medial

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

contĭnŭō, adv., v. continuus fin. 2.

contĭnŭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [continuus].

Act., to join together in uninterrupted succession, to make continuous.

In space, to join one with another, to connect, unite (class. in prose and poetry; most freq. in pass.); constr. with the dat. or (more freq.) absol.

With dat.:

(aër) mari continuatus et junctus est,

Cic. N. D. 2, 45, 117:

aedificia moenibus,

Liv. 1, 44, 4:

regnum Alyattei Campis Mygdoniis,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 42:

latus lateri,

Ov. A. A. 1, 496.—

Medial: Suionibus Sitonum gentes continuantur,

border upon, are next to, Tac. G. 45 fin. —

Absol.:

binas aut amplius domos,

to erect in rows, Sall. C. 20, 11:

fundos in agro Casinati optimos et fructuosissimos,

to buy, acquire contiguous plots of ground, Cic. Agr. 3, 4, 14 (v. the pass. in connection); cf.:

latissime agrum,

id. ib. 2, 26, 70;

and agros,

Liv. 34, 4, 9:

pontem,

Tac. A. 15, 9:

domus, quā Palatium et Maecenatis hortos continuaverat,

id. ib. 15, 39:

verba,

to connect together in a period, Cic. de Or. 3, 37, 149; cf.:

verba verbis aut nomina nominibus (just before: cadentia similiter jungere),

Quint. 9, 4, 43.—Medial:

quae (atomi) cohaerescunt inter se et aliae alias adprehendentes continuantur,

hang together, Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 54.—

Of time and objects relating to it, to join, connect together, to continue uninterruptedly, to do successively one thing after another:

Cassius die ac nocte continuato itinere ad eum pervenit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 36; 3, 11:

nuntius diem noctemque itinere continuato ingentem attulit terrorem,

Liv. 26, 9, 6:

continens die ac nocte proelium,

id. 4, 22, 5; cf.:

perpotationem biduo duabusque noctibus,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 145:

diem noctemque potando,

Tac. G. 22; cf.:

theatro dies totos,

id. A. 14, 20:

magistratum,

Sall. J. 37, 2; cf. Liv. 38, 33, 1:

praeturam ei,

i. e. to give it to him immediately after the ædileship, Vell. 2, 91, 3: dapes. Hor. S. 2, 6, 108:

febrem,

Cels. 3, 5:

prope funera,

Liv. 1, 46, 9:

fatigatio continuati laboris,

Curt. 7, 11, 17:

quae (libertas) usque ad hoc tempus honoribus, imperiis... continuata permansit,

Cic. Fl. 11, 25.— Poet.:

aliquos ferro,

to slay one after another, Stat. Th. 9, 292; cf.:

aliquos hastis,

id. ib. 12, 745. —In pass. with dat.:

hiemi continuatur hiems,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 26; so,

paci externae confestim discordia domi,

Liv. 2, 54, 2:

damna damnis,

Tac. Agr. 41.—

Neutr., to continue, last (rare):

febres ita ut coepere continuant,

Cels. 3, 3; 2, 4; Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 233; 18, 35, 87, § 362; 20, 5, 17, § 35.— Hence, *

contĭnŭanter, adv., continuously, in uninterrupted succession (opp. carptim), Aug. Retract. 1, 24.—

contĭ-nŭātē, adv., in uninterrupted succession, one after another, Paul. ex Fest. p. 315, 5; Fest. p. 314, 32 Müll.; cf. Fronto, Diff. Verb. p. 2195 P.

con-verto ( - vorto), ti, sum, 3, v. a. and n.

Act., to turn or whirl round, to wheel about, to cause to turn, to turn back, reverse; and with the designation of the terminus in quem, to turn or direct somewhere, to direct to or towards, to move or turn to, etc. (very freq. in all perr. and species of composition).

Lit.

In gen.

With a simple acc.:

caelos omnes,

Lucr. 2, 1097; cf.:

in infimo orbe luna convertitur,

Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17; id. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

minore sonitu quam putaram, orbis hic in re publicā est conversus,

id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

manum,

Quint. 11, 3, 100:

reddita inclusarum ex speluncā boum vox Herculem convertit,

Liv. 1, 7, 7:

ter se convertit,

Ov. M. 7, 189:

crines calamistro,

i. e. to curl, Petr. 102, 15 et saep.—

With the designation of the terminus in quem.

By in:

equos frenis in hostes,

Lucr. 5, 1317:

naves in eam partem,

Caes. B. G. 3, 15:

ferrum in me,

Verg. A. 9, 427:

omnium ora atque oculos in aliquem,

Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 1 (cf. under B. 1.):

iter in provinciam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 56:

se in Phrygiam,

Nep. Ages. 3, 2 et saep.—Medial:

in fugam nemo convortitur,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 83 Fleck.—

By ad:

ad hunc se confestim a Pulfione omnis multitudo convertit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 10:

eam materiam ad hostem,

id. ib. 3, 29:

colla ad freta,

Ov. M. 15, 516:

tum bis ad occasum, bis se convertit ad ortum,

id. ib. 14, 386:

nos ad judicem,

Quint. 11, 3, 157 et saep.—

By contra:

tigna contra vim atque impetum fluminis,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5.—

By sub:

cursum sub terras,

Lucr. 5, 654.—

By the dat.:

majus lumen in diem nobis luna,

Lucr. 5, 706.—Medial:

Zephyro convertitur ales Itque super Libyen,

Luc. 9, 689.—

By local adv.:

aspectum facile quo vellent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142.—

By the acc. alone:

se domum,

Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 22.—

In partic.

Milit. t. t.: convertere signa, aciem, etc., to wheel about, change the direction of a march:

conversa signa in hostes inferre,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

Romani conversa signa bipartito intulerunt,

id. ib. 1, 25:

reliquos sese convertere cogunt,

to retreat, id. B. C. 1, 46:

cum conversis signis retro in urbem rediretur,

Liv. 8, 11, 4; cf.:

convertunt inde signa,

id. 3, 54, 10 Drak. ad loc. (where Weissenb. ex conj., convellunt):

aciem,

id. 42, 57, 12; so,

aciem in fugam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52. —

Rhet. t. t., of words, to transpose, interchange:

non modo mutare quaedam verba, sed extendere, corripere, convertere, dividere cogitur (poësis),

Quint. 10, 1, 29.—

Trop.

