will endure.
    * * *
    remain: The house has оставамed the sam. - Къщата си е останала същата.; abide: So much work is left undone. - Останала е много недовършена работа.; persist; stay{stei}: Tonight he will stay at home. - Довечера той ще остане в къщи.
    * * *
    1. (в дадено състояние, положение) be, be left, remain 2. (на лице, на разположение съм) be left 3. (не заминавам) stay/remain behind, stay on 4. - все същият remain for ever one/always the same 5. remain, stay 6. ОСТАВАМ без баща/майка be left fatherless/motherless 7. ОСТАВАМ без нищо be left with nothing 8. ОСТАВАМ без подслон be left homeless, lose o.'s home 9. ОСТАВАМ без работа be thrown out of work 10. ОСТАВАМ в неведение be left in ignorance 11. ОСТАВАМ в паметта на stick in o.'s memory 12. ОСТАВАМ в сила remain in force, hold good, (за заповед) stand 13. ОСТАВАМ в съзнанието.stick/linger in the mind 14. ОСТАВАМ в същия клас not get o.'s remove, stay down 15. ОСТАВАМ в сянка прен. take a back seat 16. ОСТАВАМ верен на remain/stay faithful to, stay loyal to, (на принципи и) live up to, abide by, stick with 17. ОСТАВАМ верен на себе си remain true to o. s. 18. ОСТАВАМ висящ (за въпрос и пр.) remain outstanding;be pendent 19. ОСТАВАМ гладен go hungry 20. ОСТАВАМ да се чудя be left wondering 21. ОСТАВАМ дето съм stay where one is 22. ОСТАВАМ до края (на представление и пр.) sit out 23. ОСТАВАМ доволен be pleased (от with) 24. ОСТАВАМ жив remain/stay alive 25. ОСТАВАМ за обед/чай stay to dinner/tea 26. ОСТАВАМ за постоянно come to stay 27. ОСТАВАМ за през нощта stay (for) the night, stay over night 28. ОСТАВАМ на власт remain in power 29. ОСТАВАМ на милостта на throw o. s. on the mercy of 30. ОСТАВАМ на мястото си разг. stay put 31. ОСТАВАМ на работа stay on the job 32. ОСТАВАМ на своето hold o.'s own, agree to disagree 33. ОСТАВАМ на сухо/с пръст в уста be left out in the cold;get nothing for all o.'s pains 34. ОСТАВАМ назад (за часовник) be slow. lose time 35. ОСТАВАМ назад fall behind, be left behind 36. ОСТАВАМ назад от времето си fall behind the time(s) 37. ОСТАВАМ незабелязан от някого escape s. o's notice 38. ОСТАВАМ неутрален stay neutral 39. ОСТАВАМ с впечатление get the impression, be left with the impression (че that) 40. ОСТАВАМ с убеждението be left with the conviction 41. ОСТАВАМ с чувството be left (with the) feeling (that) 42. ОСТАВАМ сам (на света), ОСТАВАМ без близки be thrown upon the world 43. ОСТАВАМ сам be left alone, be left by o. s. 44. ОСТАВАМ сам на себе си be thrown back upon o. s., be left to o.'s own resources 45. ОСТАВАМ седнал/ прав remain seated/standing 46. ОСТАВАМбeз средства/ОСТАВАМ на улицата be left destitute/without resources 47. ако остане на мене if I had my way, left to myself 48. до тръгването на влака остават пет минути there are five minutes before the train goes 49. единственото нещо, което ми остава all I have left 50. не ОСТАВАМ без работа keep busy, have no lack of employment 51. не ОСТАВАМ гладен keep the wolf from the door 52. не ОСТАВАМ длъжен give as good as one gets, answer back 53. не ОСТАВАМ назад от keep up with, keep abreast of 54. не ОСТАВАМ назад от времето си move with the times 55. не ми остава време have no time 56. не ми остава нищо have nothing left 57. не ми остава нищо друго освен have no choice/option but (to с inf.) 58. не ми останаха крака от ходене I have walked myself lame/my legs off 59. не остава нищо друго, освен there is nothing for it but (to с inf.), the only alternative is 60. остава 61. остава ми достатъчно have enough left over 62. остава ми за цял живот remain with one all o.'s life 63. остава ми много малко have little left 64. остава ми само едно I have only one course left, the only thing left for me (to do) 65. остава много малко време/пари time/money is very short 66. остава ни още един месец we have one more month 67. остават още няколко минути there are still a few minutes to go (до before) 68. останал съм без работа be out of work 69. от... не е останало нищо nothing remains of... 70. прякорът му остана the nickname stuck to him 71. творба, която ще остане а work that will endure 72. това, което е останало от what is left of 73. тя остана вдовица she was left a widow

    Български-английски речник > оставам

  • 9 bolsa de trabajo

    (en periódico) job section, situations vacant
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool
    Ex. The paper presents and discusses labour-exchange systems in a small community of 90 peasant families in Santiago Island, Cape Verde.
    Ex. This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex. He analyzes the job seeker and the influence of mediating agencies, such as unions, employment bureaus, and help-wanted advertising in the hiring process.
    Ex. This database provides access to a wide range of information, including local news, the housing and employment markets, weather and local events, through some 400 public terminals located in public libraries, employment centres, town-halls, and schools.
    Ex. This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    Ex. As a result, job centres must treat employers looking for a prostitute in the same way as those looking for a dental nurse.
    Ex. Most people don't realise that a large percentage of jobs never get advertised and these jobs make up what I call the hidden job pool.
    * * *
    * * *
    (n.) = labour exchange, job opportunities, employment bureau, employment centre, employment opportunity, job centre, job pool

    Ex: The paper presents and discusses labour-exchange systems in a small community of 90 peasant families in Santiago Island, Cape Verde.

    Ex: This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex: He analyzes the job seeker and the influence of mediating agencies, such as unions, employment bureaus, and help-wanted advertising in the hiring process.
    Ex: This database provides access to a wide range of information, including local news, the housing and employment markets, weather and local events, through some 400 public terminals located in public libraries, employment centres, town-halls, and schools.
    Ex: This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    Ex: As a result, job centres must treat employers looking for a prostitute in the same way as those looking for a dental nurse.
    Ex: Most people don't realise that a large percentage of jobs never get advertised and these jobs make up what I call the hidden job pool.

