improbable

Meaning: name of the goat, or nymph, who fed Zeus in Crete (Ar.).

Other forms: Άμαλθίη Anacr. fr. 16Page (which DELG wants to correct).

Derivatives: ἀμαλθεύω = τρέφω (S. fr. 95)

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Analysed as s-stem, - μαλθ-εσ-ία. and connected with Skt. mardh- `neglect'; but Skt. has no s-stem; improbable. Fraenkel, FS Krahe 38 poses * ᾽Αμαλθεύς `generous', comparing μαλθών `weakling', μαλθακός (OHG milti `mild' (improbable). Rather a Pre-Greek name (in - εια; perhaps the variant in - ιη shows the foreign origin).

Page in Frisk: 1,84-85

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: Iapetos (Il.)

Other forms: Ί- metr. lengthened.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The name was connected with the biblical Japheth; thus recently M.L. West, Hes. Th. 134. The idea seems most improbable for a god thrown in Tartaros by Zeus. The name is often connected with ἰάπτω as "the one thrown off" (Θ 479, Hes. On the formation Schwyzer 502, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 51 n. 1) with Ίαπετιονίδης (Hes.; Solmsen Unt. 58). The interpretation seems improbable to me (rather a mere guess). It seems obvious that the name, of a pre-Olympian god, is Pre-Greek. A suffix - ετος is found in Pre-Greek, Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes nr. 42; Furnée 155 n. 2 mentions a demon ῎Ασβετός (which he compares with ῎Ασπετος ὁ Α᾽χιλλεὺς ἐν Η᾽πείρῳ H.); it is also found in GN, cf. Ταύγετον, Ταλετόν.

① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering

② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.

εἰ ( κεἴ fr. 4; repeated P. 9.93; followed by different moods P. 4.264f.; by different tenses N. 11.13f.; for εἴ τις also v. τις.) A conditional.

προϋπο-λαμβάνω,

A assume beforehand, Arist.APo. 71a12; ἀλόγως π. make an improbable presumption, Id.Po. 1461b1.

2 hold an opinion previously, Id.Rh. 1395b6.

ἄδοξ-ος, ον,

A without δόξα, inglorious,

πόλεμος D.5.5

; disreputable,

τέχνη X.Smp.4.56

.

2 obscure, ignoble,

πόλεις Isoc.12.253

;

ἀνώνυμοι καὶ ἄ. D.8.66

, cf. Arist.Rh. 1384b31; of eunuchs, despised, X.Cyr.7.5.61. Adv.

- ξως Plu.Thes.35

.

II = παράδοξος, unexpected, S.Fr.71; improbable, opp. ἔνδοξος, Arist.Top. 159a39, etc.; τὰ-ότατα λέγειν ib. 159a19.

ὑπερφίᾰλος [pron. full] [ῐ], ον,

A overbearing, overweening, arrogant, of persons, freq. in Homer, in Il. of the Trojans, 13.621, 21.459, al.; in Od. of the Cyclopes, 9.106 (of the Cyclopes in good sense, B.10.78); more freq. of the suitors, Od.1.134, 2.310, al.;

Γίγαντες B.14.62

; ὑ. γόνος, of a Centaur, Pi.P.2.42, cf. O.10(11).34, P.4.111; also θυμὸς ὑ. an arrogant spirit, Il.15.94; ἔπος, μῦθοι ὑ., Od.4.503, 774.—Orig. the word seems only to have signified puissant, without any bad sense, as is prob. from Od.21.289, where Antinous uses it of himself and the rest of the suitors, ὑπερφιάλοισι μεθ' ἡμῖν δαίνυσαι; and Aristarch. read ὑπερφίαλον for ὑπέρθυμον in Il.5.881: later writers also used it without any bad sense, δεσμὸς ὑ. a huge bond, Pi.Fr.92; οἶνον ὑπερφίαλον κελαρύζετε pour the noble wine, or pour it without stint, Ion Trag.10:—this notion appears most clearly in the Adv. ὑπερφιάλως, exceedingly, excessively,

ὑ. νεμεσᾶν Il.13.293

, Od.17.481, 21.285;

ἀνιάζειν Il.18.300

: but the Adv. also passed into the sense of haughtily, arrogantly, Od.1.227, 4.663, etc. (The old deriv. from ὑπὲρ φιάλην, running over (cf. Ion l.c.), is improbable, but modern explanations are unconvincing.)

