flat

campus, i, m. [cf. kêpos, Dor. kapos; perh. for scampus from skaptô, to dig, scabo; whence Campania, and perh. Capua; for the inserted m, cf. AAB-' lambanô].

In gen.

Lit., of any open, level land, without reference to cultivation or use, an even, flat place, a plain, field (freq. and class.; cf.: ager, planities, aequor; opp. mons, collis, silva, etc.; cf.

Doed. Syn. III. p. 8 sq.): saxum plani raptim petit aequora campi,

Lucr. 3, 1015; cf. id. 5, 950:

in camporum patentium aequoribus,

Cic. Div. 1, 42, 93:

aequor campi,

Verg. A. 7, 781; Sil. 5, 376:

aequo dare se campo,

id. 9, 56:

in aequo campi,

Liv. 5, 38, 4:

campos pedibus transire,

Lucr. 4, 460; cf. id. 5, 493:

campos et montes peragrantes,

Cic. Div. 1, 42, 94; cf. id. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

spatia frugifera atque immensa camporum,

id. ib. 2, 64, 161; Col. 1, 2, 4; Lucr. 5, 1372:

campus in prata et arva salictaque et arundineta digestus,

Col. 1, 2, 3; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25; Curt. 8, 1, 4; Lucr. 5, 782; Tib. 4, 3, 1:

virentes,

Lucr. 1, 19:

frequens herbis et fertilis ubere,

Verg. G. 2, 185:

gramineus,

id. A. 5, 287; Hor. C. 2, 5, 6:

pingues Asiae,

id. Ep. 1, 3, 5: redeunt jam gramina campis, id. C. 4, 7, 1:

herbosus,

id. ib. 3, 18, 9:

herbidus aquosusque,

Liv. 9, 2, 7:

opimus, id'. 31, 41, 7: campi frumenti ac pecoris et omnium copiā rerum opulenti,

id. 22, 3, 3:

pigri,

Hor. C. 1, 22, 17 al. —

Campus, like ager, is used in a wider or more restricted sense, as conveying a particular or more general idea: in agro publico campi duo milia jugerum immunia possidere,

Cic. Phil. 3, 9, 22:

agros Vaticanum et Pupinium, cum suis opimis atque uberibus campis conferendos,

id. Agr. 2, 35, 96:

si pinguis agros metabere campi,

Verg. G. 2, 274 and 276; Lucr. 2, 324 sq.:

certamina magna per campos instructa,

id. 2, 5:

campus terrenus,

Liv. 33, 17, 8:

dimicaturum puro ac patenti campo,

id. 24, 14, 6:

(praefecti regii) suas copias in campum Marathona deduxerunt,

Nep. Milt. 4, 2: numquam in campo ( in the free, open field) sui fecit potestatem, id. Ages. 3, 6; so id. Hann. 5, 4; Ov. M. 10, 151; cf. id. ib. 13, 579:

insistere Bedriacensibus campis ac vestigia recentis victoriae lustrare oculis concupivit (Vitellius),

Tac. H. 2, 70; so,

Bebriaci Campo spolium affectare,

the battlefield, Juv. 2, 106:

campum colligere,

Veg. Mil. 3, 25.—

Meton., the produce of the field:

moriturque ad sibila (serpentis) campus,

Stat. Th. 5, 528.—

Poet. like aequor, in gen., any level surface (of the sea, a rock, etc.):

caeruleos per campos,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 15:

campi natantes,

Lucr. 5, 489; 6, 405; 6, 1141:

liquentes,

Verg. A. 6, 724; 10, 214:

campus Liberioris aquae,

Ov. M. 1, 41; 1, 43:

latus aquarum,

id. ib. 1, 315;

11, 356: immotā attollitur undā Campus (i. e. saxum),

Verg. A. 5, 128.—

Trop.:

feratur eloquentia non semitis sed campis,

on the open field, Quint. 5, 14, 31:

(oratio) aequo congressa campo,

on a fair field, id. 5, 12, 92:

velut campum nacti expositionis,

id. 4, 2, 39.—

Esp.

As geog. designation.

Campi Alēii, a plain in Lycia, Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63.—

Campi Lăpĭdĕi, a stony plain near Marseilles, now La Crau, Hyg. Astr. 2, 6; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 34; 21, 10, 31, § 57.—

Campi Ma-cri, a district in Gallia Cisalpina, on the river Macra, Varr. R. R. 2, prooem. § 6; Liv. 41, 18, 6; 45, 12, 11.—

Campi Magni, in Africa, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 167 (cf. Vahl. p. 167); Liv. 30, 8, 3.—

Campi Vĕtĕres, in Lucania, Liv. 25, 16, 25.—

An open place in or near Rome.

Campus Esquĭlīnus, on the Esquiline Hill, Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 17; Suet. Claud. 25.—

Campus Flāmĭnĭus, on which stood the Circus Flaminius, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll. —

Campus Scĕlĕrātus, near the Colline Gate, Liv. 8, 15, 8; Fest. p. 333 Müll. —

Far more freq. Campus, a grassy plain in Rome along the Tiber, in the ninth district, orig. belonging to the Tarquinii, after whose expulsion it was consecrated to Mars (Liv. 2, 5, 2); hence fully called Campus Martĭus, a place of assembly for the Roman people at the comitia centuriata, Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1; id. Rab. Perd. 4, 11; Hor. C. 3, 1, 11; Quint. 11, 1, 47 al.—Hence,

Meton., the comitia themselves:

curiam pro senatu, campum pro comitiis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 167:

fors domina campi,

id. Pis. 2, 3:

venalis,

Luc. 1, 180; also, much resorted to by the Romans for games, exercise, and recreation, a place for military drills, etc. (cf. campicursio and campidoctor), Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104; id. Quint. 18, 59; id. Fat. 4, 8; 15, 34; id. de Or. 2, 62, 253; 2, 71, 287; Hor. C. 1, 8, 4; 1, 9, 18; 3, 7, 26; id. S. 1, 6, 126; 2, 6, 49; id. Ep. 1, 7, 59; 1, 11, 4; id. A. P. 162.—

Trop., a place of action, a field, a theatre, opportunity, subject for debate, etc. (cf. area) (a favorite figure of Cic.):

me ex hoc ut ita dicam campo aequitatis ad istas verborum angustias revocas,

Cic. Caecin. 29, 84:

cum sit campus, in quo exsultare possit oratio, cur eam tantas in angustias et in Stoicorum dumeta compellimus?

id. Ac. 2, 35, 112; cf. id. de Or. 3, 19, 70:

in hoc tanto tamque immenso campo cum liceat oratori vagari libere,

id. ib. 3, 31, 124:

magnus est in re publicā campus, multis apertus cursus ad laudem,

id. Phil. 14, 6, 17:

nullum vobis sors campum dedit, in quo excurrere virtus cognoscique posset,

id. Mur. 8, 18; Plin. Pan. 31, 1: honoris et gloriae campus, id. [p. 276] ib. 70, 8:

rhetorum campus de Marathone, Salamine, Plataeis, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; Juv. 1, 19.

campus, i, m., = kampos, a seaanimal:

marini = hippocampi,

Mart. 9, 43, 1.

cărĭōsus, a, um, adj. [caries], decayed, rotten.

Prop.:

palmula,

Varr. R. R. 1, 67:

terra,

too loose, porous, Cato, R. R. 5, 6; 34, 1; 37, 1. Cato's expression, terra cariosa, is explained by Pliny as meaning:

arida, fistulosa, scabra, canens. exesa, pumicosa,

Plin. 17, 5, 3, § 34; but better by Col. 2, 4, 5, as = varia, i. e. wet on the surface and dry below:—os, Cels. 8, 2:

dentes,

Phaedr. 5, 10, 5; Plin. 32, 7, 26, § 82:

vina,

flat, Mart. 13, 120:

amphora Falerni,

id. 11, 50.—

Trop. (cf. caries, II.), withered, dry by old age: nemo illā vivit carie cariosior, Afran. ap. Non. p. 21, 27:

senectus,

Ov. Am. 1, 12, 29:

vetustas,

Prud. Cath. 10, 149: dii, i. e. statuae deorum, id. ap. Symm. 1, 435:

dotes perfidiā cariosi,

Ambros. Ep. 10, 3.— Sup. and adv. not found.

cŭbo, ŭi, ìtúm, 1 ( perf. subj. cubaris, Prop. 2 (3), 15, 17; perf. inf. cubasse, Quint. 8, 2, 20; cf. also Neue, Formenl. II. p. 478), v. n. [cf. kuptô], to lie down.

Of persons.

In gen., to be in a recumbent posture, to recline: in lecticā cubans. Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 51:

ut etiam legationes audiret cubans,

Suet. Vesp. 24; id. Aug. 33; 43: cubans auspicatur qui in lecto quaerit augurium, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 5 Müll.:

pisces cubantes = jacentes,

flat, Col. 8, 17, 9.—Far more freq. and class.,

With particular access. meanings.

To lie asleep, to sleep:

(vilicus) primus cubitu surgat: postremus cubitum eat... uti suo quisque loco cubet,

Cato, R. R. 5, 5; cf.:

cubitum ire,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 23, 64; id. Div. 2, 59, 122:

cubitum abire,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 55:

cubitum discedere,

Cic. Rep. 6, 10, 10:

cubitum se eo conferre,

Suet. Aug. 6:

cum iste cubaret, in cubiculum introductus est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 56:

humi ac sub divo,

Suet. Caes. 72:

toro,

id. Aug. 73; Ov. M. 11, 612 et saep.—

Of sexual intercourse, to lie:

cum aliquā (aliquo),

Plaut. Am. prol. 112; 1, 1, 134; id. Mil. 1, 1, 65 al.; Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 65; Cat. 69, 8; 78, 4 al.— Absol., Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 46; id. Am. prol. 132; 1, 1, 131 et saep.—

To recline at table (cf. accumbo):

quo eorum loco quisque cubuisset,

Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 353:

supra,

Suet. Calig. 24:

juxta,

id. ib. 32; id. Tit. 1:

ille cubans gaudet, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 110.—

To lie sick, to be sick:

est ei quidam servus qui in morbo cubat,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 37:

puerperio,

id. Truc. 2, 5, 22:

ex duritie alvi,

Suet. Ner. 34:

aeger,

id. Aug. 72.— Absol., Lucr. 2, 36:

haec cubat, ille valet,

Ov. H. 20, 164:

trans Tiberim longe cubat,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 18; 2, 3, 289; id. Ep. 2, 2, 68.—

Of inanim. objects.