    * * *
    employment exchange

    Spanish-English dictionary > bolsa de trabajo

  • 10 oferta de empleo

    (n.) = career opportunity, job vacancy, job opportunities, job placement, career option, employment opportunity
    Ex. Such are the career opportunities presently open to such people that there is little hope of persuading them into new course programmes.
    Ex. Small ads and job vacancies may also be displayed in the library.
    Ex. This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex. The libraries are located in the fringe areas between low-income neighbourhoods and business districts and provide careers and educational guidance, job placement and referral to community facilities for diagnosis and remedial services.
    Ex. A similar linear relationship between age and entrapment indicated that as librarians mature, they become bound to their line of work because of accumulated investments and decreased career options = Una relación directa similar entre la edad y la sensación de sentirse atrapado indicaba que a medida que los bibliotecarios envejecen se sienten ligados a su línea de trabajo debido al esfuerzo invertido y una disminución de las oportunidades de trabajo.
    Ex. This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    * * *
    (n.) = career opportunity, job vacancy, job opportunities, job placement, career option, employment opportunity

    Ex: Such are the career opportunities presently open to such people that there is little hope of persuading them into new course programmes.

    Ex: Small ads and job vacancies may also be displayed in the library.
    Ex: This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    Ex: The libraries are located in the fringe areas between low-income neighbourhoods and business districts and provide careers and educational guidance, job placement and referral to community facilities for diagnosis and remedial services.
    Ex: A similar linear relationship between age and entrapment indicated that as librarians mature, they become bound to their line of work because of accumulated investments and decreased career options = Una relación directa similar entre la edad y la sensación de sentirse atrapado indicaba que a medida que los bibliotecarios envejecen se sienten ligados a su línea de trabajo debido al esfuerzo invertido y una disminución de las oportunidades de trabajo.
    Ex: This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.

    * * *
    job offer

    Spanish-English dictionary > oferta de empleo

  • 11 eliminar

    v.
    to eliminate.
    El líquido eliminó las manchas The liquid eliminated the stains.
    El mafioso eliminó al testigo The mobster eliminated the witness.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to eliminate, exclude
    2 (esperanzas, miedos, etc) to get rid of, cast aside
    3 familiar (matar) to kill, eliminate
    * * *
    verb
    3) kill
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hacer desaparecer) [+ mancha, obstáculo] to remove, get rid of; [+ residuos] to dispose of; [+ pobreza] to eliminate, eradicate; [+ posibilidad] to rule out

    eliminar un directorio — (Inform) to remove o delete a directory

    2) [+ concursante, deportista] to knock out, eliminate

    fueron eliminados de la competiciónthey were knocked out of o eliminated from the competition

    3) euf (=matar) to eliminate, do away with *
    4) [+ incógnita] to eliminate
    5) (Fisiol) to eliminate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < obstáculo> to remove; < párrafo> to delete, remove
    b) < candidato> to eliminate; (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)
    d) < residuos> to dispose of
    2) <toxinas/grasas> to eliminate
    3) (Mat) < incógnita> to eliminate
    * * *
    = abort, cut off, delete, detach, disband, discard, dispose of, do away with, eliminate, eradicate, erase, erode, kill, obviate, purge, remove, rid, suppress, take out, withdraw, screen out, retire, squeeze out, decrement, dispel, weed out, axe [ax, -USA], abolish, pare out, chop off, excise, obliterate, scrap, take off, expunge, cut out, put to + rest, sweep away, root out, nix, drive out, deselect, strip away, roll back, efface, cashier, clear out, weed, sunset, stomp + Nombre + out, zap, take + Nombre + out.
    Ex. It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.
    Ex. The only way to solve these problems is either to revise your catalog in its totality or to cut it off.
    Ex. Expressive notation is generally easier to truncate, that is, delete final characters to create the notation for a more general subject.
    Ex. The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex. With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex. The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex. List and describe the steps involved in withdrawing and disposing of books which are no longer required.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS does away with the multiplicity of files and catalogs.
    Ex. Obviously, computers and the use of notation in computerised systems may place additional constraints upon the nature of the notation, or may eliminate the need to consider some of the characteristics below.
    Ex. In this instance links would be insufficient to eradicate the false drop.
    Ex. Pressing the delete key erases a characters without leaving a blank space.
    Ex. These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex. He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex. The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex. The system requests the number of the borrower and then purges that borrower's name and number from its files.
    Ex. Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex. This function can be used to rid access-point files of unused entries.
    Ex. It is possible to suppress references and to omit steps in a hierarchy.
    Ex. A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex. Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex. Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex. This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex. Subjects not in the core of major employment areas are likely to be squeezed out of the standard curriculum.
    Ex. Document terms absent from the original query were decremented.
    Ex. But years and experience do not always dispel the sense of unease.
    Ex. Information services administrators expect library schools to uphold admission standards and weed out unsuitable candidates.
    Ex. 'He's been trying to cover up his tracks; those engineers who got axed were his scapegoats'.
    Ex. Who knows? If we can abolish the card catalogue and replace it with some form more acceptable to library users, they may even begin to use library catalogues!.
    Ex. Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex. Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex. Once a new digitized system has been introduced irrelevancies and redundant features can more easily be seen and excised.
    Ex. Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex. Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex. This article examines the controversial issue about whether to expunge books about satanism from the library shelves.
    Ex. In order to support a core acquistions programme of essential materials for its users, a library will more readily cut out material on the fringe of its needs if such material can be obtained by a good document supply system.
    Ex. Careful investigation by the library board of the possibilities inherent in system membership usually puts to rest preconceived fears.
    Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex. Libraries should root out unproductive and obsolete activities.
    Ex. This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex. The development of user-friendly interfaces to data bases may drive out the unspecialised information broker in the long run.
    Ex. There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex. Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex. Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex. The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex. His case was referred to the next session, and in the following May he was cashiered.
    Ex. Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    Ex. It seems to me that the electronic catalog provides the ability to build a file that can, in fact, be easily weeded.
    Ex. It's instructive to remember just how passionately the media hyped the dangers of ' sunsetting' the ban.
    Ex. Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex. This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    Ex. My lasting image of Omar is of him crouched in the rubble waiting for U.S. troops to get close enough so he could take one of them out.
    ----
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar al intermediario = cut out + the middleman.
    * eliminar ambigüedades = disambiguate.
    * eliminar barreras = flatten + barriers, tackle + barriers, erase + boundaries.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar el hielo = de-ice [deice].
    * eliminar el sarro = descale.
    * eliminar gases = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eliminar las barreras = break down + barriers.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * eliminar los duplicados = deduplicate.
    * eliminar + Nombre = clear of + Nombre.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar por etapas = phase out.
    * eliminar progresivamente = phase out.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * eliminar puliendo = buff out.
    * eliminar una barrera = topple + barrier.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < obstáculo> to remove; < párrafo> to delete, remove
    b) < candidato> to eliminate; (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)
    d) < residuos> to dispose of
    2) <toxinas/grasas> to eliminate
    3) (Mat) < incógnita> to eliminate
    * * *
    = abort, cut off, delete, detach, disband, discard, dispose of, do away with, eliminate, eradicate, erase, erode, kill, obviate, purge, remove, rid, suppress, take out, withdraw, screen out, retire, squeeze out, decrement, dispel, weed out, axe [ax, -USA], abolish, pare out, chop off, excise, obliterate, scrap, take off, expunge, cut out, put to + rest, sweep away, root out, nix, drive out, deselect, strip away, roll back, efface, cashier, clear out, weed, sunset, stomp + Nombre + out, zap, take + Nombre + out.