In gen.:

ut ab eo quod agitur avertat animos, ut saepe in hilaritatem risumve convertat,

Cic. Or. 40, 138; so,

risum in judicem,

id. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

omnem orationem transduxi et converti in increpandam Caepionis fugam,

id. ib. 2, 48, 199:

rationem in fraudem malitiamque,

to employ, id. N. D. 3, 31, 78; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 39, 114 and 115:

beneficium in injuriam,

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1 et saep.:

animos imperitorum ad deorum cultum a vitae pravitate,

Cic. N. D. 1, 27, 77; cf. Liv. 24, 4, 4 and 9: qui eas copias, quas diu simulatione rei publicae comparabant, subito ad patriae periculum converterunt, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, a, 5 fin.:

facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciem,

Quint. 2, 20, 2 et saep.:

ingenium et studium ad causas agendas,

Tac. Or. 14 et saep.:

se aliquando ad timorem, numquam ad sanitatem,

Cic. Sull. 5, 17; id. Fam. 3, 10, 10:

se ad philosophos,

id. Fin. 5, 3, 7; cf. id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 5 et saep.:

quocumque te animo et cogitatione converteris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

aculeum testimonii sui,

id. Fl. 34, 86:

argumentum,

Gell. 5, 10, 3.—Of turning to the political support of any one:

tota civitas se ad eos convertisse videretur,

Nep. Att. 8, 1; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12; Sen. Clem. 1, 4, 3; cf.:

fama hujus rei convertit ad Masinissam Numidas,

Liv. 29, 30, 7.— Pass. in mid. sense:

cuncta ad victoris opes conversa,

Tac. H. 3, 44.—In eccl. Lat., to convert to Christianity, etc.:

aliquem ad fidem Christi,

Hier. in Philem. 5, 10 sq. —Esp. freq. of turning or arresting the attention:

illud intellego, omnium ora in me convorsa esse,

Sall. J. 85, 5:

converterat Cn. Pompeii persona totum in se terrarum orbem,

Vell. 2, 31, 1:

proximas (provincias) in se,

Suet. Vesp. 4 al.: nihil opus est, ad continendas custodias plures commilitones converti, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 20 (31), 1:

omnium oculos ad se,

Nep. Alcib. 3, 5.—And with inanimate things as subjects:

cum aliqua iis ampla et honesta res objecta totos ad se convertit et rapit,

Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37.—Since the Aug. per. also freq. with a simple acc.:

sive elephas albus volgi converteret ora,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 196; Suet. Calig. 35; cf. Liv. 26, 29, 2:

animos,

id. 29, 26, 5:

homines quaqua iret,

Suet. Tit. 5.—

Pregn., to change the nature of a thing; i. e. to change, alter, transform, turn.

With a simple acc.:

omnes Res ita convortant formas mutentque colores,

Lucr. 2, 1005; cf. id. 1, 678:

omnia,

id. 4, 441:

tellus induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras,

Ov. M. 1, 88:

humanam vicem (venena),

Hor. Epod. 5, 88:

rem,

Cic. Att. 8, 13, 2:

rem publicam,

to bring into disorder, id. Fl. 38, 94:

hunc ordinem,

Quint. 7, 2, 15:

animum avaritiā,

Sall. J. 29, 1:

vitae viam,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26:

studia,

id. A. P. 166 et saep.:

conversi animum vultumque,

Tac. H. 1, 85: castra castris, to change camp with camp (i. e. to establish new camps by constantly removing), Caes. B. C. 1, 81.—

In gram.: casus conversi, = casus obliqui,

the cases which undergo a change of form, Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64.—

With ad:

nisi si id putas, non posse jam ad salutem convorti hoc malum,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 48:

poena omnis oculorum ad caecitatem mentis est conversa,

Cic. Dom. 40, 105:

mater magna, cujus ludi violati, polluti, paene ad caedem et ad funus civitatis conversi sunt,

id. Har. Resp. 11, 24:

quod ad perniciem suam fuerat cogitatum, id ad salutem convertit,

Nep. Dat. 6, 8.—

With in:

si antequam tumor discutiatur in suppurationem convertitur,

Col. 6, 17, 6:

jam ego me convortam in hirudinem,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

deum sese in hominem,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 40:

Hecubam in canem,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63:

terras in freti formam,

Ov. M. 11, 209:

deum (sc. Jovem) in pretium (i. e. aurum),

Hor. C. 3, 16, 8:

vim morbi in quartanam,

Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 1 et saep.:

crimen in laudem,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

amicitiae se in graves inimicitias,

id. Lael. 21, 78; Quint. 12, 1, 2 et saep.—

Of written works, to translate:

converti ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes... nec converti ut interpres, sed ut orator, etc.,

Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 14:

orationes e Graeco,

id. ib. 6, 18:

aliqua de Graecis,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 6:

librum in Latinum,

id. Off. 2, 24, 87; id. Tusc. 3, 14, 29; cf. id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. N. D. 2, 41, 104.—

Neutr., to relurn (rare).

Lit.:

inde (imago) retro rursum redit et convertit eodem,

Lucr. 4, 334 (Lachm. conj. convertitur):

clam cum paucis ad pedites convortit,

Sall. J. 101, 6:

in regnum suum,

id. ib. 20, 4:

convortit Varro,

Sil. 9, 645:

ad me,

Gell. 1, 26, 3.—

Trop.

To return, turn:

in amicitiam atque in gratiam,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 18:

ad sapientiora,

Tac. A. 3, 55.—

To change, turn:

hoc vitium huic uni in bonum convertebat,

Cic. Brut. 38, 141; id. de Or. 3, 29, 114; id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 9, 17:

regium imperium in superbiam dominationemque,

Sall. C. 6, 7 Kritz:

ne ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia... in miseriam convortet,

id. ib. 52, 27:

ad aliquem, of political support,

Cic. Planc. 20, 50; Tac. A. 12, 18.

con-verto ( - vorto), ti, sum, 3, v. a. and n.

Act., to turn or whirl round, to wheel about, to cause to turn, to turn back, reverse; and with the designation of the terminus in quem, to turn or direct somewhere, to direct to or towards, to move or turn to, etc. (very freq. in all perr. and species of composition).

Lit.

In gen.

With a simple acc.:

caelos omnes,

Lucr. 2, 1097; cf.:

in infimo orbe luna convertitur,

Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17; id. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

minore sonitu quam putaram, orbis hic in re publicā est conversus,

id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

manum,

Quint. 11, 3, 100:

reddita inclusarum ex speluncā boum vox Herculem convertit,

Liv. 1, 7, 7:

ter se convertit,

Ov. M. 7, 189:

crines calamistro,

i. e. to curl, Petr. 102, 15 et saep.—

With the designation of the terminus in quem.

By in:

equos frenis in hostes,

Lucr. 5, 1317:

naves in eam partem,

Caes. B. G. 3, 15:

ferrum in me,

Verg. A. 9, 427:

omnium ora atque oculos in aliquem,

Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 1 (cf. under B. 1.):

iter in provinciam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 56:

se in Phrygiam,

Nep. Ages. 3, 2 et saep.—Medial:

in fugam nemo convortitur,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 83 Fleck.—

By ad:

ad hunc se confestim a Pulfione omnis multitudo convertit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 10:

eam materiam ad hostem,

id. ib. 3, 29:

colla ad freta,

Ov. M. 15, 516:

tum bis ad occasum, bis se convertit ad ortum,

id. ib. 14, 386:

nos ad judicem,

Quint. 11, 3, 157 et saep.—

By contra:

tigna contra vim atque impetum fluminis,

Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5.—

By sub:

cursum sub terras,

Lucr. 5, 654.—

By the dat.:

majus lumen in diem nobis luna,

Lucr. 5, 706.—Medial:

Zephyro convertitur ales Itque super Libyen,

Luc. 9, 689.—

By local adv.:

aspectum facile quo vellent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142.—

By the acc. alone:

se domum,

Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 22.—

In partic.

