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41 tariff rate of wage
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42 RER
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, (Renewable Energy Resources) ВИЭ (возобновляемые источники энергии)2) Американизм: Radiation Effects Report, Remediation Effectiveness Report3) Военный термин: Radar Effects Reactor, Recovery and Evacuation Report, Restricted Equipment Requirement, resource expenditure rate4) Техника: Regional Europe, radioactive effluent release, redundant element removal, regulatory effectiveness review, representative for experiment review, residual-error ratio, risk evaluation report, rotating equipment reliability5) Химия: Radiation Effects Reactor, Rare Earth Research6) Сокращение: Radar Electrical Rack (radar uplink / downlink)7) Физиология: Respiratory Exchange Ratio8) Гематология: rapid early response (быстрый ранний ответ)9) Транспорт: Reseau Express Regional10) Фирменный знак: Real Estate Roundtable, Regional Economic Research, Inc., Rental Equipment Register11) СМИ: Rerun12) Сетевые технологии: residual error ratio, коэффициент необнаруженных ошибок -
43 rER
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, (Renewable Energy Resources) ВИЭ (возобновляемые источники энергии)2) Американизм: Radiation Effects Report, Remediation Effectiveness Report3) Военный термин: Radar Effects Reactor, Recovery and Evacuation Report, Restricted Equipment Requirement, resource expenditure rate4) Техника: Regional Europe, radioactive effluent release, redundant element removal, regulatory effectiveness review, representative for experiment review, residual-error ratio, risk evaluation report, rotating equipment reliability5) Химия: Radiation Effects Reactor, Rare Earth Research6) Сокращение: Radar Electrical Rack (radar uplink / downlink)7) Физиология: Respiratory Exchange Ratio8) Гематология: rapid early response (быстрый ранний ответ)9) Транспорт: Reseau Express Regional10) Фирменный знак: Real Estate Roundtable, Regional Economic Research, Inc., Rental Equipment Register11) СМИ: Rerun12) Сетевые технологии: residual error ratio, коэффициент необнаруженных ошибок -
44 DAER
1) Военный термин: Department of Aeronautical and Engineering Research2) Сокращение: Daily Ammunition Expenditure Rate -
45 RER
RER, resource expenditure rateEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > RER
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46 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
47 reduction
rɪˈdʌkʃən сущ.
1) а) снижение, понижение;
обыкн. воен. понижение в должности и т. п. reduction from rank (to the ranks) ≈ разжалование б) сокращение, уменьшение в) скидка, дисконт г) уменьшенная копия( с картины и т. п.)
2) а) превращение;
изменение формы, состояния б) метал. выделение металла из руды;
передел в) хим. восстановление
3) а) тех. обжатие б) подавление, покорение
4) мед. вправление( вывиха)
5) а) мат. приведение к общему знаменателю б) мат. сокращение
6) фон. редукция, ослабление( о гласных) снижение, понижение;
уменьшение, сокращение - * of armaments сокращение вооружений - * of wages снижение заработной платы - * of demand падение спроса - * of prices снижение /падение/ цен - a * in /of/ numbers количественное сокращение, сокращение количества - * in length укорачивание - * in force( военное) сокращение вооруженных сил( коммерческое) скидка - to make a * on an article сделать скидку на какой-л. товар - to sell at a * of 10 per cent продавать со скидкой в 10 процентов (юридическое) смягчение( наказания) (to, into) превращение, обращение;
приведение в какое-л. состояние - * to absurdity доведение до абсурда /до нелепости/ - * to powder измельчение /размалывание, стирание/ в порошок - * of things to order наведение или восстановление порядка перевод, превращение (в другие, более мелкие меры, единицы и т. п.) (специальное) приведение - * to mean (sea-) level( физическое) приведение к стандартным условиям на уровне моря - * to meridian (астрономия) (геодезия) приведение к меридиану - * for latitude( морское) поправка на широту, приведение к широте (математика) приведение к общему знаменателю;
сокращение;
упрощение преим. (военное) понижение (в должности, в звании и т. п.) - * to the ranks разжалование - * in rank снижение в звании уменьшенная копия( с картины и т. п.) - * printing( фотографическое) печать с уменьшением покорение;
захват, взятие (города, крепости) (военное) подавление (огневой точки) - * of fortifications разрушение укреплений (биология) мейоз;
редукция, уменьшение числа хромосом при мейозе (коммерческое) разлив;
расфасовка( специальное) редукция (компьютерное) обработка полученных данных - data * преобразование данных, обработка информации (медицина) вправление (вывиха) (химическое) восстановление выделение металла из руды;
передел (техническое) обжатие acoustical ~ вчт. акустическая редукция age ~ уменьшение возраста cost ~ снижение издержек производства cost ~ снижение себестоимости interest rate ~ снижение ставки процента net tax ~ чистая сумма налоговой скидки pay ~ снижение заработной платы price ~ скидка с цены price ~ снижение цены pro rata ~ пропорциональное сокращение proportional ~ пропорциональное сокращение reduction хим. восстановление ~ мед. вправление ( вывиха) ~ метал. выделение металла из руды;