    Ex: It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.

    Ex: The only way to solve these problems is either to revise your catalog in its totality or to cut it off.
    Ex: Expressive notation is generally easier to truncate, that is, delete final characters to create the notation for a more general subject.
    Ex: The words from the deleted abstract in the abstract word file will be detached when DOBIS/LIBIS is not busy with other work.
    Ex: With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex: The dates should be checked regularly and updated so that old dates are discarded and new ones entered.
    Ex: List and describe the steps involved in withdrawing and disposing of books which are no longer required.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS does away with the multiplicity of files and catalogs.
    Ex: Obviously, computers and the use of notation in computerised systems may place additional constraints upon the nature of the notation, or may eliminate the need to consider some of the characteristics below.
    Ex: In this instance links would be insufficient to eradicate the false drop.
    Ex: Pressing the delete key erases a characters without leaving a blank space.
    Ex: These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex: The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex: The system requests the number of the borrower and then purges that borrower's name and number from its files.
    Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex: This function can be used to rid access-point files of unused entries.
    Ex: It is possible to suppress references and to omit steps in a hierarchy.
    Ex: A scheme should allow reduction, to take out subjects and their subdivisions which are no longer used.
    Ex: Thus, all cards corresponding to documents covering 'Curricula' are withdrawn from the pack.
    Ex: Most journals rely for a substantial part of their income on advertisements; how would advertisers view the prospect of being selectively screened out by readers?.
    Ex: This article stresses the importance for libraries of making current informationav ailable on AIDS, and of retiring out-of-date information on the subject.
    Ex: Subjects not in the core of major employment areas are likely to be squeezed out of the standard curriculum.
    Ex: Document terms absent from the original query were decremented.
    Ex: But years and experience do not always dispel the sense of unease.
    Ex: Information services administrators expect library schools to uphold admission standards and weed out unsuitable candidates.
    Ex: 'He's been trying to cover up his tracks; those engineers who got axed were his scapegoats'.
    Ex: Who knows? If we can abolish the card catalogue and replace it with some form more acceptable to library users, they may even begin to use library catalogues!.
    Ex: Because the assumption in this method is that none of the preceding years' operations are worth continuing unless they can be shown to be necessary, zero-based budgeting (ZZB) can be useful for paring out the deadwood of obsolete or uselessly extravagant programs.
    Ex: Others chop off old records to remain within the limits of 680 MB.
    Ex: Once a new digitized system has been introduced irrelevancies and redundant features can more easily be seen and excised.
    Ex: Typing errors cannot be obliterated with a normal erasing fluid as this would print and appear as a blotch on the copies.
    Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.
    Ex: Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex: This article examines the controversial issue about whether to expunge books about satanism from the library shelves.
    Ex: In order to support a core acquistions programme of essential materials for its users, a library will more readily cut out material on the fringe of its needs if such material can be obtained by a good document supply system.
    Ex: Careful investigation by the library board of the possibilities inherent in system membership usually puts to rest preconceived fears.
    Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex: Libraries should root out unproductive and obsolete activities.
    Ex: This play was nixed by school officials on the grounds that the subject of sweatshops was not appropriate for that age group.
    Ex: The development of user-friendly interfaces to data bases may drive out the unspecialised information broker in the long run.
    Ex: There is a need to provide public access to the Internet and to develop guidelines for selecting and deselecting appropriate resources.
    Ex: Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex: Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex: The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex: His case was referred to the next session, and in the following May he was cashiered.
    Ex: Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    Ex: It seems to me that the electronic catalog provides the ability to build a file that can, in fact, be easily weeded.
    Ex: It's instructive to remember just how passionately the media hyped the dangers of ' sunsetting' the ban.
    Ex: Like I said, no wonder racism won't die, it takes BOTH sides to stomp it out, not just one!.
    Ex: This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    Ex: My lasting image of Omar is of him crouched in the rubble waiting for U.S. troops to get close enough so he could take one of them out.
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar al intermediario = cut out + the middleman.
    * eliminar ambigüedades = disambiguate.
    * eliminar barreras = flatten + barriers, tackle + barriers, erase + boundaries.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * eliminar de un texto = redact out, redact.
    * eliminar diferencias = flatten out + differences.
    * eliminar el hielo = de-ice [deice].
    * eliminar el sarro = descale.
    * eliminar gases = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eliminar las barreras = break down + barriers.
    * eliminar las diferencias = iron out + differences.
    * eliminar los duplicados = deduplicate.
    * eliminar + Nombre = clear of + Nombre.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar por etapas = phase out.
    * eliminar progresivamente = phase out.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * eliminar puliendo = buff out.
    * eliminar una barrera = topple + barrier.
    * eliminar una ecuación de búsqueda = clear + search.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * eliminar un problema = sweep away + problem, work out + kink.

