-
81 most
1. a от и ymost efficient load — мощность при наибольшем к.п.д.
2. a наибольшийthe most favoured nation — страна, пользующаяся режимом наибольшего благоприятствования
3. adv от I4. adv больше всегоat most — самое большее; не больше чем
5. adv превосх. ст. служит для образования многосложных прилагательных и наречий6. adv усил. очень, весьма; в высшей степени; чрезвычайно7. a амер. разг. диал. почтиСинонимический ряд:1. best (adj.) best; better; greater; largest2. most numerous (adj.) most legion; most multitudinous; most myriad; most numerous; most voluminous3. nearly (other) about; all but; almost; approximately; as good as; just about; majority; more or less; much; nearly; nearly all; nigh; not quite all; practically; rather; roughly; round; roundly; rudely; say; some; somewhat; somewhere; well-nigh4. often (other) again and again; many a time; many times; most; most frequently; often; oftentimes (literary)5. very (other) awfully; damned; dreadfully; eminently; exceedingly; exceptionally; extremely; greatly; highly; hugely; insatiably; mightily; mighty; mortally; notably; parlous; pesky; rattling; remarkably; right; snapping; so; spanking; staving; strikingly; super; surpassingly; terribly; very -
82 notably
1. adv заметно, значительно2. adv исключительно, особенно, весьма3. adv демонстративно, заметноСинонимический ряд:1. individually (other) characteristically; especially; individually; particularly; separately; singly; specially2. significantly (other) importantly; meaningfully; prominently; significantly3. very (other) awfully; damned; dreadfully; eminently; exceedingly; exceptionally; extremely; greatly; highly; hugely; insatiably; mightily; mighty; mortally; most; much; parlous; pesky; rattling; remarkably; right; snapping; so; spanking; staving; strikingly; super; surpassingly; terribly; very -
83 too
1. adv слишкомthis job is too much for me — эта работа выше моих сил, я не справляюсь с этой работой
too good to last — слишком хорошо, чтобы так могло продолжаться
to venture too far — зайти слишком далеко; обнаглеть
2. adv на столько-то больше3. adv эмоц. -усил. очень; крайнеonly too glad … — очень рад, счастлив …
4. adv также, тожеtoo good to be true — так хорошо, что не верится; невероятно, не может быть
5. adv к тому же, более тогоachieved, too, at small cost — доставшийся к тому же не слишком дорого; полученный не слишком дорогой ценой
6. adv действительноI mean to do it, too — я действительно собираюсь сделать это
Синонимический ряд:1. also (other) additionally; again; along; also; as well; as well as; besides; further; furthermore; futhermore; in addition; into the bargain; item; likewise; more; moreover; still; then; to boot; withal; yea; yet2. ever (other) beyond reason; confoundedly; consumedly; disproportionately; ever; exceedingly; excessively; extravagantly; extremely; immensely; immoderately; inappropriately; inordinately; over; overfull; overly; overmuch; prodigally; profligately; super; to a fault; unduly; wastefully3. very (other) awful; awfully; considerably; damned; dreadfully; eminently; enormously; especially; exceptionally; extra; extraordinarily; greatly; highly; hugely; insatiably; jolly; mightily; mighty; mortally; most; much; notably; parlous; particularly; pesky; quite; rather; rattling; really; remarkably; right; snapping; so; spanking; specially; staving; strikingly; surpassingly; tremendously; very -
84 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
85 ὡς
ὡς:—Summary:A as ADVERB of Manner.Aa ὧς and ὥς (with accent), so, thus.Ab ὡς (without accent) of the Relat. Pron. ὅς, as.Acὡς Relat. and Interrog., how.Ad ὡς temporal, when.Ae ὡς Local, where,B ὡς, as CONJUNCTION.C, D various usages.A ADVERB of Manner:Aa [full] ὥς, Demonstr., = οὕτως, so, thus, freq. in Hom., Il.1.33, al.;ὢς εἶπ' Sapph.Supp.20
a.11 (Epic style); in [dialect] Ion. Prose, Hdt.3.13, al.; rare in [dialect] Att., and almost confined to certain phrases, v. infr. 2, 3; ὥς simply = οὕτως, A.Ag. 930, Th.3.37, Pl.Prt. 338a;ἀλλ' ὣς γενέσθω E.Hec. 888
, al.2 καὶ ὧς even so, nevertheless, Il.1.116, al.; οὐδ' ὧς not even so, 7.263, Od.1.6, al., Hdt.6.76;οὐδέ κεν ὧς Il.9.386
: the phrases καὶ ὧς, οὐδ' ὧς, μηδ' ὧς, are used in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ant. 1042, Th.1.74, 7.74; also later, PCair.Zen.19.10 (iii B. C., unaccented), UPZ146.40 (ii B. C.), GDI 1832.11 (Delph., ii B. C.), IG22.850.17 (iii B. C.);κἂν ὧς, εἴπερ μέλει σοι, ἀπόστειλόν μοί τινα POxy.120.11
(iv A. D.); (Delph., ii B. C.); Thess.καὶ οὗς IG9(2).234.1
(iii B. C.); for this phrase the accentuation ὧς is prescribed by Hdn.Gr.2.932, al., cf. A.D.Synt.307.16, and is found in good Mss. of Homer; for the remaining uses under this head (Aa. 1, 3, 4 ) the accentuation ὥς is prescribed by the same grammarians.3 in Comparisons, ὥς.., ὡς .., so.. as.., etc.; and reversely ὡς.., ὣς .., as.. so, Il.1.512, 14.265, etc.; in [dialect] Att., Pl.R. 530d; also ὥς τε.. ὣς .., as.. thus.., h.Cer. 174-6, E.Ba. 1066-8;οἷα.. ὥς Id.El. 151
-5; ὥσπερ.., ὣς δὲ .. (in apodosi) Pl.Prt. 326d.Ab [full] ὡς, Relat., as, Hom., etc.; prop. relat. to a demonstr. Adv., which is freq. omitted, κινήθη δ' ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης, i. e. οὕτως, ὡς .., Il.2.144 (φὴ Zenod.
): it is relat. not only to the regular demonstr. Advs. ὥς (ὧς), τώς, ὧδε, οὕτως, αὕτως, but also to ταύτῃ, Pl.R. 365d, etc. We find a collat. [dialect] Dor. form ὥ (q. v.); cf. ὥτε. Usage:I in similes, freq. in Hom., Il.5.161, al.; longer similes are commonly introduced byὡς ὅτε, ὡς δ' ὅτε, ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε πύργος [ἤριπε] 4.462
:ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε τις δρῦς ἤριπε 13.389
, cf. 2.394; so later, Emp.84.1, etc.;ὡς ὅτε θαητὸν μέγαρον, πάξομεν Pi.O.6.2
: ὡς ὅτε is rare in short similes, Od.11.368: ὡς is folld. by indic. [tense] pres., Il.9.4, 16.364: also by [tense] aor., 3.33 sq., 4.275, 16.823, al.; also by subj. [tense] pres. or [tense] aor., 5.161, 10.183, 485, 13.334 (sts. ὡς δ' ὅτ' ἄν, 11.269, 17.520); cf. ὥστε A:—the Verb is sts. omitted with ὡς, but may be supplied from the context, ἐνδούπησε πεσοῦσ', ὡς εἰναλίη κήξ (sc. πίπτει) Od.15.479, cf. 6.20;θεὸς δ' ὣς τίετο δήμῳ Il.5.78
;οἱ δὲ φέβοντο.., βόες ὣς ἀγελαῖαι Od.22.299
: where ὡς follows the noun to which it refers, it takes the accent; so in Com.,Ἀριστόδημος ὥς Cratin.151
, cf. Eub.75.6; v. infr. H.2 like as, just as,ὡς οὗτος κατὰ τέκν' ἔφαγε.., ὣς ἡμεῖς κτλ. Il.2.326
, v. supr. Aa. 3.3 sts. in the sense as much as or according as, ἑλὼν κρέας ὥς (i. e. ὅσον)οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον Od.17.344
; ὦκα δὲ μητρὶ ἔννεπον ὡς (i. e. ὅσα)εἶδόν τε καὶ ἔκλυον h.Cer. 172
;τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι.. ὡς ἑνός Od.4.105
;τόσον.. ὡς Il.4.130
; so in Trag., ; ; in Prose, ὡς δύναται as much as he can, Democr.278;τὸ ῥῆμα μέμνημαι ὡς εἶπε Aeschin.3.72
; ὡς μή = ὅσον μή, νέμεν ὅτι ἃν ( = ἂν)βόλητοι ὡς μὴ ἰν τοῖ περιχώροι IG5(2).3.9
(Tegea, iv B. C.); cf. Ab. 11.2 infr.4 sts. after [comp] Comp., compared with, hence than, μᾶλλον πρέπει οὕτως ὡς .. Pl.Ap. 36d;ἅ γε μείζω πόνον παρέχει.. οὐκ ἂν ῥᾳδίως οὐδὲ πολλὰ ἂν εὕροις ὡς τοῦτο Id.R. 526c
; οὐδενὸς μᾶλλον φροντίζειν ὡς .. Plb.3.12.5, cf. 7.4.5, 11.2.9, Plu.Cor.36: μᾶσσον ὡς is dub. in A.Pr. 629, and <ἢ> shd. perh. be inserted in Lys.7.12,31; cf. ὥσπερ IV.II with Adverbial clauses:1 parenthetically, in qualifying clauses, ὡς ἔοικε, etc., Pl. Smp. 176c, etc.: in these cases γε or γοῦν is freq. added, ὡς γοῦν ὁ λόγος σημαίνει as at any rate the argument shows, Id.R. 334a; in some phrases c. inf., v. infr. B. 11.3. An anacoluthon sts. occurs by the Verb of the principal clause being made dependent on the parenthetic Verb, ὡς δὲ Σκύθαι λέγουσι, νεώτατον ἁπάντων ἐθνέων εἶναι (for ἦν)τὸ σφέτερον Hdt.4.5
, cf. 1.65;ὡς ἐγὼ ἤκουσα, εἶναι αὐτόν Id.4.76
; ὡς γὰρ.. ἤκουσά τινος, ὅτι .. X.An.6.4.18 codd.; ἁνὴρ ὅδ' ὡς ἔοικεν οὐ νεμεῖν (for οὐ νεμεῖ, ὡς ἔοικε), S.Tr. 1238.2 in elliptical phrases, so far as.. (cf. supr. Ab.1.3) (lyr.); soὥς γε ἐμοὶ κριτῇ Ael.VH2.41
andὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc. 801
;ὡς ἐμῇ δόξῃ X.Vect.5.2
; ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων (sc. εἰκάσαι) to judge by eyesight, S.OC15: esp. in such phrases asοὐκέτι πολλὸν χωρίον, ὡς εἶναι Αἰγύπτου Hdt.2.8
; οὐδὲ ἀδύνατος, ὡς Αακεδαιμόνιος for a Lacedaemonian, Th.4.84, cf. D.H.10.31; ; φρονεῖ.. ὡς γυνὴ μέγα for a woman, S.OT 1078; πιστός, ὡς νομεύς, ἀνήρ ib. 1118;μακρὰν ὡς γέροντι.. ὁδόν Id.OC20
, cf. 385, Ant.62, etc.;ὡπλισμένοι ὡς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἱκανῶς X.An.4.3.31
; also withἄν, μεγάλα ἐκτήσατο χρήματα, ὡς ἂν εἶναι Ῥοδῶπιν Hdt.2.135
codd. (ἂν secl. Krüger, Ῥοδώπιος cj. Valck.):—for ὡς εἰπεῖν and the like , v. infr. B. 11.3.3 ὡς attached to the object of the Verb, as,ἑωυτὸν ὡς ἐχθρὸν λυπέει Democr.88
;ἔλαβεν ἀμφοτέρους ὡς φίλους ἤδη X.Cyr.3.2.25
;ἐν οἰκήματι ᾧ ὡς ταμιείῳ ἐχρῆτο Pl.Prt. 315d
.— For the similar usage of ὡς with Participles and Prepositions, v. infr. c.III with Adverbs:a with the Posit., truly,Pl.