In gen.:

quā cubat unda freti,

lies, extends itself, Mart. 5, 1, 4.—

In partic., of places, to be in a sloping direction, to slope:

cubantia tecta,

inclining, sloping, Lucr. 4, 518:

Ustica cubans,

Hor. C. 1, 17, 12.— Hence, Ital. covare; Fr. couver.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

ĕdo, ēdi, ēsum, 3 ( sup.:

esum,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 13; id. Men. 3, 1, 11; id. Stich. 1, 3, 28:

esu,

id. Ps. 3, 2, 35.—The contr. forms es, est, estis, etc., are very freq. in prose and poetry:

est,

Verg. A. 4, 66; 5, 683; Hor. S. 2, 2, 57:

esset,

id. ib. 2, 6, 89; Verg. G. 1, 151:

esse,

Quint. 11, 3, 136; Juv. 15, 102:

esto,

Cato R. R. 156, 1.—Hence, also in the pass.:

estur,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 78; id. Poen. 4, 2, 13; Cels. 27, 3; Ov. Pont. 1, 1, 69; and:

essetur,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 106 Müll.—Archaic forms of the subj. praes.:

edim,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 16; id. Trin. 2, 4, 73; 74; Caecil. and Pompon. ap. Non. 507, 7:

edis,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 45; id. Trin. 2, 4, 72:

edit,

Cato R. R. 1, 56, 6; 1, 57, 9 sq.; Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 1; 3; id. Aul. 4, 6, 6; id. Poen. prol. 9; Hor. Epod. 3, 3; id. S. 2, 8, 90:

edimus,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 34:

editis, Nov. ap. Non. l. l.: edint,

Cic. Fin. 2, 7, 22), v. a. [Sanscr. ad-mi, eat; Gr. ed-ô, esthiô; Lat. edax, esca, esurio, etc.; cf. also Gr. odous, odont- Aeol. plur. edontes, dens], to eat (for syn. cf.: comedo, vescor, pascor, devoro, haurio, mando, ceno, epulor).

Lit.: ille ipse astat, quando edit, Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 893; cf.

so uncontr.,

Cic. Att. 13, 52:

miserrimus est, qui cum esse cupit, quod edit non habet,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 3:

ut de symbolis essemus,

Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 2:

mergi eos (sc. pullos) in aquam jussit, ut biberent, quoniam esse nollent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 3, 7 et saep.—

Prov.

Multos modios salis simul edisse, to have eaten bushels of salt with another, i. e. to be old friends, Cic. Lael. 19.—

De patella, i. e. to show contempt for religion (v. patella), Cic. Fin. 2, 7 fin. —

Pugnos, to taste one's fists, i. e. to get a good drubbing, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 153.—

Transf.

Bona, to squander, dissipate, Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 29.—

Of inanimate subjects, qs. to eat up, i. e. to consume, destroy ( poet.):

ut mala culmos Esset robigo,

Verg. G. 1, 151:

carinas lentus vapor (i. e. flamma),

id. A. 5, 683:

corpora virus,

Ov. Ib. 608 al. —

Trop., to corrode, consume, devour (almost exclusively poet.):

si quid est animum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 39; cf.:

nimium libenter edi sermonem tuum,

have devoured, Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 1:

nec te tantus edat tacitam dolor,

Verg. A. 12, 801:

nec edunt oblivia laudem,

Sil. 13, 665 et saep.

ē-do, dĭdi, dĭtum, 3, v. a., to give out, put forth, bring forth (freq. and class.).

In gen.:

foras per os est editus aër,

Lucr. 3, 122; cf.:

sputa per fauces tussi,

id. 6, 1189:

urinam,

Plin. 28, 4, 7, § 38; cf.

stercus,

Col. 2, 14: animam, to breathe out, i. e. to die, expire, Cic. Sest. 38, 83; Ov. H. 9, 62; cf.:

extremum vitae spiritum,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9:

vitam,

id. Fin. 5, 2, 4; id. Planc. 37, 90:

clamorem,

to send forth, utter, id. Div. 2, 23; cf.:

miros risus,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 10, 2:

fremitum patulis sub naribus (equus),

Lucr. 5, 1076:

voces,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 8:

dulces modos,

Ov. F. 1, 444:

questus,

id. M. 4, 588:

hinnitus,

id. ib. 2, 669:

latratus,

id. ib. 4, 451 et saep.:

Maeander in sinum maris editur,

discharges itself, Liv. 38, 13; 39, 53 fin.:

clanculum ex aedibus me edidi foras,

have slipped out, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 9.

In partic., to bring forth any thing new, to produce, beget, form, etc.

Of what is born, begotten (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

progeniem in oras luminis,

Lucr. 2, 617:

crocodilos dicunt, cum in terra partum ediderint, obruere ova, deinde discedere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 52; so,

partum,

Liv. 1, 39; cf.:

aliquem partu,

Verg. A. 7, 660; Ov. M. 4, 210; 13, 487:

aliquem maturis nisibus,

id. F. 5, 172:

geminos Latona,

id. M. 6, 336:

nepotem Atlantis (Pleïas),

id. F. 5, 664 al.: (draconem) Qui luci ediderat genitor Saturnius, idem Abdidit, Cic. Poëta Div. 2, 30, 64; cf.:

Electram maximus Atlas Edidit,

Verg. A. 8, 137.—In the pass.:

hebetes eduntur,

Quint. 1, 1, 2. —More freq. in the part.: in lucem editus, Poëta ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 115 (a transl. of the Euripid. ton phunta); cf. Ov. M. 15, 221:

editus partu,

id. ib. 5, 517; 9, 678; id. F. 5, 26:

Venus aquis,

id. H. 7, 60; cf.:

Limnate flumine Gange,

id. M. 5, 48;

for which: de flumine,

id. H. 5, 10 (cf. Zumpt, Gramm. §

451): ille hac,

Ov. M. 10, 298; cf.:

Maecenas atavis regibus,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 1:

infans ex nepte Julia,

Suet. Aug. 65 et saep.—

Transf.:

(tellus) Edidit innumeras species,

Ov. M. 1, 436; cf. Liv. 21, 41:

frondem ulmus,

puts forth, Col. 5, 6, 2:

ea (sc. academia) praestantissimos in eloquentia viros edidit,

Quint. 12, 2, 25.—

Of literary productions, to put forth, to publish (class.):

de republica libros,

Cic. Brut. 5, 19; so,

librum contra suum doctorem,

id. Ac. 2, 4, 12:

annales suos,

id. Att. 2, 16, 4:

orationem scriptam,

Sall. C. 31, 6:

aliquid,

Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7; Quint. 5, 10, 120; 3, 1, 18; 2, 1, 11; Hor. A. P. 390 et saep.—

Transf., to set forth, publish, relate, tell, utter, announce, declare = exponere;

esp. of the responses of priests and oracles, the decrees of authorities, etc.: apud eosdem (sc. censores) qui magistratu abierint edant et exponant, quid in magistratu gesserint,

Cic. Leg. 3, 20, 47; cf. Hor. S. 2, 5, 61:

ede illa, quae coeperas, et Bruto et mihi,

Cic. Brut. 5, 20:

nomen parentum,

Ov. M. 3, 580; 9, 531; Hor. S. 2, 4, 10:

veros ortus,

Ov. M. 2, 43; cf.:

auctor necis editus,

id. ib. 8, 449:

mea fata tibi,

id. 11, 668 et saep. —With acc. and inf.:

Apollo Pythius oraculum edidit, Spartam nulla re alia esse perituram, etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 22, 77; cf. Liv. 40, 45; 22, 10; 42, 2.—With dupl. acc.:

auctorem doctrinae ejus falso Pythagoran edunt,

id. 1, 18; cf. id. 1, 46; 27, 27 fin.:

haec mihi, quae canerem Titio, deus edidit ore,

Tib. 1, 4, 73:

iis editis imperiis,

id. 29, 25; cf.:

edito alio tempore ac loco (with constitutum tempus et locus),

Quint. 4, 2, 98:

opinio in vulgus edita,

spread abroad, Caes. B. C. 3, 29, 3; cf. Nep. Dat. 6, 4:

consilia hostium,

i. e. to divulge, betray, Liv. 10, 27 et saep.— Poet.:

arma violentaque bella,

i. e. to sing, celebrate in song, Ov. Am. 1, 1, 1.—Hence,

Jurid. and polit. t. t., to give out, promulgate, proclaim, ordain:

qua quisque actione agere volet, eam prius edere debet. Nam aequissimum videtur, eum, qui acturus est, edere actionem, etc.,

Dig. 2, 13 (tit. De edendo), 1 sq.:

verba,

Cic. Quint. 20, 63; cf.

judicium,

id. ib. 21: tribus, said of the plaintiff in a causa sodaliciorum, to name the tribus (since he had the right, in order to choose the judges, to propose to the defendant four tribus, from which the latter could reject only one, and then to choose the judges according to his own pleasure out of the remaining three, Cic. Planc. 15, 36 sqq.:

judices editi (= editicii),

id. ib. 17, 41; cf.