    * * *
    eliminar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹obstáculo› to remove; ‹párrafo› to delete, remove
    para eliminar las cucarachas to get rid of o exterminate o kill cockroaches
    2 ‹equipo/candidato› to eliminate
    fueron eliminados del torneo they were knocked out of o eliminated from the tournament
    3 ( euf) (matar) to eliminate ( euph), to get rid of ( euph)
    B ‹toxinas/grasas› to eliminate
    C ( Mat) ‹incógnita› to eliminate
    * * *

     

    eliminar ( conjugate eliminar) verbo transitivo

    párrafo to delete, remove

    (Dep) to eliminate, knock out
    c) (euf) ( matar) to eliminate (euph), to get rid of (euph)


    e)toxinas/grasas to eliminate

    eliminar verbo transitivo to eliminate
    ' eliminar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acabar
    - cortar
    - descalificar
    - michelín
    - quitar
    - sonda
    - terminar
    - tranquilizar
    English:
    cut out
    - debug
    - eliminate
    - face
    - hit list
    - knock out
    - liquidate
    - obliterate
    - remove
    - weed
    - cut
    - delete
    - do
    - knock
    - take
    - zap
    * * *
    1. [en juego, deporte, concurso] to eliminate (de from);
    el que menos puntos consiga queda eliminado the person who scores the lowest number of points is eliminated;
    lo eliminaron en la segunda ronda he was eliminated o knocked out in the second round
    2. [acabar con] [contaminación] to eliminate;
    [grasas, toxinas] to eliminate, to get rid of; [residuos] to dispose of; [manchas] to remove, to get rid of; [fronteras, obstáculos] to remove, to eliminate;
    eliminó algunos trozos de su discurso he cut out some parts of his speech
    3. Mat [incógnita] to eliminate
    4. Euf [matar] to eliminate, to get rid of
    * * *
    v/t
    1 eliminate
    2 desperdicios dispose of
    3 INFOR delete
    * * *
    1) : to eliminate, to remove
    2) : to do in, to kill
    * * *
    1. (en general) to eliminate
    2. (manchas) to remove

    Spanish-English dictionary > eliminar

  • 12 остана

    вж. оставам
    * * *
    оста̀на,
    оста̀вам гл.
    1. remain, stay; (не заминавам) stay/remain behind, stay on; \остана в паметта на stick in o.’s memory; \остана в сила remain in force, hold good, (за заповед) stand; \остана в съзнанието stick/linger in the mind; \остана в същия клас not get o.’s remove, stay down; \остана до края (на представление и пр.) sit out; \остана на власт remain in power, continue in office; \остана назад (за часовник) be slow, lose time; \остана през нощта stay (for) the night, stay over night;
    2. (на лице, на разположение съм) be left; не ми остава нищо друго освен I have no choice/option but (to с inf.); nothing remains for me but; не остава нищо друго, освен there is nothing for it but (to с inf.), the only alternative is; остава ми за цял живот remain with one all o.’s life; остава ми само едно I have only one course left, the only thing left for me (to do); остава много малко време/пари time/money is very short; остават още две обиколки спорт. two more laps to go;
    3. (в дадено състояние, положение) be, be left, remain; не \остана без работа keep busy, have no lack of employment; не \остана гладен keep the wolf from the door; не \остана назад от keep up with, keep abreast of; не \остана назад от времето си move with the times; \остана без баща/майка be left fatherless/motherless; \остана без подслон be left homeless, lose o.’s home; \остана без работа be thrown out of work; \остана без средства/\остана на улицата be left destitute/without resources; \остана верен на remain/stay faithful to, stay loyal to, (на принципи) live up to, abide by, stick with, stand by; \остана верен на себе си remain true to o.s.; \остана висящ (за въпрос и пр.) remain outstanding; be pendent; \остана все същия remain for ever one/always the same; \остана гладен go hungry; \остана да се чудя be left wondering; \остана доволен be pleased (от with); \остана където съм stay where one is; \остана на мястото си разг. stay put; \остана на работа stay on the job; \остана на сухо/с пръст в уста be left out in the cold; get nothing for all o.’s pains; \остана назад fall behind, be left behind; \остана незабелязан от някого escape s.o.’s notice; \остана постоянно ( във времето) come to stay; \остана с впечатление get the impression, be left with the impression (че that); \остана сам (на света), \остана без близки be thrown upon the world; \остана сам на себе си be thrown back upon o.s., be left to o.’s own resources; • ако остана на if I should depend on; ако остане на мене if I had my way, left to myself; къде остана …? what about …? малко остана да падна I almost/(very) nearly/all but fell; между нас да си остане, тук да си остане let this remain between us, keep mum about it; не ми останаха крака от ходене I have walked myself lame/my legs off; не \остана длъжен give as good as one gets, answer back, get o.’s own back; не се оставяй! stand up for yourself; остава да се види it remains to be seen; \остана в сянка прен. take a back seat; \остана на милостта на throw o.s. on the mercy of; \остана на своето hold o.’s own, agree to disagree; остават ми очите в нещо I can’t keep my eyes off s.th.; остави другото, ами … what matters is …; остани си със здраве keep well, God be with you; прякорът му остана the nickname stuck to him; та какво остава за to say nothing of; така си и остана it was left at that; творба, която ще остане a work that will endure.
    * * *
    вж. оставам