передел ~ тех. обжатие ~ обращение ~ перевод, превращение (в другую валюту) ~ перевод в другую валюту ~ покорение, подавление ~ понижение ~ (преим. воен.) понижение (в должности и т. п.) ;
reduction from rank (или to the ranks) разжалование;
reduction in rank снижение в звании ~ превращение;
изменение формы или состояния ~ превращение ~ вчт. предварительная обработка ~ вчт. предварительное преобразование ~ приведение ~ приведение в определенное состояние ~ мат. приведение к общему знаменателю;
сокращение ~ расфасовка ~ редукция, сведение ~ редукция ~ вчт. сжатие данных ~ скидка ~ скидка ~ снижение, понижение;
уменьшение, сокращение;
reduction of armaments сокращение вооружений ~ снижение, уменьшение (цен) ~ снижение ~ сокращение ~ уменьшение ~ уменьшенная копия (с картины и т. п.) ~ уменьшенная копия ~ упрощение ~ (преим. воен.) понижение (в должности и т. п.) ;
reduction from rank (или to the ranks) разжалование;
reduction in rank снижение в звании ~ in expenditure снижение затрат ~ in expenditure сокращение расходов ~ in expenditure at national level сокращение расходов на государственном уровне ~ in exports сокращение объема экспорта ~ in import volumes сокращение объема импорта ~ in income снижение дохода ~ in interest rate снижение ставки процента ~ in liquidity снижение ликвидности ~ in market value снижение курсовой стоимости ~ in market value снижение рыночной стоимости ~ in output снижение производительности ~ in output сокращение выхода продукции ~ in pay уменьшение заработной платы ~ (преим. воен.) понижение (в должности и т. п.) ;
reduction from rank (или to the ranks) разжалование;
reduction in rank снижение в звании ~ in sales уменьшение объема продаж ~ in trade спад в торговле ~ in turnover сокращение оборота ~ in value снижение стоимости ~ in working hours уменьшение рабочего времени ~ снижение, понижение;
уменьшение, сокращение;
reduction of armaments сокращение вооружений ~ of capital сокращение капитала ~ of capital сокращение основных фондов ~ of charges смягчение обвинений ~ of company's capital уменьшение капитала компании ~ of debt снижение задолженности ~ of debt уменьшение долга ~ of deficit уменьшение дефицита ~ of differentials снижение разницы в оплате труда ~ of expenses сокращение расходов ~ of foreign source income сокращение зарубежных источников дохода ~ of income снижение дохода ~ of indebtedness уменьшение задолженности ~ of interest снижение ставки процента ~ of liquidity сокращение ликвидных средств ~ of official discount rate снижение официальной учетной ставки ~ of postal rates снижение почтовых тарифов ~ of premium уменьшение страховой премии ~ of proceeds уменьшение выручки ~ of profit снижение прибыли ~ of purchase price снижение покупной цены ~ of rate снижение тарифа ~ of share capital сокращение акционерного капитала ~ of stocks сокращение запасов ~ of tax снижение налога ~ of term сокращение срока ~ of unemployment сокращение безработицы ~ of working hours сокращение рабочего времени ~ of working time снижение числа рабочих часов;
сокращение рабочего времени ~ on purchase price скидка с покупной цены rowwise ~ вчт. построчное сжатие salary ~ снижение ставок заработной платы staff ~ сокращение штатов staff ~ уменьшение численности персонала stock ~ уменьшение запасов tariff ~ снижение тарифа tax ~ снижение налогаБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > reduction
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48 reduction
[rɪˈdʌkʃən]acoustical reduction вчт. акустическая редукция age reduction уменьшение возраста cost reduction снижение издержек производства cost reduction снижение себестоимости interest rate reduction снижение ставки процента net tax reduction чистая сумма налоговой скидки pay reduction снижение заработной платы price reduction скидка с цены price reduction снижение цены pro rata reduction пропорциональное сокращение proportional reduction пропорциональное сокращение reduction хим. восстановление reduction мед. вправление (вывиха) reduction метал. выделение металла из руды; передел reduction тех. обжатие reduction обращение reduction перевод, превращение (в другую валюту) reduction перевод в другую валюту reduction покорение, подавление reduction понижение reduction (преим. воен.) понижение (в должности и т. п.); reduction from rank (или to the ranks) разжалование; reduction in rank снижение в звании reduction превращение; изменение формы или состояния reduction превращение reduction вчт. предварительная обработка reduction вчт. предварительное преобразование reduction приведение reduction приведение в определенное состояние reduction мат. приведение к общему знаменателю; сокращение reduction расфасовка reduction редукция, сведение reduction редукция reduction вчт. сжатие данных reduction скидка reduction скидка reduction снижение, понижение; уменьшение, сокращение; reduction of armaments сокращение вооружений reduction снижение, уменьшение (цен) reduction снижение reduction сокращение reduction уменьшение reduction уменьшенная копия (с картины и т. п.) reduction уменьшенная копия reduction упрощение reduction (преим. воен.) понижение (в должности и т. п.); reduction from rank (или to the ranks) разжалование; reduction in rank снижение в звании reduction in expenditure снижение затрат reduction in expenditure сокращение расходов reduction in expenditure at national level сокращение расходов на государственном уровне reduction in exports сокращение объема экспорта reduction in import volumes сокращение объема импорта