ὥστε,

A as Adv., bearing the same relation to ὡς as ὅστε to ὅς, and used by Hom. more freq. than ὡς in similes, when it is commonly written divisim, and is relat. to a demonstr. ὥς: sts. c. [tense] pres. Indic., Il.2.459 sq., 12.421, 13.703: sts. c. [tense] aor.,

ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη 3.23

: sts. c. subj. [tense] pres. or [tense] aor., 2.474 sq., 11.67, 16.428, Od.22.302: all three usages combined in one simile, with varied construction, Il.5.136-9:—the verb is sts. omitted,

λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή 10.154

: this usage of ὥστε is chiefly [dialect] Ep. (Pi. uses ὧτε, q. v.), but it occurs in Alc.(?)27 (prob.), B.12.124 and sts. in Trag.,

κατώρυχες δ' ἔναιον ὥστ' ἀήσυροι μύρμηκες A.Pr. 452

, cf. Th.62, Pers. 424, Ch. 421 (lyr.), S.OC 343, Ant. 1033, Tr. 112 (lyr.).

II to mark the power or virtue by which one does a thing, as being, inasmuch as, like ἅτε, τὸν δ' ἐξήρπαξ' Ἀφροδίτη ῥεῖα μάλ', ὥ. θεός Il.3.381, cf. 18.518; ὥ. περὶ ψυχῆς since it was for life, Od.9.423;

ὥ. ταῦτα νομίζων Hdt.1.8

, cf. 5.83, 101, 6.94.

B as Conj. to express the actual or intended result of the action in the principal clause:

I mostly c. inf., so as or for to do a thing, twice in Hom., εἰ δέ σοι θυμὸς ἐπέσσυται, ὥ. νέεσθαι if thy heart is eager to return, Il.9.42; οὐ τηλίκος.., ὥ. σημάντορι πάντα πιθέσθαι not of such age as to obey a master in all things, Od.17.21;

ῥηϊδίως κεν ἐργάσσαιο, ὥ. σε κεἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἔχειν Hes.Op.44

; ὥ. ἀποπλησθῆναι ( ἀποπλῆσαι codd.)

τὸν χρησμόν Hdt.8.96

: freq. in Pi., O.9.74, N.5.1, 35, al.; also in Trag. and [dialect] Att. after demonstratives,

οὔπω τοσοῦτον ἠπατημένος κυρῶ ὥστ' ἄλλα χρῄζειν S.OT 595

, etc.; this constr. is found in cases where (as in Il.9.42 supr. cit.) ὥστε seems superfluous; so after

ἐθέλειν, Κύπρις.. ἤθελ' ὥ. γίγνεσθαι τόδε E.Hipp. 1327

; after ἔστι, for ἔξεστι, S.Ph. 656; after ψηφίζεσθαι, Th.5.17; after ἐπαίρειν, E.Supp. 581;

ἐπαγγελλόμενοι ὥ. βοηθεῖν Th.8.86

; after words implying request,

δεηθέντες.. ὥ. ψηφίσασθαι Id.1.119

;

πεῖσαι ὥ. συγχωρῆσαι Id.8.45

.

2 after Comparatives with ἤ, when the possibility of the consequence is denied (cf.

ὡς B. 111.2

), μέζω κακὰ ἢ ὥστε ἀνακλαίειν woes too great for tears, Hdt. 3.14;

μεῖζον ἢ ὥστε φέρειν δύνασθαι κακόν X.Mem.3.5.17

: but in Poetry ὥστε is sts. left out,

νόσημα μεῖζον ἢ φέρειν S.OT 1293

;

κρείσσον' ἢ φέρειν κακά E.Hec. 1107

(rarely in Prose, Pl.Tht. 149c); similarly with the Posit., ψυχρὸν ὥ. λούσασθαι too cold to bathe in, X.Mem.3.13.3; ἡμεῖς ἔτι νέοι ὥ. διελέσθαι too young to.., Pl.Prt. 314b;

γέρων ἐκεῖνος ὥ. δ' ὠφελεῖν παρών E.Andr.80

: this ὥστε is sts. omitted after words implying comparison, ὀλίγους εἶναι στρατιῇ τῇ Μήδων συμβαλέειν too few.. Hdt.6.109;

ταπεινὴ ἡ διάνοια ἐγκαρτερεῖν Th.2.61

, etc.