    Български-английски речник > остана

  • 13 bleiben

    blei·ben <blieb, geblieben> [ʼblaibn̩]
    vi sein
    1) ( verweilen)
    [bei jdm/an einem Ort] \bleiben to stay [or remain] [with sb/in a place];
    wo bleibst du so lange? what has been keeping you all this time?;
    wo sie nur so lange bleibt? wherever has she got to?;
    \bleiben Sie doch noch! sagte er do stay! he said;
    der Kranke muss im Bett \bleiben the patient must stay in bed;
    ich bleibe heute etwas länger im Büro I'll be a bit late back from the office today;
    ich bleibe noch zwei Jahre in der Schule I'll stay at school another two years, I've still got another two years at school;
    an etw \bleiben dat to remain at sth;
    für [o unter] sich \bleiben mögen [o wollen] to wish to be alone;
    wir möchten einen Moment für uns \bleiben we should like to be alone for a moment;
    er ist ein Einzelgänger, der lieber für sich bleibt he's a loner who likes to be by himself;
    \bleiben Sie bitte am Apparat! hold the line, please!;
    bleibt am Platz! stay in your seats [or sitting down] !
    2) (nicht... werden)
    unbeachtet \bleiben to go unnoticed;
    ihre Klagen blieben ungehört her complaints were not listened to [or fell on deaf ears];
    mein Brief ist bis jetzt unbeantwortet geblieben so far I have received no reply to my letter;
    diese Ereignisse werden mir für immer unvergessen \bleiben I shall never forget those events;
    ( weiterhin sein) to continue to be, to remain;
    die Lage blieb weiterhin angespannt the situation remained tense;
    für die meisten Leute bleibt das Geheimarchiv weiter unzugänglich the secret archives continue to be inaccessible to most people;
    wach \bleiben to stay [or keep] awake
    3) ( andauern) to last, to persist;
    hoffentlich bleibt die Sonne noch eine Weile I do hope the sunshine lasts for a while yet;
    der Regen dürfte vorerst \bleiben the rain should persist for the time being
    4) ( nicht gestrichen werden) to remain;
    „bleibt“ typo “please retain”, “stet”;
    soll der Satz gestrichen werden oder \bleiben? should the sentence be deleted or remain?
    irgendwo \bleiben to get to, to happen to;
    wo ist meine Brieftasche geblieben? where has my wallet got to?, what has happened to my wallet?
    6) (fam: unterkommen)
    irgendwo \bleiben to stay somewhere;
    wo sollen die Kinder jetzt \bleiben where are the children going to stay now?;
    leider können wir sie nicht weiter beschäftigen, sie müssen sehen, wo sie \bleiben unfortunately we can't keep them on, they'll have to look out [or find employment] for themselves;
    der neue Student hat immer noch kein Zimmer gefunden, wo er \bleiben kann the new student has still not found a place to stay [or any accommodation];
    7) ( verharren)
    bei etw \bleiben to adhere [or ( fam) keep] [or stick] to sth;
    bleibt es bei unserer Abmachung? does our arrangement still stand?;
    ich bleibe lieber bei meiner alten Marke I prefer to stick to [or stay with] my old brand;
    ich bleibe bei Weißwein I'm sticking to [or with] white wine
    8) (übrig \bleiben)
    jdm bleibt etw[, dass/etw zu tun] to remain [or be left] for sb [to do sth];
    es bleibt wenigstens die Hoffnung, dass es besser werden könnte at least the hope remains that things could improve;
    eine Möglichkeit bleibt uns noch we still have one possibility left;
    was blieb ihm anderes, als nachzugeben? what else could he do but give in?;
    es blieb mir keine andere Wahl I was left with no other choice
    9) (ver\bleiben)
    [jdm] \bleiben, etw zu tun to remain [for sb] to do sth;
    es bleibt abzuwarten, ob sich die Lage bessern wird it remains to be seen if the situation will improve;
    es bleibt doch zu hoffen, dass diese Maßnahmen bald greifen werden the hope remains that these measures will soon take effect;
    sicher werden die politischen Gefangenen bald freigelassen! - was sehr zu wünschen bleibt the political prisoners are sure to be released soon - which very much remains our hope;
    es bleibt natürlich Ihnen belassen, wie Sie sich entscheiden it's up to you, of course, how you decide;
    10) (euph: umkommen)
    irgendwo \bleiben to die somewhere;
    der Kapitän ist auf See geblieben the captain died at sea;
    viele Soldaten blieben im Feld/ Krieg many soldiers fell ( euph) in battle/were killed in action
    etw \bleiben lassen to refrain from sth; ( aufhören mit) to stop sth; ( aufgeben) to give up sth
    WENDUNGEN:
    das bleibt unter uns that's [just] between ourselves;
    sieh zu, wo du bleibst! you're on your own!

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > bleiben

  • 14 asignación

    f.
    1 assignment, task.
    2 assignment, allotment, allowance, allocation.
    3 assignation, assigning.
    * * *
    1 (acción) assignment, allocation
    2 (nombramiento) appointment, assignment
    3 (remuneración) allocation, allowance; (sueldo) wage, salary
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) assignment, allocation; (=cita) appointment
    2) (Econ) allowance

    asignación por kilometraje mileage allowance

    * * *
    1)
    a) (de tarea, función) assignment
    b) (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment
    2) ( sueldo) wages (pl); ( paga) allowance
    3) (AmC) (Educ) homework
    * * *
    = allocation, apportionment, assignment, entitlement, placement, attribution, appropriation, allotment, allowance.
    Ex. It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.
    Ex. Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.
    Ex. Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.
    Ex. In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex. A scheme should allow relocation, in order to rectify an inappropriate placement, to eliminate dual provision (more than one place for one subject) to make room for new subjects.
    Ex. This could help in attribution of authorship for anonymous works.
    Ex. As inflation continues to absorb library expenses and state appropriations decrease or remain static, librarians need to reconsider their budgets.
    Ex. This law basically strives to ensure a fair allotment of economic support to the various types of organisations concerned with music.
    Ex. These payments cover the following: tide-over allowances for workers, including redundancy payments, resettlement allowances, and vocational training for those having to change their employment.
    ----
    * asignación de dinero público = tax support.
    * asignación de espacio = space allocation.
    * asignación de identificadores = tagging.
    * asignación de la marca de Cutter = Cuttering.
    * asignación de materias = subject indexing, subject assignment.
    * asignación de nombre = labelling [labeling, -USA].
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignación de una notación = allocation of notation.
    * asignación mensual = monthly allowance.
    * asignación presupuestaria = budget allocation, budgetary allocation.
    * asignación semanal = weekly allowance.
    * organismo encargado de la asignación de partidas = appropriating body.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de tarea, función) assignment
    b) (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment
    2) ( sueldo) wages (pl); ( paga) allowance
    3) (AmC) (Educ) homework
    * * *
    = allocation, apportionment, assignment, entitlement, placement, attribution, appropriation, allotment, allowance.