Milit. t. t.: convertere signa, aciem, etc., to wheel about, change the direction of a march:

conversa signa in hostes inferre,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

Romani conversa signa bipartito intulerunt,

id. ib. 1, 25:

reliquos sese convertere cogunt,

to retreat, id. B. C. 1, 46:

cum conversis signis retro in urbem rediretur,

Liv. 8, 11, 4; cf.:

convertunt inde signa,

id. 3, 54, 10 Drak. ad loc. (where Weissenb. ex conj., convellunt):

aciem,

id. 42, 57, 12; so,

aciem in fugam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 52. —

Rhet. t. t., of words, to transpose, interchange:

non modo mutare quaedam verba, sed extendere, corripere, convertere, dividere cogitur (poësis),

Quint. 10, 1, 29.—

Trop.

In gen.:

ut ab eo quod agitur avertat animos, ut saepe in hilaritatem risumve convertat,

Cic. Or. 40, 138; so,

risum in judicem,

id. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

omnem orationem transduxi et converti in increpandam Caepionis fugam,

id. ib. 2, 48, 199:

rationem in fraudem malitiamque,

to employ, id. N. D. 3, 31, 78; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 39, 114 and 115:

beneficium in injuriam,

Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1 et saep.:

animos imperitorum ad deorum cultum a vitae pravitate,

Cic. N. D. 1, 27, 77; cf. Liv. 24, 4, 4 and 9: qui eas copias, quas diu simulatione rei publicae comparabant, subito ad patriae periculum converterunt, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, a, 5 fin.:

facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciem,

Quint. 2, 20, 2 et saep.:

ingenium et studium ad causas agendas,

Tac. Or. 14 et saep.:

se aliquando ad timorem, numquam ad sanitatem,

Cic. Sull. 5, 17; id. Fam. 3, 10, 10:

se ad philosophos,

id. Fin. 5, 3, 7; cf. id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 5 et saep.:

quocumque te animo et cogitatione converteris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

aculeum testimonii sui,

id. Fl. 34, 86:

argumentum,

Gell. 5, 10, 3.—Of turning to the political support of any one:

tota civitas se ad eos convertisse videretur,

Nep. Att. 8, 1; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12; Sen. Clem. 1, 4, 3; cf.:

fama hujus rei convertit ad Masinissam Numidas,

Liv. 29, 30, 7.— Pass. in mid. sense:

cuncta ad victoris opes conversa,

Tac. H. 3, 44.—In eccl. Lat., to convert to Christianity, etc.:

aliquem ad fidem Christi,

Hier. in Philem. 5, 10 sq. —Esp. freq. of turning or arresting the attention:

illud intellego, omnium ora in me convorsa esse,

Sall. J. 85, 5:

converterat Cn. Pompeii persona totum in se terrarum orbem,

Vell. 2, 31, 1:

proximas (provincias) in se,

Suet. Vesp. 4 al.: nihil opus est, ad continendas custodias plures commilitones converti, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 20 (31), 1:

omnium oculos ad se,

Nep. Alcib. 3, 5.—And with inanimate things as subjects:

cum aliqua iis ampla et honesta res objecta totos ad se convertit et rapit,

Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37.—Since the Aug. per. also freq. with a simple acc.:

sive elephas albus volgi converteret ora,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 196; Suet. Calig. 35; cf. Liv. 26, 29, 2:

animos,

id. 29, 26, 5:

homines quaqua iret,

Suet. Tit. 5.—

Pregn., to change the nature of a thing; i. e. to change, alter, transform, turn.

With a simple acc.:

omnes Res ita convortant formas mutentque colores,

Lucr. 2, 1005; cf. id. 1, 678:

omnia,

id. 4, 441:

tellus induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras,

Ov. M. 1, 88:

humanam vicem (venena),

Hor. Epod. 5, 88:

rem,

Cic. Att. 8, 13, 2:

rem publicam,

to bring into disorder, id. Fl. 38, 94:

hunc ordinem,

Quint. 7, 2, 15:

animum avaritiā,

Sall. J. 29, 1:

vitae viam,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26:

studia,

id. A. P. 166 et saep.:

conversi animum vultumque,

Tac. H. 1, 85: castra castris, to change camp with camp (i. e. to establish new camps by constantly removing), Caes. B. C. 1, 81.—

In gram.: casus conversi, = casus obliqui,

the cases which undergo a change of form, Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64.—

With ad:

nisi si id putas, non posse jam ad salutem convorti hoc malum,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 48:

poena omnis oculorum ad caecitatem mentis est conversa,

Cic. Dom. 40, 105:

mater magna, cujus ludi violati, polluti, paene ad caedem et ad funus civitatis conversi sunt,

id. Har. Resp. 11, 24:

quod ad perniciem suam fuerat cogitatum, id ad salutem convertit,

Nep. Dat. 6, 8.—

With in:

si antequam tumor discutiatur in suppurationem convertitur,

Col. 6, 17, 6:

jam ego me convortam in hirudinem,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

deum sese in hominem,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 40:

Hecubam in canem,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63:

terras in freti formam,

Ov. M. 11, 209:

deum (sc. Jovem) in pretium (i. e. aurum),

Hor. C. 3, 16, 8:

vim morbi in quartanam,

Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 1 et saep.:

crimen in laudem,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

amicitiae se in graves inimicitias,

id. Lael. 21, 78; Quint. 12, 1, 2 et saep.—

Of written works, to translate:

converti ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes... nec converti ut interpres, sed ut orator, etc.,

Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 14:

orationes e Graeco,

id. ib. 6, 18:

aliqua de Graecis,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 6:

librum in Latinum,

id. Off. 2, 24, 87; id. Tusc. 3, 14, 29; cf. id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. N. D. 2, 41, 104.—

Neutr., to relurn (rare).

Lit.:

inde (imago) retro rursum redit et convertit eodem,

Lucr. 4, 334 (Lachm. conj. convertitur):

clam cum paucis ad pedites convortit,

Sall. J. 101, 6:

in regnum suum,

id. ib. 20, 4:

convortit Varro,

Sil. 9, 645:

ad me,

Gell. 1, 26, 3.—

Trop.

To return, turn:

in amicitiam atque in gratiam,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 18:

ad sapientiora,

Tac. A. 3, 55.—

To change, turn:

hoc vitium huic uni in bonum convertebat,

Cic. Brut. 38, 141; id. de Or. 3, 29, 114; id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 9, 17:

regium imperium in superbiam dominationemque,

Sall. C. 6, 7 Kritz:

ne ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia... in miseriam convortet,

id. ib. 52, 27:

ad aliquem, of political support,

Cic. Planc. 20, 50; Tac. A. 12, 18.