3 ὥστε.. ἄν is used with inf., of contingencies more or less improbable,

οὕτως ἐκάετο ὥστε μήτε.. ἄλλο τι ἢ γυμνοὶ ἀνέχεσθαι, ἥδιστά τε ἂν ἐς ὕσωρ ψυχρὸν σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ῥίπτειν Th.2.49

, cf. S.OT 374, El. 1316, D.8.35.

4 sts. implying on condition that.., like ἐφ' ᾧτε, παραδοῦναι σφᾶς αὐτοὺς Ἀθηναίοις, ὥστε βουλεῦσαι ὅ τι ἂν ἐκείνοις δοκῇ Th.4.37, cf. X.An.5.6.26.

II c. Indic., to express the actual or possible result with emphasis,

οὐκ οὕτω φρενοβλαβὴς ὁ Πρίαμος οὐδὲ οἱ ἄλλοι.., ὥ. κινδυνεύειν ἐβούλοντο Hdt.2.120

(fort. delendum ἐβούλοντο)

; ἀσθενέες οὕτω, ὥ... διατετρανέεις Id.3.12

; οὕτως ἀγνωμόνως ἔχετε, ὥ. ἐλπίζετε .. ; are you so foolish that you expect.. ? D.2.26,

βέβηκεν, ὥ. πᾶν ἐν ἡσύχῳ ἔξεστι φωνεῖν S.OC82

, cf. OT 533: freq. in X., Mem.2.2.3, al.; with ἄν and the [tense] impf. or [tense] aor. implying a supposed case,

ὥστ', εἰ φρονῶν ἔπρασσον, οὐδ' ἂν ὧδ' ἐγιγνόμην κακός S.OC 271

; ὥστε οὐκ ἂν ἔλαθεν

αὐτόθεν ὁρμώμενος Th.5.6

:

ὥστε τὴν πόλιν ἂν ἡγήσω πολέμου ἐργαστήριον εἶναι X.Ages.1.26

.

2 at the beginning of a sentence, to mark a strong conclusion, and so, therefore,

ὥστ'.. ὄλωλα καί σε προσδιαφθερῶ S.Ph.75

;

ὥστ' οὐχ ὕπνῳ γ' εὕδοντά μ' ἐξεγείρετε Id.OT 65

;

ὥ. καὶ ταῦτα λεχθήσεται Arist.Metaph. 1004a22

: c. imper.,

θνητὸς δ' Ὀρέστης, ὥ. μὴ λίαν στένε S.El. 1172

;

ὥ. θάρρει X.Cyr.1.3.18

, cf. Pl.Prt. 311a;

ὥ. ἂν βούλησθε χειροτονήσατε D.9.70

cod.A (- ήσετε cett.); before a question,

ὥ. τίς ἂν ἀπετόλμησε..; Lys.7.28

.

3 c. opt., with ἄν, Hdt.2.16;

βρέφος γὰρ ἦν τότ'.., ὥστ' οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν γνωρίσαιμ' E.Or. 379

, cf. S.OT 857, Ar.Ach. 943 (lyr.). b. c. opt. in orat. obliq., X.HG3.5.23; after opt. in principal clause, Id.Oec.1.13.

4 with subj., in order that, in Thessalian dialect,

τὸς ταμίας φροντίσαι οὕστε.. γενειθεῖ τᾶ πόλι ἁ δόσις BCH59.38

([place name] Crannon); ἀντιλλαβέσθαι τᾶς πόλλιος (sic) οὕστε.. ἐς πάντουν ἐγλυθεῖ τοῦν δανείουν ib.p.37.

III with part., instead of inf., after a part. in the principal clause,

τοσοῦτον ἁπάντων διενεγκόντες, ὥσθ' ὑπὲρ Ἀργείων δυστυχησάντων Θηβαίοις.. ἐπιτάττοντες κτλ. Isoc.4.64

(s. v.l.); οὕτω σφόδρα μισοῦντα τοῦτον, ὥστε πολὺ δὴ (ἂν Dobree)

θᾶττον διαθέμενον κτλ. Is.9.16

;

ὥστε.. δέον D.3.1

.

IV

πόλεμος σκληρὸς ὥστε λίαν

extremely,

LXX 2 Ki.2.17

.