Wund. Cic. Planc. p. LXXVI. sq., and see editicius: socium tibi in hujus bonis edidisti Quintium,

hast mentioned, Cic. Quint. 24 fin.:

quantum Apronius edidisset deberi, tantum ex edicto dandum erat,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 29; 2, 2, 42: mandata edita, Liv. 31, 19; cf. id. 34, 35:

ederet (consul) quid fieri velit,

to command, id. 40, 40; cf. id. 45, 34.—

Transf. beyond the jurid. sphere:

postquam hanc rationem cordi ventrique edidi, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 12.—

Of other objects, to produce, perform, bring about, cause (freq. and class.):

oves nullum fructum edere ex se sine cultu hominum et curatione possent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158:

vitales motus,

Lucr. 3, 560:

proelia pugnasque,

id. 2, 119; 4, 1010; Liv. 8, 9; 21, 43 al.; cf.

caedem,

id. 5, 13; 10, 45 al.:

strages,

Verg. A. 9, 785 and 527:

aliquantum trepidationis,

Liv. 21, 28; cf.

tumultum,

id. 36, 19:

ruinas,

Cic. Leg. 1, 13 fin.:

scelus, facinus,

to perpetrate, id. Phil. 13, 9 fin.:

annuam operam,

i. e. to perform, Liv. 5, 4; cf. id. 3, 63; Suet. Tib. 35:

munus gladiatorium (with parare),

to exhibit, Liv. 28, 21; Suet. Calig. 18; cf.

ludos,

Tac. A. 1, 15; 3, 64; Suet. Caes. 10 al.:

spectaculum,

Tac. A. 14, 17; id. H. 2, 67; Suet. Caes. 44 et saep.:

gladiatores,

Suet. Aug. 45 et saep.:

exemplum severitatis,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 5;

so more freq.: exempla in aliquem,

Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 21; Caes. B. G. 1, 31, 12; Liv. 29, 9 fin. and 27; cf.:

scelus in aliquem,

Cic. Sest. 27.

To raise up, lift, elevate:

corpus celerem super equum,

Tib. 4, 1, 114.—Hence,

ēdĭtus, a, um, P. a. (set forth, heightened; hence, like excelsus).

Prop., of places, elevated, high, lofty (cf.:

altus, celsus, excelsus, sublimis, procerus, arduus, praeceps, profundus), opp. to flat, level (cf.: collis paululum ex planitie editus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8, 3; id. B. C. 1, 43, 2; Sall. J. 92, 5; Tac. A. 15, 27—very freq. and class.):

Henna est loco perexcelso atque edito,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48; Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (with acclivis); 7, 18, 3; id. B. C. 3, 37, 4; Sall. J. 92, 5; 98, 3; Liv. 2, 50 et saep.— Comp., Caes. B. C. 1, 7, 5; 1, 43, 2; Sen. N. Q. 7, 5. — Sup., Auct. B. Alex. 28; 31; 72; Just. 2, 1, 17 al.—

Trop.:

viribus editior,

stronger, Hor. S. 1, 3, 110.— Adv. does not occur.—

ēdĭtum, i, n.

A height:

in edito,

Suet. Aug. 72:

ex edito,

Plin. 31, 3, 27.— Plur.:

edita montium,

Tac. A. 4, 46; 12, 56: in editis, Treb. Trig. Tyr. 26.—

Transf., a command, order, Ov. M. 11, 647; cf. Liv. 25, 12, 4.

ĕdo, ōnis, m. [1. edo], a glutton, Varr. ap. Non. 48, 19.

frīgĭdus, a, um, adj. [frigeo], cold, cool, chill, chilling (opp. calidus; syn.: gelidus, algidus, glacialis; corresp. in most of its senses to the Gr. psuchros).

Lit.:

calida et frigida, et amara et dulcia,

Cic. Rep. 3, 8 fin.:

fons luce diurnā Frigidus, et calidus nocturno tempore,

Lucr. 6, 849:

fons,

id. ib. 6, 873; 879; cf.:

frigidior umor,

id. 6, 840; 844:

nec ullum hoc frigidius flumen attigi,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

ut nec frigidior Thracam ambiat Hebrus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 13:

loca frigidissima,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1 fin.:

rura,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 9:

Praeneste,

id. C. 3, 4, 22:

Tempe,

Verg. G. 2, 469:

aquilo,

id. ib. 2, 404:

aura,

Ov. Am. 2, 16, 36; cf.:

manet sub Jove frigido Venator,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 25:

umbra noctis,

Verg. E. 8, 14:

caelum est hieme frigidum et gelidum,

cold and frosty, Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 4:

frigidus aëra vesper Temperat,

Verg. G. 3, 336:

frigidus latet anguis in herba,

id. E. 3, 93:

anguis,

id. ib. 8, 71 (cf. psuchron ophin, Theogn. 602;

Theocr. 15, 58): pellis duraque,

Lucr. 6, 1194:

febris,

an ague, Plin. 26, 11, 71, § 289; so,

quartana,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 290:

fomenta,

id. Ep. 1, 3, 26.— Poet.:

ille frigidas Noctes non sine multis Insomnis lacrimis agit,

i. e. without a bedfellow, lonely, Hor. C. 3, 7, 6:

frigidus annus,

winter, Verg. A. 6, 311; Tib. 4, 8, 4 Huschke (al. amnis).—Prov.: aquam frigidam suffundere, to pour cold water over for to slander, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 37; v. suffundo.—

As subst.

frīgĭdum, i, n., the cold: obaequalitas ferventis ac frigidi, Apul. Dog. Plat. 1, p. 11, 24.— Plur.:

frigida (opp. calida),

Ov. M. 1, 19.—

frī-gĭda, ae, f. (sc. aqua), cold water (like calida or calda, ae, warm water):

frigida lavare lubenter,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 1:

frigidam bibere,

Cels. 1, 5:

frigidam aegro dare,

Suet. Claud. 40:

frigidā lavari,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11:

noxia ut frigidam febri,

Quint. 5, 11, 31.—

In a contracted form: FRIDVM, i, n.: DA FRIDVM PVSILLVM, i. e. a little ice-water, Inscr. Pompej. in Mus. Borbon. IV. p. 5 (cf.:

solve nives,

Mart. 5, 64).—

In partic., cold, chilled, of a dead person, or one stiffened with fright (for the latter cf.:

est et frigida multa, comes formidinis aura,

Lucr. 3, 290; poet.):

illa (Eurydice) Stygiā nabat jam frigida cymbā,

Verg. G. 4, 506; Ov. M. 7, 136; also,

transf.: Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua, Ah, miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat,

Verg. G. 4, 525:

membra nati,

Ov. M. 14, 743:

mors,

Verg. A. 4, 385; Val. Fl. 5, 26; cf.:

pausa vitaï,

Lucr. 3, 930:

stricto Aesonides stans frigidus ense,

stiffened with fright, Val. Fl. 7, 530:

miles nec frigidus aspicit hostem,

i. e. fearless, Sil. 9, 49; cf.:

formidine turpi Frigida corda tremunt,

id. 2, 339:

frigida mens criminibus,

Juv. 1, 166:

mihi frigidus horror Membra quatit,

Verg. A. 3, 29.

Trop.

Without ardor or encrgy, cold, frigid, indifferent, inactive, remiss, indolent, feeble:

nimis lentus in dicendo et paene frigidus,

Cic. Brut. 48, 178:

accusatoribus frigidissimis utitur,

lukewarm, indolent, id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 3:

non frigida virgo,

i. e. glowing with love, Ov. Am. 2, 1, 5; cf.:

frigidus aevo Laomedontiades,

Juv. 6, 325: (equus) Frigidus in Venerem senior, Verg. [p. 782] G. 3, 97:

(Empedocles) ardentem Frigidus Aetnam Insiluit,

in cold blood, Hor. A. P. 465:

in re frigidissima cales, in ferventissima friges,

Auct. Her. 4, 15, 21:

frigidae litterae,

cold, frigid, Cic. Fam. 10, 16, 1:

solacia,

Ov. P. 4, 2, 45; cf.

cura,

Lucr. 4, 1060 (with which cf.:

curarum frigus,

Ov. P. 3, 9, 25):

frigida bello Dextera,

feeble, Verg. A. 11, 338:

ensis,

inactive, idle, Luc. 5, 245; 7, 502:

(apes) Contemnuntque favos et frigida tecta relinquunt,

i. e. not animated by labor, Verg. G. 4, 104 (cf. opp. fervet opus, id. ib. 169).—

Without force or point, flat, insipid, dull, trivial, frigid, vain (syn.: jejunus, inanis;

opp. salsus, facetus, esp. in post-Aug. prose): cave in ista tam frigida, tam jejuna calumnia delitescas,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 61; cf.:

haec aut frigida sunt, aut tum salsa, cum aliud est exspectatum,

id. de Or. 2, 64, 260:

(sententias) dicere leves, frigidas ineptas,

Quint. 8, 5, 30:

verba frigidiora vitare,

Cic. de Or. 2, 63, 256; cf. id. Or. 26, 89:

frigidi et arcessiti joci,

Suet. Claud. 21; cf. Quint. 9, 3, 69:

illud frigidum et inane,

id. 10, 2, 17:

illud apud Euripidem frigidum sane, quod, etc.,

id. 5, 10, 31:

frigida et puerilis affectatio,

id. 4, 1, 77:

frigida et inanis affectatio,

id. 7, 3, 74:

genus acuminis in reprehendendis verbis, nonnumquam frigidum, interdum etiam facetum,

Cic. Brut. 67, 236:

in salibus aliquando frigidus,

Quint. 12, 10, 12:

dies frigidis rebus absumere,

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:

negotia,

id. ib. 9, 2, 1; cf.:

omnia ista frigida et inania videntur,

id. ib. 4, 17, 4; Sen. de Ira, 2, 11.— With a subject-clause:

leve ac frigidum sit his addere, quo propinquos amicosque pacto tractaverit,

Suet. Calig. 26.—

With active meaning, causing cold or fright, frightening:

frigidus a rostris manat per compita rumor,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 50.—Hence, adv.: frīgĭde (only acc. to II. and very rare; not in Cic.).