H, h, the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet and the weakest guttural. The sign is borrowed from the Greek, in which H was the old form of the spiritus asper, corresp. to the Latin H-sound (HEKATON, hekaton, ÊOS, hos, etc.). Even some of the ancients doubted whether the Latin H was properly a letter:

si H littera est, non nota,

Quint. 1, 5, 19; cf.:

H litteram, sive illam spiritum magis quam litteram dici oportet, etc.,

Gell. 2, 3, 1. Before the fall of the republic, the sound of H before vowels became so weak that it was frequently omitted in writing; and this weakness became more marked in many words in the time of the empire; cf.: aheneus and aeneus; cohors and coörs; prehendo and prendo; vehemens and vemens, etc. (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 96 sqq.).As an initial and medial, H may be combined with any vowel, but the orthography, in this respect, was inconstant: thus we have herus and erus; honus, honera, and onus, onera; harundo and arundo; and even hac for ac (Inscr. Orell. 23); aruspex and haruspex; ercisco, erctum, and hercisco, herctum; aheneus and aëneus; Annibal and Hannibal; Adria and Hadria, etc.; v. Gell. l. l.—As a sign for the aspiration of the consonants c, p, r, and t (as in Greek the aspirates ch, ph, th were originally designated by KH, HH, TH), H first came into use in the seventh century of Rome; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 160; and v. the letter C.— Medial h is often dropped.—As a final, h occurs only in the interjections ah and vah.In the formation of words, h was changed into c before t, as tractum from traho; vectum from veho; and coalesced with s into x, as traxi, vexi; cf. also onyx from onych-s; v. the letter X.As an abbreviation, H. denotes hic, haec, hoc, hujus, etc.; habet, heres, honor, etc. HH. heredes. H. AQ. hic acquiescit. H. B. M. heredes bene merenti. H. C. Hispania citerior or hic condiderunt. H. E. T. heres ex testamento. H. F. C. heres faciundum curavit. H. L. hunc locum. H. L. ET. M. H. N. S. hic locus et monumentum heredem non sequitur. H. M. S. D. M. hoc monumentum sine dolo malo. H. S. E. hic situs est. H. S. F. hoc sibi fecit, etc.; v. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 461 sq.

for sestertium does not strictly belong here, because H is not the letter of that shape, but the numeral II. crossed; v. sestertius init.

H, h, the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet and the weakest guttural. The sign is borrowed from the Greek, in which H was the old form of the spiritus asper, corresp. to the Latin H-sound (HEKATON, hekaton, ÊOS, hos, etc.). Even some of the ancients doubted whether the Latin H was properly a letter:

si H littera est, non nota,

Quint. 1, 5, 19; cf.:

H litteram, sive illam spiritum magis quam litteram dici oportet, etc.,

Gell. 2, 3, 1. Before the fall of the republic, the sound of H before vowels became so weak that it was frequently omitted in writing; and this weakness became more marked in many words in the time of the empire; cf.: aheneus and aeneus; cohors and coörs; prehendo and prendo; vehemens and vemens, etc. (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 96 sqq.).As an initial and medial, H may be combined with any vowel, but the orthography, in this respect, was inconstant: thus we have herus and erus; honus, honera, and onus, onera; harundo and arundo; and even hac for ac (Inscr. Orell. 23); aruspex and haruspex; ercisco, erctum, and hercisco, herctum; aheneus and aëneus; Annibal and Hannibal; Adria and Hadria, etc.; v. Gell. l. l.—As a sign for the aspiration of the consonants c, p, r, and t (as in Greek the aspirates ch, ph, th were originally designated by KH, HH, TH), H first came into use in the seventh century of Rome; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 160; and v. the letter C.— Medial h is often dropped.—As a final, h occurs only in the interjections ah and vah.In the formation of words, h was changed into c before t, as tractum from traho; vectum from veho; and coalesced with s into x, as traxi, vexi; cf. also onyx from onych-s; v. the letter X.As an abbreviation, H. denotes hic, haec, hoc, hujus, etc.; habet, heres, honor, etc. HH. heredes. H. AQ. hic acquiescit. H. B. M. heredes bene merenti. H. C. Hispania citerior or hic condiderunt. H. E. T. heres ex testamento. H. F. C. heres faciundum curavit. H. L. hunc locum. H. L. ET. M. H. N. S. hic locus et monumentum heredem non sequitur. H. M. S. D. M. hoc monumentum sine dolo malo. H. S. E. hic situs est. H. S. F. hoc sibi fecit, etc.; v. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 461 sq.

for sestertium does not strictly belong here, because H is not the letter of that shape, but the numeral II. crossed; v. sestertius init.

V, v, a character derived from the Greek g, Mar. Victor. p. 2459 P. A consonant which, though originally written with the same sign as the vowel u (v. the letter U), was by the ancients themselves considered as essentially different from it, Charis. p. 57 P.; Diom. p. 416; 420 P.; Prisc. p. 539; 542; 544 sq. P.; Vel. Long. p. 2215; 2222 P.; just as the consonant i ( j) and the vowel i were regarded as two distinct letters; v. the letter J.

The sound of V seems to have been the same with that of English initial W. It corresponded to the Æolic digamma;

hence it is called,

Quint. 12, 10, 29, Aeolica littera, and the emperor Claudius used the Greek digamma inverted F to represent it (because in its proper position it already formed the Latin letter F), Quint. 1, 7, 26; Prisc. p. 545 sq. P.; Gell. 14, 5, 2;

v. also the inscrr. of the period during and immediately succeeding the reign of Claudius,

Inscr. Orell. 710 sq.; Marini Atti, p. 97. In very many words which were originally common to both languages, the initial or medial v in Latin represents a lost digamma in Greek; cf.: ver, êr; vis, is; video, ID; vestis, esthês; vitulus, italos; vomo, emeô; voco, epô; volvo, eilô; vinum, oinos; viola, ion; vespera, hespera; Vesta, Hestia; silva, hulê; ovis, oïs; divus, dios; aevum, aiôn; scaevus, skaios; vicus, oikos; levis, leios al. (For a full discussion of the sound of V, see Roby, Gram. I. praef. p. xxxiii. sqq.).—

V has the closest affinity to the vowel u, and hence, in the course of composition and inflection, it often passed into the latter: solvo, solutum, from solvĭtum, solŭĭtum; caveo, cautum, from cavitum; fautor, from faveo; lautum, from lavo; nauta, from navita; audeo, cf. avidus; neu, seu, from neve, sive; tui, cf. Sanscr. tvam; sui, Sanscr. sva-; suavis, Sanscr. svadus, and is resolved into it by the poets from prosodial necessity: silŭa (trisyl.) for silva; dissŏlŭo, evŏlŭam (quadrisyl.), for dissolvam, evolvam; dissŏlŭenda, evolŭisse (quinquasyl.), for dissolvenda, evolvisse, etc., just as, for the same cause, although less freq., u passed into v: gēnva, tēnvis (dissyl.), for gēnŭa, tĕnŭis; tēnvĭa, tēnvĭus (trisyl.), for tĕnŭĭa, tĕnŭĭus.—For the affinity of v to b, v. the letter B.—