reduction in income снижение дохода reduction in interest rate снижение ставки процента reduction in liquidity снижение ликвидности reduction in market value снижение курсовой стоимости reduction in market value снижение рыночной стоимости reduction in output снижение производительности reduction in output сокращение выхода продукции reduction in pay уменьшение заработной платы reduction (преим. воен.) понижение (в должности и т. п.); reduction from rank (или to the ranks) разжалование; reduction in rank снижение в звании reduction in sales уменьшение объема продаж reduction in trade спад в торговле reduction in turnover сокращение оборота reduction in value снижение стоимости reduction in working hours уменьшение рабочего времени reduction снижение, понижение; уменьшение, сокращение; reduction of armaments сокращение вооружений reduction of capital сокращение капитала reduction of capital сокращение основных фондов reduction of charges смягчение обвинений reduction of company's capital уменьшение капитала компании reduction of debt снижение задолженности reduction of debt уменьшение долга reduction of deficit уменьшение дефицита reduction of differentials снижение разницы в оплате труда reduction of expenses сокращение расходов reduction of foreign source income сокращение зарубежных источников дохода reduction of income снижение дохода reduction of indebtedness уменьшение задолженности reduction of interest снижение ставки процента reduction of liquidity сокращение ликвидных средств reduction of official discount rate снижение официальной учетной ставки reduction of postal rates снижение почтовых тарифов reduction of premium уменьшение страховой премии reduction of proceeds уменьшение выручки reduction of profit снижение прибыли reduction of purchase price снижение покупной цены reduction of rate снижение тарифа reduction of share capital сокращение акционерного капитала reduction of stocks сокращение запасов reduction of tax снижение налога reduction of term сокращение срока reduction of unemployment сокращение безработицы reduction of working hours сокращение рабочего времени reduction of working time снижение числа рабочих часов; сокращение рабочего времени reduction on purchase price скидка с покупной цены rowwise reduction вчт. построчное сжатие salary reduction снижение ставок заработной платы staff reduction сокращение штатов staff reduction уменьшение численности персонала stock reduction уменьшение запасов tariff reduction снижение тарифа tax reduction снижение налога -
49 tax
n под. податок; збір; акциз; обкладення; a податковийобов'язковий платіж, який уряд накладає на товари і послуги, на дохід окремих осіб і підприємств, на власність, на прибутки тощо з метою одержання надходжень (revenue¹) для фінансування державних видатків на охорону здоров'я, розвиток освіти, пенсійне забезпечення та ін. програми, з метою регулювання рівня витрат в економіці (economy¹) країни тощо; ♦ існують прямі (direct tax) і непрямі (indirect tax) податки; до прямих податків належать прибутковий податок (income tax), податок на реалізований дохід від приросту активів (capital gains tax), майновий податок (wealth tax), що стосується вартості чистих активів, земельний податок (land tax) тощо; до непрямих — податок з обороту (sales tax), акцизний збір (excise duty), тарифи (tariff), митний податок (customs duty) тощо═════════■═════════accrued tax нарахована заборгованість зі сплати податків; accumulated earnings tax податок на нерозподілений прибуток; ad valorem tax лат. податок на вартість • податок з оголошеної ціни • податок у вигляді певного відсотка; advance corporation tax (ACT) податок на корпорації, виплачений авансом; agricultural tax сільськогосподарський податок; alcohol tax податок на алкогольні напої; alcohol-beverage tax податок на алкогольні напої • податок на спиртні напої; alternative minimum tax (AMT) альтернативний мінімальний податок; amusement tax податок на розваги (вистави, прокат кінофільмів); apportioned tax розподілений податок; assessed taxes прямі податки (на майно); burdensome taxes обтяжливі податки; business tax податок на бізнес • податок на підприємця; capital tax податок на капітал; capital gains tax (CGT); capital transfer tax податок на передачу капіталу; capitation tax податок, розрахований на одну особу; cargo tax податок на вантаж; chain-store tax прогресивний податок на мережу роздрібних крамниць ланцюгового підпорядкування; commodity tax (непрямий) податок на товари; company income tax податок на доходи компаній • податок на прибуток підприємств; consumption tax податок на споживання; corporate tax податок на прибуток корпорацій; corporation income tax податок на прибуток корпорацій • податок на доходи корпорацій; corrective tax коригуючий податок; death tax податок на спадщину; death and gift tax податок на спадщину і дарування; deferred tax відстрочені податки; deferred income tax відстрочений прибутковий податок; direct tax; dividends tax податок на дивіденди; double tax подвійний податок; earmarked taxes податки, резервовані для спеціальних цілей; effluent tax податок на відходи, що забруднюють середовище; emergency tax надзвичайний податок; employer payroll tax податок на підприємницький фонд заробітної плати; employment tax внесок у фонд страхування від безробіття; equalization tax урівноважу вальний податок • мито для вирівнювання; estate tax податок на спадщину • податок