Phdr. 234e (cf.ἀληθής 111.1b
: as if Adv. of τὸ ἀληθές) ; ὡς ἑτέρως in the other way, ib. 276c, D.18.212 (Adv. of ὁ ἕτερος; v. ἕτερος v. 2) (v. infr. D.1.1); ὡς ἠπίως, ὡς ἐτητύμως, S.El. 1438 (lyr.), 1452; (Istropolis, ii B. C.), LXX 4 Ma.5.21, 1 Enoch5.3, IG7.2725.16 (Acraeph., ii A. D.);ὡς ἐναλλάξ Vett.Val. 215.9
, 340.2;ὡς παντελῶς Id.184.26
;ὡς ἄλλως Is.7.27
, D.6.32;ὡς ἐνδεχομένως PPetr.2p.53
(iii B. C.); in ὣς αὔτως (v. ὡσαύτως ) we have the Adv. of ὁ αὐτός, but the ὥς retains its demonstr. force, as does ὁ in Homer; ὡς ἀληθῶς, ὡς ὁμοίως, and ὡς παντελῶς may be modelled on ὣς αὔτως, with which they are nearly synonymous; so also ὡς ἑτέρως and ὡς ἐναλλάξ, which are contrasted with it.b with Advbs. expressing anything extraordinary, θαυμαστῶς or θαυμασίως ὡς, ὑπερφυῶς ὡς, v. sub vocc.; ὡς is sts. separated by several words from its Adv., as ;ὑπερφυῶς δὴ τὸ χρῆμα ὡς δύσγνωστον φαίνεται Id.Alc.2.147c
, cf. Phd. 99d.c with the [comp] Sup., as much as can be,ὡς μάλιστα Th.1.141
, etc.: ὡς ῥᾷστα as easily as possible, A.Pr. 104;ὡς πλεῖστα Democr. 189
; ὠς τάχιστα as quickly as possible, Alc.Supp.4.15, etc.; more fully expressed,ὡς δυνατὸν ἄριστα Isoc.12.153
;ὡς ἐδύναντο ἀδηλότατα Th.7.50
;μαχομένους ὡς ἂν δυνώμεθα κράτιστα X.An.3.2.6
;ὡς οἷόν τε βελτιστον Pl.R. 403d
; ὡς ἀνυστὸν κάλλιστα Diog.Apollon.3: ὡς and ὅτι are sts. found together, where one is superfluous,ὡς ὅτι μάλιστα Pl.Lg. 908a
;βοῦν ὡς ὅτι κάλλιστον IG22.1028.17
(ii/i B. C.); v. infr. G.e in the phrases ὡς τὸ πολύ, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, Pl.R. 330c, 377b; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον for the more part, commonly,ὡς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον Th.2.34
; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος, ὡς πλήθει, Pl.R. 364a, 389d;ὡς τὸ ἐπίπαν Hdt.7.50
, etc.;ὡς τὰ πολλά Ael.NA12.17
.2 with Adjs.,a Posit.,ὑπερφυεῖ τινι.. ὡς μεγάλῃ βλάβῃ Pl.Grg. 477d
.b with [comp] Sup.,ὡς ἄριστοι τὰς φύσεις Id.Ti. 18d
;ὅπως ὡς βέλτισται ἔσονται Id.Grg. 503a
;ὡς ὅτι βέλτιστον Id.Smp. 218d
.c separated from the Adj. by a Prep.,ὡς ἐς ἐλάχιστον Th.1.63
, cf. D.18.246;ὡς ἐν βραχυτάτοις Antipho 1.18
;ὡς ἐν ἐχυρωτάτῳ ποιεῖσθαι X.Cyr. 1.6.26
, etc.Ac Relat. and Interrog., how,μερμήριζε.. ὡς Ἀχιλῆα τιμήσειε Il. 2.3
, cf. Pl.R. 365a;ἐβουλεύοντο ὡς.. στήσονται Hdt.3.84
, etc.;οἷα δεῖ λέγειν καὶ ὥς Arist.EN 1128a1
; ὡς πέπραται how, i. e. at what price the goods have been sold, PCair.Zen. 149 (iii B. C.); so οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς .. (for the more usu. ὅπως ) nowise can it be that.., S.Ant. 750; οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς οὐ .., Id.Ph. 196 (anap., Porson for οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ου) ; οἶσθ' ὡς πόησον; by a mixture of constructions for ὡς χρὴ ποιῆσαι or ὡς ποιήσεις, Id.OT 543, cf. Hermipp.43, Men.916; οἶσθ' ὡς μετεύξει is f.l. in E.Med. 600 ( μέτευξαι Elmsley); similarly,οἶσθα.. ὡς νῦν μὴ σφαλῇς S.OC75
.2 ὡς ἂν ποήσῃς however ( in whatever way) thou mayest act, Id.Aj. 1369, cf. Pl.Smp. 181a;αὐτῷ ὥς κεν ἅδῃ, τὼς ἔσσεται A.R.3.350
.Ad Temporal, when, with past tenses of the indic.,ἐνῶρτο γέλως.., ὡς ἴδον Il.1.600
: with opt., to express a repeated action, whenever,ὡς.. ἐς τὴν Μιλησίην ἀπίκοιτο Hdt.1.17
: rarely c. subj., to denote what happens under certain conditions,τῶν δὲ ὡς ἕκαστός οἱ μειχθῇ, διδοῖ δῶρον Id.4.172
, cf. 1.132; later, ὡς ἄν c. subj., when, PCair.Zen.251 (iii B. C.), 1 Ep.Cor.11.34, etc.;ὥς κα Berl.Sitzb.1927.170
([place name] Cyrene); ὡς ἂν τάχιστα λάβῃς τὴν ἐπιστολήν as soon as.. PCair.Zen.241.1 (iii B. C.), cf. LXX 1 Ki.9.13, Jo.3.8: in orat. obliq. c. inf., Hdt.1.86, 96, al.: expressed more forcibly by ὡς.. τάχιστα, some word or words being interposed, ὡς γὰρ ἐπετρόπευσε τάχιστα as soon as ever.., Id.1.65;ὡς δὲ ἀφίκετο τάχιστα X.Cyr.1.3.2
: less freq. ὡς τάχιστα stand together, Aeschin.2.22: but this usage must be distd. from signf. Ab.111.1c: folld. by demonstr.,ὡς εἶδ', ὣς ἀνεπᾶλτο Il.20.424
;ὡς ἴδεν, ὥς μιν ἔρως πυκινὰς φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψεν 14.294
; alsoὡς.., ἔπειτα 3.396
;Κρονίδης ὥς μιν φράσαθ' ὣς ἐόλητο θυμὸν ἀνωΐστοισιν ὑποδμηθεὶς βελέεσσι Κύπριδος Mosch.2.74
; the second ὣς is repeated,ἁ δ' Ἀταλάντα ὡς ἴδεν, ὣς ἐμάνη, ὣς ἐς βαθὺν ἅλατ' ἔρωτα Theoc.3.41
(ὣς = εὐθέως, Sch.vet.), cf. 2.82; in Bion 1.40 the clauses with ὡς all belong to the protasis.2 ὡς appears to be f.l. for ἕως inὡς ἂν αὑτὸς ἥλιος.. αἴρῃ S.Ph. 1330
,ὡς ἂν ᾖς οἷόσπερ εἶ Id.Aj. 1117
; cf.ὥσπερ 111.1
: but in later Gr. = ἕως, while,ὡς τὸ φῶς ἔχετε Ev.Jo.12.35
, 36;ὡς καιρὸν ἔχομεν Ep.Gal.6.10
, cf. Epigr.Gr.646a5 (p.529); also until,τίθεται ἐπὶ ἀνθράκων ὡς ἀναξηρανθῇ PLeid.X.89
B.; ἔα ἀφρίζειν τὴν πίσσαν ὡς οὗ ἐκλείπῃ ib.37B.; cf. EM824.43 (conversely ἕως for ὡς final, v. ἕως (B) A. 1.4).Ae Local, where, in dialects, Theoc.1.13, 5.101, 103, IG9(2).205.4 (Melitea, iii B. C.), SIG685.63, al. (Cretan, ii B. C.), IG12(1).736.5 ([place name] Camirus), GDI5597.8 (Ephesus, iii B. C.).B [full] ὡς as CONJUNCTION:I with Substantive clauses, to express a fact, = ὅτι, that.II with Final clauses, to express an end or purpose, = ἵνα, ὅπως, so that, in order that.IV Causal, since, because.I with Substantive Clauses, with verbs of learning, saying, etc., that, expressing a fact,γνωτὸν.., ὡς ἤδη Τρώεσσιν ὀλέθρου πείρατ' ἐφῆπται Il.7.402
, cf. Od.3.194, etc.: in commands,προεῖπεν ὡς μηδεὶς κινήσοιτο X.HG2.1.22
: with Verbs of fear or anxiety, c. [tense] fut. indic.,μηκέτ' ἐκφοβοῦ, μητρῷον ὥς σε λῆμ' ἀτιμάσει ποτέ S.El. 1427
, cf. X.Cyr.6.2.30; μὴ φοβοῦ ὡς ἀπορήσεις ib.5.2.12, cf. D.10.36; a sentence beginning with ὡς is sts., when interrupted, resumed by ὅτι, and vice versa, X.Cyr.5.3.30, Pl.R. 470d, Hp.Ma. 281c; so ὡς with a finite Verb passes into the acc. and inf., Hdt.1.70, 8.118: both constructions mixed in the same clause, ἐλογίζετο ὡς.. ἧττον ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐθέλειν .. X.Cyr.8.1.25, cf. HG3.4.27: after primary tenses (incl. historic [tense] pres.) ὡς is folld. by indic., after historic tenses by opt. (sts. by indic., both constructions inὑπίσχοντο.. ἀμυνέειν, φράζοντες ὡς οὔ σφι περιοπτέη ἐστὶ ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἀπολλυμένη.. ἀλλὰ τιμωρητέον εἴη Hdt.7.168
): sts. c. opt. after a primary tense,κατάπτονται.. λέγοντες ὡς Ἀρίστων.. οὐ φήσειε Id.6.69
, cf. 1.70, Th.1.38, Pl.Chrm. 156b.2 with Verbs of feeling,χαίρει δέ μοι ἦτορ, ὥς μευ ἀεὶ μέμνησαι Il.23.648
;ἄχος ἔλλαβ' Ἀχαιοὺς ὡς ἔπεσ' 16.600
.II with Final Clauses, that, in order that; in this sense ὡς and ὡς ἄν, [dialect] Ep. ὥς κεν, are used with the subj. after primary tenses of the indic., and with the opt. after the past tenses,βουλὴν ὑποθησόμεθ'.., ὡς μὴ πάντες ὄλωνται Il.8.37
;τύμβον χεύαμεν.., ὥς κεν τηλεφανὴς.. εἴη Od. 24.83
;ἡμεῖς δ' ἴωμεν ὡς, ὁπηνίκ' ἂν θεὸς πλοῦν ἡμὶν εἴκῃ, τηνικαυθ' ὁρμώμεθα S.Ph. 464
;[νέας] διηκοσίας περιέπεμπον.. ὡς ἂν μὴ ὀφθείησαν Hdt.8.7
. b. rarely c. [tense] fut. indic., ὡς μὴ ὦν αὐτοὶ τε ἀπολέεσθε (cj. Cobet for ἀπόλεσθε)κἀμὲ τρώσετε, ἐς ἄλλον τινὰ δῆμον ἀποίχεσθε Hecat. 30J.
2 ὡς is also used with past tenses of the indic. to express a purpose which has not been or cannot be fulfilled, τί μ' οὐκ ἔκτεινας, ὡς ἔδειξα μήποτε .. ; so that I never should.., S.OT 1392;ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ' εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν X.An. 7.6.23
; cf.ἵνα B. 1.3
,ὅπως B. 1.3
.3 ὡς c. inf., to limit an assertion,ὡς μὲν ἐμοὶ δοκέειν Hdt.6.95
, cf. 2.124; ὡς εἰπεῖν λόγῳ ib.53; or ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, cf.ἔπος 11.4
; ὡς συντόμως, or ὡς συνελόντι εἰπεῖν to speak shortly, to be brief, X.Oec.12.19, Mem.3.8.10; ὡς εἰκάσαι to make a guess, i.e. probably, Hdt.1.34, etc.;ὡς μικρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι Th.4.36
(so withoutὡς, οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν Hdt. 1.61
), v. supr. Ab. 11.1, 2.III to express Consequence, like ὥστε, so that, freq. in Hdt., εὖρος ὡς δύο τριήρεας πλέειν ὁμοῦ in breadth such that two triremes could sail abreast, Hdt.7.24;ὑψηλὸν οὕτω.., ὡς τὰς κορυφὰς αὐτοῦ οὐκ οἷά τε εἶναι ἰδέσθαι 4.184
; so in Trag. and Prose, A.Pers. 437, al., S.OT84, X.An.3.5.7, etc.;ἀπέχοντας ἀπ' ἀλλάλων ὡς ἦμεν Ϝικατίπεδον ἄντομον Tab.Heracl.1.75
;οὕτως.. ὡς ὁμολογεῖν Jul.Or.5.164d
;ὡς καὶ τοὺς τεχνίτας λανθάνειν PHolm. 9.13
; also, like ὥστε, with Indic.,οὕτω κλεινὴ ἐγένετο, ὡς.. ἐξέμαθον Hdt.2.135
, cf. S.Tr. 590, X.HG4.1.33.2 ἢ ὡς after a [comp] Comp.,μάσσον' ἢ ὡς ἰδέμεν Pi.O.13.113
;μαλακώτεροι.. ἢ ὡς κάλλιον αὐτοῖς Pl.R. 410d
; cf.ὥστε B. 1.2
: with words implying comparison, ὀλίγοι ἐσμὲν ὡς ἐγκρατεῖς εἶναι αὐτῶν too few to.., X.Cyr.4.5.15, γραῦς εἶ, ὦ Ἐλπινίκη, ὡς τηλικαῦτα διαπράττεσθαι πράγματα too old to.. Stesimbr. 5J.3 ὡς is sts. omitted where the antecedent demonstrative is expressed, οὕτω ἰσχυραί, μόγις ἂν διαρρήξειας so strong, you could hardly break them, Hdt.3.12;ῥώμη σώματος τοιήδε, ἀεθλοφόροι τε ἀμφότεροι ἦσαν Id.1.31
.IV Causal, inasmuch as, since,τί ποτε λέγεις, ὦ τέκνον; ὡς οὐ μανθάνω S.Ph. 914
, cf. E.Ph. 843, 1077, Ar.Ra. 278: c. opt.,μὴ καὶ λάθῃ με προσπεσών· ὡς μᾶλλον ἂν ἕλοιτο μ' ἢ τοὺς πάντας Ἀργείους λαβεῖν S.Ph.46
.C [full] ὡς beforeI Participles;II Prepositions; andIII ὡς itself as a Preposition.I with Participles in the case of the Subject, to mark the reason or motive of the action, as if, as,ὡς οὐκ ἀΐοντι ἐοικώς Il.23.430
(v. infr. G); ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι (i. e. ἡγούμενοι μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερῆσθαι), Pl.R. 329a: most freq. c. part. [tense] fut.,διαβαίνει.., ὡς ἀμήσων τὸν σῖτον Hdt.6.28
, cf. 91; , etc.;δηλοῖς ὥς τι σημανῶν νέον S.Ant. 242
;ὡς τεθνήξων ἴσθι νυνί Ar.Ach. 325
(troch.): in questions,παρὰ Πρωταγόραν νῦν ἐπιχειρεῖς ἰέναι, ὡς παρὰ τίνα ἀφιξόμενος; Pl.Prt. 311b
;ὡς τί δὴ θέλων; E.IT 557
; with vbs. of knowing,ἐπιστάσθω Κροῖσος ὡς ὕστερον.. ἁλοὺς τῆς πεπρωμένης Hdt.1.91
; ὡς μὴ 'μπολήσων ἴσθι .. S.Ant. 1063.2 with Participles in oblique cases, λέγουσιν ἡμᾶς ὡς ὀλωλότας they speak of us as dead, A.Ag. 672; ; ; , cf. Hdt.5.85, 9.54;νῦν δέ σου τὰ ἔργα φανερὰ γεγένηται οὐχ ὡς ἀνιωμένου ἀλλ' ὡς ἡδομένου τοῖς γιγνομένοις Lys.12.32
; (lyr.); ἐν ὀλιγωρίᾳ ἐποιοῦντο, ὡς, ὅταν ἐξέλθωσιν, ἢ οὐχ ὑπομενοῦντας σφᾶς ἢ ῥᾳδίως ληψόμενοι βίᾳ made light of the matter, in the belief that.., Th.4.5.—Both constructions in one sentence,τοὺς κόσμους εἴασε χαίρειν ὡς ἀλλοτρίους τε ὄντας καὶ πλέον θάτερον ἡγησάμενος ἀπεργάζεσθαι Pl.Phd. 114e
, cf. X.Cyr.1.5.9.3 with Parts. put abs. in gen.,νῦν δέ, ὡς οὕτω ἐχόντων, στρατιὴν ἐκπέμπετε Hdt.8.144
; ἐρώταὅτι βούλει, ὡς τἀληθῆ ἐροῦντος X.Cyr.3.1.9
; , cf. 904, A.Pr. 760, E.Med. 1311, Th.7.15, X.An.1.3.6: so also in acc.,μισθὸν αἰτοῦσιν, ὡς οὐχὶ αὐτοῖσιν ὠφελίαν ἐσομένην ἐκ τοῦ ἄρχειν Pl.R. 345e
, cf. E.Ph. 1461: with both cases in one sentence,ὡς καὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσδοκίμων ὄντων ἄλλῃ στρατιᾷ καὶ.. διαπεπολεμησόμενον Th.7.25
, cf. Pl.R. 604b.II ὡς before Preps., ἀνήγοντο ὡς ἐπὶ ναυμαχίαν (v.l. -ίᾳ) Th.1.48, cf. X. HG2.1.22;φρύγανα συλλέγοντες ὡς ἐπὶ πῦρ Id.An.4.3.11
; κατέλαβε τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ὡς ἐπὶ τυραννίδι, expressing the purpose, Th.1.126;ἀπέπλεον.. ὡς ἐς τὰς Ἀθήνας Id.6.61
;πλεῖς ὡς πρὸς οἶκον S.Ph.58
;τὸ βούλευμ' ὡς ἐπ' Ἀργείοις τόδ' ἦν Id.Aj.44
: in these passages ὡς marks an intention; not so in the following:ἀπαγγέλλετε τῇ μητρὶ [χαίρειν] ὡς παρ' ἐμοῦ X.Cyr.8.7.28
; alsoὡς ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς Pl.R. 327c
;ὡς ἐκ κακῶν ἐχάρη Hdt.8.101
.b later, in geographical expressions, of direction,προϊών, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Πηνειόν Str.9.5.8
, cf. 13.1.22;ὡς πρὸς ἕω βλέπων Id.8.6.1
, cf. 7.6.2; ὡς εἰς Φηραίαν (leg. Ἡραίαν)ἰόντων Id.8.3.32
.III ὡς as a Prep., prop. in cases where the object is a person, not a place: once in Hom., (v.l. ἐς τὸν ὁμοῖον, cf.αἶνος Ὁμηρικός, αἰὲν ὁμοῖον ὡς θεός.. ἐς τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει Call.Aet.1.1.10
; ἔρχεται.. ἕκαστον τὸ ὅμοιον ὡς τὸ ὅ., τὸ πυκνὸν ὡς τὸ πυκνόν κτλ. (with v.l. ἐς) Hp.Nat.Puer.17), but possibly ὡς.. ὥς as.. so, in Od. l.c.; also in Hdt.,ἐσελθεῖν ὡς τὴν θυγατέρα 2.121
.έ: freq. in [dialect] Att.,ὡς Ἆγιν ἐπρεσβεύσαντο Th.8.5
, etc.; ;ἀπέπλευσαν ἐς Φώκαιαν.. ὡς Ἀστύοχον Id.8.31
; ναῦς ἐς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὡς Φαρνάβαζον ἀποπέμπειν ib.39;ὡς ἐκεῖνον πλέομεν ὥσπερ πρὸς δεσπότην Isoc. 4.121
; the examples of ὡς with names of places are corrupt, e.g.ὡς τὴν Μίλητον Th.8.36