V in later Greek, folld. by Preps.,

Παρμένοντι κλειδὸς ὥ. ἐπὶ τὸ Διοσκούριον Inscr.Délos316.83

(iii B. C.);

ξύλον ὥ. ἐπὶ τὴν ἅμαξαν IG11(2)

287 A52 (iii B. C.); μόλυβδος ὥ. εἰς τὸ Κύνθιον ib.203A52 (iii B. C.); κριθῶν ὥ. εἰς τὰ κτήνη barley for the animals, PCair.Zen.251.5 (iii B. C.);

ὥ. εἰς ξένια φοίνικας PHal.1.7.4

(iii B. C.).

b c. dat., for, χρεία αὐτοῦ ἐστὶν ὥ. Πισικλεῖ it is needed for P., PCair.Zen. 241 (iii B. C.);

ὥ. τοῖς χησίν IG11(2).287

A45 (iii B. C.).

ὦ and [full] ὤ, an exclamation, expressing surprise, joy, or pain,

A O! oh! with nom.,

ὢ τάλας ἐγώ S.Aj. 981

, etc.;

ὢ ἔβενος, ὢ χρυσός Theoc.15.123

: also c. gen.,

ὢ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας Luc.Pisc.5

; with interrog.,

ὤ, τί λέγεις; Pl.Prt. 309d

; in the middle of a sentence, E.Hipp. 362 (lyr.), al.

II with voc., a mode of address, whether at the beginning of a sentence or in a parenthesis,

ὦ Ἀχιλεῦ Il.1.74

, etc., esp. in dialogue and Oratt., ἐβουλόμην, ὦ ἄνδρες, τὴν δύναμιν κτλ. Antipho.5.1; in invocations of the gods,

ὦ Ζεῦ τε καὶ Γῆ καὶ πολισσοῦχοι θεοί A.Th.69

, etc.; with imper.,

ὦ χαῖρε Id.Ag.22

, S.Aj. 91; ὦ πρὸς θεῶν ὕπεικε ib. 371, cf. D.21.98: sts. following the Verb, E.Tr. 335 (lyr.); in different number from the voc.,

προσέλθετ', ὦ παῖ, πατρί S.OC 1104

, cf. 1112, Sch.Ar.Pl.66.

2 with nom. instead of voc., ὦ δῐος αἰθήρ, ὦ φίλος, A.Pr.88, 545;

ὦ γενναῖος Pl. Phdr. 227c

;

ὦ οὗτος Αἴας S.Aj.89

;

ὦ οὗτος οὗτος Οἰδίπους Id.OC 1627

; also οὗτος, ὦ σέ τοι (sc. καλῶ) Ar.Av. 274.

3 with both together,

φίλος ὦ Μενέλαε Il.4.189

;

ὦ τλάμων πάτερ S.Aj. 641

(lyr., τλᾶμον codd. rec., edd.).

4 with the latter of two nouns,

Ἀγάμεμνον, ὦ Μενέλαε Id.Ph. 794

.—In the first sense usu. written ὤ, in the second ὦ :

[τὸ ὢ] ἡνίκα θαυμαστικὸν λαμβάνεται βαρύνεται, καὶ χωρεῐ εἰς ἐπιρρηματικὴν σύνταξιν, οἷον ὢ Ἡρακλῆς EM79.13

: Thom.Mag. p.408R. prescribes ὢ with the gen., but ὦ with the voc., e.g. ὦ Ἡράκλεις, where the whole expression, and not merely the ὤ ([etym.] ὦ, ) expresses surprise (but A.D.Adv.127.24 seems to imply ὦ in both senses); ὤ as an exclam. is found in forms like ὤ μοι, ὤ μοι ἐγώ, ὢ πρὸς τῶν θεῶν D. l. c.: but ὦ πόποι δυσὶ τόνοις χρῆται Hdn.Gr.1.503, so that ὢ πόποι is improbable, cf. Theognost.Can. 158 (as emended by Lehrs Aristarch.3p.119); ᾤμοι and ὤμοι are both recognized by EM822.33, cf. Lex.Mess.p.413;

ωιμ' Sapph.Supp.23.4

; in E., when it stands in the middle of a sentence, it shd. be written ὤ, Hipp. 362, al.: sts. doubled,

ὢ ὢ κακά A.Ag. 1214

;

ἰὼ ὢ ὤ S.OC 224

(v.l. ὣ ὣ ὣ); written ὼ ώ in Pap. of S.Ichn.61; tripled,

ὢ ὢ ὤ A.Pers. 985

(lyr., prob.). To those who (like D.T.640.11, cf. Sch. D.T.p.257H. ) took ὦ for the voc. of the Art. ὁ, A.D.Synt.45.22-53 replies at length.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `gracefull, delicate, pretty' Hes.; mostly of young girls and ladies.