V as a medial between two vowels was very freq. elided, esp. in inflection, and the word underwent in consequence a greater or less contraction: amavisti, amāsti; deleverunt, delērunt; novisti, nōsti; audivisti, audīsti, or audiisti; siveris, siris, or sieris; obliviscor, oblitus; dives, dis; aeviternus, aeternus; divitior, ditior; bovibus, bubus, etc.; providens, prudens; movimentum, momentum; provorsus, prorsus; si vis, sis; si vultis, sultis; Jovis pater, Juppiter; mage volo, mavolo, malo; non volo, nolo, etc. An example of the elision of v without a further contraction of the word is found in seorsus, from sevorsus (v. seorsus).—This etymological suppression of v is to be distinguished from its purely orthographical omission before or after u in ancient MSS. and inscriptions, as serus for servus, noum for novum, festius for festivus, Pacuius for Pacuvius; cf. the letters J and Q.—V is sometimes elided after a mute: dis for dvis from duo; likewise after s: sibi for svibi (from su-ibi); sis, sas, sos, for suis, suas, suos; sultis for si vultis; so Lat. si corresponds to Umbr. sve and Osc. svai; v. esp. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 310 sqq.—

As an abbreviation, V (as the sign of the consonant) stands for vir, vivus, vixit, voto, vale, verba, etc.; V. C., or also VC., vir clarissimus; VCP., voti compos posuit; V. V., virgo Vestalis; V. F. Q. D. E. R. F. P. D. E. R. I. C., verba fecerunt. Quid de eā re fieri placeret, de eā re ita censuerunt.—As a numeral, the letter V stands for half of the geometrical cross X or ten, Zumpt, Gr. § 115 Anm. 1.

V, v, a character derived from the Greek g, Mar. Victor. p. 2459 P. A consonant which, though originally written with the same sign as the vowel u (v. the letter U), was by the ancients themselves considered as essentially different from it, Charis. p. 57 P.; Diom. p. 416; 420 P.; Prisc. p. 539; 542; 544 sq. P.; Vel. Long. p. 2215; 2222 P.; just as the consonant i ( j) and the vowel i were regarded as two distinct letters; v. the letter J.

The sound of V seems to have been the same with that of English initial W. It corresponded to the Æolic digamma;

hence it is called,

Quint. 12, 10, 29, Aeolica littera, and the emperor Claudius used the Greek digamma inverted F to represent it (because in its proper position it already formed the Latin letter F), Quint. 1, 7, 26; Prisc. p. 545 sq. P.; Gell. 14, 5, 2;

v. also the inscrr. of the period during and immediately succeeding the reign of Claudius,

Inscr. Orell. 710 sq.; Marini Atti, p. 97. In very many words which were originally common to both languages, the initial or medial v in Latin represents a lost digamma in Greek; cf.: ver, êr; vis, is; video, ID; vestis, esthês; vitulus, italos; vomo, emeô; voco, epô; volvo, eilô; vinum, oinos; viola, ion; vespera, hespera; Vesta, Hestia; silva, hulê; ovis, oïs; divus, dios; aevum, aiôn; scaevus, skaios; vicus, oikos; levis, leios al. (For a full discussion of the sound of V, see Roby, Gram. I. praef. p. xxxiii. sqq.).—

V has the closest affinity to the vowel u, and hence, in the course of composition and inflection, it often passed into the latter: solvo, solutum, from solvĭtum, solŭĭtum; caveo, cautum, from cavitum; fautor, from faveo; lautum, from lavo; nauta, from navita; audeo, cf. avidus; neu, seu, from neve, sive; tui, cf. Sanscr. tvam; sui, Sanscr. sva-; suavis, Sanscr. svadus, and is resolved into it by the poets from prosodial necessity: silŭa (trisyl.) for silva; dissŏlŭo, evŏlŭam (quadrisyl.), for dissolvam, evolvam; dissŏlŭenda, evolŭisse (quinquasyl.), for dissolvenda, evolvisse, etc., just as, for the same cause, although less freq., u passed into v: gēnva, tēnvis (dissyl.), for gēnŭa, tĕnŭis; tēnvĭa, tēnvĭus (trisyl.), for tĕnŭĭa, tĕnŭĭus.—For the affinity of v to b, v. the letter B.—

V as a medial between two vowels was very freq. elided, esp. in inflection, and the word underwent in consequence a greater or less contraction: amavisti, amāsti; deleverunt, delērunt; novisti, nōsti; audivisti, audīsti, or audiisti; siveris, siris, or sieris; obliviscor, oblitus; dives, dis; aeviternus, aeternus; divitior, ditior; bovibus, bubus, etc.; providens, prudens; movimentum, momentum; provorsus, prorsus; si vis, sis; si vultis, sultis; Jovis pater, Juppiter; mage volo, mavolo, malo; non volo, nolo, etc. An example of the elision of v without a further contraction of the word is found in seorsus, from sevorsus (v. seorsus).—This etymological suppression of v is to be distinguished from its purely orthographical omission before or after u in ancient MSS. and inscriptions, as serus for servus, noum for novum, festius for festivus, Pacuius for Pacuvius; cf. the letters J and Q.—V is sometimes elided after a mute: dis for dvis from duo; likewise after s: sibi for svibi (from su-ibi); sis, sas, sos, for suis, suas, suos; sultis for si vultis; so Lat. si corresponds to Umbr. sve and Osc. svai; v. esp. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 310 sqq.—

As an abbreviation, V (as the sign of the consonant) stands for vir, vivus, vixit, voto, vale, verba, etc.; V. C., or also VC., vir clarissimus; VCP., voti compos posuit; V. V., virgo Vestalis; V. F. Q. D. E. R. F. P. D. E. R. I. C., verba fecerunt. Quid de eā re fieri placeret, de eā re ita censuerunt.—As a numeral, the letter V stands for half of the geometrical cross X or ten, Zumpt, Gr. § 115 Anm. 1.

* * *

con-tĕro, trīvi (rarely conterui, App. M. 8, p. 212, 12; Ven. Fort. C. 6, 4, 33), trītum, 3, v. a., to grind, bruise, pound, to crumble, separate into small pieces.

Prop. (so freq. in medic. lang.):

medium scillae cum aquā ad mellis crassitudinem,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 8:

cornua cervi,

Ov. Med. Fac. 60:

horrendis infamia pabula sucis,

id. M. 14, 44:

radicem aridam in pulverem,

Plin. 26, 11, 70, § 113:

fracta, contrita,

Lucr. 4, 697.—Far more freq. and class. in prose and poetry,

Transf., to diminish by rubbing, to waste, destroy (cf.: conficio, consumo, etc.), to rub off, wear out.

Of material objects:

latera tua,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 13:

boves et vires agricolarum (followed by conficere),

Lucr. 2, 1161; cf.:

conteritur ferrum, silices tenuantur ab usu,

Ov. A. A. 3, 91: superbiter contemptim conterit legiones, Naev. ap. Non. p. 516, 1;

humorously imitated: ne nos tam contemptim conteras,

treat contemptuously, Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 34; and:

conteris Tu tuā me oratione, mulier,

you wear me out, id. Cist. 2, 3, 65 (cf. B. 1. b. infra):

corpora ipsa ac manus silvis ac paludibus emuniendis inter verbera ac contumelias conterunt,

Tac. Agr. 31:

heri in tergo meo Tris facile corios contrivisti bubulos,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 11:

Viam Sacram,

to tread upon frequently, Prop. 2 (3), 23, 15: Paideian Kurou legendo, i. e. to wear out with reading, Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 1:

supellectilem pluribus et diversis officiis,

to wear out by use, Quint. 2, 4, 29.—In mal. part.:

aliquas indigno quaestu, i. e. prostituere,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 44; cf.

tero.—Prov.: is vel Herculi conterere quaestum possiet,

squander the greatest possible fortune, Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 68 Lorenz ad loc.—

Of immaterial objects.