на нерухомість; estimated tax приблизно підрахований податок; excess profits tax податок на надприбуток; excise tax акцизний збір • акцизний податок; expenditure tax податок на видатки • непрямий податок; export tax експортне мито • податок на експорт; federal tax федеральний податок • податок, стягнений федеральним урядом; federal income taxes федеральні прибуткові податки • федеральні податки на доходи; flat tax пропорційний податок • податок, стягнений за єдиною ставкою; flat-rate tax пропорційний податок • податок, стягнений за єдиною ставкою; foreign tax закордонний податок • податок, стягнений закордонною державою; franchise tax податок на монопольні права і привілеї • франшизний податок; fringe benefits tax (FBT) податок на додаткові пільги; general property tax податок на всі види власності; general sales tax загальний податок з обороту; gift tax податок на дарування; goods and services tax податок на товари і послуги; graded tax податок з диференційованою ставкою; graduated tax податок, стягнений за прогресивною ставкою • прогресивний податок; graduated income tax прогресивний прибутковий податок; hidden taxes непрямий податок • неявний податок • прихований податок; highway tax збір на будівництво шосейних доріг; import tax імпортне мито • податок на імпорт; import equalization tax імпортний податок для вирівнювання • імпортне мито для вирівнювання; import turnover tax податок з обороту імпортних товарів; imposed tax запроваджений податок; income tax; increment value tax податок на приріст вартості; indirect tax; inflation tax інфляційний податок; inheritance tax податок на спадщину; interest equalization tax податок, який вирівнює ставки відсотка; intermediate taxes проміжні податки; land tax; legacy tax податок на спадщину; local tax місцевий податок; lump-sum tax одноразовий податок • податок на сукупну суму доходів • акордний податок; luxury tax податок на предмети розкоші; mainstream corporation tax основна сума податку на прибуток корпорацій; matured tax податок, за яким настав термін сплати; maximum tax максимальний податок; minimum tax мінімальний податок; motor vehicle tax податок на автомобілі; multistage sales tax багатоступінчастий податок на збут; municipal tax муніципальний податок; national tax загальнодержавний податок; net taxes чистий податок; net worth tax податок на власність; nondeductible tax податок, який не підлягає відрахуванню; occupational tax податок на професію; payroll tax податок із заробітної плати; personal property tax податок на особисте (рухоме) майно; privilege tax податок на привілей; processing tax податок на товар, який підлягає обробці; profits tax податок на прибутки; progressive tax прогресивний податок; property tax майновий податок • податок на власність; proportional tax пропорційний податок • податок, стягнений за єдиною ставкою; purchase tax (непрямий) податок на покупки; real estate tax податок на нерухомість; receipts tax податок з обороту; regressive tax регресивний податок; retail sales tax податок з роздрібного обороту; sales tax; securities tax податок на цінні папери; security transfer taxes податки на переказ цінних паперів; severance tax податок на видобуток корисних копалин; shared tax частковий податок; single tax єдиний податок; single-stage sales tax одноступінчастий податок на збут; social security tax податок на програму соціального страхування; specific tax специфічний податок; stamp tax гербовий збір; state tax податок, стягнений штатом • урядовий податок • податок, який регулює витрати на споживання товарів; stockholder's tax податок на доходи з акцій; stock transfer tax податок на операції з переказу акцій; sumptuary tax податок, який регулює споживання товарів; supplemental tax додатковий податок; tobacco tax акциз на тютюнові вироби; tonnage tax корабельний збір; trade tax промисловий податок; transaction tax податок з операцій; transfer tax податок на переказ; turnover tax податок з обороту; undistributed profit tax податок на нерозподілений прибуток; unit tax податок на одиницю • акцизний податок; value tax податок з оголошеної ціни; value-added tax (VAT) податок на додану вартість; wage tax податок на заробітну плату; wealth tax; withholding tax податок, який стягується шляхом регулярних вирахувань із заробітної плати═════════□═════════after tax після відрахування податку; before tax до відрахування податку; exempt from tax не підлягає оподаткуванню; for tax purposes з метою оподаткування; incidence of tax розподіл податкового тягаря; liable to tax оподатковуваний • який підлягає оподаткуванню; net marginal tax rate чиста гранична ставка податку; progressive tax structure прогресивна схема оподаткування; regressive tax structure регресивна схема оподаткування; shifting of a tax перекладення податкового тягаря; subject to tax оподатковуваний • який підлягає оподаткуванню; tax account податковий рахунок; tax accounting податковий облік; tax accounts податкова звітність; tax administration податкове відомство • податкова адміністрація; tax advantage вигода, яка випливає із практикованої системи оподаткування; tax adviser радник з питань оподаткування • консультант у справах оподаткування; tax allocation розподіл податків; tax allowance знижка з оподатковуваної суми; tax amount розмір податків • сума податків; tax and expenditure policy бюджетно-податкова політика • фінансово-податкова політика; tax arrears заборгованість з