(ἐς cod. Vat.); ὡς Ἄβυδον one Ms. in Id.8.103;ὡς τὸ πρόσθεν Ar.Ach. 242
: in S.OT 1481 ὡς τὰς ἀδελφὰς.. τὰς ἐμὰς χέρας is equiv. to ὡς ἐμὲ τὸν ἀδελφόν; in Id.Tr. 366 δόμους ὡς τούσδε house = household.D [full] ὡς in independent sentences:I as an exclamation, how, mostly with Advbs. and Adjs., ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες how silly a heart hadst thou! Il.21.441; ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ παῖδα λιπέσθαι how good is it.., Od.3.196, cf. 24.194;φρονεῖν ὡς δεινόν S.OT 316
; ὡς ἀστεῖος ὁ ἄνθρωπος how charming he is! Pl.Phd. 116d;ὡς ἐμεγαλύνθη τὰ ἔργα σου, Κύριε LXX Ps.91(92).6
, 103(104).24; in indirect clauses, ἐθαύμασα τοῦτο, ὡς ἡδέως.. ἀπεδέξατο marvelled at seeing how.., Pl. Phd. 89a.2 with Verbs, ὥς μοι δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ αἰεί how constantly.., Il.19.290, cf. 21.273; ὡς οὐκ ἔστι χάρις μετόπισθ' εὐεργέων how little thanks remain! Od.22.319; ὡς ὄχλος νιν.. ἀμφέπει see how.., E.Ph. 148; ὡς ὑπερδέδοικά σου how greatly.., S.Ant.82; so perh.ὡς οἰμώξεται Ar.Ra. 279
; (troch.).II to mark a wish, oh that! c. opt. alone,ὡς ἔρις.. ἀπόλοιτο Il.18.107
;ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος Od.1.47
, cf. S.El. 126 (lyr.); also ὡς ἄν or κε with opt., ;ὥς κέ οἱ αὖθι γαῖα χάνοι 6.281
.2 joined with other words of wishing,ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθ' ὀλέσθαι 3.428
;ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν Od.11.548
.E [full] ὡς with numerals marks that they are to be taken only as a round number, as it were, about, nearly,σὺν ἀνθρώποις ὡς εἴκοσι X.An.3.3.5
; also ὡς πέντε μάλιστά κῃ about five (v.μάλα 111.5
), Hdt.7.30:—also with words compounded with numerals,δέπας.. ὡς τριλάγυνον Stesich.7
; παῖς ὡς ἑπτέτης of some seven years, Pl. Grg. 471c;δρέπανα ὡς διπήχη X.Cyr.6.1.30
, cf. An.5.4.12; cf. .F [full] ὡς in some elliptical (or apparently elliptical) phrases:1 ὡς τί δὴ τόδε (sc. γένηται); to what end? E.Or. 796 (troch.); cf.ἵνα B.11.3c
.2 know that (sc. ἴσθι), ὡς ἔστιν ἀνδρὸς τοῦδε τἄργα ταῦτά σοι S.Aj.39
; ; , cf. Med. 609, Ph. 720; ὡς τάχ' οὐκέθ' αἱματηρὸν.. ἀργήσει ξίφος ib. 625 (troch.); so in Com.,ὡς ἔστ' ἐν ἡμῖν τῆς πόλεως τὰ πράγματα Ar.Lys.32
, cf. 499 (anap.), Ach. 333 (troch.), Nu. 209; also .3 ὡς ἕκαστος, ἕκαστοι, each severally (whether in respect of time, place, or other difference),ξυνελέγοντο.. Κορίνθιοι δισχίιοι ὁπλῖται, οἱ δ' ἄλλοι ὡς ἕκαστοι, Φλειάσιοι δὲ πανστρατιᾷ Th.5.57
, cf. 1.107, 113; πρώτη τε αὕτη πόλις ξυμμαχὶς παρὰ τὸ καθεστηκὸς ἐδουλώθη, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡς ἑκάστη [ξυνέβη] (ξ. secl. Krüger: ἀπὸ κοινοῦ ἐδουλώθη Sch.l.c.) Id.1.98; ἄλλοι τε παριόντες ἐγκλήματα ἐποιοῦντο ὡς ἕκαστοι ib.67, cf. 7.65; χρησμολόγοι τε ᾖδον χρησμοὺς παντοίους, ὧν ἀκροᾶσθαι ὡς ἕκαστος ὥρμητο, i. e. different persons ran to listen to different prophecies, Id.2.21; τὰς ἄλλας ὡς ἑκάστην ποι ἐκπεπτωκυῖαν ἀναδησάμενοι ἐκόμιζον ἐς τὴν πόλιν they made fast to the rest wherever each (ship) had been run ashore, Id.7.74; οἱ δ' οὖν ὡς ἕκαστοι Ἕλληνες κατὰ πόλεις τε ὅσοι ἀλλήλων ξυνίεσαν καὶ ξύμπαντες ὕστερον κληθέντες οὐδὲν πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν.. ἁθρόοι ἔπραξαν the various peoples that were later called by the common name of Greeks, Id.1.3;ὡς ἑκάστῳ ἔργον προστάσσων Hdt.1.114
; ὡς ἑκάστην ( one by one) αἱρέοντες (sc. τὰς νήσους) , cf. 79;ὡς ἑκασταχόσε D.C.41.9
, al.; rarely with a Verb,ὡς ἕκαστος ἀπικνέοιτο Hdt.1.29
, cf. Th.6.2: later ὡς followsἕκαστος, ἑκάστῳ ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἐμέρισεν μέτρον πίστεως Ep.Rom.12.3
:—for the etymology v. infr. H; alsoὡς ἑκάτεροι Th.3.74
(v. infr. H).G [full] ὡς pleonast. inὡς ὅτι D.H. 9.14
, 2 Ep.Cor.11.21, Sch.A Il.1.264, 129, 396, 3.280, AP9.530, dub.l. in Str.15.1.57.H Etymology: this word is in origin five distinct words: (1) ὡς 'as' is the Adv. fr. the Relat. ὅς (I.-E. stem yo-); with ὡς βέλτιστος cf. Skt. yācchrē[snull ][tnull ]á[hudot ] 'the best possible': (2) ὧς ' thus' is the Adv. of a Demonstr. stem so- found in Skt. sa, Gr. ὁ, Lat. sō-c (Gloss. = ita, cf. Umbr. esoc); (3) ὡς postpositive (ὄρνιθες ὥς, etc.) constantly makes a preceding short closed syll. long in Hom., and must therefore have been ϝως; it may perh. be related to Skt. vā, a form of va, iva ( = (1) or (2) like), Lat. ve, Gr. ἦ[ϝ] ε; (4) ὡς prep. 'to' is of doubtful origin (perh. fr. Ως, cogn. with Lat. ōs 'face', Skt. ās: Ως τινα ἐλθεῖν like τί δέ δε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος;); (5) ὡς F.3 is prob. ϝως, Adv. of ϝός the reflexive Adj., and means lit. in his (their) own way (or place); it is idiomatically placed before ἕκαστος ([etym.] ἑκάτερος), cf.ϝὸν ϝεκάτερος Leg.Gort.1.18
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86 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
87 Wren, Sir Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 20 October 1632 East Knoyle, Wiltshire, Englandd. 25 February 1723 London, England[br]English architect whose background in scientific research and achievement enhanced his handling of many near-intractable architectural problems.[br]Born into a High Church and Royalist family, the young Wren early showed outstanding intellectual ability and at Oxford in 1654 was described as "that miracle of a youth". Educated at Westminster School, he went up to Oxford, where he graduated at the age of 19 and obtained his master's degree two years later. From this time onwards his interests were in science, primarily astronomy but also physics, engineering and meteorology. While still at college he developed theories about and experimentally solved some fifty varied problems. At the age of 25 Wren was appointed to the Chair of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, but he soon returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy there. At the same time he became one of the founder members of the Society of Experimental Philosophy at Oxford, which was awarded its Royal Charter soon after the Restoration of 1660; Wren, together with such men as Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, John Evelyn and Robert Boyle, then found himself a member of the Royal Society.Wren's architectural career began with the classical chapel that he built, at the request of his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, for Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663). From this time onwards, until he died at the age of 91, he was fully occupied with a wide and taxing variety of architectural problems which he faced in the execution of all the great building schemes of the day. His scientific background and inventive mind stood him in good stead in solving such difficulties with an often unusual approach and concept. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his rebuilding of fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire, in the construction of the new St Paul's Cathedral and in the grand layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.The first instance of Wren's approach to constructional problems was in his building of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664–9). He based his design upon that of the Roman Theatre of Marcellus (13–11 BC), which he had studied from drawings in Serlio's book of architecture. Wren's reputation as an architect was greatly enhanced by his solution to the roofing problem here. The original theatre in Rome, like all Roman-theatres, was a circular building open to the sky; this would be unsuitable in the climate of Oxford and Wren wished to cover the English counterpart without using supporting columns, which would have obscured the view of the stage. He solved this difficulty mathematically, with the aid of his colleague Dr Wallis, the Professor of Geometry, by means of a timber-trussed roof supporting a painted ceiling which represented the open sky.The City of London's churches were rebuilt over a period of nearly fifty years; the first to be completed and reopened was St Mary-at-Hill in 1676, and the last St Michael Cornhill in 1722, when Wren was 89. They had to be rebuilt upon the original medieval sites and they illustrate, perhaps more clearly than any other examples of Wren's work, the fertility of his imagination and his ability to solve the most intractable problems of site, limitation of space and variation in style and material. None of the churches is like any other. Of the varied sites, few are level or possess right-angled corners or parallel sides of equal length, and nearly all were hedged in by other, often larger, buildings. Nowhere is his versatility and inventiveness shown more clearly than in his designs for the steeples. There was no English precedent for a classical steeple, though he did draw upon the Dutch examples of the 1630s, because the London examples had been medieval, therefore Roman Catholic and Gothic, churches. Many of Wren's steeples are, therefore, Gothic steeples in classical dress, but many were of the greatest originality and delicate beauty: for example, St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside; the "wedding cake" St Bride in Fleet Street; and the temple diminuendo concept of Christ Church in Newgate Street.In St Paul's Cathedral Wren showed his ingenuity in adapting the incongruous Royal Warrant Design of 1675. Among his gradual and successful amendments were the intriguing upper lighting of his two-storey choir and the supporting of the lantern by a brick cone inserted between the inner and outer dome shells. The layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich illustrates Wren's qualities as an overall large-scale planner and designer. His terms of reference insisted upon the incorporation of the earlier existing Queen's House, erected by Inigo Jones, and of John Webb's King Charles II block. The Queen's House, in particular, created a difficult problem as its smaller size rendered it out of scale with the newer structures. Wren's solution was to make it the focal centre of a great vista between the main flanking larger buildings; this was a masterstroke.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1673. President, Royal Society 1681–3. Member of Parliament 1685–7 and 1701–2. Surveyor, Greenwich Hospital 1696. Surveyor, Westminster Abbey 1699.Surveyor-General 1669–1712.Further ReadingR.Dutton, 1951, The Age of Wren, Batsford.M.Briggs, 1953, Wren the Incomparable, Allen \& Unwin. M.Whinney, 1971, Wren, Thames \& Hudson.K.Downes, 1971, Christopher Wren, Allen Lane.G.Beard, 1982, The Work of Sir Christopher Wren, Bartholomew.DY -
88 ἄν
1I. ἄν (after relatives ἐάν [q.v.] is oft. used for ἄν, but the mss. vary greatly, s. B-D-F §107; 377; Mlt. 42ff, 165ff; Mayser 152f; Crönert 130f; Thackeray 67; Dssm., NB 30ff [BS 202ff]). A particle peculiar to Gk. (Hom.+) denoting aspect of contingency, incapable of translation by a single English word; it denotes that the action of the verb is dependent on some circumstance or condition; the effect of ἄν upon the meaning of its clause depends on the mood and tense/aspect of the verb w. which it is used. The NT use of ἄν corresponds in the main to older Gk., although the rich variety of its employment is limited, as is generally the case in later Greek. In certain constructions (s. aβ) an aspect of certainty is indicated, suggesting the gloss would. In most other instances aspects of varying possibility or conditionality find expression in ways that can be rendered ever, but with other glosses required when ἄν is used in conjunction with other particles.ⓐ ἄν w. aor. or impf. indic.α. denoting repeated action in past time, but only under certain given conditions, esp. after relatives (B-D-F §367; Rob. index): aor. (Gen 30:42; Num 9:17; 1 Km 14:47; Ezk 10:11) ὅσοι ἂν ἥψαντο αὐτοῦ, ἐσῴζοντο whoever touched him was cured Mk 6:56. Impf. (Ezk 1:20; 1 Macc 13:20; Tob 7:11) ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο εἰς κώμας wherever he went (as he was accustomed to do—ADebrunner, D. hellenist. Nebensatziterativpräteritum mit ἄν: Glotta 11, 1920, 1–28) into villages Mk 6:56. καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν as anyone was in need Ac 2:45; 4:35. Similarly ὡς ἂν ἤγεσθε (v.l. ἀνήγεσθε) 1 Cor 12:2. Cp. also ὅταν 1bγ and δ.