Other forms: Fem. ἅβρα `favourite slave' (not a Semitic loan, Masson Emprunts sém. 98).

Derivatives: ἁβρότης, ἁβροσύνη; denom. ἁβρύνομαι, -ω

Origin: XX [etym. unknown] [503]

Etymology: No etymology. Not to ἥβη (`youthfull power'), which has *ē \< * eh₁. Improbable vW.

Page in Frisk: 1,4

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: μαῖα. Ταραντῖνοι H.; ἀναγέτρια ἡ ταῖς τικτούσαις ὑπηρετοῦσα γυνη παρὰ Ταραντίνοις H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Fοr *ἀγρέτρια, from ἀγρέω. McKenzie Cl. Quart. 15, 48; seems semantically quite improbable.

Page in Frisk: 1,9

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `splendid, beautiful, famous' (Il.; υἱός). (The Cretan and Cyprian gloss ἀγλαόν γλαφυρόν is acc. to Leumann Hom. Wörter 272 A. 18 due to misunderstanding of Homeric uses.)

Derivatives: ἀγλαΐα `splendour, beauty' (Il.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Prob. from *ἀγλαϜός. Connected with γαλήνη, ἀγάλλομαι (Szemerényi, Syncope 155), or to ἀγανός, ἀγαυός. All very difficult and rather improbable.

Page in Frisk: 1,12

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `break' (Il.); mostly in κατά̄γνυμι with ᾱ from - α-Ϝαγ- (Björck Alpha impurum 42, 147).

Other forms: ἄξω, ἔαξα or ἦξα, ἔᾱγα, ἅ̆ γην or ἐᾰ́γην (on ἐά̄γη at verse end Λ 559 s. Wackernagel Unt. 141, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 18).

Derivatives: ἀγή (ᾱ- in A. R. 1, 554; 4, 941); with reduplication and ablaut ἰωγή? (\< *Ϝι-Ϝωγ-ή) `shelter', if `breaking' ( the wind; ξ 533), also im comp. ἐπιωγαί, -ή (ε 404 usw.) dissimilated from *ἐπι-ϜιϜωγαί (but see Bechtel Lex.) `places of shelter'. ἄξος (hardly from σ-aor.) = ἀγμός (Crete). Not PlN Όάξος, i.e. Ϝάξος (Hdt. 4, 154). γακτός (Ϝ-)· κλάσμα H. On Ϝαγανο- s. CEG 6.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1110] * ueh₂g-?

Etymology: As *Ϝάγ-νυμι (Ϝ certain in Homer) to Toch. wāk- `split apart', caus. `split'. - Ϝωγ- \< * uoh₂g-. Perhaps to Lat. vāgīna `Scheide', cf. Scheide to scheiden. Improbable vervāctum `fallow ground' from *vēre vāctum (Pisani REIE 3, 59ff.).

Page in Frisk: 1,13

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `swelling which obstructs the lacrymal duct' (Gal. 19, 438).

Other forms: Synonym αἰγίλωψ (Cels.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Galen analyses as ἄγχι and ὤψ. Strömberg Wortstudien 95f. agrees and explains the - λ- from the synonym αἰγίλωψ (perhaps - λωψ as a whole comes from there). The first member rather from ἄγχω. Not very convincing. - The synonym proves Pre-Greek origin: α\/αι, prenasalization and γ\/χ. Influence of ἄγχι\/ ἄγχω on αἰγίλωψ is improbable. Note that αι before NC is not tolerated in Greek; perhaps the first i derives from a palatalized g'. The analysis will be * a(n)g'-il-ōp-.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: unknown; said of ὄλεθρος, πότμος, φῆμις (Od.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. deukario \/Deukaliōn\/?

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [0] *deuk-? `to care'?