Inactively, slowly, feebly: quae cupiunt, tamen ita frigide agunt, ut nolle existimentur, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 3.—

Flatly, trivially, insipidly, frigidly:

verbis inepte et frigide uti,

Gell. 13, 24, 7;

so with inaniter,

id. 7, 3, 43;

with exigue, opp. graviter,

id. 19, 3, 1; cf.

also: quae sunt dicta frigidius,

Quint. 6, 3, 4:

transire in diversa subsellia, parum verecundum est... Et si aliquando concitate itur, numquam non frigide reditur,

i. e. in a silly, ridiculous manner, id. 11, 3, 133:

tum ille infantem suam frigidissime reportavit,

id. 6, 1, 39.

frīgĭdus, a, um, adj. [frigeo], cold, cool, chill, chilling (opp. calidus; syn.: gelidus, algidus, glacialis; corresp. in most of its senses to the Gr. psuchros).

Lit.:

calida et frigida, et amara et dulcia,

Cic. Rep. 3, 8 fin.:

fons luce diurnā Frigidus, et calidus nocturno tempore,

Lucr. 6, 849:

fons,

id. ib. 6, 873; 879; cf.:

frigidior umor,

id. 6, 840; 844:

nec ullum hoc frigidius flumen attigi,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

ut nec frigidior Thracam ambiat Hebrus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 13:

loca frigidissima,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1 fin.:

rura,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 9:

Praeneste,

id. C. 3, 4, 22:

Tempe,

Verg. G. 2, 469:

aquilo,

id. ib. 2, 404:

aura,

Ov. Am. 2, 16, 36; cf.:

manet sub Jove frigido Venator,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 25:

umbra noctis,

Verg. E. 8, 14:

caelum est hieme frigidum et gelidum,

cold and frosty, Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 4:

frigidus aëra vesper Temperat,

Verg. G. 3, 336:

frigidus latet anguis in herba,

id. E. 3, 93:

anguis,

id. ib. 8, 71 (cf. psuchron ophin, Theogn. 602;

Theocr. 15, 58): pellis duraque,

Lucr. 6, 1194:

febris,

an ague, Plin. 26, 11, 71, § 289; so,

quartana,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 290:

fomenta,

id. Ep. 1, 3, 26.— Poet.:

ille frigidas Noctes non sine multis Insomnis lacrimis agit,

i. e. without a bedfellow, lonely, Hor. C. 3, 7, 6:

frigidus annus,

winter, Verg. A. 6, 311; Tib. 4, 8, 4 Huschke (al. amnis).—Prov.: aquam frigidam suffundere, to pour cold water over for to slander, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 37; v. suffundo.—

As subst.

frīgĭdum, i, n., the cold: obaequalitas ferventis ac frigidi, Apul. Dog. Plat. 1, p. 11, 24.— Plur.:

frigida (opp. calida),

Ov. M. 1, 19.—

frī-gĭda, ae, f. (sc. aqua), cold water (like calida or calda, ae, warm water):

frigida lavare lubenter,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 1:

frigidam bibere,

Cels. 1, 5:

frigidam aegro dare,

Suet. Claud. 40:

frigidā lavari,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11:

noxia ut frigidam febri,

Quint. 5, 11, 31.—

In a contracted form: FRIDVM, i, n.: DA FRIDVM PVSILLVM, i. e. a little ice-water, Inscr. Pompej. in Mus. Borbon. IV. p. 5 (cf.:

solve nives,

Mart. 5, 64).—

In partic., cold, chilled, of a dead person, or one stiffened with fright (for the latter cf.:

est et frigida multa, comes formidinis aura,

Lucr. 3, 290; poet.):

illa (Eurydice) Stygiā nabat jam frigida cymbā,

Verg. G. 4, 506; Ov. M. 7, 136; also,

transf.: Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua, Ah, miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat,

Verg. G. 4, 525:

membra nati,

Ov. M. 14, 743:

mors,

Verg. A. 4, 385; Val. Fl. 5, 26; cf.:

pausa vitaï,

Lucr. 3, 930:

stricto Aesonides stans frigidus ense,

stiffened with fright, Val. Fl. 7, 530:

miles nec frigidus aspicit hostem,

i. e. fearless, Sil. 9, 49; cf.:

formidine turpi Frigida corda tremunt,

id. 2, 339:

frigida mens criminibus,

Juv. 1, 166:

mihi frigidus horror Membra quatit,

Verg. A. 3, 29.

Trop.

Without ardor or encrgy, cold, frigid, indifferent, inactive, remiss, indolent, feeble:

nimis lentus in dicendo et paene frigidus,

Cic. Brut. 48, 178:

accusatoribus frigidissimis utitur,

lukewarm, indolent, id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 3:

non frigida virgo,

i. e. glowing with love, Ov. Am. 2, 1, 5; cf.:

frigidus aevo Laomedontiades,

Juv. 6, 325: (equus) Frigidus in Venerem senior, Verg. [p. 782] G. 3, 97:

(Empedocles) ardentem Frigidus Aetnam Insiluit,

in cold blood, Hor. A. P. 465:

in re frigidissima cales, in ferventissima friges,

Auct. Her. 4, 15, 21:

frigidae litterae,

cold, frigid, Cic. Fam. 10, 16, 1:

solacia,

Ov. P. 4, 2, 45; cf.

cura,

Lucr. 4, 1060 (with which cf.:

curarum frigus,

Ov. P. 3, 9, 25):

frigida bello Dextera,

feeble, Verg. A. 11, 338:

ensis,

inactive, idle, Luc. 5, 245; 7, 502:

(apes) Contemnuntque favos et frigida tecta relinquunt,

i. e. not animated by labor, Verg. G. 4, 104 (cf. opp. fervet opus, id. ib. 169).—

Without force or point, flat, insipid, dull, trivial, frigid, vain (syn.: jejunus, inanis;

opp. salsus, facetus, esp. in post-Aug. prose): cave in ista tam frigida, tam jejuna calumnia delitescas,

Cic. Caecin. 21, 61; cf.:

haec aut frigida sunt, aut tum salsa, cum aliud est exspectatum,

id. de Or. 2, 64, 260:

(sententias) dicere leves, frigidas ineptas,

Quint. 8, 5, 30:

verba frigidiora vitare,

Cic. de Or. 2, 63, 256; cf. id. Or. 26, 89:

frigidi et arcessiti joci,

Suet. Claud. 21; cf. Quint. 9, 3, 69:

illud frigidum et inane,

id. 10, 2, 17:

illud apud Euripidem frigidum sane, quod, etc.,

id. 5, 10, 31:

frigida et puerilis affectatio,

id. 4, 1, 77:

frigida et inanis affectatio,

id. 7, 3, 74:

genus acuminis in reprehendendis verbis, nonnumquam frigidum, interdum etiam facetum,

Cic. Brut. 67, 236:

in salibus aliquando frigidus,

Quint. 12, 10, 12:

dies frigidis rebus absumere,

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:

negotia,

id. ib. 9, 2, 1; cf.:

omnia ista frigida et inania videntur,

id. ib. 4, 17, 4; Sen. de Ira, 2, 11.— With a subject-clause:

leve ac frigidum sit his addere, quo propinquos amicosque pacto tractaverit,

Suet. Calig. 26.—

With active meaning, causing cold or fright, frightening:

frigidus a rostris manat per compita rumor,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 50.—Hence, adv.: frīgĭde (only acc. to II. and very rare; not in Cic.).

Inactively, slowly, feebly: quae cupiunt, tamen ita frigide agunt, ut nolle existimentur, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 3.—

Flatly, trivially, insipidly, frigidly:

verbis inepte et frigide uti,

Gell. 13, 24, 7;

so with inaniter,

id. 7, 3, 43;

with exigue, opp. graviter,

id. 19, 3, 1; cf.

also: quae sunt dicta frigidius,

Quint. 6, 3, 4:

transire in diversa subsellia, parum verecundum est... Et si aliquando concitate itur, numquam non frigide reditur,

i. e. in a silly, ridiculous manner, id. 11, 3, 133:

tum ille infantem suam frigidissime reportavit,

id. 6, 1, 39.

fŭgĭo, fūgi, fŭgĭtum ( gen. plur. part. sync. fugientum, Hor. C. 3, 18, 1; part. fut. fugiturus, Ov. H. 2, 47 al.), 3, v. n. and a. [root FUG; Gr. PHUG, pheugô; Sanscr. bhuj; syn.: flecto, curvo; v. fuga], to flee or fly, to take flight, run away.

Lit.:

propera igitur fugere hinc, si te di amant,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 78; cf.:

a foro,

id. Pers. 3, 3, 31:

senex exit foras: ego fugio,

I am off, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 47:

cervam videre fugere, sectari canes,

id. Phorm. prol. 7:

qui fugisse cum magna pecunia dicitur ac se contulisse Tarquinios,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19:

Aeneas fugiens a Troja,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 33, § 72:

omnes hostes terga verterunt, nec prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerint,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 1:

oppido fugit,

id. B. C. 3, 29, 1:

ex ipsa caede,

to flee, escape, id. B. G. 7, 38, 3; cf.:

ex proelio Mutinensi,

Cic. Fam. 10, 14, 1:

e conspectu,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 107: Uticam, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 13: fenum habet in cornu;

longe fuge,

id. S. 1, 4, 34: nec furtum feci nec fugi, run away (of slaves), id. Ep. 1, 16, 46; cf.:

formidare servos, Ne te compilent fugientes,

id. S. 1, 1, 78; Sen. Tranq. 8.—

Prov.: ita fugias ne praeter casam,

i. e. in fleeing from one danger beware of falling into another, Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 3 Ruhnk. —

In partic., like the Gr. pheugein, to become a fugitive, leave one's country, go into exile:

fugiendum de civitate, cedendum bonis aut omnia perferenda,

Quint. 6, 1, 19; so,

ex patria,

Nep. Att. 4, 4:

a patria,

Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 66:

in exilium,

Juv. 10, 160; cf. under II. A. b.—

Transf., in gen., to pass quickly, to speed, to hasten away, flee away; cf.:

numquam Vergilius diem dicit ire, sed fugere, quod currendi genus concitatissimum est,