β. in the apodosis of a contrary to fact (unreal) condition w. εἰ (B-D-F §360; but ἄν is not always used [s. the vv.ll. J 18:36]: §360, 1; Mlt. 199ff; PMelcher, De sermone Epicteteo 1905, 75); it is foundא. w. impf. (4 Macc 17:7; Bar 3:13; ParJer 5:20; GrBar 6:6; ApcMos 39) οὗτος εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν if he were a prophet, he would (now) know (but he does not) Lk 7:39. εἰ ἔχετε πίστιν …, ἐλέγετε ἄν if you had faith …, you would say 17:6. εἰ ἐπιστεύετε Μωϋσεῖ, ἐπιστεύετε ἂν ἐμοί J 5:46. εἰ ἐμὲ ᾔδειτε, καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου ἄν ᾔδειτε 8:19; cp. vs. 42; 9:41; 15:19. εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην Gal 1:10; cp. 3:21. εἰ ἑαυτοὺς διεκρίνομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα 1 Cor 11:31. εἰ ἦν ἐπὶ γῆς, οὐδʼ ἂν ἦν ἱερεύς if he were on earth, he would not even be a priest Hb 8:4; cp. 4:8; 8:7; 11:15.ב. w. aor., placing the assumption in the past (Gen 30:27; Wsd 11:25; Jdth 11:2; 4 Macc 2:20; TestJob 7:9 al.; ParJer 5:5; GrBar 8:7; PGiss 47, 17) εἰ ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις, πάλαι ἂν … μετενόησαν if the miracles had been performed, they would long ago have repented Mt 11:21. εἰ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἂν ἐσταύρωσαν 1 Cor 2:8; cp. Ro 9:29 (Is 1:9). εἰ ἐγνώκειτε, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε if you had recognized, you would not have condemned Mt 12:7. εἰ ἠγαπᾶτέ με, ἐχάρητε ἄν if you loved me, you would have rejoiced J 14:28; cp. 11:21. The plpf. for aor. indic. (PGiss 79 II, 6 εἰ δυνατόν μοι ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ὠκνήκειν; BGU 1141, 27f) εἰ ἦσαν, μεμενήκεισαν ἄν 1J 2:19; cp. J 11:21 v.l.—In κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν σὺν τόκῳ ἂν αὐτὸ ἔπραξα Lk 19:23, ἐλθών functions as an unreal-temporal protasis (B-D-F §360, 2); cp. καὶ ἐλθὼν ἐγὼ ἐκομισάμην ἂν τὸ ἐμόν Mt 25:27. Sim. ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι; where ἐπεί functions as protasis, otherwise (i.e. if the sacrifices had really brought about a lasting atonement) would they not have ceased to offer sacrifices? Hb 10:2.ⓑ ἄν w. subjunc. after relatives, the rel. clause forming virtually the protasis of a conditional sentence (B-D-F §380, 1) of the future more vivid or present general type.α. w. fut. or impf. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results are thought of as in the future, of single and repeated action (IG XIV, 865 [VI B.C.] ὸ̔ς δʼ ἄν με κλέψῃ, τυφλὸς ἔσται; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]). ὸ̔ς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται but whoever does and teaches=if a person does and teaches it Mt 5:19. ὸ̔ς ἂν ἐσθίῃ …, ἔνοχος ἔσται 1 Cor 11:27. οὓς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) δοκιμάσητε, τούτους πέμψω 16:3—Mt 10:11; 1 Cor 16:2.β. w. pres. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results involve repeated action, regardless of the time element: ἃ ἂν ἐκεῖνος ποιῇ, ταῦτα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ whatever he does, the Son does likewise J 5:19. ὅπου ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) αὐτὸν καταλάβῃ, ῥήσσει αὐτόν wherever it seizes him Mk 9:18. ὑμῖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία …, ὅσους ἂν προσκαλέσηται κύριος Ac 2:39. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) βουληθῇ φίλος εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου, ἐχθρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ καθίσταται whoever wishes to be a friend of the world Js 4:4. Cp. ὅπου ἄν 3:4 v.l.—Where ὅς or ὅστις appears w. subj. without ἄν (but cp. IG XII/1, 671 ὸ̔ς ἀνασπαράξῃ τ. τάφον; CPR I, 24, 33; 25, 19; AcThom 93 [Aa II/2, 206], 19; Is 7:2; 31:4), the reading that gives the fut. ind. is prob. the right one: ὅστις τηρήσῃ (v.l.-σει) Js 2:10. ὅσοι (without ἄν PPetr I, 13, 3;5; CPR I, 237, 3; IPergamon 249, 26 ὅσοι … ἐγλίπωσι τὴν πόλιν; Vett. Val. 125, 16): ὅσοι μετανοήσωσιν καὶ καθαρίσωσιν Hs 8, 11, 3 (s. W. and Joly app. for the textual tradition). See Reinhold 108; B-D-F §380, 4.ⓒ In temporal clauses ἄν is found w. the subjunct. when an event is to be described which can and will occur, but whose occurrence cannot yet be assumed w. certainty. Soα. ὅταν (=ὅτε ἄν; s. ὅταν) w. pres. subjunct. to indicate regularly recurring action (Wsd 12:18): ὅταν ἄρτον ἐσθίωσιν whenever they eat bread Mt 15:2. ὅταν λαλῇ τὸ ψεῦδος whenever he tells a lie J 8:44. ὅταν λέγῃ τις whenever anyone says 1 Cor 3:4.—W. aor. subjunct. to express action in the future which is thought of as already completed (Sir Prol. ln. 22; Tob 8:21) ὅταν ποιήσητε πάντα when you have done Lk 17:10. ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὁ κύριος when the owner has come Mt 21:40; ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐν τῇ δόξῃ Mk 8:38; cp. J 4:25; 16:13; Ac 23:35. ὅταν πάλιν εἰσαγάγῃ τὸν πρωτότοκον Hb 1:6.β. ἡνίκα ἄν every time that (Ex 1:10; 33:22; 34:24 al.; POxy 104, 26 [96 A.D.]; PTebt 317, 18 [174/75] ἡνίκα ἐὰν εἰς τὸν νόμον παραγένηται). ἡνίκα ἂν (also ἐάν mss.) ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς every time that Moses is read aloud 2 Cor 3:15; cp. vs. 16.γ. ὁσάκις ἐάν as often as: ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) πίνητε 1 Cor 11:25. ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) ἐσθίητε vs. 26.δ. ὡς ἄν as soon as (PHib 59, 2 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; 66, 4; PEleph 9, 3 [III B.C.]; PParis 46, 18 [143 B.C.]; BGU 1209, 13 [23 B.C.]; Josh 2:14; Jdth 11:15; 1 Macc 15:9): ὡς ἂν πορεύωμαι as soon as I travel Ro 15:24. ὡς ἂν ἔλθω as soon as I come 1 Cor 11:34. ὡς ἂν ἀφίδω τὰ περὶ ἐμέ as soon as I see how it will go with me Phil 2:23. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96]) Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.—ἀφʼ οὗ ἄν after Lk 13:25.—In the case of temporal particles indicating a goal, viz. ἕως οὗ, ἄχρις (οὗ), μέχρις (οὗ), the mss. show considerable variation; the addition of ἄν is prob. correct only in rare cases (see B-D-F §383, 2). Only ἕως ἄν (PPetr II, 40a, 28 [III B.C.] ἕως ἂν ὑγιαίνοντας ὑμᾶς ἴδωμεν; Gen 24:14, 19; 49:10; Ex 23:30 al.) has certain attestation: μείνατε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε stay until you go away Mt 10:11. ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 9:27.—Mt 2:13; 5:26. ἕως ἂν λάβῃ Js 5:7 v.l.—ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) ἔλθῃ 1 Cor 11:26. ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) θῇ 15:25; ἄχρις οὗ ἂν ἥξω Rv 2:25 (v.l. ἄχρι). ἄχρις ἂν ἔλθῃ (cp. BGU 830, 13 [I A.D.] ἄχρις ἄν σοι ἔλθω) Gal 3:19 v.l.—πρὶν ἄν: πρὶν ἢ ἂν (vv.ll. πρὶν ἄν, πρὶν ἢ, only πρὶν or ἕως ἂν) ἴδῃ τὸν Χριστόν Lk 2:26 (B-D-F §383, 3).ⓓ In purpose clauses the Attic (EHermann, Griech. Forschungen I, 1912, 267f; JKnuenz, De enuntiatis Graec. finalibus 1913, 13ff; 26ff) ὅπως ἄν, esp. freq. in earlier ins (Meisterhans3-Schw. 254), has become quite rare (LXX still rather often: Gen 18:19; 50:20; Ex 33:13; Jer 7:23 al.) ὅπως ἂν ἀποκαλυφθῶσιν διαλογισμοί Lk 2:35. ὅπως ἂν ἔλθωσιν καιροί Ac 3:20.—15:17 (Am 9:12 v.l.); Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6); Mt 6:5 v.l.ⓔ The opt. w. ἄν in a main clause (potential opt.) has almost wholly disappeared; a rare ex. is εὐξαίμην (v.l. εὐξάμην) ἄν Ac 26:29 in Paul’s speech before Agrippa (literary usage; s. B-D-F §385, 1; also Rob. 938; Themist. 6 p. 80 D.—On the rarity of the potential opt. in pap, LXX, Apost. Fathers see CHarsing, De Optat. in Chartis Aeg. Usu, diss. Bonn 1910, 28; Reinhold 111). Cp.—also in the literary lang. of Lk—direct rhetor. questions (Gen 23:15; Job 19:23; Sir 25:3; 4 Macc 7:22; 14:10 v.l.; TestJob 13:5 τίς ἄν δώῃ 35:5) πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; Ac 8:31. τί ἂν θέλοι οὗτος λέγειν; 17:18. Dg has also preserved the opt. as a mark of elegant style (2:3, 10; 3:3f; 4:5; 7:2f; 8:3). MPol 2:2 has τίς οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσειεν;—More freq. in an indirect question, after an impf. or histor. pres. (B-D-F §386, 1; Rob. 938f) τὸ τί ἂν θέλοι καλεῖσθαι αὐτό what he wanted the child’s name to be Lk 1:62. τίς ἂν εἴη περὶ οὗ λέγει J 13:24. τὸ τίς ἂν εἴη μείζων αὐτῶν which of them was the greatest Lk 9:46; cp. 18:36 v.l. τί ἂν ποιήσαιεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ what they should do to Jesus 6:11. τί ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο Ac 5:24. τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὅραμα 10:17. (IMagnMai 215 [I A.D.] ἐπερωτᾷ … τί ἂν ποιήσας … ἀδεῶς διατελοίη; Esth 3:13c πυθομένου δέ μου … πῶς ἂν ἀχθείη τοῦτο.)ⓕ The use of ἄν w. inf. and ptc., freq. in earlier Gk., is not found in the NT at all (B-D-F §396); ἵνα μὴ δόξω ὡς ἂν (or ὡσὰν, q.v.) ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς 2 Cor 10:9 is surely to be expl. in such a way that ὡς ἂν=Lat. quasi: I would not want it to appear as if I were frightening you; s. B-D-F §453, 3; Mlt. 167.—On εἰ μήτι ἂν (sc. γένηται) ἐκ συμφώνου except perhaps by agreement 1 Cor 7:5 s. B-D-F §376; Mlt. 169.—M-M.2II. ἄν for ἐάν is rare in Hellen. Gk. (B-D-F §107; Mlt. 43 n. 2; cp. Hyperid. 4, 5; 5, 15; Teles p. 31, 6; Plut., Mor. 547a; Epict., index Schenkl; pap [Mayser 152]; ins, esp. of the Aegean Sea [Rdm.2 198, 3; s. also SIG index IV 204]; 1 Esdr 2:16; 4 Macc 16:11; Jos., Ant. 4, 70; 219; Test12Patr; Mel. Fgm. 8b 24), but appears J 13:20; 16:23; 20:23; as v.l. 5:19; 9:22; 12:32; 19:12; Ac 9:2; and IMg 10:1.—Mlt. 63, 1.—M-M. -
89 -nomics
http:www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-nom1.htmPoor old Thomas Carlyle, permanently and irretrievably burdened with having described economics as “the dismal science”. He was really talking about political economy, at the time a slightly different beast. But whatever one’s view of economics (I failed the only exam I ever took in the subject, so may be considered biased), lexicographically speaking it has been a fruitful term.These opaque musings were prompted by what journalists have started to call Enronomics, in reference to the accounting practices of the failed US corporation Enron and their implications for the Bush administration. It’s not as popular yet as Enrongate for the same imbroglio, but shows slight signs of fashionableness, having appeared in several US newspapers recently, and having even made it across the Atlantic to a British Sunday newspaper within hours. However, its chances of taking a permanent place in the language seem vanishingly small.Before we tar journalists too heavily with the brush of knee-jerk word invention for the sake of novelty, in fairness it has to be said that people have been borrowing that ending for at least 150 years. Agronomics, for example, was coined in the 1860s as a term for what is now often called agronomy, and ergonomics was invented about 1950.The Greek original of economics splits nicely in two to make -nomics, since its source was oikos, house, plus nemein, to manage (so economics literally means “household management”, which really brings it back to earth, or at least to home and hearth).But its move into the overtly political arena really dates from late 1969, when Nixonomics was invented as an umbrella term for the economic policies of President Richard Milhous Nixon. But the word which settled its popularity—Reaganomics—arrived in the early eighties; it was followed in the early nineties by Clintonomics. In the eighties, Britain briefly had Thatchernomics, though it was never very popular; New Zealand’s former Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, provoked Rogernomics (a rare case of a politician’s first name rather than family name being borrowed). Other British politicians have had it applied to them in a half-hearted and short-lived way (Majornomics, Haguenomics) and Americans may remember Dolenomics from 1996.These examples settled the ending firmly into the grab-bags of topical writers. A sign of its acceptance is that it now pops up from time to time attached to words other than politicians’ names. Back in 1996, a report by Kleinwort Benson described the policies of Malaysia as Noddynomics, which greatly displeased that country’s government. Burgernomics has been applied to the global economic policies and impact of certain fast-food firms. Cybernomics has been used for the economic implications of the digital economy. And so on.So we ought not to be surprised that Enronomics has popped up, though it is unusual in being attached to the name of a corporation. -
90 наоборот
•The propulsion engines for aeroplanes must operate continuously during the flight. In contrast (or By contrast), space vehicles coast freely during practically all of their useful lives.