Most freq. (like the simple verb) of time, to waste, consume, spend, pass, employ, in a good and bad sense (cf. Sall. C. 4, 1 Kritz); constr. with in and abl. or the abl. only, with dum, or absol.

With in:

aetatem in pistrino,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 11:

vitam atque aetatem meam in quaerendo,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 15:

aetatem in litibus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 53:

omne otiosum tempus in studiis,

id. Lael. 27, 104:

diem in eā arte,

Prop. 2, 1, 46.—

With abl.:

totum hunc diem cursando atque ambulando,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 17:

majorem aevi partem somno,

Lucr. 3, 1047:

tempora spectaculis, etc.,

Quint. 1, 12, 18:

diei brevitatem conviviis, longitudinem noctis stupris et flagitiis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 26:

bonum otium socordiā atque desidiā,

Sall. C. 4, 1.—

With dum:

contrivi diem, Dum asto, etc.,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 3, 4.—

Absol.:

vitae modum,

Prop. 1, 7, 9.—

Transf. to the person:

se, ut Plato, in musicis, geometriā, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 1, 21, 72; cf.

in medial form: cum in causis et in negotiis et in foro conteramur,

id. de Or. 1, 58, 249; id. Caecin. 5, 14.—

In gen.:

operam,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 54; cf.:

operam frustra,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 31:

quae sunt horum temporum,

to exhaust, Cic. Att. 9, 4, 1.—

Trop.:

ejus omnis gravissimas injurias quasi voluntariā oblivione,

to obliterate from the memory, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 20: quam (dignitatem virtutis) reliquā ex collatione, facile est conterere atque contemnere, to tread under foot by comparison (opp. in caelum efferre), id. Tusc. 5, 30, 85.—Hence, contrītus, a, um, P. a., worn out, trite, common (mostly in Cic.):

proverbium vetustate,

Cic. Fin. 2, 16, 52:

praecepta (connected with communia),

id. de Or. 1, 31, 138:

contritum et contemptum praemium,

id. Sest. 40, 86.

con-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, 2, v. a. and n. [teneo].

Act., to hold or keep together.

In gen. (rare).

Lit. (syn.:

coërceo, conjungo): contine quaeso caput,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 26:

quod omnem continet amplexu terram,

Lucr. 5, 319; cf.:

mundus omnia conplexu suo coërcet et continet,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 58:

vitem levi nodo,

Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 187:

magni refert primordia saepe cum quibus... contineantur,

Lucr. 1, 818; 1, 908; 2, 761;

2, 1008: pars oppidi, mari dijuncta angusto, ponte adjungitur et continetur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 52, § 117.—

Of places, to bound, limit, enclose (very rare in act.):

reliquum spatium mons continet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38:

Oceanus ponto qua continet orbem,

Tib. 4, 1, 147; but more freq. in pass., to be comprised, enclosed, surrounded, encompassed, environed by:

qui vicus altissimis montibus undique continetur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1; so,

undique loci naturā Helvetii,

id. ib. 1, 2:

mare montibus angustis,

id. ib. 4, 23:

una pars Galliae Garumnā flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum,

id. ib. 1, 1.—

Trop.:

omnes artes quasi cognatione quādam inter se continentur,

hang together, Cic. Arch. 1, 2.—Far more freq. in all periods and species of composition.,

With partic. access. ideas.

With the access. idea of firmness, quiet, permanence, etc., to hold or keep together, to keep, hold fast, preserve, retain (syn. servo).

Lit.:

(alvus) arcet et continet... quod recepit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136:

merces (opp. partiri),

id. Vatin. 5, 12; cf.

exercitum (opp. dividere),

Liv. 28, 2, 16:

arida continent odorem diutius,

Plin. 21, 7, 18, § 39.—

Trop.:

nec ulla res vehementius rem publicam continet quam fides,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84:

Remos reliquosque Belgas in officio,

Caes. B. G. 3, 11:

in officio Dumnorigem,

id. ib. 5, 7:

te in exercitatione,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19 fin.:

te in tuis perenuibus studiis,

id. Brut. 97, 332:

ceteros in armis (plaga),

Liv. 9, 41, 15:

alicujus hospitio,

Nep. Lys. 1, 5.—

With the access. idea of hindering, preventing motion, to keep, keep still, detain, restrain, repress, enclose.

Lit.: milites [p. 449] sub pellibus, Caes. B. G. 3, 29; cf.:

pecudem sub tecto,

Col. 7, 10, 3:

exercitum castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; 2, 11; Liv. 31, 26, 6; 28, 9, 14 al.; cf.:

nostros in castris (tempestates),

Caes. B. G. 4, 34; 6, 36; and:

copias in castris,

id. B. C. 1, 66; 3, 30; Auct. B. Afr. 1; 7; Liv. 36, 17, 9:

Pompeium quam angustissime,

Caes. B. C. 3, 45:

aliquem limine,

Liv. 34, 1, 5:

ora frenis,

Phaedr. 3, 6, 7:

ventos carcere,

Ov. M. 11, 432:

animam in dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261 et saep.:

se ruri,

to stay, remain, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 17; cf.:

se domi,

Suet. Caes. 81:

suo se loco,

Caes. B. G. 4, 34:

oppido sese,

id. ib. 2, 30:

castris se continere,

id. B. C. 3, 37:

se vallo,

id. B. G. 5, 44:

se finibus Romanis,

Liv. 39, 17, 4; 34, 58, 3:

moenibus sese,

id. 42, 7, 4:

agrorum suorum terminis se,

id. 38, 40, 2:

se moenibus,

Ov. M. 13, 208:

sese intra silvas,

Caes. B. G. 2, 18:

suos intra munitionem,

id. ib. 5, 57;

5, 58: milites intra castrorum vallum,

id. B. C. 3, 76; Liv. 31, 34, 9;

Auct. B. Afr. 24: intra castra militem,

Tac. H. 4, 19:

praesidibus provinciarum propagavit imperium, ut a peritis et assuetis socii continerentur,

Suet. Aug. 23 et saep.:

an te auspicium commoratum est? an tempestas continet?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 67.—

Trop., to hold back, detain, repress, hold in check, curb, check, stay, stop, tame, subdue, etc. (syn. cohibeo):

adpetitiones animi,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 9, 22:

omnis cupiditates,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 32:

modeste insolentiam suam,

id. Agr. 1, 6, 18:

risum,

id. Fin. 4, 25, 71 et saep.:

formido mortales omnes,

Lucr. 1, 151:

Etruriam non tam armis quam judiciorum terrore,

Liv. 29, 36, 10:

oppida magis metu quam fide,

id. 30, 20, 5; cf.:

quosdam continet metus,

Quint. 1, 3, 6:

solo metu,

id. 12, 7, 2 et saep.:

animum a consuetā libidine,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

temeritatem ab omni lapsu (with cohibere),

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 45:

suos a proelio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

manum juventus Metu deorum,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 37 al.:

se ab adsentiendo,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 104; so,

se ab exemplis,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 62:

temperans, qui se in aliquā libidine continuerit,

id. Par. 3, 1, 21:

se male continet amens,

Ov. M. 4, 351:

male me, quin vera faterer, Continui,

id. ib. 7, 729:

nequeo continere quin loquar,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 28.—

Mid.: contineri, quin complectar, non queo,

restrain myself, refrain, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 128; cf.:

vix me contineo, quin, etc.,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 20:

jam nequeo contineri,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 60; cf.:

vix contineor,

Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 9:

quae vera audivi, taceo et contineo optime,

keep it to myself, conceal it, id. Eun. 1, 2, 23:

ea quae continet, neque adhuc protulit, explicet nobis,

Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 206:

dicta,

id. ib. 2, 55, 222.—

With the access. idea of containing, to comprise, contain, involve, comprehend something in itself (syn. complector):

(aqua gelum) quod continet in se, mittit,

Lucr. 6, 877; cf.:

ut omnia, quae aluntur et crescunt, contineant in se vim caloris,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 23; so,

in se,

Quint. 1, 6, 31; 2, 10, 2:

Quattuor aeternus genitalia corpora mundus Continet,

Ov. M. 15, 240:

rem militarem,

Liv. 5, 52, 16:

panis innumeras paene continet medicinas,

Plin. 22, 25, 68, § 138:

(linea) centum continet (pedes),

Quint. 1, 10, 44:

Idus Martiae magnum mendum continent,

Cic. Att. 14, 22, 2:

paucas species (vox),

Quint. 11, 3, 18:

tales res, quales hic liber continet,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; Plin. Ep. 5, 9, 1:

narrationes, quae summam criminis contineant,

Quint. 4, 2, 10:

fabula stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

liber primus ea continebit, quae, etc., Quint. prooem. § 21: tertia epistula continebat, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 9, 28, 5.—With subj.-clause:

quando ipsos loqui deceat, quartus liber continet,

Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Esp. freq.,

In pass.: contineri aliquā re, to be contained in something, be composed of, consist of or in, to rest upon, to be supported by, etc.:

terreno corpore,

Lucr. 1, 1085:

non venis et nervis et ossibus continentur (dii),

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

artem negabat esse ullam, nisi quae cognitis penitusque perspectis... rebus contineretur,

id. de Or. 1, 20, 92:

forma honestatis, quae tota quattuor his virtutibus... continetur,

id. Fin. 2, 15, 48:

versus paucis (pedibus) continetur,

Quint. 9, 4, 60: quae philosophorum libris continentur, id. prooem. § 11; cf. id. 5, 10, 111 et saep.: artes, quae conjecturā continentur et sunt opinabiles, Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24:

foedere,

Liv. 41, 23, 9:

actu,

Quint. 2, 18, 5; 12, 9, 1; 3, 7, 28.—Rarely with in and abl.:

forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur,

Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2; cf.:

quibus (legibus) in singulis civitatibus res publica continetur,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23.—

Neutr., to hold together in itself, to hang together (in the verb. finit. very rare; but freq. as P. a.; cf. also the deriv. continuus):

per hortum utroque commeatus continet,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 43.—Hence,

contĭnens, entis, P. a.

(Acc. to II.) Holding or hanging together (freq. and class.).

Bordering upon, neighboring, contiguous, lying near, adjacent (syn.: junctus, adjunctus, contiguus); constr. with dat., cum, or absol.

Prop.:

aër mari,

Cic. N. D. 2, 45, 117:

continentia atque adjuncta praedia huic fundo,

id. Caecin. 4, 11:

(mare) dissimile est proximo ei continenti,

id. Ac. 2, 33, 105 al.:

Cappadociae pars ea, quae cum Cilicià continens est,

id. Fam. 15, 2, 2:

(Morini) continentes silvas ac paludes habebant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28; cf. so absol.:

parum locuples continente ripā,

Hor. C. 2, 18, 22; cf.:

pars eorum, qui propiores erant continenti litori,

Liv. 44, 28, 12.— Subst.: contĭnentĭa, ĭum, n. (sc. loca), adjoining places, the neighborhood:

Cherronesum et continentia usque Atho montem,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 215 al.:

urbis,

the suburbs, Dig. 50, 16, 147.—

Trop., in time, following, next:

continentibus diebus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84;

and of other abstract things: motus sensui junctus et continens,

Cic. N. D. 1, 11, 26:

timori perpetuo ipsum malum continens fuit,

followed at its heels, Liv. 5, 39, 8.—

Holding together, cohering in itself, connected, continuous, uninterrupted.

Prop.:

continens agmen migrantium,

Liv. 1, 29, 4:

agmen,

id. 2, 50, 7; 8, 8, 13 al.:

ruinae,

id. 21, 8, 5; terra, the mainland, continent, Varr. ap. Charis. p. 100 P.; Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 274, 6; Nep. Them. 3, 2; and in the same sense far more freq. subst.: contĭnens, entis, f. (rarely masc., Curt. 4, 2, 1 Zumpt, dub.; abl. in e and i equally used;

v. the 4th and 5th books of Caes. B. G.),

Caes. B. G. 4, 27; 4, 28; 4, 31; 4, 36 bis et saep.; Nep. Milt. 7, 3; Liv. 35, 43, 4; Plin. 5, 31, 34, § 128; Suet Aug. 65; id. Tib. 40 et saep.—

Trop., in time, continual, consecutive, uninterrupted:

labor omnium dierum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63; Liv. 42, 54, 3:

bella,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

imperium usque ad nos,

Liv. 7, 30, 8:

imber per noctem totam,

id. 23, 44, 6:

biduo,

Suet. Calig. 19:

febres sine intermissione,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.:

e continenti genere,

in continuous descent, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61:

spiritus,

id. de Or. 3, 57, 216 et saep.: ex continenti (sc. tempore), instantly, immediately, = continuo, statim, Just. 1, 9; so,

in continenti,

Dig. 44, 5, 1.—

(Acc. to I. B. 2. b.) That restrains his passions, continent, moderate, temperate, enkratês (rare, but in good prose):

continentior in vitā hominum quam in pecuniā,

Caes. B. C. 1, 23:

cum reges tam sint continentes, multo magis consularis esse oportere,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 1:

puer,

id. Att. 6, 6, 3:

Epaminondas,

Nep. Epam. 3, 2 al. — Sup., Cic. Par. 1, 1, 7; Suet. Aug. 71.—

(Acc. to I. B. 3.) In rhet., subst.: contĭnens, entis, n., that on which something rests or depends, the chief point, hinge:

causae,

Cic. Part. Or. 29, 103; id. Top. 25, 95:

intuendum videtur, quid sit quaestio, ratio, judicatio, continens, vel ut alii vocant, firmamentum,

Quint. 3, 11, 1; cf. id. ib. § 18 sqq.— Adv.: contĭnen-ter.

(Acc. to A. 2.)