Etymology: Presupposes, like Πολυ-δεύκης, a noun *δεῦκος n., which is unknown. (Not to Lat. dūco etc., Lagercrantz KZ 35, 276). Cf. δεύκει φροντίζει H., ἐνδυκέως `careful'; ἀδευκής would then be `careless, rücksichtslos', which fits very well. In a Scholion on A. R. 1, 1027, δεῦκος is glossed as γλεῦκος, which seems most improbable. (Is there a mistake for ΓΔΕΥΚΟΣ?) - The name Δευκαλίων may come from *Λευκαλίων, s. Bechtel Lex. s. ἀδευκής.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `nettle' = ἀκαλήφη (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 93).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Cf. ἑλίκη `willow'. Connection with OHG nazza, nezzila etc. as *n̥d-ikā is most improbable. Rather a substr. word.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `raise (up)' (Il.).

Other forms: ἄωρτο Il. s. Tichy Onomatop. 364f. ( ἄορτο \< h₂u̯r̥-to).

Dialectal forms: Att. αἴρω (Perhaps made to the fut. Att. ἀ̄ρῶ \< *ἀερω. Improbable Heubeck Orbis 13 (1964) 264-7: *sr̥-. Convincingly Taillardat, CEG 1, assumes a zero grade verb *ἀϜαρ-yω \> αἴρω. For the phenomenon cf. τέμνω \/ τάμνω.)

Compounds: ἀερσί-ποδες `lifting their feet' (Il.); μετήορος `(being) in the air', Att. μετέωρος, Aeol. πεδάορος (or from ἀήρ?).

Derivatives: ἄρσις f. `raising' (Arist.); ἀρτήρ?

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1150] * h₂uer-? `raise'?

Etymology: Not from ἀ̄ήρ `air' (which has long a-). No cognates known, but the form requires * h₂uer-. S. also ἀείρω 2.

See also: ἀρτήρ, αἰώρα, αἰωρέω; cf. also 2. ἄρμα, ἠερέθονται, αἰωρέω.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `dry, parch' (Il.).

Other forms: Mostly intr. ἅζομαι.

Derivatives: Hell. ἄζα `dryness, heat' as in σάκος... πεπαλαγμένον ἄζῃ (χ 184) often taken as `mould', which seems unnecessary, cf. ἅζα ἅσβολος κόνις, παλαιότης· κόπρος ἐν ἀγγείῳ ὑπομείνασα H. - Adj. ἀζαλέος `dry' (Il.), cf. ἰσχαλέος, αὑσταλέος (no l\/n-stem with ἀζάνομαι). Unclear ἀζαυτός παλαιότη καὶ κόνις H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [68] * h₂es-(d-) `dry'

Etymology: Problematic is ἄδδαυον· ξηρόν H. A compound with αὖος is improbable; Latte corrects in *ἀδδανον. - Nearest cognate seems Czech. OPol. ozd `dried malt', Czech. Slov. ozditi `to dry malt', idg. * h₂esd-. With velar Gm. words, Goth. azgo, OHG. asca `ashes'. Without the final cons. Lat. āreo `be dry', prob. also āra, OLat. āsa `altar' which is found also in Hitt. h̯ašša- `hearth'. The Latin long ā is explained from a perfect * h₂e-h₂s- \> ās- (Lubotsky, KZ 98 (1985) 1-10). Further Skt. ā́sa- m. `ashes, dust' (which may continue * h₂oso-). S. also Specht Ursprung 201, 219, 232. (Not here ἄσβολος.). Cf. αὖος, ἀυσταλέος.

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Grammatical information: f. (m.)

Meaning: `nightingale' (Od.)

Other forms: also ἀηδώ, - οῦς f. (S.)

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably] [6]

Etymology: From *ἀϜηδών (cf. ἀβηδόνα ἀηδόνα H.). - Connection with ἀείδω and αὑδή is only possible as * h₂u-eh₁-d- beside * h₂u-ei-d-, * h₂u-ed-, but a lengthened grade is improbable. The word could well be Pre-Greek; cf. bird and animals names like χελι-δών, τενθρ-ηδών. Note the form in -ώ.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: prob. 'light, agile'; said of ants (A.) Cf. ἀήσυρον τὸ λέπτον, τὸ μετέωρον καὶ κοῦφον παρὰ τὸ ἀέρι σύρεσθαι ἐπὶ ὀρνέων Suda

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Connection with ἄημι is improbable. Prob. a substr. word (as often with - υρ-).

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