•Such methods are difficult as well as tedious and require large amounts of starting material. Chromatography, on the other hand, is simple, rapid, and...
II•For many professionals, it was love of high country which attracted them to geology, rather than the other way () round (or about).
•Conversely, efficiency increases as the cut-off ratio decreases.
•To the contrary, both polynucleotides reacted more strongly with...
•The abdominal ganglia, on the contrary, vary greatly.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > наоборот
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91 as
æz
1. conjunction1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) cuando; mientras2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) como3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) como, igual que4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) como5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) aunque; por mucho que + verbo en subjuntivo6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) al igual que
2. adverb(used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) tan
3. preposition1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) como2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) como3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) como4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) como, en tanto que•- as for- as if / as though
- as to
as1 adv tan / tantoas2 conj1. mientras / cuando2. como / ya queas she wasn't there, I left a message como no estaba, le dejé un mensaje3. comoLiam, as you know, is a singer Liam, como ya sabéis, es cantanteas3 prep como / de
as sustantivo masculino ace
as sustantivo masculino ace Locuciones: as en la manga, ace up one's sleeve 'as' also found in these entries: Spanish: abandonar - abismo - acabada - acabado - acreditar - actuar - además - adjetivar - alguna - alguno - amabilidad - amable - amarrar - ambas - ambicionar - ambos - amén - andanzas - antes - antojo - apadrinar - apellidarse - apenas - aquel - aquél - aquella - aquélla - arreglarse - arte - artífice - asesorar - así - asimismo - atar - aviar - bailar - balsa - bendita - bendito - bien - bloque - bondad - brevedad - broma - buenamente - burra - burro - cachondeo - cada - calcada English: above - acclaim - accomplished - accused - ace - acknowledge - act - action - address - advance - against - ago - aim - all - along - aloud - apprentice - arson - as - asap - assistant - bat - bell - black - bonus - both - by - by-product - capacity - cast - chalk - change - check off - cheer - class - clear - click - cluster - come on - compare - concern - construe - crop up - crow - dammit - date - dead - deaf - decision - decoyastr[æz, ʊnstressed əz]1 como■ as he painted, he whistled mientras pintaba, silbaba■ as I shut the door I realized I'd left the keys inside al cerrar la puerta me di cuenta de que había dejado las llaves dentro2 (because) ya que, como3 (although) aunque■ tall as he was, he still couldn't reach the shelf aunque era alto no podía alcanzar el estante4 (showing manner) como■ as I was saying,... como decía,...■ do as you are told! ¡haz lo que te dicen!■ as you all know,... como ya sabéis todos,...5 (and so too) como, igual que■ she's colour-blind, as is her mother es daltónica, igual que su madre\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLas against frente a, en comparación conas far as hastaas far as I know que yo sepaas far as I'm concerned por lo que a mí respectaas for en cuanto aas if como sias it is tal como están las cosasas it were por así decirloas long as mientrasas of desdeas often as not las más de las vecesas soon as tan pronto comoas though como sias well as además deas yet hasta ahora, de momentoas ['æz] adv1) : tan, tantothis one's not as difficult: éste no es tan difícil2) : comosome trees, as oak and pine: algunos árboles, como el roble y el pinoas conj1) like: como, igual que2) when, while: cuando, mientras, a la vez que3) because: porque4) though: aunque, por más questrange as it may appear: por extraño que parezca5)as is : tal como estáas prep1) : deI met her as a child: la conocí de pequeña2) like: comobehave as a man: compórtate como un hombreas pron: quein the same building as my brother: en el mismo edificio que mi hermanoasadv.• a medida que adv.• como adv.• cual adv.• cuan adv.• tan adv.• ya que adv.conj.• conforme conj.• que conj.• según conj.prep.• por prep.pron.• cual pron.• que pron.
I æz, weak form əz1)a) (when, while) cuandoas she was eating breakfast... — cuando or mientras tomaba el desayuno...
as you go toward the bank, it's the first house on the left — yendo hacia el banco, es la primera casa a mano izquierda
b) ( indicating progression) a medida queas (and when) we need them — a medida que or según los vamos necesitando
2) (because, since) comoas it was getting late, we decided to leave — como se hacía tarde, decidimos irnos
3) ( though)try as he might, he could not open it — por más que trató, no pudo abrirlo
much as I agree with you... — aun estando de acuerdo contigo como estoy...
4)a) (expressing comparison, contrast) igual que, comoin the 1980s, as in the 30s — en la década de los 80, al igual que en la de los 30
b) ( in generalizations) comoit's quite reasonable, as restaurants go — para como están los restaurantes, es bastante razonable
c) ( in accordance with) comothe situation, as we understand it, is... — la situación, tal como nosotros la entendemos, es...
5)a) ( in the way that) comodo as you wish — haz lo que quieras or lo que te parezca
she arrived the next day, as planned/expected — llegó al día siguiente como se había planeado/como se esperaba
use form A or B as appropriate — use el formulario A o B, según corresponda
b) ( defining)it would be the end of civilization as we know it — significaría el fin de la civilización tal y como la conocemos
I'm only interested in the changes as they affect me — sólo me interesan los cambios en la medida en que me afectan a mí
Sri Lanka, or Ceylon, as it used to be known — Sri Lanka, o Ceilán, como se llamaba antes
c) (in phrases)as it is: we can't publish it as it is no podemos publicarlo tal y como está, no podemos publicarlo así como está; we've got too much work as it is ya tenemos demasiado trabajo; as it were por así decirlo; as was: our new president, our secretary as was — el nuevo presidente, ex secretario de nuestra organización
as... as — tan... como
she ran as fast as she could — corrió tan rápido como pudo or lo más deprisa que pudo
7)as if/as though — como si (+ subj)
he acts as if o as though he didn't care — se comporta como si no le importara
he looks as if o as though he's had enough — tiene cara de estar harto
II
1) ( equally)I have lots of stamps, but he has just as many/twice as many — yo tengo muchos sellos, pero él tiene tantos como yo/el doble (que yo)
2)as... as: these animals grow to as much as 12ft long estos animales llegan a medir 12 pies de largo; as recently as 1976 aún en 1976; as many as 400 people hasta 400 personas; as long ago as 1960 — ya en 1960
III
1)a) (in the condition, role of)as a child she adored dancing — de pequeña or cuando era pequeña le encantaba bailar
as a teacher... — como maestro...
b) ( like) como2) (in phrases)as for — en cuanto a, respecto a
and as for you... — y en cuanto a ti..., y en lo que a ti respecta...
as of o (BrE) as from — desde, a partir de
[æz, ǝz] For set combinations in which as is not the first word, eg such... as, the same... as, dressed as, acknowledge as, look up the other word.as to — en cuanto a, respecto a
1. CONJUNCTIONYou can usually use cuando when the as clause simply tells you when an event happened: cuando Alternatively, use [al] + infinitive:he tripped as he was coming out of the bank — tropezó al salir or cuando salía del banco
Translate as using mientras for longer actions which are happening at the same time: (=while) mientrasas the car drew level with us, I realized Isabel was driving — al llegar el coche a nuestra altura or cuando el coche llegó a nuestra altura, me di cuenta de que lo conducía Isabel
In the context of two closely linked actions involving parallel development, translate [as] using [a medida que] or [conforme]. Alternatively, use [según va] {etc} + gerund:as we walked, we talked about the future — mientras caminábamos, hablábamos del futuro
as one gets older, life gets more and more difficult — a medida que se envejece or conforme se envejece or según va uno envejeciendo, la vida se hace cada vez más difícil
When as means "since" or "because", you can generally use como, provided you put it at the beginning of the sentence. Alternatively, use the more formal puesto que either at the beginning of the sentence or between the clauses or ya que especially between the clauses. como; more frm puesto que, ya queas he got older he got deafer — a medida que or conforme envejeció se fue volviendo más sordo, según fue envejeciendo se fue volviendo más sordo
as you're here, I'll tell you — como estás aquí or puesto que estás aquí, te lo diré
he didn't mention it as he didn't want to worry you — como no quería preocuparte, no lo mencionó, no lo mencionó puesto que no quería preocuparte
he couldn't come as he had an appointment — no pudo asistir porque or puesto que or ya que tenía un compromiso
patient as she is, she'll probably put up with it — con lo paciente que es, seguramente lo soportará
3) (describing way, manner) comoknowing him as I do, I'm sure he'll refuse — conociéndolo como lo conozco, estoy seguro de que no aceptará
the village, situated as it is near a motorway,... — el pueblo, situado como está cerca de una autopista,...
as I've said before... — como he dicho antes...
as I was saying... — como iba diciendo...
she is very gifted, as is her brother — tiene mucho talento, al igual que su hermano
•
you'll have it by noon as agreed — lo tendrá antes del mediodía, tal como acordamos•
it's not bad, as hotels go — no está mal, en comparación con otros hoteles•
as in all good detective stories — como en toda buena novela policíaca•
Arsenal are playing as never before! — ¡Arsenal está jugando mejor que nunca!•
as often happens — como suele ocurrir•
he performed brilliantly, as only he can — actuó de maravilla, como solo él sabe hacerlo•
as you were! — (Mil) ¡descansen!4) (=though) aunquetired as he was, he went to the party — aunque estaba cansado, asistió a la fiesta
interesting as the book is, I don't think it will sell very well — el libro es interesante, pero aún así no creo que se venda bien, aunque el libro es interesante, no creo que se venda bien
try as she would or might, she couldn't lift it — por más que se esforzó no pudo levantarlo
as if {or}3} as though como siunlikely as it may seem... — por imposible que parezca...
it was as if or as though he were still alive — era como si estuviera todavía vivo
he looked as if or as though he was ill — parecía como si estuviera enfermo
it isn't as if or as though he were poor — no es que sea pobre, que digamos
as if toas if she knew! — ¡como si ella lo supiera!
as in as it isthe little dog nodded his head, as if to agree — el perrito movió la cabeza, como asintiendo
as it is, it doesn't make much difference — en realidad, casi da lo mismo
as it wereas it is we can do nothing — en la práctica or tal y como están las cosas no podemos hacer nada
I'd understood the words, but I hadn't understood the question, as it were — había entendido las palabras, pero no había comprendido la pregunta, por así decirlo
I have become, as it were, two people — me he convertido como en dos personas
as washe was as it were tired and emotional — estaba de alguna forma cansado y con los nervios a flor de piel
that's the headmistress, the deputy as was — esa es la directora, que antes era la subdirectora
2. PREPOSITION1) (=while)2) (=in the capacity of) comoI don't think much of him as an actor — como actor, no me gusta mucho
such 3.Gibson as Hamlet — (Theat) Gibson en el papel de Hamlet
3. ADVERBas... as tan... comoshe hit him as hard as she could — lo golpeó lo más fuerte que pudo, lo golpeó tan fuerte como pudo
she doesn't walk as quickly or as fast as me — no camina tan rápido como yo
walk as quickly or as fast as you can — camina lo más rápido que puedas
is it as far as that? — ¿tan lejos está?
as little as as many... as tantos(-as)... comois it as big as all that? — ¿es de verdad tan grande?
as muchI've got a lot of tapes but I haven't got as many as him or as he has — tengo muchas cintas, pero no tantas como él
as much... as tanto(-a)... comoshe thought he was an idiot, and said as much — pensaba que era un idiota, y así lo expresó
you spend as much as me or as I do — tú gastas tanto como yo
as one half/twice/three times as... without as {or}3} so much asit can cost as much as $2,000 — puede llegar a costar 2.000 dólares
as forshe gave me back the book without as much as an apology — me devolvió el libro sin pedirme siquiera una disculpa
as for the children, they were exhausted — en cuanto a los niños, estaban rendidos, los niños, por su parte, estaban rendidos
as from as ofas for that... — en cuanto a esto...
as toas of yesterday/now — a partir de ayer/ahora
as to that I can't say — en lo que a eso se refiere, no lo sé
as yet hasta ahora, hasta el momento; regard 2., 4)as to her mother... — en cuanto a su madre...
* * *
I [æz], weak form [əz]1)a) (when, while) cuandoas she was eating breakfast... — cuando or mientras tomaba el desayuno...
as you go toward the bank, it's the first house on the left — yendo hacia el banco, es la primera casa a mano izquierda
b) ( indicating progression) a medida queas (and when) we need them — a medida que or según los vamos necesitando
2) (because, since) comoas it was getting late, we decided to leave — como se hacía tarde, decidimos irnos
3) ( though)try as he might, he could not open it — por más que trató, no pudo abrirlo
much as I agree with you... — aun estando de acuerdo contigo como estoy...
4)a) (expressing comparison, contrast) igual que, comoin the 1980s, as in the 30s — en la década de los 80, al igual que en la de los 30
b) ( in generalizations) comoit's quite reasonable, as restaurants go — para como están los restaurantes, es bastante razonable
c) ( in accordance with) comothe situation, as we understand it, is... — la situación, tal como nosotros la entendemos, es...