Sen. Ep. 108 med. (mostly poet. and of inanim. and abstr. things):

tenuis fugiens per gramina rivus,

Verg. G. 4, 19:

Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat Flumina,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 68:

concidunt venti fugiuntque nubes,

id. C. 1, 12, 30:

spernit humum fugiente pennā,

hasting away, rapidly soaring, id. ib. 3, 2, 24:

nullum sine vulnere fugit Missile,

Stat. Th. 9, 770:

insequitur fugientem lumine pinum (i. e. navem),

Ov. M. 11, 469:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

Lucr. 4, 389:

fugiunt freno non remorante dies,

Ov. F. 6, 772:

sed fugit interea, fugit irreparabile tempus,

Verg. G. 3, 284:

annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40:

hora,

id. C. 3, 29, 48:

aetas,

id. ib. 1, 11, 7.—Of persons:

evolat ante omnes rapidoque per aëra cursu Callaicus Lampon fugit,

hastens away, Sil. 16, 335. Here perh. belongs: acer Gelonus, Cum fugit in Rhodopen atque in deserta Getarum, i. e. swiftly roves (as a nomade), Verg. G. 3, 462 (acc. to another explan., flees, driven from his abode).—

Pregn., to vanish, disappear, to pass away, perish:

e pratis cana pruina fugit,

Ov. F. 6, 730:

fugiunt de corpore setae,

id. M. 1, 739; cf.:

jam fessae tandem fugiunt de corpore vires,

Verg. Cir. 447;

for which: calidusque e corpore sanguis Inducto pallore fugit,

Ov. M. 14, 755:

fugerat ore color,

id. H. 11, 27:

nisi causa morbi Fugerit venis,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 15:

fugiunt cum sanguine vires,

Ov. M. 7, 859:

amor,

Prop. 1, 12, 12:

memoriane fugerit in annalibus digerendis, an, etc.,

Liv. 9, 44, 4:

gratissima sunt poma, cum fugiunt,

i. e. when they wilt, become wilted, Sen. Ep. 12; cf.: vinum fugiens, under P. a.—

Trop. (rare but class.):

nos naturam sequamur, et ab omni, quod abhorret ab oculorum auriumque approbatione, fugiamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 128; cf.: omne animal appetit quaedam et fugit a quibusdam;

quod autem refugit, id contra naturam est, etc.,

id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Quint. 11, 1, 54:

ad verba,

to have recourse to, Petr. 132.

Act., to flee from, seek to avoid; to avoid, shun any thing.

Lit. (mostly poet.): erravi, post cognovi, et fugio cognitum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 160 Vahl.):

cum Domitius concilia conventusque hominum fugeret,

Caes. B. C. 1, 19, 2:

neminem neque populum neque privatum fugio,

Liv. 9, 1, 7:

vesanum fugiunt poëtam qui sapiunt,

Hor. A. P. 455:

percontatorem,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 69:

hostem,

id. S. 1, 3, 10:

lupus me fugit inermem,

id. C. 1, 22, 12:

nunc et ovis ultro fugiat lupus,

Verg. E. 8, 52:

(Peleus) Hippolyten dum fugit abstinens,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 18:

scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus et fugit urbes,

id. Ep. 2, 77; id. S. 1, 6, 126:

data pocula,

Ov. M. 14, 287; cf.

vina,

id. ib. 15, 323.— Pass.:

sic litora vento Incipiente fremunt, fugitur cum portus,

i. e. is left, Stat. Th. 7, 140. —

In partic. (cf. supra, I. A. b.), to leave one's country:

nos patriam fugimus,

Verg. E. 1, 4:

Teucer Salamina patremque cum fugeret,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 22.—Hence:

quis exsul Se quoque fugit?

Hor. C. 2, 16, 20.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to flee away from, to escape, = effugio ( poet.;

but cf. infra, B. 2.): hac Quirinus Martis equis Acheronta fugit,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 16:

insidiatorem,

id. S. 2, 5, 25:

cuncta manus avidas fugient heredis,

id. C. 4, 7, 19.—And in a poetically inverted mode of expression: nullum Saeva caput Proserpina fugit (= nemo tam gravis est, ad quem mors non accedat), none does cruel Proserpine flee away from, avoid (i. e. none escapes death), Hor. C. 1, 28, 20.—

Trop., to flee from, avoid, shun (very freq. and class.):

conspectum multitudinis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 30, 1:

ignominiam ac dedecus,

Cic. Rep. 5, 4:

nullam molestiam,

id. ib. 3, 5; cf.

laborem,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 114; Verg. A. 3, 459 (opp. ferre):

recordationes,

Cic. Att. 12, 18:

vituperationem tarditatis,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 101; cf.:

majoris opprobria culpae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 10:

judicium senatus,

Liv. 8, 33, 8:

vitium,

Quint. 2, 15, 16:

hanc voluptatem (with reformidare),

id. 8, 5, 32:

disciplinas omnes (Epicurus),

id. 2, 17, 15:

nuptias,

Ter. And. 4, 4, 27; cf.:

usum conjugis,

Ov. M. 10, 565:

conubia,

id. ib. 14, 69:

amplexus senis,

Tib. 1, 9, 74:

nec sequar aut fugiam, quae diligit ipse vel odit,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 72:

spondeum et dactylum (opp. sequi),

Quint. 9, 4, 87.— Pass.:

simili inscitiā mors fugitur, quasi dissolutio naturae,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11, 31:

quemadmodum ratione in vivendo fugitur invidia, sic, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 38, 50:

quod si curam fugimus, virtus fugienda est,

Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

fugiendas esse nimias amicitias,

id. ib. 13, 45:

fugienda semper injuria est,

id. Off. 1, 8, 25; id. Verr. 2, 3, 43, § 103:

vitiosum genus fugiendum,

id. Or. 56, 189; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 128:

petenda ac fugienda,

id. 3, 6, 49.—

Like the Gr. pheugein, with inf. (mostly poet.), to avoid doing something, to omit, forbear, beware, = omittere, cavere:

illud in his rebus longe fuge credere, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 1052:

o fuge te tenerae puerorum credere turbae,

Tib. 1, 4, 9:

quid sit futurum cras, fuge quaerere,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 13; cf.

also: fuge suspicari, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 4, 22:

mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis?

Verg. A. 9, 200; cf. Ov. H. 9, 75:

fugeres radice vel herbā Proficiente nihil curarier,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 150; cf.:

neque illud fugerim dicere, ut Caelius, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 38, 153:

huic donis patris triumphum decorare fugiendum fuit?

id. Mur. 5, 11.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu; cf. supra, II. A. 2.), to escape ( poet. also of things as subjects):

tanta est animi tenuitas, ut fugiat aciem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 50; Ov. F. 2, 80:

sed tamen admiror, quo pacto judicium illud Fugerit,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 100:

quos viros vigilantia fugit,

whom any vigilance escapes, Verg. G. 2, 265; cf. id. E. 9, 54.—

Esp. freq., res me fugit, it escapes me, escapes my notice; I do not observe it, do not know it (cf.:

latet, praeterit): novus ille populus vidit tamen id, quod fugit Lacedaemonium Lycurgum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 12; cf.:

illos id fugerat,

id. Fin. 4, 23, 63:

hominem amentem hoc fugit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 27:

quem res nulla fugeret,

id. Rep. 2, 1:

quae (ratio) neque Solonem Atheniensem fugerat, neque nostrum senatum,

id. ib. 2, 34;

1, 16: non fugisset hoc Graecos homines, si, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 253:

neminem haec utilitas fugit,

Quint. 2, 5, 17:

nisi quae me forte fugiunt, hae sunt fere de animo sententiae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 11, 22; Quint. 9, 2, 107; 7, 1, 40:

nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scientiam fugere possit,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

quae (partitio) fugiet memoriam judicis,

Quint. 4, 5, 3; cf. Gell. 1, 18, 6.—With a subject-clause:

de Dionysio, fugit me ad te antea scribere,

Cic. Att. 7, 18, 3; 5, 12, 3:

illud alterum quam sit difficile, te non fugit,

id. ib. 12, 42, 2.—Hence, fŭgĭens, entis, P. a., fleeing, fleeting, vanishing.

Lit.:

accipiter,

Lucr. 3, 752:

membra deficiunt, fugienti languida vitā,

id. 5, 887:

vinum,

growing flat, spoiling, Cic. Off. 3, 23, 91:

ocelli,

dying, Ov. Am. 3, 9, 49:

portus fugiens ad litora,

running back, retreating, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 15.—

Subst. in the later jurid. lang., like the Gr. ho pheugôn, the defendant:

omnimodo hoc et ab actore et a fugiente exigi,

Cod. Just. 2, 58, § 4 (for which, reus, § 7).—

Trop., with gen.:

nemo erat adeo tardus aut fugiens laboris, quin, etc.,

averse to labor, indolent, Caes. B. C. 1, 69, 3:

doloris,

Lact. 3, 8, 13:

solitudinis (with appeteus communionis ac societatis),

id. 6, 10, 18.— Comp., sup., and adv. do not occur.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

ĭgĭtur, conj. [pronom. stem i- of is; suffix -ha (-dha); Gr. -tha; Sanscr. -iha, here; -tur, = -tus (Sanscr. -tas), as in penitus, antiquitus, etc., from thence], introduces an inference or deduction, then, therefore, thereupon, accordingly, in these circumstances (in class. prose usu. placed after the first word of the clause; cf. below, III.; syn.: itaque, ergo; cf.: eo, ideo, idcirco, propterea; quamobrem, quare, etc.).

In gen. (rare):

SI. IN. IVS. VOCAT. NI. IT. ANTESTATOR. IGITVR EM. CAPITO, Fragm. XII. Tab.: mox magis, cum otium mihi et tibi erit, igitur tecum loquar,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 2, 39:

quando habebo, igitur rationem mearum fabricarum dabo,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 177; id. Bacch. 3, 4, 17:

cetera consimili mentis ratione peragrans, Invenies igitur multarum semina rerum Corpore celare, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 677.—

In partic.