податків; tax assessment встановлення податкових ставок • обкладання податком • оподаткування; tax assessment act закон про оподаткування; tax assessment authority податкове управління; tax assessment complaint скарга, пов'язана з неправильним оподаткуванням; tax assessment method порядок оподаткування • порядок встановлення податкових ставок; tax assessor податковий інспектор; tax at source податок, відрахований із загальної суми доходів; tax-at-source system система відрахування податку із загальної суми доходів; tax auditor податковий аудитор • податковий ревізор; tax authority податкове управління; tax avoidance ухилення від сплати податків; tax barrier податкова перешкода; tax base база оподаткування; tax benefit податкова пільга; tax bracket ступінь податкової схеми; tax burden податковий тягар; tax ceiling максимальний рівень оподаткування; tax charge нарахування податку; tax collection стягнення податку; tax collection rate рівень податкових надходжень; tax concession податкова пільга; tax consultant консультант у справах оподаткування; tax control податковий контроль; tax control act закон про податковий контроль; tax court податковий суд; tax credit податкова пільга • податкова знижка • відстрочена сплата податку • податковий кредит; tax debt заборгованість з податків; tax declaration податкова декларація; tax-deductible який підлягає звільненню від сплати податку; tax deduction відрахування від податку • зменшення податку; tax deferral відстрочення оподаткування; tax dodging ухилення від сплати податків; tax equalization вирівнювання податку; tax equalization account рахунок вирівнювання податку; tax equalization fund фонд вирівнювання податку; tax evasion ухилення від сплати податків; tax-exempt не підлягає оподаткуванню • звільнений від податку; tax exempted (T. E.) звільнений від податку; tax exemption звільнення від податку; tax expense витрати на сплату податків; tax file number (TFN) реєстраційний номер в податковому управлінні; tax filing date термін подання податкової декларації; tax form бланк податкової декларації; tax fraud податкове шахрайство; tax free вільний від сплати податку • безмитний • неоподатковуваний; tax haven податковий рай; tax identification number ідентифікаційний податковий номер; tax in arrears прострочені до сплати суми податку; tax incentive податковий стимул; tax income надходження від оподаткування; tax increase зростання податків; tax in kind натуральний податок; tax law податкове право • податкове законодавство; tax leasing податкова оренда; tax legislation податкове законодавство; tax levy податковий збір; tax liability заборгованість з податкових платежів; tax loophole лазівка в податковому законодавстві • можливість ухилитися від сплати податків; tax loss збитки від оподаткування; tax loss carry-back зарахування втрат при сплаті податку за минулий період; tax loss carry-forward зарахування втрат при сплаті податку на рахунок майбутнього прибутку; tax loss setoff компенсація втрат при сплаті податку; tax management податковий контроль; tax office податкове управління; tax offset відшкодований податок • податковий кредит; tax on capital податок на капітал; tax on cargo вантажний збір; tax on importation податок на імпорт; tax on income податок на дохід • прибутковий податок; tax on industry податок на промислове виробництво; tax on investments податок на вклади • податок на цінні папери; tax on a patent патентне мито; tax on profits податок на прибутки; tax on wealth податок на майно; tax overpayment переплата податку; tax owed належний податок; tax paid сплачений податок; tax paid in kind податок, сплачений натурою; tax payable податок, який підлягає сплаті; tax payment виплата податкових сум • сплата податків; tax penalty штраф за несплату податку; tax period період оподаткування; tax planning планування податкових надходжень; tax policy податкова політика; tax principle принцип оподаткування; tax privilege податкова пільга; tax proceeds податкові надходження; tax provision резерв на сплату податку; tax rate податкова ставка • ставка оподаткування; tax rebate податкова пільга • знижка з податку • зниження податкових ставок; tax receipts податкові надходження; tax reduction зниження податку; tax reform податкова реформа; tax reform bill законопроект про податкову реформу; tax refund повернення сплаченого податку; tax reorganization перебудова системи оподаткування; tax return податкова декларація • податковий дохід • розрахунок податку; tax revenue дохід від податків • податкові надходження; tax scale схема ставок податку; tax services консультативні послуги з оподаткування; tax shelter засіб зменшення або уникнення сплати податку; tax shifting перекладення податкового тягаря; tax statement податкова декларація; tax status податковий статус; tax surcharge додатковий податок; tax threshhold нижня межа оподатковуваних доходів • нижня межа оподаткування; tax value of a deduction розмір податкового відрахування; tax verification перевірка правильності оплати податків; tax year обліковий рік оподаткування; tax yield податковий дохід; to abate a tax знижувати/знизити податок; to abolish a tax скасовувати/скасувати податок; to be exempt from tax бути звільненим від сплати податку; to charge a tax стягувати/стягнути податок; to collect taxes стягувати/стягнути податки; to cut a tax знижувати податок; to deduct taxes відраховувати/відрахувати податки; to dodge taxes ухилятися/ухилитися від сплати податку; to evade taxes ухилятися/ухилитися від сплати податку; to exempt from tax звільняти/звільнити від сплати податку; to impose a tax оподатковувати/оподаткувати • накладати/накласти податок • вводити/ввести податок; to increase taxes підвищувати/підвищити податки; to lay on a tax оподатковувати/оподаткувати; to levy a tax оподатковувати/оподаткувати; to pay taxes оплачувати/оплатити податки; to raise taxes підвищувати/підвищити податки • збирати/зібрати податки; to reduce taxes знижувати/знизити податки; to remove a tax скасовувати/скасувати податок; to withhold taxes відраховувати/відрахувати податки • затримувати/затримати сплату податківtax ‡ tax (393)▹▹ levy -