    Ex: It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.

    Ex: Gaps are left in the apportionment of notation in order to permit new subjects to be inserted.
    Ex: Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.
    Ex: In May 1973 a paper was sent to all universities detailing the norms for university library accommodation, whereby the accommodation entitlements were further reduced to about one in five.
    Ex: A scheme should allow relocation, in order to rectify an inappropriate placement, to eliminate dual provision (more than one place for one subject) to make room for new subjects.
    Ex: This could help in attribution of authorship for anonymous works.
    Ex: As inflation continues to absorb library expenses and state appropriations decrease or remain static, librarians need to reconsider their budgets.
    Ex: This law basically strives to ensure a fair allotment of economic support to the various types of organisations concerned with music.
    Ex: These payments cover the following: tide-over allowances for workers, including redundancy payments, resettlement allowances, and vocational training for those having to change their employment.
    * asignación de dinero público = tax support.
    * asignación de espacio = space allocation.
    * asignación de identificadores = tagging.
    * asignación de la marca de Cutter = Cuttering.
    * asignación de materias = subject indexing, subject assignment.
    * asignación de nombre = labelling [labeling, -USA].
    * asignación de presupuesto = budgeting.
    * asignación de una notación = allocation of notation.
    * asignación mensual = monthly allowance.
    * asignación presupuestaria = budget allocation, budgetary allocation.
    * asignación semanal = weekly allowance.
    * organismo encargado de la asignación de partidas = appropriating body.
    * proceso de asignación de presupuestos = budgetary process.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una tarea, función) assignment
    la asignación del puesto a su sobrino the appointment of his nephew to the post, the designation of his nephew for the post
    2 (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment
    B (sueldo) wages (pl); (paga) allowance
    la beca supone una asignación mensual de … the grant provides a monthly allowance of …
    Compuesto:
    C ( AmC) ( Educ) homework
    * * *

     

    asignación sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (de tarea, función) assignment

    b) (de fondos, renta) allocation, assignment

    2 ( sueldo) wages (pl);
    ( paga) allowance
    3 (AmC) (Educ) homework
    asignación sustantivo femenino
    1 (de fondos, de tarea) assignment, allocation
    2 (nombramiento) appointment
    3 (paga) allowance
    ' asignación' also found in these entries:
    English:
    allocation
    - allotment
    - appropriation
    - assignment
    - routing
    - allowance
    - award
    * * *
    1. [atribución] [de dinero, productos] allocation;
    defienden un modelo de asignación de recursos más justo they are in favour of a fairer allocation o distribution of resources;
    él se encarga de la asignación de prioridades he is in charge of setting o establishing priorities
    2. [cantidad asignada] allocation;
    tenemos una asignación anual de cinco millones de dólares we have an annual allocation of five million dollars;
    todas las familias reciben una asignación económica por cada hijo all families receive an allowance for each child they have
    CSur asignación familiar = state benefit paid to families for every child, Br ≈ child benefit
    3. [sueldo] salary;
    le dan una asignación semanal de 10 euros they give him Br pocket money o US an allowance of 10 euros a week
    4. [de empleado]
    anunciaron su asignación a un nuevo destino they announced that she was being assigned to a new post
    5. CAm [deber] homework
    * * *
    f
    1 acción allocation
    2 dinero allowance
    * * *
    1) : allocation
    2) : appointment, designation
    3) : allowance, pay
    4) PRi : homework, assignment

    Spanish-English dictionary > asignación

  • 15 escalafón

    m.
    grade scale, army register, promotion roster, promotion list.
    * * *
    1 (de personas) roll, promotion list
    2 (graduación) ladder; (de salarios) salary scale, wage scale
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de promoción] promotion ladder

    ascender en el escalafón — to go up the ladder, work one's way up

    2) [de salarios] salary scale, wage scale
    3) (=ránking) table, chart
    * * *
    * * *
    = step, rung.
    Ex. If a new salary scale is adopted by the institution, the employee who has moved up the scale should remain at the same step.
    Ex. In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    ----
    * escalafón laboral = employment ladder, career ladder.
    * primer escalafón laboral = entry position.
    * último escalafón, el = bottom rung, the.
    * * *
    * * *
    = step, rung.

    Ex: If a new salary scale is adopted by the institution, the employee who has moved up the scale should remain at the same step.

    Ex: In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    * escalafón laboral = employment ladder, career ladder.
    * primer escalafón laboral = entry position.
    * último escalafón, el = bottom rung, the.

    * * *
    ascender en el escalafón to go up the ladder
    uno de los puestos más altos del escalafón one of the highest posts on the scale
    cada tres años subía un puesto en el escalafón every three years she would go up one step on the promotion ladder
    ocupa el primer lugar del escalafón mundial en la exportación de cítricos it occupies first place in the world table for the export of citrus fruits
    * * *

    escalafón sustantivo masculino
    scale;

    escalafón sustantivo masculino ranking, scale

    ' escalafón' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    jerarquía
    - grado
    - subir
    English:
    grade
    * * *
    scale, ladder;
    ascendió rápidamente en el escalafón she gained promotion quickly;
    ascendió dos puestos en el escalafón de la empresa he rose two places on the company promotion ladder
    * * *
    m fig
    ladder
    * * *
    escalafón nm, pl - fones
    1) : list of personnel
    2) : salary scale, rank

    Spanish-English dictionary > escalafón

  • 16 salidas profesionales

    (n.) = careers guidance, career development, career planning, careers education, employability, job opportunities
    Ex. The libraries are located in the fringe areas between low-income neighbourhoods and business districts and provide careers and educational guidance, job placement and referral to community facilities for diagnosis and remedial services.
    Ex. Irvine considers status and job security, and Matarazzo discusses career development and job mobility.
    Ex. This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    Ex. This article examines the growth in the publishing of books on careers education in the USA, ranging from guides on writing resumes and cover letters to books on the metaphysics of work.
    Ex. The ultimate test of the effectiveness of curriculum development is the employability of the graduates produced.
    Ex. This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.
    * * *
    (n.) = careers guidance, career development, career planning, careers education, employability, job opportunities

    Ex: The libraries are located in the fringe areas between low-income neighbourhoods and business districts and provide careers and educational guidance, job placement and referral to community facilities for diagnosis and remedial services.