Pleon., with tum, deinde, or demum, then at length, then certainly, then first:

ubi emeritum'st stipendium, igitur tum Specimen cernitur, quo eveniat aedificatio,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 51:

tum igitur tibi aquae erit cupido,

id. Trin. 3, 2, 50:

igitur tum accedam hunc, quando quid agam invenero,

id. Most. 3, 1, 159:

post id igitur deinde faciam palam,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 29:

miserumst opus, igitur demum fodere puteum, ubi sitis fauces tenet,

id. Most. 2, 1, 32:

igitur demum omnes scient quae facta,

id. Am. 1, 2, 11; 1, 1, 145:

post igitur demum faciam ut res flat palam,

id. ib. 3, 1, 16:

demum igitur, quom seis jam senex, tum in otium te conloces, etc.,

id. Merc. 3, 2, 9.—

In drawing a logical conclusion (but not with et, atque, que; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 540), therefore, accordingly, consequently: St. Ligna hic apud nos nulla sunt. Co. Sunt asseres. St. Sunt pol. Co. Sunt igitur ligna, Plaut. Aul. 2, 6, 8:

si enim est aliquid in rerum natura, quod hominis mens, quod ratio, quod vis, quod potestas humana efficere non possit, est certe id, quod illud efficit, homine melius. Atqui res caelestes omnesque eae, quarum est ordo sempiternus, ab homine confici non possunt. Est igitur id, quo illa conficiuntur, homine melius,

Cic. N. D. 2, 6, 16: quid ergo haec ab illa conclusione differt, Si mentiris, mentiris;

mentiris autem, mentiris igitur?

id. Ac. 2, 30, 96; id. Tusc. 4, 17, 40: quodsi melius geruntur, quae consilio, quam quae sine consilio administrantur;

nihil autem omnium rerum melius quam omnis mundus administratur: consilio igitur mundus administratur, Quint 5, 14, 9: quod cum ita sit, certe nec secerni nec dividi nec discerpi nec distrahi potest, ne interire quidem igitur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; cf. id. ib. 1, 34, 82; 1, 36, 88: sequitur, ut nihil paeniteat, nihil desit, nihil obstet: ergo omnia profluenter, absolute, prospere;

igitur beate,

id. ib. 5, 18, 53; so,

corresp. with ergo,

id. Lael. 14 fin., and 15 init.:

atqui falsum quod est, id percipi non potest, ut vobismet ipsis placet. Si igitur memoria perceptarum comprehensarumque rerum est: omnia, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 33, 106.—

In consecutive interrogations, then:

dolor igitur, id est summum malum, metuetur semper, etiam si non aderit: jam enim adesse poterit. Qui potest igitur habitare in beata vita summi mali metus?

Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 92; cf.:

utrum igitur hactenus satis est?

id. Top. 4, 25:

in quo igitur loco est? credo equidem in capite,

id. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:

ubi igitur locus fuit errori deorum?

id. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

possumusne igitur in Antonii latrocinio aeque esse tuti?

id. Phil. 12, 12, 27; cf.:

totiesne igitur sententiam mutas?

id. Att. 8, 14, 2:

cur has igitur sibi tam graves leges imposuerit, cum? etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 8, 23.—In ironical or sarcastic interrog. clauses:

igitur hocine est amare? arare mavelim quam sic amare,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 20:

dicet aliquis: Haec igitur est tua disciplina? sic tu instituis adulescentes?

Cic. Cael. 17, 39; id. Fam. 9, 10, 2:

id indigne ferens ille: Hunc igitur, regem agnoscimus, inquit?

Curt. 6, 11, 23:

quin igitur ulciscimur Graeciam et urbi faces subdimus?

id. 5, 7, 4; cf. id. 10, 6, 23.—

In resuming an interrupted thought:

cum Q. Metellus L. F. causam de pecuniis repetundis diceret, ille, ille vir, cui patriae salus dulcior quam conspectus fuit, qui de civitate decedere quam de sententia maluit: hoc igitur causam dicente, cum, etc.,

Cic. Balb. 5, 11; id. Off. 1, 2, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 13, 30; id. Brut. 48, 177 al.—Esp. after a parenthesis: recta effectio (katorthôsin enim ita appello, quoniam rectum factum katorthôma) recta igitur effectio crescendi accessionem nullam habet, Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 45; 2, 22, 74:

scripsi etiam (nam etiam ab orationibus dijungo me fere, etc.) scripsi igitur Aristotelio more, etc.,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

tu enim sapienter (nunc demum enim rescribo iis litteris, quas mihi misisti convento Antonio Tiburi) sapienter igitur, quod manus dedisti, etc.,

id. Att. 16, 3, 1:

rerum autem cognitiones (quas vel comprehensiones vel perceptiones appellemus licet) has igitur ipsas propter se asciscendas arbitramur,

id. Fin. 3, 5, 18; 2, 33, 107; 4, 14, 38; Sall. C. 54 init.; Curt. 3, 2, 2; Nep. Thras. 4, 3.—

In emphatically repeating a word or thought:

quae mihi omnia grata sunt, de L. Mescinio gratissimum... id igitur—puto enim etiam atque etiam mihi dicendum esse—velim existimes mihi te fecisse gratissimum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 28 a, 1:

ea vis, ea igitur ipsa, quae, etc.,

id. Mil. 31, 84.—

In returning to or summing up a preceding train of thought, I say then, so then, as I was saying, in short: ut cum videmus speciem primum candoremque caeli;

deinde conversionis celeritatem tantam, quantam, etc.... tum vicissitudines dierum ac noctium... tum globum terrae eminentem e mari... tum multitudinem pecudum... hominemque ipsum... atque hominis utilitati agros omnes ac maria parentia: haec igitur et alia innumerabilia cum cernimus, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 70; id. Cat. 4, 11, 23; id. Fam. 13, 1, 3; id. de Or. 2, 25, 105 al.—

To introduce a special amplification of a thought previously introduced in general terms, then:

de hominibus dici non necesse est. Tribus igitur modis video, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 66; id. Brut. 32, 122:

quoniam pluribus modis accipi solet, non equidem in omnes eam particulas secabo, sed maxime necessarias attingam. Est igitur unum genus, etc.,

Quint. 8, 3, 63:

ut igitur ante meridiem discesserunt, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 17:

sit igitur (ut supra significavi) divisio rerum plurium in singulas, partitio singularum in partes discretus ordo,

Quint. 7, 1. 1:

prima est igitur amplificandi vel minuendi species,

id. 8, 4, 1 (v. also III. A. below).—

Position.

Sometimes igitur begins a sentence (in Cic. only in sense last described, II. E. above; freq. in Sall., Tac., Curt., and Liv.;

v. Zumpt, Gram. § 357): nunc juris principia videamus. Igitur doctissimis viris proficisci placuit a lege, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18:

igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere,

Sall. C. 54, 1; 46, 3; Quint. 1, 1, 1: de quo, quia nunc primum oblatus est, pauca repetam:

nam et ipse pars Romanarum cladium erit. Igitur matre libertina ortus, etc.,

Tac. A. 15, 72; 1, 31.—

Igitur is sometimes placed after several words:

referamus nos igitur ad eum quem volumus incohandum,

Cic. Or. 9, 33:

eamne rationem igitur sequare?

id. Fin. 2, 23, 76:

quid dicis igitur?

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12; cf.:

quid me igitur mones?

id. Div. 2, 64, 132:

paria sunt igitur,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 75; cf.:

videndum est igitur,

id. Off. 1, 14, 43:

hujus quoque igitur criminis, te accusante, mentio nulla fiet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 10, 32:

huic homini parcetis igitur?

id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81:

in hominem dicendum est igitur,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

hi autem non sunt: ne Nymphae quidem deae igitur?

id. N. D. 3, 17, 43; cf.:

ne in animo quidem igitur sensus remanet,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 82:

ille mihi videtur igitur vere augurari,

id. Div. 1, 15, 27:

quae est melior igitur in hominum genere natura?

id. Tusc. 1, 14, 32:

quid tibi negoti est meae domi igitur?

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 63.

infătŭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [in-fatuor], to make a fool of, to infatuate (class.):

aliquem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 9, 22; id. Fl. 20, 47; Sen. Suas. 2 fin.:

verbis, Auct. B. Afr. 16, 1: quemque adulatio infatuat,

Sen. Ep. 59 med.:

hominem,

Amm. 15, 8, 2. —

Transf., to deprive of taste, make flat:

infatuatum sal,

Hier. Ep. 2, 6.

jăcĕo, cŭi, cĭtum ( fut. part. jaci-turus, Stat. Th. 7, 777), 2, v. n. [ intr. of jacio; lit., to be thrown or cast; hence], to lie.

Lit.

In gen.:

in limine,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118:

stratum ad pedes alicujus,

id. Quint. 31, 96; id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

alicui ad pedes,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 129:

in lecto,

id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; Juv. 6, 269:

in ignota harena,

Verg. A. 5, 871:

Tyrio sublimis in ostro,

Ov. H. 12, 179:

in viridi gramine,

id. Am. 1, 14, 22:

in teneris dominae lacertis,

id. ib. 1, 13, 5:

in solo,

id. M. 2, 420:

in viduo toro,

id. H. 16, 316:

in gremio,

id. ib. 9, 136;

11, 4: in servi complexibus,

Juv. 6, 279;

for which: saxum campo quod forte jacebat,

Verg. A. 12, 897:

deserto lecto,

Ov. H. 1, 7:

saxo,

id. M. 6, 100:

gremio mariti,

Juv. 2, 120:

in aversa ora,

Ov. H. 12, 63:

super corpus alicujus,

id. F. 2, 836:

somno,

Verg. E. 6, 14:

spissa harena,

id. A. 6, 336:

humo,

Ov. A. A. 2, 238:

nudus humi jacet,

Lucr. 5, 224; Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26; Ov. Am. 3, 1, 12:

humi ante lectum jacens,

Suet. Oth. 7:

mecum inter salices lenta sub vite jacere,

Verg. E. 10, 40:

sub alta platano,

Hor. C. 2, 11, 14:

strata jacent sub arbore poma,

Verg. E. 7, 54.— Absol.:

Tityos jacet alitis esca,

Verg. Cul. 237:

vittae jacentes,

Tib. 2, 5, 53:

pisces jacentes,

i. e. flatfish, Col. 8, 17, 9.—

In partic.