5)a) ( in the way that) comodo as you wish — haz lo que quieras or lo que te parezca
she arrived the next day, as planned/expected — llegó al día siguiente como se había planeado/como se esperaba
use form A or B as appropriate — use el formulario A o B, según corresponda
b) ( defining)it would be the end of civilization as we know it — significaría el fin de la civilización tal y como la conocemos
I'm only interested in the changes as they affect me — sólo me interesan los cambios en la medida en que me afectan a mí
Sri Lanka, or Ceylon, as it used to be known — Sri Lanka, o Ceilán, como se llamaba antes
c) (in phrases)as it is: we can't publish it as it is no podemos publicarlo tal y como está, no podemos publicarlo así como está; we've got too much work as it is ya tenemos demasiado trabajo; as it were por así decirlo; as was: our new president, our secretary as was — el nuevo presidente, ex secretario de nuestra organización
as... as — tan... como
she ran as fast as she could — corrió tan rápido como pudo or lo más deprisa que pudo
7)as if/as though — como si (+ subj)
he acts as if o as though he didn't care — se comporta como si no le importara
he looks as if o as though he's had enough — tiene cara de estar harto
II
1) ( equally)I have lots of stamps, but he has just as many/twice as many — yo tengo muchos sellos, pero él tiene tantos como yo/el doble (que yo)
2)as... as: these animals grow to as much as 12ft long estos animales llegan a medir 12 pies de largo; as recently as 1976 aún en 1976; as many as 400 people hasta 400 personas; as long ago as 1960 — ya en 1960
III
1)a) (in the condition, role of)as a child she adored dancing — de pequeña or cuando era pequeña le encantaba bailar
as a teacher... — como maestro...
b) ( like) como2) (in phrases)as for — en cuanto a, respecto a
and as for you... — y en cuanto a ti..., y en lo que a ti respecta...
as of o (BrE) as from — desde, a partir de
as to — en cuanto a, respecto a
-
92 himmelweit
umg., fig.II Adv. siehe I; himmelweit voneinander entfernt worlds apart; himmelweit von der Wahrheit entfernt miles away from the truth* * *hịm|mel|weit (fig inf)1. adjtremendous, fantastic (inf)2. advhimmelwéít verschieden (fig) — poles apart
sich himmelwéít unterscheiden — to be worlds apart from each other, to be totally different from each other
wir sind noch himmelwéít davon entfernt — we're still nowhere near it
* * *him·mel·weitein \himmelweiter Unterschied a considerable [or world of] [or vast] differenceII. adv\himmelweit voneinander entfernt far apart from one another\himmelweit voneinander verschieden to be completely different* * *Adjektiv enormous, vast < difference>* * *himmelweit umg, figA. adj vast, enormous;das ist ein himmelweiter Unterschied that is a vast differenceB. adv → A;himmelweit voneinander entfernt worlds apart;himmelweit von der Wahrheit entfernt miles away from the truth* * *Adjektiv enormous, vast < difference> -
93 adicto
adj.1 addicted, devoted.2 addicted, physiologically dependent.f. & m.1 addict, addicted person, junkie, freak.2 follower.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: adictar.* * *► adjetivo1 (drogas) addicted (a, to)2 (dedicado) fond (a, of), keen (a, on)3 (partidario) supporting► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (drogas) addict2 (partidario) supporter, follower* * *(f. - adicta)noun* * *adicto, -a1. ADJ1)es adicto a la heroína — he's addicted to heroin, he's a heroin addict
2) (=fiel) [admirador, amigo] devoted3) (=partidario) loyalla prensa adicta al Gobierno — sections of the press loyal to o supportive of the government
2. SM / F1) [a la droga, tele] addict2) (=seguidor) follower, supporter; LAm (Dep) supporter, fan* * *I- ta adjetivo1) (a la bebida, la droga) addicted2) adepto III- ta masculino, femenino addict* * *= junkie, addict.Ex. Some staff are 'change junkies' and others are less able to embrace change.Ex. She points out that Bishop's poetry is an acquired taste but one that easily turns other poets into addicts.----* adicto a = addicted to.* adicto a la lectura = bookaholic.* adicto a la tele = couch potato, telly-addict, TV-addict.* adicto al chocolate = chocolate addict.* adicto al crack = crackhead, crackhead.* adicto a los libros = bookaholic.* * *I- ta adjetivo1) (a la bebida, la droga) addicted2) adepto III- ta masculino, femenino addict* * *= junkie, addict.Ex: Some staff are 'change junkies' and others are less able to embrace change.
Ex: She points out that Bishop's poetry is an acquired taste but one that easily turns other poets into addicts.* adicto a = addicted to.* adicto a la lectura = bookaholic.* adicto a la tele = couch potato, telly-addict, TV-addict.* adicto al chocolate = chocolate addict.* adicto al crack = crackhead, crackhead.* adicto a los libros = bookaholic.* * *A (a la bebida, la droga) addicted adicto A algo addicted TO sthes adicto al juego/a los crucigramas he is addicted to gambling/to crosswordsB (a un régimen, una ideología) adicto A algo:los que son adictos al régimen those who support the regimemasculine, feminineaddictlos adictos a la cocaína cocaine addicts, people addicted to cocainelos adictos a las drogas por vía parenteral drug addicts who inject themselves intravenously o parenterally* * *
adicto◊ -ta adjetivo (a la bebida, la droga) addicted;
adicto a algo addicted to sth
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
addict;
los adictos a la cocaína cocaine addicts
adicto,-a
I sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 (que tiene dependencia) addict
adicto al trabajo, workaholic
2 (partidario) supporter
II adjetivo
1 (dependiente) addicted [a, to]
2 (seguidor) supporter [a, of]: son adictos al nuevo alcalde, they are the new mayor's supporters
' adicto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adicta
- enganchar
English:
addict
- addicted
- chocolate
- glue-sniffer
- hooked
- workaholic
* * *adicto, -a♦ adjno soy muy adicto a las reformas propuestas I'm not greatly enamoured of the proposed reforms♦ nm,f1. [a droga, hábito] addict;un adicto a la heroína/al tabaco a heroin/nicotine addict;un adicto a la televisión a TV addict2. [partidario] supporter;los adictos al régimen the supporters of the regime* * *I adj1 addicted (a to);ser adicto al trabajo be a workaholic2:ser adicto al régimen be a supporter of the regime, support the regimeII m, adicta f addict* * *adicto, -ta adj1) : addicted2) : devoted, dedicatedadicto, -ta n1) : addict2) partidario: supporter, advocate* * *adicto1 adj addictedadicto2 n addict -
94 respeto
m.respect.el respeto a los derechos humanos respect for human rightstrata a sus profesores con mucho respeto he shows a great deal of respect toward his teachers, he is very respectful toward his teacherses una falta de respeto it shows a lack of respectfaltar al respeto a alguien to be disrespectful to somebodydentro de la iglesia hay que guardar respeto you must be respectful inside the churchpor respeto a out of consideration forpresentar uno sus respetos a alguien to pay one's respects to somebodypres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: respetar.* * *1 (gen) respect1 respects\campar por sus respetos to do as one pleasespor respeto a out of consideration forpresentar sus respetos a alguien formal to pay one's respects to somebodyfalta de respeto lack of respect* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=consideración) respectcon todos mis respetos, creo que se equivoca — with all due respect, I think you're wrong
respeto a o de sí mismo — self-respect
¡un respeto! — show some respect!
•
faltar al respeto a algn — to be disrespectful to sb, be rude to sb•
guardar respeto a algn — to respect sb•
perder el respeto a algn — to lose one's respect for sb•
por respeto a algn — out of consideration for sb•
presentar sus respetos a algn — to pay one's respects to sb•
tener respeto a algn — to respect sb2) * (=miedo)3) †de respeto — best, reserve antes de s
* * *a) (consideración, deferencia) respectcon respeto — respectfully, with respect
ella me merece mucho respeto — I have the highest regard o respect for her
por respeto a alguien/algo — out of consideration o respect for somebody/something
faltarle al or (CS) el respeto a alguien — to be rude o disrespectful to somebody
el respeto a los derechos humanos — respect o regard for human rights
el respeto a la Constitución — respect for o observance of the Constitution
campar por sus respetos — (Esp) to do as one pleases
b) ( temor)c) respetos masculino plural respects (pl)presentaron sus respetos a... — they paid their repects to... (frml)
* * *= respect, reverence, deference, obedience.Ex. The authorities had in mind the book's endemic lying, the petty thefts, the denigrations of respect and religion, the bad language and the bad grammar.Ex. One wondered, did daring first-year students lose their nerve at the last minute and kneel as evidence that their audacity in approaching this 'holy of holies' was tempered by the proper reverence?.Ex. Of course, the notion of service, though appealing to our altruism, also does have less attractive connotations of deference and, at worst, inferiority.Ex. This article reviews the prospects and limitations of several of these strategies for explaining cooperation and obedience to social norms.----* con el debido respeto = with due respect.* con respeto = respectfully.* conseguir respeto = gain + respect.* con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.* con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.* con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.* falta de respeto = disrespect, irreverence.* faltar al respeto = disrespect, diss.* faltar el respeto = disrespect, diss.* ganarse el respeto = earn + respect.* imponer respeto = stand in + awe.* inculcar respeto = instil + respect.* inspirar respeto = inspire + respect.* mostrar respeto = show + respect.* no faltar el respeto = be civil towards.* pavor y respeto = awe.* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.* presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.* prestar respeto a = pay + deference to.* profundo respeto = obeisance.* respeto a la diferencia = respect to differences.* respeto filial = filial respect.* respeto hacia uno mismo = self-respect.* respeto mutuo = mutual respect.* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.* * *a) (consideración, deferencia) respectcon respeto — respectfully, with respect
ella me merece mucho respeto — I have the highest regard o respect for her
por respeto a alguien/algo — out of consideration o respect for somebody/something
faltarle al or (CS) el respeto a alguien — to be rude o disrespectful to somebody
el respeto a los derechos humanos — respect o regard for human rights
el respeto a la Constitución — respect for o observance of the Constitution
campar por sus respetos — (Esp) to do as one pleases
b) ( temor)c) respetos masculino plural respects (pl)presentaron sus respetos a... — they paid their repects to... (frml)
* * *= respect, reverence, deference, obedience.Ex: The authorities had in mind the book's endemic lying, the petty thefts, the denigrations of respect and religion, the bad language and the bad grammar.
Ex: One wondered, did daring first-year students lose their nerve at the last minute and kneel as evidence that their audacity in approaching this 'holy of holies' was tempered by the proper reverence?.Ex: Of course, the notion of service, though appealing to our altruism, also does have less attractive connotations of deference and, at worst, inferiority.Ex: This article reviews the prospects and limitations of several of these strategies for explaining cooperation and obedience to social norms.* con el debido respeto = with due respect.* con respeto = respectfully.* conseguir respeto = gain + respect.* con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.* con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.* con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.* falta de respeto = disrespect, irreverence.* faltar al respeto = disrespect, diss.* faltar el respeto = disrespect, diss.* ganarse el respeto = earn + respect.* imponer respeto = stand in + awe.* inculcar respeto = instil + respect.* inspirar respeto = inspire + respect.* mostrar respeto = show + respect.* no faltar el respeto = be civil towards.* pavor y respeto = awe.* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.* presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.* prestar respeto a = pay + deference to.* profundo respeto = obeisance.* respeto a la diferencia = respect to differences.* respeto filial = filial respect.* respeto hacia uno mismo = self-respect.* respeto mutuo = mutual respect.* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.* * *1 (consideración, deferencia) respectsiempre me trató con respeto he always treated me respectfully o with respectlos alumnos no le tienen ningún respeto her pupils have no respect for heruna mujer que me merece mucho respeto a woman for whom I have the highest regard o respectno guarda el debido respeto a sus padres she does not show due respect to her parentspor respeto a sus años, no dije nada out of consideration o respect for his age, I said nothingse ha ganado el respeto de todos she has won o gained everyone's respect¡oiga! ¡un respeto! or ¡más respeto! hey! don't be so rude! o have a little more respect, please!no consentiré que le faltes al or (CS) el respeto I will not allow you to be rude o disrespectful to himel respeto a los derechos humanos respect o regard for human rightsel respeto a la Constitución respect for o observance of the Constitutioncampar por sus respetos to do as one pleases2(miedo): su presencia impone respeto her presence always commands (a feeling of) respectles tengo mucho respeto a los perros I have a great deal of respect for dogslos delegados presentaron sus respetos al presidente ( frml); the delegates paid their respects to the chairman ( frml)Compuesto:* * *
Del verbo respetar: ( conjugate respetar)
respeto es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
respetó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
respetar
respeto
respetar ( conjugate respetar) verbo transitivo
◊ se hizo respeto por todos he won o gained everyone's respect
‹señal/luz roja› to obey;
‹ley/norma› to observe
respeto sustantivo masculino
por respeto a algn/algo out of consideration o respect for sb/sth;
faltarle al or (CS) el respeto a algn to be rude o disrespectful to sb;
presentaron sus respetos a … they paid their repects to … (frml)b) ( temor):
les tengo mucho respeto a los perros I have a healthy respect for dogs
respetar verbo transitivo
1 (a una persona, una cosa) to respect
2 (una orden, ley) to observe, obey
respeto sustantivo masculino
1 (consideración) respect
faltar al respeto, to be disrespectful [a, to]
por respeto a alguien/algo, out of consideration for sb/sthg
2 (temor) fear, nervousness: el mar impone respeto, the sea commands respect
3 respetos, respects pl: presenté mis respetos a la viuda, I paid my respects to the widow
♦ Locuciones: campar por sus respetos, to do as one pleases o to make one's own rules
' respeto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
consideración
- desgracia
- desvergonzada
- desvergonzado
- faltar
- honra
- imponer
- nacer
- osada
- osadía
- osado
- profesar
- rendir
- señal
- tener
- trabajarse
- vulnerar
- admiración
- conquistar
- debido
- decoro
- falta
- ganar
- gente
- inclinar
- infundir
- profundo
- respetable
- tratar
English:
command
- compel
- deference
- disrespect
- due
- earn
- instil
- instill
- mark
- regard
- respect
- show
- sneaking
- token
- while
- each
* * *respeto nm1. [consideración] respect (a o por for);el respeto a los derechos humanos respect for human rights;trata a sus profesores con mucho respeto he shows a great deal of respect towards his teachers, he is very respectful towards his teachers;es una falta de respeto it shows a lack of respect;me parece una falta de respeto hacia sus compañeros I think it shows a lack of consideration towards his colleagues;faltar al respeto a alguien to be disrespectful to sb;con su acción se ganó el respeto de todos what he did earned him everybody's respect;dentro de la iglesia hay que guardar respeto you must be respectful inside the temple;sus opiniones no me merecen demasiado respeto I have very little respect for her opinions;siento mucho respeto por él I respect him greatly;por respeto a out of consideration for3.respetos [saludos] respects;le presentaron sus respetos they paid him their respects* * *m1 respect;con todos los respetos with all due respect;falta de respeto lack of respect;faltar el respeto a alguien not show s.o. the proper respect, lack respect for s.o.2 ( saludos):mis respetos a… my regards to…* * *respeto nm1) : respect, consideration2) respetos nmpl: respectspresentar sus respetos: to pay one's respects* * *respeto n1. (en general) respect2. (temor) fear -
95 atraerse
VPRse atrajo las simpatías de todos — he won everyone's affection, everyone liked him
* * *vpr[mutuamente] to attract one another;los extremos se atraen opposites attract* * *v/r1 be attracted (to each other)atraerse el odio de la gente be greatly disliked* * *vr1) : to attract (each other)2) ganarse: to gain, to win -
96 thing
n1) річ, предмет2) справа, факт, випадок; обставина, обстановкаall things considered — враховуючи усі обставини; беручи до уваги все
3) pl майно, речі (дорожні); багаж4) pl одяг, предмети одягу; особисті речі5) їжа; питво6) pl приладдя, начиння; побутові предмети8) розповідь; анекдот9) явище, річ, справа10) діло11) щосьthe important thing to remember — те, що важливо запам'ятати
the best thing is... — найкраще — це...