    Ex: Irvine considers status and job security, and Matarazzo discusses career development and job mobility.
    Ex: This article was published in a special issue devoted to various aspects of library services for career planning, job searching, and employment opportunities.
    Ex: This article examines the growth in the publishing of books on careers education in the USA, ranging from guides on writing resumes and cover letters to books on the metaphysics of work.
    Ex: The ultimate test of the effectiveness of curriculum development is the employability of the graduates produced.
    Ex: This article examines why job opportunities remain limited for women librarians.

    Spanish-English dictionary > salidas profesionales

  • 17 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 18 beschäftigt

    beschäftigt adj 1. GEN busy, engaged, preoccupied; 2. PERS employed beschäftigt bleiben PERS remain employed beschäftigt sein PERS be employed, have a job; (BE) be on the payroll (bei einer Firma) mit etw. beschäftigt sein GEN be busy doing sth
    * * *
    adj 1. < Geschäft> busy, engaged, preoccupied; 2. < Person> employed ■ mit etw. beschäftigt sein < Geschäft> be busy doing sth ■ beschäftigt sein < Person> be employed, have a job
    * * *
    beschäftigt
    (angestellt) employed, in employment, engaged, (tätig) busy, at work, occupied;
    gegen Entgelt (gewerblich) beschäftigt gainfully employed;
    ganzzeitig beschäftigt all-time, employed on a full-time basis;
    voll beschäftigt fully occupied, (Werk) working to capacity;
    beschäftigt sein to be in employment (employed, on the payroll), to serve, (emsig sein) to be busy (at work);
    bei jem. beschäftigt sein to be in s. one’s employment;
    nicht mehr bei jem. beschäftigt sein to be no longer on s. one’s payroll;
    geringfügig beschäftigt sein to work in small-scale jobs;
    voll beschäftigt sein (Arbeiter) to be in full employment, (Betrieb) to operate at full strength, to work to capacity, to be operating at a high level.

    Business german-english dictionary > beschäftigt

  • 19 activo

    adj.
    1 active, vigorous, diligent, animated.
    2 active, running.
    3 active, effectual.
    4 busy.
    m.
    1 asset, assets, commodity.
    2 active soldier.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: activar.
    * * *
    1 active
    1 FINANZAS asset, assets plural
    \
    activo disponible liquid assets plural
    activo y pasivo assets and liabilities
    ————————
    1 FINANZAS asset, assets plural
    * * *
    (f. - activa)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=que obra) active; (=vivo) lively, energetic; (=ocupado) busy
    2) (Ling) active
    2. SM
    1) (Com) assets pl

    activos inmobiliarios — property assets, real-estate assets

    2) (Mil)
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    a) <persona/población> active
    b) (Ling) active
    c) < volcán> active
    II
    a) (bien, derecho) asset
    b) ( conjunto) assets (pl)
    * * *
    = active, assets, underway [under way], lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.], proactive [pro-active], in operation, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], industrious, energetic, up and about.
    Ex. This function can be used when some information on an active order has to be changed.
    Ex. Those eligible normally include only companies with less than 45 million of net fixed assets and fewer than 500 employees.
    Ex. Experiments in improved document delivery systems, and the establishment of networks between libraries are under way.
    Ex. 'Turnover of stock' is, then, an important part of successful and lively bookselling.
    Ex. Compiling information of this nature requires a proactive and not a reactive approach to the task.
    Ex. However, the network remained in operation until its management was taken over by the fascist regime.
    Ex. A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex. He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex. The article 'Books made to order: libraries as publishers' reviews the practice of publishing as an activity for industrious smaller libraries.
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex. Active kids are happy kids - they like to be up and about, running around and having fun.
    ----
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * activo digital = digital assets.
    * activo fijo = fixed assets.
    * activo fijo tangible = tangible fixed assets.
    * activos socialmente, los = socially committed, the.
    * activo tangible = tangible assets.
    * capital activo = working capital.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hiperactivo = hyperactive.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * personas muy activas, las = those on the go.
    * población activa = work-force [workforce], labour force, working population.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * verbo activo = active verb.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    a) <persona/población> active
    b) (Ling) active
    c) < volcán> active
    II
    a) (bien, derecho) asset
    b) ( conjunto) assets (pl)
    * * *
    = active, assets, underway [under way], lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.], proactive [pro-active], in operation, spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], industrious, energetic, up and about.

    Ex: This function can be used when some information on an active order has to be changed.

    Ex: Those eligible normally include only companies with less than 45 million of net fixed assets and fewer than 500 employees.
    Ex: Experiments in improved document delivery systems, and the establishment of networks between libraries are under way.
    Ex: 'Turnover of stock' is, then, an important part of successful and lively bookselling.
    Ex: Compiling information of this nature requires a proactive and not a reactive approach to the task.
    Ex: However, the network remained in operation until its management was taken over by the fascist regime.
    Ex: A spry 80 years young, Virginia has been painting murals for the last 50 years and a lot can be said for the advantages of experience.
    Ex: He was described as a ' sprightly nonagenarian' who was born in 1905.
    Ex: The article 'Books made to order: libraries as publishers' reviews the practice of publishing as an activity for industrious smaller libraries.
    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex: Active kids are happy kids - they like to be up and about, running around and having fun.
    * activo de nuevo = up and about.
    * activo digital = digital assets.
    * activo fijo = fixed assets.
    * activo fijo tangible = tangible fixed assets.
    * activos socialmente, los = socially committed, the.
    * activo tangible = tangible assets.
    * capital activo = working capital.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * hiperactivo = hyperactive.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * personas muy activas, las = those on the go.
    * población activa = work-force [workforce], labour force, working population.
    * publicación seriada activa = active serial.
    * seguir activo = remain + in being, remain + in place.
    * verbo activo = active verb.