Of sick persons, to lie ill, to be sick:

cura ut valeas, ne ego te jacente bona tua comedim,

Cic. Fam. 9, 20:

cum tristj morbo defessa jaceres,

Tib. 1, 5, 9:

hic facit ut jaceas,

Ov. H. 20, 173:

graviter,

Plin. Ep. 5. 9:

sine spe,

Sen. Ep. 101, 3.—

To lie dead, to have fallen:

Aeacidae telo jacet Hector,

Verg. A. 1, 99; 10, 737:

corpora per campos ferro quae fusa jacebant,

id. ib. 11, 102:

cum primi occidissent, proximi jacentibus insisterent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27, 3; 7, 25, 3:

neminem jacentem veste spoliavit,

Nep. Thras. 2, 6; cf.:

spolia jacentis hostium exercitus,

Liv. 44, 45:

ne inultos imperatores suos jacere sinerent,

id. 25, 37:

qui bene pro patria cum patriaque jacent,

Ov. H. 3, 106:

Arge, jaces!

id. M. 1, 720: morte jacent merita, id. F. 3, 707:

fratri jacet,

killed by his brother, Sil. 15, 650:

rupto jacuit corpore (rana),

Phaedr. 1, 24, 10:

jacuit Catilina cadavere toto,

Juv. 10, 288.—

To be or lie long anywhere, to linger, tarry, stop at a place:

pernam, glandium, sumen facito in aqua jaceant,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 33:

Brundusii,

to stay long at, Cic. Att. 11, 6, 2.—

Geographically, to lie, be situate, = esse, situm esse (not in Cic. or Cæs.): jacet Vada inter Appenninum et Alpis, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 2; Liv. 5, 48, 2; 6, 30, 5; 22, 3, 3:

inter Taurum montem jacet et Hellespontem,

Nep. Eum. 3, 2 saep.:

quae gens jacet supra Ciliciam,

id. Dat. 4:

ad vesperam jacentis terrae,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 216:

summo in vertice montis Planities ignota jacet,

Verg. A. 11, 527:

quod urbes in planis jaceant,

Just. 22, 5, 5:

alio patriam quaerunt sub sole jacentem,

Verg. G. 2, 512:

jacet extra sidera tellus,

id. A. 6, 795; cf.:

pallente sub umbra Cimmerias jacuisse domos,

Sil. 12, 132:

inter eos solemque jacent immania ponti aequora,

Lucr. 4, 412; cf.:

Cyclades et Sporades per quingenta milia in longitudinem... jacent,

extend, Plin. 4, 12, 23, § 71.—

To be low, flat, level:

jacentia et plana urbis loca,

Tac. H. 1, 86:

despiciens terras jacentīs,

Verg. A. 1, 224:

praetervehor Thapsum jacentem,

id. ib. 3, 689; Val. Fl. 4, 712:

quaeque jacent valles,

Ov. F. 2, 392; Just. 22, 5, 5:

jacentes campos,

Luc. 4, 52:

summo despexit ab aethere terras Infelix Phaëthon penitus penitusque jacentes,

Ov. M. 2, 178.—

Esp., of the sea, to be level, quiet, lie still:

mediusque jacet sine murmure pontus,

Luc. 1, 260; 5, 434:

servatum bello jacuit mare,

id. 3, 523:

planum mare,

Juv. 12, 62:

stagna jacentia,

Sil. 5, 583.—

To lie in ruins, be broken down: cui nec arae patriae domi stant, fractae et disjectae jacent, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. Rel. v. 115 Vahl.):

jacent, Ilion ingens,

Ov. M. 13, 505:

ausa et jacentem visere regiam vultu sereno,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 25:

Troja jacet certe,

Ov. H. 1, 3:

vetus Thebe jacet,

Juv. 15, 6.—

To hang loose:

vagi crines per colla jacebant,

Ov. M. 2, 673; id. A. A. 3, 236:

jacentia lora,

lying loose on the horse's neck, id. M. 2, 201; cf.

, of clothing, etc.: juvenes timidaeque puellae Praeverrunt latas veste jacente vias,

id. Am. 3, 13, 24:

demissa jacent tibi pallia terrae,

id. ib. 3, 2, 25; id. A. A. 153.—

Of the eyes, face, etc., to be cast down, fixed on the ground:

vultusque attolle jacentes,

Ov. M. 4, 144:

jacentes Vix oculos tollens,

id. ib. 11, 618.

Trop.

To be indolent or inactive, not to come forward:

in pace jacere, quam in bello vigere maluit. Quamquam ille quidem numquam jacuit,

Cic. Phil. 10, 7, 14:

C. Marius cum a spe consulatus longe abesset et jam septimum annum post praeturam jaceret,

id. Off. 3, 20, 79:

ars tua, Tiphy, jacet, si non sit in aequore fluctus,

Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 77:

at mea numina tandem fessa jacent,

Verg. A. 7, 298.—

To be cast down, dejected:

Gnaeus noster ut totus jacet,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1:

ne jaceam? quis unquam minus,

id. ib. 12, 40, 2:

jacet in maerore meus frater,

id. ib. 10, 4; id. Phil. 12, 2:

militum jacere animos,

Liv. 10, 35.—

To lie prostrate:

victa jacet pietas,

Ov. M. 1, 149:

nobilitas sub amore jacet,

id. H. 4, 161:

Africani, Marii, Sullae, Pompeii infra Pallantis laudes jacebant,

Plin. Ep. 8, 6, 2:

justitia vacillat, vel jacet potius,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 118:

humana cum vita jaceret, oppressa gravi sub religione,

Lucr. 1, 63.—

To be refuted, overcome, disproved, to fail:

jacent suis testibus, qui Clodium negant Romam fuisse rediturum, etc.,

Cic. Mil. 18, 47:

jacet omnis ratio Peripateticorum,

id. Fin. 5, 28, 86:

jacet igitur tota conclusio,

id. Div. 2, 51, 106.—

To lie dormant, be disused or neglected, to be of no avail:

cum leges nihil valebant, cum judicia jacebant,

Cic. Par. 4, 1:

tota Capua et omnis hic delectus jacet,

id. Att. 7, 22: dici non potest, quomodo hic omnia jaceant, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6:

justitia jacet,

Cic. Off. 3, 33:

maximas virtutes jacere omnes necesse est voluptate dominante,

id. Fin. 2, 35, 117; Quint. 9, 2, 4.—

To be despised, in no esteem:

cum jacerent pretia praediorum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

ut neque jacere regem pateremur,

id. Fam. 1, 5, 3:

sed nunc omnia ista jacere puto, propter nummorum caritatem,

are cheap, id. Att. 9, 9, 4: dat census honores, Census amicitias:

pauper ubique jacet,

Ov. F. 1, 218; id. R. Am 139.—

To lie idle, neglected, or unemployed:

cur tamdiu jacet hoc nomen in adversariis,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 3:

quomodo tibi tanta pecunia extraordinaria jacet?

id. ib. 1:

quae (pecuniae) vereor, ne otiosae jaceant,

Plin. Ep. 10, 62, 1:

nonne justius erit proximo cuique bonorum possessionem dari, ne bona jaceant,

that they be not without an owner, Dig. 37, 3, 1.—

To lie open, be obvious, to be known, be at hand:

neque ex alio genere (verborum) ad usum cottidianum, alio ad scenam pompamque sumuntur, sed ea nos cum jacentia sustulimus e medio,

Cic. de Or. 3, 45, 177.—

Of speech or language, to be languid, lifeless, dull:

quibus detractis, jacet (oratio),

Quint. 9, 2, 4:

jacens oratio,

Gell. 1, 11, 15; cf. Quint. 8, 5, 32.

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;

by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,

Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;

or to Latinus,

the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:

Latium vetus,

Tac. A. 4, 5;

or antiquum,

Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:

Latium novum, or adjectum,

originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—

Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):

eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,

Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;

minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,

Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:

Latium externis dilargiri,

Tac. H. 3, 55:

Latio dato,

Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:

Latio donata oppida,

id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—

Hence,

Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

agri,

the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:

gens,

id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:

lingua,

id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:

boves,

Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:

turba,

the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:

parentes,

id. ib. 3, 243; cf.

matres,

id. ib. 4, 133:

annus,

the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:

vulnera,

of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—

Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.

Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.

genus,

the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:

lingua,

the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.

opp. Graeca,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

poëtae, opp. Graeci,

id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:

dies,

the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:

tragici veteres,

Quint. 1, 8, 8:

esse illud Latinum (verbum),

Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:

nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,

Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:

homo Latinissimus,

Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:

Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:

Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,

in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:

scire,

to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:

num Latine scit?

id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:

non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,

id. Brut. 37, 140:

nescire,

Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.

docere,

Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:

Latine et diligenter loqui,

Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:

ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,

id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:

pure et Latine loqui,

id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):

(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,

Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:

Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

poscere,

Juv. 11, 148:

formare,

to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—

Subst.

Lătīni, ōrum, m.

The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —

Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);

freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,

Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—

Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—

Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—

Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:

licet in Latinum illa convertere,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:

in Latinum vertore,

Quint. 1, 5, 2.—

Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:

populi,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—

Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.