In space, in unbroken succession, in a row. continenter sedetis, Cat. 37, 6.—More freq. and class.,

In time, continuously, without interruption:

totā nocte ierunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26:

jam amplius horis sex pugnaretur,

id. ib. 3, 5:

biduum lapidibus pluit,

Liv. 25, 7, 7:

usque ad ipsum negotium,

Cic. Inv. 1, 26, 37:

ferri imagines,

id. N. D. 1, 39, 109.—

(Acc. to B.) Temperately, moderately (rare):

vivere,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 106; in sup.:

vivere,

Aug. Ep. 199; id. Conf. 6, 12.—Hence also,

contentus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 2. b.); medial., satisfying one's self with, contented, satisfied, content (freq. in all periods and species of composition); constr. in gen. with the abl.; more rarely absol.; after the Aug. per. very freq. with the inf.

With abl.: his versibus, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 264, 3:

suis rebus,

Cic. Par. 6, 3, 51:

paucis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 16:

illā (sorte),

id. ib. 1, 1, 3:

viverem uti contentus eo quod mī ipse parasset,

id. ib. 1, 4, 108; cf. Suet. Aug. 82:

solā Dianā,

Verg. A. 11, 582.—

Absol.:

cum ipsum audires sine comparatione, non modo contentus esses, sed melius non quaereres,

Cic. Brut. 35, 134; so comp., Plaut. Poen. 2, 15.—

With inf.:

indagare,

Ov. M. 1, 461:

edidicisse,

id. ib. 2, 638:

retinere titulum provinciae,

Vell. 2, 49:

hostes sustinuisse,

id. 2, 112:

indicare,

Quint. 4, 2, 128:

ostendere,

id. 5, 10, 31:

id consequi, quod imiteris,

id. 10, 2, 7 et saep.— Adv.: contentē (ante-and post-class., and rare), in a restrained manner, closely:

arte contenteque habere aliquem,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 63:

parce contenteque vivere,

Pacat. Pan. Theod. 13.

con-verso, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. *

Act., to turn round: animus se ipse conversans, * Cic. Univ. 8 med. —More freq.,

In medial form conversor, ātus, 1 (post-Aug.; a favorite word of Seneca; not in Quint.),

To abide, live, or dwell somewhere:

in montibus (aquila),

Plin. 10, 3, 3, § 6.—

To live with, have intercourse with, keep company with:

nobiscum,

Sen. Ep. 41, 5; 55, 9 sqq.;

99, 21: inter humano sanguine delibutos,

Sen. Contr. 1, 2.— Absol., Sen. Ira, 3, 8, 1; id. Ep. 108, 4.—Of animals, Col. 9, 11, 1:

equis a tenero asinus,

id. 6, 37, 8.—

To live, pass one's life:

male,

Dig. 26, 7, 5, § 3:

ut oportet,

ib. 1, 16, 9, § 3 a.

con-verso, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. *

Act., to turn round: animus se ipse conversans, * Cic. Univ. 8 med. —More freq.,

In medial form conversor, ātus, 1 (post-Aug.; a favorite word of Seneca; not in Quint.),

To abide, live, or dwell somewhere:

in montibus (aquila),

Plin. 10, 3, 3, § 6.—

To live with, have intercourse with, keep company with:

nobiscum,

Sen. Ep. 41, 5; 55, 9 sqq.;

99, 21: inter humano sanguine delibutos,

Sen. Contr. 1, 2.— Absol., Sen. Ira, 3, 8, 1; id. Ep. 108, 4.—Of animals, Col. 9, 11, 1:

equis a tenero asinus,

id. 6, 37, 8.—

To live, pass one's life:

male,

Dig. 26, 7, 5, § 3:

ut oportet,

ib. 1, 16, 9, § 3 a.

con-volvo, volvi, vŏlūtum, 3, v. a., to roll together, roll up, roll round (first freq. in the post-Aug. per., esp. in Pliny the elder).

Lit.:

ignis semina convolvunt venti,

Lucr. 6, 200 sq.:

se sol,

Cic. Div. 1, 23, 46:

lubrica terga coluber,

Verg. A. 2, 474 (in acc. with Hom. Il. 22, 95: drakôn helissomenos):

rapta turbines,

Sen. Ep. 94, 67:

se venae arborum,

Plin. 16, 39, 76, § 198 al. —So in part. perf.:

convoluti in semet dracones,

Plin. 10, 72, 92, § 197:

aër ignavo globo torpet,

id. 2, 8, 6, § 33; 11, 37, 45, § 124 al.— Poet.:

gentes mare,

i. e. involved by inundating, Luc. 4, 623.—Medial: pennis convolvitur Ales, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 44, 113.—

Esp.

To fasten together, interweave, interlace:

testudo convoluta omnibus rebus, quibus ignis jactus et lapides defendi possent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 2:

spartum convolutum osseis iligneisve conamentis,

Plin. 19, 2, 7, § 27.—

Of a written book or roll of manuscript, to unroll and roll up, as one reads; hence, to look over:

magnam partem (historiae),

Sen. Contr. 5 (10), prooem. § 8.—

Trop.: Gallograeciam quoque Syriatici belli ruina convolvit, involved, Flor. 2, 11, 1 (in Sen. Ep. 40, 2, the right read. is convellere).

crŭcĭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [crux].

Orig., to put to death on the cross, to crucify (only in eccl. Lat.), Lact. Mort. Pers. 2, 1.—

In gen., to put to the rack, to torture, torment (freq. and class., esp. in the signif. B.).

Physically:

cum vigiliis et fame cruciaretur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 20, 65:

tribunos militum verberatos servilibusque omnibus suppliciis cruciatos trucidando occidit,

Liv. 29, 18, 14 Drak. N. cr.:

cum cruciabere dirae Sanguine serpentis,

Ov. M. 2, 651:

cruciataque diris Corpora tormentis,

id. ib. 3, 694 al.:

qui advehuntur quadrupedanti crucianti canterio,

i. e. torturing the rider by its uneasy motion, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 34.—

Transf. of inanimate things:

terra ferro, ligno, igni, lapide, fruge omnibus cruciatur horis,

Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 157; so,

aes cruciatur in primis accensumque restinguitur sale,

id. 33, 3, 20, § 65.—

Mentally.

Act.:

graviter adulescentulum,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 1; id. Eun. 2, 3, 93; Hor. S. 1, 10, 78 al.:

officii me deliberatio cruciat cruciavitque adhuc,

Cic. Att. 8, 15, 2:

ut ipsus sese cruciat aegritudine!

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 89:

ne crucia te, obsecro, anime mi,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 15; cf. Hor. S. 1, 2, 22:

quos major sollicitudo cruciat,

Just. 6, 3, 9:

illud me cruciat, quod, etc.,

Mart. 11, 94, 5. —So pass.:

tanto dolore cruciatus est,

Just. 12, 13, 9.—

Medial (only in Plaut. and Ter.), to afflict one's self, to grieve, be afflicted:

ut miserae matres cruciantur!

Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 2; cf.:

crucior miser,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 10; with acc. and inf.:

crucior me lapidem non habere, ut, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 68; Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 6; and with acc. of neutr. pron.:

istuc crucior, a viro me tali abalienarier,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 11; id. Trin. 5, 2, 46.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.