50 ER
1) Общая лексика: emergency response (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: Escape Request3) Биология: endoplasmic reticulum4) Медицина: пункт первой помощи (emergency room), estrogen receptor (эстрогеновый рецептор), event rate (доказательная медицина)5) Американизм: Emergency Response, Enslaved Race, Extended Resolution6) Спорт: Engineered For Racing, Event Referee, Extra Receiver7) Военный термин: EAGLE REACH, Eastern Region, Electro Rheological, Electronic Reserve, Emergency Reserve, Ever Ready, Expected Runs, Extended Response, echo ranging, effectiveness report, electronic reconnaissance, emergency request, emergency rescue, en-route, engineering regulations, engineering report, equipment regulations, equipment requirements, evaluation report, explosives report, extended range, Extended Range (дальнего действия; дальнобойный)8) Техника: earth return, effective resistance, electro reflectance, electron recording, electron resist, electrorefining, emergency recovery, equivalent roentgen, erase relay, error rate, error recorder9) Химия: Electron Reflectometer10) Метеорология: Earth Resource11) Юридический термин: Evaluate Refute, Everybody Run, Expert Resources, Evidence Rules (court rules)12) Политика: Eritrea13) Телекоммуникации: Egress Router, equipment room14) Сокращение: Electro-rheological (fluid), English Russian, Exfiltration Rocket, electrical resistance, engine room, enhanced radiation, established reliability, electron-recording tube, external resistance, станция скорой помощи15) Физиология: Eat Regularly, Emergency room, Enhanced Response, External Rotation16) Электроника: Electrode Rod, Electronic Ram17) Вычислительная техника: explicit rate18) Нефть: enhanced recovery, erosion, reservoir recovery efficiency, аварийное восстановление (работоспособности, emergency recovery), добыча нефти с воздействием на пласт (для повышения нефтеотдачи), установленная надёжность (established reliability)19) Иммунология: Estrogen receptor20) Пищевая промышленность: Extra Rare21) Фирменный знак: Erie22) Экология: environmental report23) СМИ: Edit And Revise24) SAP. работодатель25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Employee Relations, expense report, extended reach, expenditure request [estimate] (similar/identical to OME), expenditure request (similar/identical to OME; estimate)26) ЕБРР: exhaustible resources, tender evaluation report27) Полимеры: evolution reaction, extruded rod28) Автоматика: entity-relationship29) Полупроводники: electro-reflectance30) Химическое оружие: engineering regulation, environmental restoration31) Расширение файла: Error Recovery32) Нефть и газ: engineering room33) Имена и фамилии: Edward Rizzo, Elizabeth Regina34) Фармация: extended release (с продленным высвобождением активного вещества (лекарственная форма))35) Должность: Easily Replaced36) Чат: Electronic Relationships37) Правительство: East Rudolf38) НАСА: Eastern Range, Eva Rescue39) Международная торговля: External Relations -
51 Er
1) Общая лексика: emergency response (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: Escape Request3) Биология: endoplasmic reticulum4) Медицина: пункт первой помощи (emergency room), estrogen receptor (эстрогеновый рецептор), event rate (доказательная медицина)5) Американизм: Emergency Response, Enslaved Race, Extended Resolution6) Спорт: Engineered For Racing, Event Referee, Extra Receiver7) Военный термин: EAGLE REACH, Eastern Region, Electro Rheological, Electronic Reserve, Emergency Reserve, Ever Ready, Expected Runs, Extended Response, echo ranging, effectiveness report, electronic reconnaissance, emergency request, emergency rescue, en-route, engineering regulations, engineering report, equipment regulations, equipment requirements, evaluation report, explosives report, extended range, Extended Range (дальнего действия; дальнобойный)8) Техника: earth return, effective resistance, electro reflectance, electron recording, electron resist, electrorefining, emergency recovery, equivalent roentgen, erase relay, error rate, error recorder9) Химия: Electron Reflectometer10) Метеорология: Earth Resource11) Юридический термин: Evaluate Refute, Everybody Run, Expert Resources, Evidence Rules (court rules)12) Политика: Eritrea13) Телекоммуникации: Egress Router, equipment room14) Сокращение: Electro-rheological (fluid), English Russian, Exfiltration Rocket, electrical resistance, engine room, enhanced radiation, established reliability, electron-recording tube, external resistance, станция скорой помощи15) Физиология: Eat Regularly, Emergency room, Enhanced Response, External Rotation16) Электроника: Electrode Rod, Electronic Ram17) Вычислительная техника: explicit rate18) Нефть: enhanced recovery, erosion, reservoir recovery efficiency, аварийное восстановление (работоспособности, emergency recovery), добыча нефти с воздействием на пласт (для повышения нефтеотдачи), установленная надёжность (established reliability)19) Иммунология: Estrogen receptor20) Пищевая промышленность: Extra Rare21) Фирменный знак: Erie22) Экология: environmental report23) СМИ: Edit And Revise24) SAP. работодатель25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Employee Relations, expense report, extended reach, expenditure request [estimate] (similar/identical to OME), expenditure request (similar/identical to OME; estimate)26) ЕБРР: exhaustible resources, tender evaluation report27) Полимеры: evolution reaction, extruded rod28) Автоматика: entity-relationship29) Полупроводники: electro-reflectance30) Химическое оружие: engineering regulation, environmental restoration31) Расширение файла: Error Recovery32) Нефть и газ: engineering room33) Имена и фамилии: Edward Rizzo, Elizabeth Regina34) Фармация: extended release (с продленным высвобождением активного вещества (лекарственная форма))35) Должность: Easily Replaced36) Чат: Electronic Relationships37) Правительство: East Rudolf38) НАСА: Eastern Range, Eva Rescue39) Международная торговля: External Relations -
52 er
1) Общая лексика: emergency response (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: Escape Request3) Биология: endoplasmic reticulum4) Медицина: пункт первой помощи (emergency room), estrogen receptor (эстрогеновый рецептор), event rate (доказательная медицина)5) Американизм: Emergency Response, Enslaved Race, Extended Resolution6) Спорт: Engineered For Racing, Event Referee, Extra Receiver7) Военный термин: EAGLE REACH, Eastern Region, Electro Rheological, Electronic Reserve, Emergency Reserve, Ever Ready, Expected Runs, Extended Response, echo ranging, effectiveness report, electronic reconnaissance, emergency request, emergency rescue, en-route, engineering regulations, engineering report, equipment regulations, equipment requirements, evaluation report, explosives report, extended range, Extended Range (дальнего действия; дальнобойный)8) Техника: earth return, effective resistance, electro reflectance, electron recording, electron resist, electrorefining, emergency recovery, equivalent roentgen, erase relay, error rate, error recorder9) Химия: Electron Reflectometer10) Метеорология: Earth Resource11) Юридический термин: Evaluate Refute, Everybody Run, Expert Resources, Evidence Rules (court rules)12) Политика: Eritrea13) Телекоммуникации: Egress Router, equipment room14) Сокращение: Electro-rheological (fluid), English Russian, Exfiltration Rocket, electrical resistance, engine room, enhanced radiation, established reliability, electron-recording tube, external resistance, станция скорой помощи15) Физиология: Eat Regularly, Emergency room, Enhanced Response, External Rotation16) Электроника: Electrode Rod, Electronic Ram17) Вычислительная техника: explicit rate18) Нефть: enhanced recovery, erosion, reservoir recovery efficiency, аварийное восстановление (работоспособности, emergency recovery), добыча нефти с воздействием на пласт (для повышения нефтеотдачи), установленная надёжность (established reliability)19) Иммунология: Estrogen receptor20) Пищевая промышленность: Extra Rare21) Фирменный знак: Erie22) Экология: environmental report23) СМИ: Edit And Revise24) SAP. работодатель25) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Employee Relations, expense report, extended reach, expenditure request [estimate] (similar/identical to OME), expenditure request (similar/identical to OME; estimate)26) ЕБРР: exhaustible resources, tender evaluation report27) Полимеры: evolution reaction, extruded rod28) Автоматика: entity-relationship29) Полупроводники: electro-reflectance30) Химическое оружие: engineering regulation, environmental restoration31) Расширение файла: Error Recovery32) Нефть и газ: engineering room33) Имена и фамилии: Edward Rizzo, Elizabeth Regina34) Фармация: extended release (с продленным высвобождением активного вещества (лекарственная форма))35) Должность: Easily Replaced36) Чат: Electronic Relationships37) Правительство: East Rudolf38) НАСА: Eastern Range, Eva Rescue39) Международная торговля: External Relations -
53 rates
ставки имя существительное:пропорция (proportion, ratio, rate)глагол:тарифицировать (tariff, rate)ставить оценку (rate, grade) -
54 irr
- ответ на запрос информации
- внутренняя ставка дохода
- внутренняя норма рентабельности
- внутренняя норма прибыли
- внутренняя норма доходности (в информационных технологиях)
- внутренняя норма доходности
внутренняя норма доходности
внутренняя ставка доходности
внутренняя ставка отдачи
Один из основных критериев оценки инвестиционных проектов (доходности единицы вложенного капитала) - ставка дисконта, при которой выполняется равенство суммы дисконтированных доходов по проекту (положительного денежного потока) дисконтированной сумме инвестиций (отрицательному денежному потоку), т.е. чистая приведенная стоимость (NPV) равна нулю. В.н.д. отражает как отдачу инвестированного капитала в целом, так и отдачу первоначальных инвестиций, является основным вознаграждением потенциальных инвесторов. Главное правило: если В.н.д. меньше требуемой инвесторами ставки дохода на вложенный капитал, проект отвергается, если больше - может быть принят.