Form Latialis:

populus,

the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:

sermo,

Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

Juppiter,

Luc. 1, 198;

hence, also, caput,

a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):

peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,

Mart. Cap. 5 init.:

nihil effari,

id. 6, § 587:

te Latialiter sonantem,

Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—

Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:

Juppiter,

Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:

collis,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:

doctrina Latiaris,

Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—

Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:

confectum erat Latiar,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;

by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,

Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;

or to Latinus,

the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:

Latium vetus,

Tac. A. 4, 5;

or antiquum,

Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:

Latium novum, or adjectum,

originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—

Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):

eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,

Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;

minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,

Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:

Latium externis dilargiri,

Tac. H. 3, 55:

Latio dato,

Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:

Latio donata oppida,

id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—

Hence,

Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

agri,

the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:

gens,

id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:

lingua,

id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:

boves,

Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:

turba,

the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:

parentes,

id. ib. 3, 243; cf.

matres,

id. ib. 4, 133:

annus,

the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:

vulnera,

of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—

Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.

Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.

genus,

the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:

lingua,

the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.

opp. Graeca,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

poëtae, opp. Graeci,

id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:

dies,

the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:

tragici veteres,

Quint. 1, 8, 8:

esse illud Latinum (verbum),

Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:

nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,

Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:

homo Latinissimus,

Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:

Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:

Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,

in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:

scire,

to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:

num Latine scit?

id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:

non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,

id. Brut. 37, 140:

nescire,

Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.

docere,

Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:

Latine et diligenter loqui,

Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:

ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,

id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:

pure et Latine loqui,

id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):

(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,

Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:

Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

poscere,

Juv. 11, 148:

formare,

to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—

Subst.

Lătīni, ōrum, m.

The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —

Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);

freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,

Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—

Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—

Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—

Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:

licet in Latinum illa convertere,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:

in Latinum vertore,

Quint. 1, 5, 2.—

Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:

populi,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—

Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.

Form Latialis:

populus,

the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:

sermo,

Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

Juppiter,

Luc. 1, 198;

hence, also, caput,

a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):

peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,

Mart. Cap. 5 init.:

nihil effari,

id. 6, § 587:

te Latialiter sonantem,

Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—

Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:

Juppiter,

Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:

collis,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:

doctrina Latiaris,

Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—

Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:

confectum erat Latiar,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.

Lătĭum, ii, n. [2. lătus; Sanscr. root prath-, to spread or widen; cf. Lat. later, etc.; prop., the plains or flat-land;

by the ancients referred to latēre, because here Saturnus lay concealed from his son,

Ov. F. 1, 238; Verg. A. 8, 322; Arn. 4, 143; Lact. 1, 13;

or to Latinus,

the name of the mythical king, Varr. L. L. 5, § 32 Müll.], a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated, now Campagna di Roma, and a part of the Terra di Lavoro, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 54; Enn. ap. Acro. ad Hor. S. 1, 2, 37 (Ann. v. 455); Cic. Rep. 2, 24, 44; Liv. 6, 21; 8, 13; Hor. C. 1, 12, 53; 1, 35, 10; id. C. S. 66; Mel. 3, 4, 2; consisting of two parts:

Latium vetus,

Tac. A. 4, 5;

or antiquum,

Verg. A. 7, 38; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56; which was the original territory governed by Rome before the subjugation of the Æqui and Volsci, and:

Latium novum, or adjectum,

originally the territory of the Æqui, Volsci, Hernici, and Aurunci, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 59.—

Jus Latii, the political rights and privileges which belonged originally to the Latins, but were afterwards granted by the Romans to other people; this jus comprehended less than civitas Romana, but more than peregrinitas (cf. latinitas and Latini):

eodem anno Caesar nationes Alpium maritimarum in jus Latii transtulit,

Tac. A. 15, 32. —Also called Latium alone: aut majus est Latium aut minus; majus est Latium, cum et hi, qui decuriones leguntur, et ei qui honorem aliquem aut magistratum gerunt, civitatem Romanam consecuntur;

minus Latium est, cum hi tantum, qui vel magistratum vel honorem gerunt, ad civitatem Romanam perveniunt,

Gai. Inst. 1, 96; cf.:

Latium externis dilargiri,

Tac. H. 3, 55:

Latio dato,

Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20:

Latio donata oppida,

id. 3, 1, 3, § 7.—

Hence,

Lătĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latian, Latin ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

agri,

the Latin territory, Ov. F. 2, 553; 3, 606; 5, 91:

gens,

id. ib. 4, 42; id. M. 14, 832:

lingua,

id. P. 2, 3, 75: palmes, vines growing in Latium, id. F. 4, 894:

boves,

Col. 6, 1, 2. — Poet., for Roman:

turba,

the Roman people, Ov. F. 1, 639:

parentes,

id. ib. 3, 243; cf.

matres,

id. ib. 4, 133:

annus,

the Roman year, id. ib. 1, 1:

vulnera,

of Roman soldiers, id. A. A. 1, 414.—

Lătīnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.

Adj.: populi, the Latins, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 28 Müll. (Ann. v. 24 Vahl.); cf.

genus,

the Latins, Romans, Verg. A. 1, 6:

lingua,

the Latin language, Varr. L. L. 5, § 1 Müll.; cf.

opp. Graeca,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

poëtae, opp. Graeci,

id. Ac. 1, 3, 10: via, beginning at the Porta Latina, near the Porta Capena, id. Clu. 59, 163; Liv. 2, 39; 10, 36 al.:

dies,

the days of the Roman calendar, the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 177: feriae, the festival of the allied Latins, which was celebrated especially by offerings to Juppiter Latiaris on Mons Albanus, Varr. L. L. 6, § 25 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 1, 6, 15; Liv. 21, 63; 22, 1; more freq. absol.; v. in the foll. 2.: coloniae, which possessed the jus Latii, Cic. Caecin. 33 fin.; Suet. Caes. 8: nomen, Latin citizenship, also called jus Latii and Latinitas, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 31; 3, 29, 41; Sall. J. 39, 2 (v. socius): casus, i. e. the ablative, Varr. ap. Diom. p. 277 P.:

tragici veteres,

Quint. 1, 8, 8:

esse illud Latinum (verbum),

Suet. Gram. 22.— Comp.: nihil Latinius legi, M. Aur. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; cf.:

nihil Latinius tuis voluminibus,

Hier. Ep. 58, 9.— Sup.:

homo Latinissimus,

Hier. Ep. 50, 2.— Adv.: Lătīnē, in Latin:

Graece haec vocatur emporos: eadem Latine mercator,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 5; id. Cas. prol. 34:

Cumanis petentibus, ut publice Latine loquerentur, et praeconibus Latine vendendi jus esset,

in the Latin tongue, Liv. 40, 42 fin.:

scire,

to understand Latin, Cic. Caecin. 19, 55:

num Latine scit?

id. Phil. 5, 5, 13:

non enim tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,

id. Brut. 37, 140:

nescire,

Juv. 6, 188: reddere, to translate into Latin, Cic. de Or, 1, 34, 153; cf.

docere,

Plin. Ep. 7, 4, 9.—In partic.: Latine loqui, to speak with propriety or elegance:

Latine et diligenter loqui,

Cic. Brut. 45, 166; cf.:

ut pure et emendate loquentes, quod est Latine,

id. Opt. Gen. Or. 2, 4:

pure et Latine loqui,

id. de Or. 1, 32, 144.—Sometimes, also, like our to talk plain English, for, to speak out, to speak plainly or openly (syn. Romano more loqui):

(gladiator), ut appellant ii, qui plane et Latine loquuntur,

Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 17:

Latine me scitote, non accusatorie loqui,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

poscere,

Juv. 11, 148:

formare,

to compose in Latin, Suet. Aug. 89: componere, id. Gram. init.—Comp.: Latinius, in better Latin (late Lat.), Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 6; Hier. in Isa. 8, 10.—

Subst.

Lătīni, ōrum, m.

The inhabitants of Latium, Latins, Liv. 1, 2 sq.; 1, 32 sq.; 2, 19 sq.; Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; 3, 31, 112; Verg. A. 7, 367; Juv. 6, 44. —

Those who possessed the Latin rights of citizenship (jus Latii, Latinitas);

freq. in the connection, socii et Latini,

Cic. Balb. 8, 21; id. Sest. 13, 30; id. Lael. 3, 12 (v. socius).—

Latini Juniani, freedmen whose liberty was secured by the operation of the lex Junia Norbana (772 A. U. C.), Gai. Inst. 3, § 56.—

Lătīnae, ārum, f. (sc. feriae), the festival of the allied Latins, the Latin holidays, Liv. 5, 17; 19; Cic. Att. 1, 3; id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2 fin.; id. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18.—

Lătīnum, i, n., Latin, the Latin language:

licet in Latinum illa convertere,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 14, 29:

in Latinum vertore,

Quint. 1, 5, 2.—

Lătīnĭensis, e, adj., Latin:

populi,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 69: ager, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 10, 20.— In plur absol.: Lătīnĭenses, ĭum, m., the Latins, Auct. Harusp. Resp. 28, 62.—

Lătĭālis, and euphon. collat. form Lătĭāris, e (also Lătĭar, v. infra), adj., of or belonging to Latium, Latin.

Form Latialis:

populus,

the Latins, Romans, Ov. M. 15, 481:

sermo,

Plin. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

Juppiter,

Luc. 1, 198;

hence, also, caput,

a statue of Jupiter, id. 1, 535.— Lătĭālĭter, adv., in the Latin manner (post - class.):

peplo circa umeros involuto Latialiter tegebatur,

Mart. Cap. 5 init.:

nihil effari,

id. 6, § 587:

te Latialiter sonantem,

Sid. Carm. 23, 235 (al. Latiariter).—

Form Latiaris: Latiaris sancte Juppiter (Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian deity of the Latin confederacy, to whom the feriae Latinae were consecrated), Cic. Mil. 31, 85:

Juppiter,

Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 43 Sillig. N. cr.:

collis,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.:

doctrina Latiaris,

Macr. S. 1, 2.— Adv.: Lătĭārĭter, v. in the preced. 1.—

Hence, subst.: Lătĭar, āris, n., the festival of Jupiter Latiaris:

confectum erat Latiar,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 2; cf. Macr. S. 1, 16, 16.