the right thing — саме те, що потрібно
the wrong thing — зовсім не те, що треба
12) деталь, особливість13) щось дуже потрібне (важливе, підхоже, справжнє)it is just the thing — це саме те, що треба
that's the thing — у цьому вся справа, це найголовніше
14) дія, вчинок15) подія16) істота, створінняlittle thing — малятко, крихітка
17) розм. у звертанніdear thing — дорогий, любий
above all things — насамперед, головним чином
and things — тощо, і таке інше
for another thing — крім того; по-друге
for one thing — насамперед; для початку
in all things — в усьому, у всіх відношеннях
no great things — нічого особливого; так собі
of all things — от тобі й на!, треба ж!
sure thing — амер. напевно, звичайно, безумовно
the last thing — наприкінці; нарешті
to be up to a thing or two — дещо знати, у дечому розбиратися
to see things — марити, галюцинувати
* * *[aiç]n1) річ; предметa thing in itself — фiлoc. річ у собі; pl атрибути
yce, — що має відношення до Японії
2) pl майноthings personal treal — юp. нерухоме майно
things in action — юp. право вимоги; майно, що полягає у вимогах; речі, багаж
3) часто pl одяг, предмети одягуbathing /swimming/ things — купальний костюм
to put on [to take off]one's things — одягтися [роздягнутися]
4) їжа; питвоsweet things — солодке, ласощі
5) pl звичн. пристосування; начиння; предмети побуту6) твір мистецтва, літератури; творінняan excellent thing — чудова річ; розповідь; анекдот
7) річ, явищеto look at things (from one's own point of view) — дивитися на речі /на справу/ ( зі своєї власної точки зору)
to take things too seriously — приймати всі надто серйозно, занадто серйозно до всього ставитися
8) звичн. pl обставини, станthe state of things — стан речей /справ/
tell me how things go /stand/ — є розповідайте мені, як ідуть справиє
things might go wrong — все може зірватися /провалитися/
that things should have come to thisl — подумати тільки, до чого дійшла справа /як змінилися обставини/!
we hope for better thing s — ми сподіваємося на краще /що обставини зміняться на краще
9) справаI have several- s to attend to — мені (ще) потрібно дещо зробити; у мене ще є справи
10) щось, дещоthe best thing is... — найкраще...
to say the right thing — сказати те, що треба
11) деталь, особливість12) щось дуже потрібне, важливе, підходящеthat's the thing — в тому то е справа, це саме головне
the thing is... — справа в тім...; суть справи полягає в тому...
the only thing now is to take a taxi — єдине, що можна зараз зробити, це взяти таксі
that's the very /just the/ thing — це саме те, що потрібно модний
13) дія, вчинокI did no such thing — я не робив нічого подібного; я е не думав робити цього [порівн. тж. О]
to do the handsome thing by smb — зробити послугу \ комусь
that's not at all the thing to do — це дуже недобре; це неприйнятно ( робити), так не чинять
what a thing to do! — хіба так можна!, хіба так чинять!, як можна було зробити таке!; подію
14) імен. створенняno living thing has ever done it — нікому ще не вдавалося цього зробити; людина
you silly thing! — дурень!; ну е дурень же ти!
15) у сполученні із iм., що йде попереду. презир. потворна, жахлива річ••spiritual things, thing s of the mind — духовні цінності
in all things — у всіх відношеннях, у всьому
and thing s — та інше, тощо
and another thing, — ще одне
sure thing — aмep. напевно, звичайно
no such thing — нічого подібного; ніщо не може бути далі від істини [порівн. тж. 13, 1]
no great things — нічого особливого, так собі; хто зна що
first thing — насампередnext thing — потімlast thing — в останню чергу, наостанок; нарешті; найбільш несподіване; те, чого найменше можна чекатиthe same thing — те ж саме
for one thing — насамперед; почати з того, що; для початку
for another thing — крім того; по-друге
of all things — от тобі е на!, це ж треба!; подумати тільки!
above all things — насамперед; найбільше, головним чином
as a general /as a usual/ thing — звичайно, як правило
it's one of those things — = у житті всяке буває нічого не поробиш, доводиться миритися
to have a thing about smth — мати упередження проти чогось; не терпіти чогось бути жертвою настирливої ідеї, збожеволіти через щось
to have a thing about smb — боготворити когось; не терпіти когось
to make a thing (out) of smth — надавати ( занадто) велике значення
to know a thing or two — знати дещо; розуміти /тямити/ що до чого
to learn a thing or two — довідатися /пронюхати/ дещо
to be up to a thing or two — в чомусь розбиратися, дещо знати
not to be /to feel/ the thing — погано себе почувати
to go the way of all things — померти, пройти земний шлях до кінця
-
97 EINGI
einginn, in old writers more freq. spelt ‘eng’ (which accords with the mod. pronunciation), engi, enginn, qs. einn-gi from einn, one, and the negative suffix -gi:—none.A. THE FORMS vary greatly:1. the adjective is declined, and the suffix left indeclinable; obsolete forms are, dat. eino-gi or einu-gi ( nulli), ægishjálmr bergr einugi, Fm. 17; einugi feti framar, not a step further, Ls. 1; svá illr at einugi dugi, Hm. 134; in old laws, ef maðr svarar einugi, Grág. (Þ. Þ.) i. 22; acc. sing. engi, engi mann, Hkv. 1. 37; engi frið, Hm. 15; engi jötun (acc.), Vþm. 2; engi eyjarskeggja, Fas. i. 433 (in a verse); also in prose, engi mann, Ó. H. 68; engi hlut, 33, 34: engi liðsamnað, 36, Mork. passim; engi knút fékk hann leyst, ok engi álarendann hreift, Edda 29.2. the -gi changes into an adjective termination -igr; gen. sing. fem. einigrar, Hom. 22, Post. 645. 73; dat. sing. fem. einigri. Hom. 17; acc. sing. fem. einiga, Fas. i. 284 (in a verse); nom. pl. einigir, Jd. 1; fem. einigar, Grág. i. 354; gen. pl. einigra, Post. 73; dat. einigum: this obsolete declension is chiefly used in the sense of any, vide below.3. declined as the pronom. adj. hverr or nekverr (= nokkur); dat. sing. fem. engarri; gen. pl. aungvarra, Fms. ix. 46, Stj. 70; dat. sing. fem. aungvarri, Mork. 187; hereto belongs also the mod. neut. sing. ekkert.4. the word is declined as the adj. þröngr, with a final v; nom. fem. sing. öng sorg ( no sorrow), Hm. 94; nom. masc. öngr or aungr, Skv. 2. 26, Nj. 117 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 42 (Sighvat), i. 132 (Vellekla), etc.5. adding -nn, -n to the negative suffix, thus einginn, fem. eingin, neut. pl. eingin (or enginn, engin); in the other cases this n disappears. Out of these various and fragmentary forms sprung the normal form in old and modern writings, which is chiefly made up of 1, 4, and 5: old writers prefer nom. engi or eingi, but modern only admit einginn or enginn; gen. sing. masc. neut. eingis, einskis or einkis (enskis, Grág. i. 163; einskis, 25 C), engis or eingis, Eg. 74, 714, 655 xxxii. 10; einkis, Fms. x. 409: in mod. usage einskis and einkis are both current, but eingis obsolete: neut. sing. ekki assimilated = eit-ki or eitt-ki, in mod. usage ekkert, a form clearly originating from 3 above, but which, however, never occurs in old MSS.,—Fms. iii. 75, Landn. (Mant.) 329, Gþl. 343 (cp. N. G. L. ii. 110), are all paper MSS.,—nd only now and then in those from the end of the 15th century, but is common ever since that time; the N. T. in the Ed. of 1540 spelt ekkirt: in the nom. sing. old writers mostly use eingi or engi alike for masc. and fem. (eingi maðr, eingi kona), whereas modern writers only use einginn, eingin (einginn maðr, eingin kona); this form also occurs in old MSS., though rarely, e. g. engin hafði þess gáð, Stj. 6; einginn karlmaðr, 206; eingin atkvæði, Fms. v. 318: eingin hey, Ísl. ii. 138; chiefly in MSS. of the 14th or 15th centuries: acc. sing. masc. engan or öngan is in MSS. much commoner than eingi (engi), see above, e. g. engan háska, Fms. ii. 322; fyrir engan mun, Gþl. 532, etc.: in the other cases the spelling and pronunciation are at variance. Editions and mod. writers usually spell engra, engrar, engri, engum, engu, engan, enga, engir, engar, but these forms are pronounced throughout with ö or au, öngra, öngrar, öngri, öngum or öngvum, öngu or öngvu, öngan or öngvan, önga or öngva, öngir or öngvir, öngar or öngvar; that this is no mod. innovation is amply borne out by some of the best vellum MSS., e. g. Arna-Magn. 468, Ó. H., Fb., Mork.; öngum manni, Nj. 82; öngri munuð, 10; öngvar sakir, 94; önga fárskapi, 52; aungu vætta, Stj. 208; öngvan þef, 7; öngu nýtr, Fb. i. 284, 365; öngvan hlut, 166; öngum, 25; aungum várum bræðra, 63; avngir, Ó. H. 184; öngva, 146; öngu, 184 (freq.); avnga menn, Ísl. ii. 349 (Heið. S. MS. Holm.); öngvir diskar, 337; öngum, Grág. i. 27; avngver menn, Bs. i. 337 (Miracle-book); öngom, 346, 347; önga björg, 349; en sér öngu at una, Hm. 95, Mork. passim, etc.: these forms are clearly derived from 4 above. [The word is exclusively Scandin.; Dan. ingen, neut. intet; Swed. ingen, inga, intet; Ivar Aasen ingjen, neut. inkje.]B. THE SENSE:I. ‘not one;’ used as adj. with a subst. none, no, not any; þeir vissu sér eingis ótta ván, Eg. 74; man hann einigrar (= ongrar) ömbunar vætta af Guði, Post. 73, and in numberless cases.2. used absol. (Lat. nemo) as subst. none, naught; ekki er mér at eigna af þessu verki, Fms. ii. 101; enda virðask einkis vætti þau er þeir bera, Grág. i. 25; enginn konungs manna, Fms. i. 104; ok lét þá ekki ( naught) hafa af föðurarfi sínum, Eg. 25; eingi þeirra, Skálda 165; fur hann var enskis örvænt, Ísl. ii. 326; en svarar engu, Ld. 202; at öngu, for naught, Fms. iv. 317; öngum þeim er síðarr kemr, Grág. i. 27; þa skal enga veiða, none of them, ii. 338; engi einn, none, Fms. v. 239; sem engin veit fyrri gert hafa verit, K. Á. 28; ekki skorti þá (ekkert, Ed. from paper MS.), Fms. iii. 75.β. neut. ekki with gen. pl. in a personal sense, ekki manna, ‘nought of men,’ = engir menn or enginn maðr, no man, not a single man, Ó. H.; ekki vætta, nought, Fms. viii. 18; öngu vætta, nought (dat.), xi. 90; ekki skipa, not a single ship, etc. (freq. in old writers): einskis-konar, adv. in nowise, Sks. 713: engan-veginn, adv. noways.3. neut. ekki is freq. used as adv. = eigi, q. v., Edda 20, Fms. ii. 81, vii. 120, xi. 22, Grág. i. 206, Eg. 523.II. any; this sense is rare and obsolete, and probably also etymologically different from the preceding (cp. A. S. ânig):α. after a negative; á hón eigi at selja fjárheimtingar sínar, né sakar einigar, Grág. i. 354; er eigi saurgisk í einigri líkams úhreinsun, Hom. 17; hvat sem engi segir, Þiðr. 178; aldregi skalt þú þat heyra né engi annarra, 128; aldri fyrr í engri herferð, 29; má eigi þar fyrri undir búa eingi sá er tempraðan bólstað vill hafa, Sks. 45 new Ed.; né önnur eingi, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; því at hanu má hvárki vaxa nó þverra, né á engi veg skapask í sínu at kvæði, 166; eigi skal maðr gildra í mörku annars til einigra dyra, N. G. L. i. 242.β. after a comparative; prettvísari en ekki annat kvikendi, Mar.; þíðari ok fegri en engi maðr annarr, Stj. 524; sæmilegri en engan tíma fyrr hafði hann verit, 196; um þat fram (= framar) en engi hans frænda hefir haft fyr hánum, Fagrsk. 11. -
98 पर
pára
abl. sg. m. n. párasmāt, - rāt;
loc. párasmin, - re;
nom. pl. m. páre, - rās, - rāsas;
cf. Pāṇ. 1-1, 34; VII, 1, 16; 50)
far, distant, remote (in space), opposite, ulterior, farther than, beyond, on the other orᅠ farther side of, extreme;
previous (in time), former;
ancient, past;
later, future, next;
following, succeeding, subsequent;
final, last;
exceeding (in number orᅠ degree), more than;
better orᅠ worse than, superior orᅠ inferior to, best orᅠ worst, highest, supreme, chief (in the compar. meanings <where alsoᅠ - tara>, with abl., rarely gen. orᅠ ifc.;
exceptionally paraṉṡatam, more than a hundred lit. « an excessive hundred, a hundred with a surplus» R. ;
parāḥkoṭayaḥ Prab. Hcat.) RV. etc. etc.;
strange, foreign, alien, adverse, hostile ib. ;
other than, different from (abl.) Prab. ;
left, remaining Kathās. ;
concerned orᅠ anxious for (loc.) R. ;
m. another (different from one's self), a foreigner, enemy, foe, adversary RV. etc. etc.;
a following letter orᅠ sound (only ifc. mfn. e.g.. ta-para, having t as the following letter, followed by t) RPrāt. Pāṇ. ;
(scil. graha) a subsidiary Soma-graha TS. ;
N. of a king of Kosala with the patr. Āṭṇāra Br. ;
of another king MBh. ;
of a son of Samara Hariv. ;
(sc. prāsāda) of the palace of Mitravindā ib. ;
m. orᅠ n. the Supreme orᅠ Absolute Being, the Universal Soul Up. R. Pur. ;
(ā) f. a foreign country, abroad (?) Kathās. ;