    * * *
    activo1 -va
    1 ‹persona/participación› active
    tomar parte activa en algo to take an active part in sth
    2 ‹población/edad› active
    en servicio activo on active service
    3 ( Ling) active
    la voz activa the active (voice)
    4 ‹volcán› active
    1 (bien, derecho) asset
    activos líquidos liquid assets
    2 (conjunto) assets (pl)
    el activo y el pasivo de la empresa the assets and liabilities of the company
    Compuestos:
    current assets (pl)
    frozen assets (pl)
    current assets (pl)
    working assets
    fixed assets (pl)
    floating assets (pl)
    activo inmaterial or intangible
    intangible assets (pl)
    property assets (pl), real-estate assets (pl)
    fixed assets (pl)
    invisible assets (pl)
    net assets (pl), net worth
    hidden assets (pl), concealed assets (pl)
    operating assets (pl)
    bankrupt's estate
    corporate assets (pl)
    tangible assets (pl)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo activar: ( conjugate activar)

    activo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    activó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    activar    
    activo
    activar ( conjugate activar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( agilizar) ‹proceso/crecimiento to speed up;

    economía/producción to stimulate;
    circulación to stimulate;
    negociaciones to give fresh impetus to

    dispositivo to activate;
    máquinato set … in motion
    activarse verbo pronominal [ alarma] to go off;
    [ dispositivo] to start working
    activo 1
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    active
    activo 2 sustantivo masculino
    assets (pl)
    activar verbo transitivo
    1 (poner en marcha) to activate
    2 (acelerar, animar) to liven up: la publicidad les ayudó a activar el negocio, the publicity campaign helped them to bolster up business
    activo,-a
    I adjetivo active
    II m Fin assets pl
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en activo, to be on active service

    ' activo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    activa
    - capital
    - empresarial
    - intensificar
    - liquidación
    - liquidar
    - revalorización
    - sin
    English:
    active
    - asset
    - brisk
    - fixed assets
    - frisky
    - liquidity
    - live
    - move
    - who
    - working
    - fixed
    * * *
    activo, -a
    adj
    1. [dinámico] active;
    el principio activo de un medicamento the active ingredient of a medicine;
    es muy activo, siempre está organizando algo he's very active, he's always organizing something or other
    2. [que trabaja]
    la población activa the working population;
    en activo [trabajador] in employment;
    [militar] on active service;
    todavía está en activo he's still working
    3. [eficaz] [veneno, medicamento] fast-acting;
    tiene un veneno poco activo its poison is fairly weak
    4. [volcán] active
    5. Fís [material] active
    6. Gram active
    7. Comp
    Fam
    por activa y por pasiva: hemos tratado por activa y por pasiva de… we have tried everything to…;
    se lo he explicado por activa y por pasiva y no lo entiende I've tried every way I can to explain but she doesn't understand
    nm
    Fin assets activos de caja available assets, bank reserves;
    activo circulante current assets;
    activo disponible liquid assets;
    activo fijo fixed assets;
    activo financiero financial assets;
    activo inmaterial intangible assets;
    activo inmovilizado fixed assets;
    activos invisibles invisible assets;
    activo líquido liquid assets
    * * *
    I adj
    1 active;
    en activo on active service
    :
    voz activa active voice
    II m COM assets pl
    * * *
    activo, -va adj
    : active
    activamente adv
    activo nm
    : assets pl
    activo y pasivo: assets and liabilities
    * * *
    activo adj active

    Spanish-English dictionary > activo

  • 20 activité

    activité [aktivite]
    feminine noun
       a. activity
    être en activité [volcan] to be active ; [centrale nucléaire] to be in operation
    être en pleine activité [usine] to be operating at full capacity ; [personne] to be very busy
       b. ( = emploi) job
    en activité [salarié] working
    cesser son activité [salarié] to stop working ; [médecin] to stop practising
       c. ( = domaine d'intervention) [d'entreprise] business
    * * *
    aktivite
    1) ( occupation) activity

    cesser ses activités[entreprise, commerçant] to stop trading; [avocat, médecin] to stop working

    reprendre ses activités[entreprise, commerçant] to start trading again; [malade, vacancier] to go back to work

    2) ( fonctionnement) activity

    être en pleine activité[atelier] to be in full production; [rue] to be bustling with activity; [personne] to be very busy

    en activité[volcan] active; [usine] in operation; [travailleur] working; [militaire] in active service GB ou on active duty US

    3) ( énergie) ( de personne) energy
    * * *
    aktivite nf

    en activité (volcan) — active, (fonctionnaire) working, (militaire) on active service

    Le soir, ils organisent des activités. — They organize activities in the evening.

    * * *
    1 ( occupation) activity; leurs activités de syndicalistes their activities as trade unionists; activité professionnelle occupation; c'est une activité manuelle it's manual work; exercer une activité rémunérée to be gainfully employed; l'escroc qui exerçait son activité sur la côte the con-man who operated on the coast; cesser ses activités [entreprise, commerçant] to stop trading; [avocat, médecin] to stop working; reprendre ses activités [entreprise, commerçant] to start trading again; [malade, vacancier] to go back to work; entrer en activité [entreprise] to start trading; l'entrée en activité de la société en 1993 the company's entry into the market in 1993;
    2 ( fonctionnement) activity; activité économique economic activity; l'activité de la rue/ville the bustle of the street/town; l'activité du volcan the active state of the volcano; être en pleine activité [atelier] to be in full production; [rue, ville, gare] to be bustling with activity; hum [personne] to be very busy; en activité [volcan] active; [usine] in operation; [travailleur] working; [militaire] in active service GB ou on active duty US; ses années d'activité his working years;
    3 ( énergie) ( de personne) energy; être d'une activité débordante to be brimming with energy.
    [aktivite] nom féminin
    1. [animation] activity (substantif non comptable)
    le restaurant/l'aéroport débordait d'activité the restaurant/airport was very busy
    2. ADMINISTRATION & ÉCONOMIE
    3. [occupation] activity
    4. ASTRONOMIE & PHYSIOLOGIE activity
    en activité locution adjectivale
    [fonctionnaire, militaire] (currently) in post
    [médecin] practising
    ————————
    en pleine activité locution adjectivale
    [industrie, usine] fully operational
    [bureau, restaurant] bustling
    [marché boursier, secteur] very busy
    a. [très affairé] to be very busy

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > activité

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