a species of plant L. ;
N. of a sound in the first of its 4 stages L. ;
a partic. measure of time Sāy. ;
N. of a river MBh. VP. (v.l. pārā, veṇā, veṇṇā);
of a goddess (cf. s.v.) n. remotest distance MBh. ;
highest point orᅠ degree ib. ;
final beatitude L. ( alsoᅠ - taram andᅠ parātpara-taram);
the number 10,000,000,000 (as the full age of Brahmā.) VP. ;
N. of partic. Sāmans Kāṭh. ;
any chief matter orᅠ paramount object (ifc. <f. ā> having as the chief object, given up to, occupied with, engrossed in, intent upon, resting on, consisting of, serving for, synonymous with etc. MBh. Kāv. etc.);
the wider orᅠ mare extended orᅠ remoter meaning of a word Jaim. Kull.;
(in logic) genus;
existence (regarded as the common property of all things) W. ;
(am) ind. afterwards, later;
(with abl.) beyond, after (e.g.. paraṉvijñānāt, beyond human knowledge;
astam-ayātp-, after sunset;
mattaḥp-, after me;
ataḥp- orᅠ paramataḥ, after this, farther on, hereafter, next;
itaḥp-, henceforward, from now;
tataḥp- orᅠ tataṡcap-, after that, thereupon;
nâ̱smātp- <for mâ̱sm-p->, no more of this, enough) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
in a high degree, excessively, greatly, completely ib. ;
rather, most willingly, by all means ib. ;
I will, so be it Divyâ̱v. ;
at the most, at the utmost, merely, no more than, nothing but ib. ;
but, however, otherwise ( paraṉtu orᅠ paraṉkiṉtu id.;
yadip-, if at all, perhaps, at any rate;
na-p-, not-but;
napñparaṉ-api, not only-but alsoᅠ;
pñparaṉna-apina, not only not-but not even;
napñparaṉ-yāvat, not only-but even) ib. ;
( páreṇa) ind. farther, beyond, past (with acc.) RV. etc. etc.;
thereupon, afterwards, later than, after (with abl. orᅠ gen.). Mn. MBh. etc.;
( paré) ind. later, farther, in future, afterwards RV. MBh. Kāv. ;
+ cf. Zd. para;
Gk. πέρα, πέραν;
Lat. peren-die;
Goth. faírra;
Germ. fern;
Eng. far andᅠ fore
para2) in comp. for - ras
- परकथा
- परकरगत
- परकर्मन्
- परकलत्र
- परकायप्रवेशन
- परकार्य
- परकाल
- परकृति
- परकृत्य
- परक्रम
- परक्राथिन्
- परक्रान्ति
- परक्षुद्रा
- परक्षेत्र
- परखातक
- परगत
- परगामिन्
- परगुण
- परगृहवास
- परगेहव्
- परग्रन्थि
- परग्लानि
- परचक्र
- परचित्तज्ञान
- परचिन्ता
- परच्छन्द
- परच्छिद्र
- परज
- परजन
- परजन्मन्
- परजात
- परज्ञानमय
- परतङ्गण
- परतत्त्व
- परतन्त्र
- परतम
- परतर
- परतर्कक
- परतर्कुक
- परतल्प
- परतस्
- परता
- परतापन
- परतीर्थिक
- परतोषयितृ
- परत्र
- परत्व
- परदार
- परदुःख
- परदूषण
- परदेवता
- परदेश
- परदोष
- परद्रव्य
- परद्रोह
- परद्वेषिन्
- परधन
- परधर्म
- परध्यान
- परनिन्दा
- परनिपात
- परनिर्मितवशवर्तिन्
- परनिर्वाण
- परंतप
- परपक्ष
- परपत्नी
- परपद
- परपरिग्रह
- परपरिभव
- परपरिवाद
- परपाक
- परपारभूत
- परपिण्ड
- परपुरंजय
- परपुरप्रवेश
- परपुरुष
- परपुष्ट
- परपूरुष
- परपूर्वत्व
- परपूर्वा
- परपौरवतन्तव
- परप्रकाशक
- परप्रणव
- परप्रयोजन
- परप्रवादिन्
- परप्रेष्यत्व
- परबल
- परबलीयस्
- परब्रह्मन्
- परभाग
- परभाग्य
- परभाव
- परभाषा
- परभू
- परभूत
- परभूमि
- परभूषण
- परभृत्
- परभृत
- परभृतिका
- परभृत्य
- परभेदक
- परभेदन
- परमणि
- परमत
- परमद
- परमन्त्र
- परमन्थु
- परमन्यु
- परमर्म
- परमात्र
- परमार
- परमुखचपेटिका
- परमृत्यु
- परमोक्षनिरासकारिका
- परम्पर
- परम्परा
- परपराक
- परपरित
- परपरीण
- परयुवतिग
- परयोषित्
- पररमण
- परराष्ट्र
- पररूप
- परलोक
- परवत्
- परवर्ग
- परवल्लभ
- परवश
- परवश्य
- परवस्तु
- परवाच्य
- परवाणि
- परवाद
- परवारण
- परवित्त
- परवीरहन्
- परवेश्मन्
- परव्याक्षेपिन्
- परव्यूहविनाशन
- परव्रत
- परशक्ति
- परशरीरावेश
- परशासन
- परशिव
- परशुचि
- परश्री
- परश्वस्
- परसंगत
- परसंचारक
- परसंज्ञक
- परसम्बन्ध
- परसवर्ण
- परसस्थान
- परसात्कृ
- परसेवा
- परस्त्री
- परस्थान
- परस्व
- परहंस
- परहन्
- परहित
-
99 compatire
compatire qualcuno feel sorry for s.o.* * *compatire v.tr.1 ( compiangere) to pity, to sympathize with (s.o.), to be sorry for (s.o.), to feel* sorry for (s.o.): compatire qlcu. per le sue disgrazie, to sympathize with s.o. for his misfortunes; è molto da compatire, he is greatly to be pitied; è più da compatire che da biasimare, she is more sinned against than sinning; lo compatisco perché è un povero illuso, I feel sorry for him because he's just a deluded fool // farsi compatire, ( far brutta figura) to cut a pitiful figure (o to make a fool of oneself): ti stai facendo compatire, you are cutting a pitiful figure2 ( essere indulgente con) to forgive*, to bear* with (s.o.), to be indulgent towards (s.o.); ( scusare) to excuse: compatire i difetti degli altri, to bear with other people's faults // compatitemi!, bear with me! (o excuse me!).◘ compatirsi v.rifl.rec. to bear* with each other (one another).* * *[kompa'tire]verbo transitivo1) (commiserare) to pity, to sympathize with [ persona]2) (perdonare) to forgive*, to make* allowance(s) for [ persona]* * *compatire/kompa'tire/ [102]1 (commiserare) to pity, to sympathize with [ persona]2 (perdonare) to forgive*, to make* allowance(s) for [ persona]. -
100 AS
[ forma debole əz] [ forma forte æz] 1.1) (in the manner that) comeas usual — come di solito, come al solito
as I see it — per come la vedo io, secondo me
knowing you as I do, you'll never get your degree — conoscendoti, non ti laureerai mai
he lives abroad, as does his sister — vive all'estero, come sua sorella
as with so many people in the 1960s, she... — come molte altre persone negli anni '60, lei...
as with so much in this country, the system needs to be modernized — come molte altre cose in questo paese, il sistema ha bisogno di essere modernizzato
2) (while, when) mentre; (over more gradual period of time) man mano che, via via cheas he grew older, he grew richer — con il passare degli anni, diventava più ricco
as a child, he... — da bambino, lui
3) (because, since) siccome, poiché, dato cheas you were out, I left a note — dato che eri uscito, ti ho lasciato un biglietto
4) (although)strange as it may seem, she never returned — sebbene possa sembrare strano, lei non ritornò mai
comfortable as the house is, it's still very expensive — per quanto sia comoda, la casa è comunque troppo cara
try as he might, he could not forget it — per quanto ci provasse, non riusciva a dimenticare
5)the same... as — lo stesso... che
7) as if come sehe looked at me as if to say "I told you so" — mi guardò come per dire "te l'avevo detto"
2.as if by accident, magic — come per caso, per magia
1) (in order to appear to be) come, da2) (showing function, status) come, in qualità dispeaking as his closest friend, I... — parlando come suo migliore amico, io...
3) (other uses)to treat sb. as an equal — trattare qcn. come un proprio pari
4) as against contro, in confronto a75% this year as against 35% last year — il 75% di quest'anno contro il 35% dell'anno scorso
5) as for quanto a, riguardo a6) as from, as of a partire da7) as such come, in quanto tale8) as to quanto a, riguardo a3.1) (expressing degree, extent)as... as... — così... come..., tanto... quanto...
he is not as o so intelligent as you non è intelligente come te; he can't walk as fast as he used to non riesce più a camminare così velocemente come faceva un tempo; as fast as you can il più velocemente possibile; he's twice as strong as me è due volte più forte di me, ha il doppio della mia forza; I paid as much as he did ho pagato tanto quanto lui; as much, little as possible il più, meno possibile; as soon as possible il più presto o prima possibile; not nearly as much as non si avvicina neanche a, molto meno di; not as often non così spesso; the population may increase by as much as 20% l'aumento della popolazione può raggiungere ben il 20%, la popolazione può aumentare ben del 20%; as many as 10,000 people attended the demonstration ben 10.000 persone parteciparono alla manifestazione; she can play the piano as well as her sister suona il piano bene come sua sorella; they have a house in Nice as well as an apartment in Paris — hanno una casa a Nizza e un appartamento a Parigi
2) (expressing similarity) comeas before, she... — come prima, lei...
* * *[æz] 1. conjunction1) (when; while: I met John as I was coming home; We'll be able to talk as we go.) mentre, quando2) (because: As I am leaving tomorrow, I've bought you a present.) siccome, poiché3) (in the same way that: If you are not sure how to behave, do as I do.) come4) (used to introduce a statement of what the speaker knows or believes to be the case: As you know, I'll be leaving tomorrow.) come5) (though: Old as I am, I can still fight; Much as I want to, I cannot go.) come; sebbene, per quanto6) (used to refer to something which has already been stated and apply it to another person: Tom is English, as are Dick and Harry.) così come2. adverb(used in comparisons, eg the first as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) come, così (...) come (...), altrettanto (...) quanto (...)3. preposition1) (used in comparisons, eg the second as in the following example: The bread was as hard as a brick.) come, quanto2) (like: He was dressed as a woman.) come3) (with certain verbs eg regard, treat, describe, accept: I am regarded by some people as a bit of a fool; He treats the children as adults.) come4) (in the position of: He is greatly respected both as a person and as a politician.) come, in quanto•- as for- as if / as though
- as to* * *[ˌeɪ'ɛs]1. n abbr AmUniv, (= Associate in Sciences) laurea in discipline scientifiche2. abbr AmPost, (= American Samoa)* * *[ forma debole əz] [ forma forte æz] 1.1) (in the manner that) comeas usual — come di solito, come al solito
as I see it — per come la vedo io, secondo me
knowing you as I do, you'll never get your degree — conoscendoti, non ti laureerai mai
he lives abroad, as does his sister — vive all'estero, come sua sorella
as with so many people in the 1960s, she... — come molte altre persone negli anni '60, lei...
as with so much in this country, the system needs to be modernized — come molte altre cose in questo paese, il sistema ha bisogno di essere modernizzato
2) (while, when) mentre; (over more gradual period of time) man mano che, via via cheas he grew older, he grew richer — con il passare degli anni, diventava più ricco
as a child, he... — da bambino, lui
3) (because, since) siccome, poiché, dato cheas you were out, I left a note — dato che eri uscito, ti ho lasciato un biglietto
4) (although)strange as it may seem, she never returned — sebbene possa sembrare strano, lei non ritornò mai
comfortable as the house is, it's still very expensive — per quanto sia comoda, la casa è comunque troppo cara
try as he might, he could not forget it — per quanto ci provasse, non riusciva a dimenticare
5)the same... as — lo stesso... che
7) as if come sehe looked at me as if to say "I told you so" — mi guardò come per dire "te l'avevo detto"
2.as if by accident, magic — come per caso, per magia
1) (in order to appear to be) come, da2) (showing function, status) come, in qualità dispeaking as his closest friend, I... — parlando come suo migliore amico, io...
3) (other uses)to treat sb. as an equal — trattare qcn. come un proprio pari
4) as against contro, in confronto a75% this year as against 35% last year — il 75% di quest'anno contro il 35% dell'anno scorso
5) as for quanto a, riguardo a6) as from, as of a partire da7) as such come, in quanto tale8) as to quanto a, riguardo a3.1) (expressing degree, extent)as... as... — così... come..., tanto... quanto...
he is not as o so intelligent as you non è intelligente come te; he can't walk as fast as he used to non riesce più a camminare così velocemente come faceva un tempo; as fast as you can il più velocemente possibile; he's twice as strong as me è due volte più forte di me, ha il doppio della mia forza; I paid as much as he did ho pagato tanto quanto lui; as much, little as possible il più, meno possibile; as soon as possible il più presto o prima possibile; not nearly as much as non si avvicina neanche a, molto meno di; not as often non così spesso; the population may increase by as much as 20% l'aumento della popolazione può raggiungere ben il 20%, la popolazione può aumentare ben del 20%; as many as 10,000 people attended the demonstration ben 10.000 persone parteciparono alla manifestazione; she can play the piano as well as her sister suona il piano bene come sua sorella; they have a house in Nice as well as an apartment in Paris — hanno una casa a Nizza e un appartamento a Parigi
2) (expressing similarity) comeas before, she... — come prima, lei...
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