[ОАО РАО "ЕЭС России" СТО 17330282.27.010.001-2008]
внутренняя норма доходности
IRR
Иногда называется также внутренней нормой прибыли, рентабельности, возврата инвестиций; один из основных критериев оценки инвестиционных проектов (доходности единицы вложенного капитала) - ставка дисконта, при которой выполняется равенство суммы дисконтированных доходов по проекту (положительного денежного потока) дисконтированной сумме инвестиций (отрицательному денежному потоку, приведенному объему инвестиций), т. е. чистая приведенная стоимость (NPV) равна нулю. В.н.д. отражает как отдачу инвестированного капитала в целом, так и отдачу первоначальных инвестиций, является основным вознаграждением потенциальных инвесторов. Анализ В.н.д. (прибыли) отвечает на главный вопрос размещения капиталов: насколько ожидаемый от проекта денежный поток оправдает затраты на инвестиции в этот проект. Поэтому компании рассчитывают ожидаемый IRR каждого проекта и сравнивают с требуемой нормой прибыли (рентабельности), т. е. со стоимостью своего капитала. Этот расчет обычно ведется методом проб и ошибок, путем последовательного применения к чистому денежному потоку приведенных стоимостей при различных ставках процента. Главное правило: если В.н.д. меньше требуемой инвесторами ставки дохода на вложенный капитал — проект отвергается, если больше — может быть принят. То же: Внутренняя ставка доходности, Внутренняя ставка отдачи. См. также Коэффициент окупаемости капитальных вложений.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя норма доходности
ВНД
(ITIL Service Strategy)
Техника, используемая для принятия решений относительно капитальных затрат. Внутренняя норма доходности (irr) - это численный показатель для сравнения двух или нескольких альтернативных инвестиций. Более высокий показатель внутренней нормы доходности указывает на более выгодные инвестиции.
См. тж. чистая приведенная стоимость; возврат инвестиций.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]EN
internal rate of return
IRR
(ITIL Service Strategy)
A technique used to help make decisions about capital expenditure. It calculates a figure that allows two or more alternative investments to be compared. A larger internal rate of return indicates a better investment.
See also net present value; return on investment.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя норма прибыли
норма прибыли с поправкой на время
Ставка дисконтирования, при которой чистая текущая стоимость денежных выплат и поступлений равна нулю. Называется также Нормой прибыли с поправкой на время (Time-Adjusted Rate of Return). В соответствии с Распоряжением федерального управления по делам о несостоятельности (банкротстве) от 5 декабря 1994 г. N 98-р, внутренняя норма прибыли (внутренний предельный уровень доходности, IRR) - специальная ставка дисконта, при которой суммы поступлений и отчислений денежных средств дают нулевую чистую текущую приведенную стоимость, т.е. приведенная стоимость денежных поступлений равна приведенной стоимости отчислений денежных средств.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/uprav/index.html]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя норма рентабельности
показатель окупаемости
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
внутренняя ставка дохода
Норма прибыли, которая дисконтирует чистую текущую стоимость (net present value) проекта до нуля. Этот метод используется в сочетании с методом дисконтирования поступлений наличности (discounted cash flow) для того, чтобы исходя из поступлений наличности от проекта определить норму прибыли на инвестиционные затраты. Если внутренняя ставка дохода превышает рыночную ставку процента-проект является прибыльным. Для оценки проекта внутренняя ставка дохода обычно считается менее надежным показателем, чем действительная чистая текущая стоимость.
Во-первых, если доходы в различные периоды колеблются и могут быть то положительными, то отрицательными, получить единую внутреннюю ставку невозможно.
Во-вторых, обычно ее показатели выше для проектов более прибыльных в начальный период эксплуатации, даже если их чистая текущая стоимость мала.
См. также: payback period (период окупаемости инвестиций).
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
EN
ответ на запрос информации
(МСЭ-Т Н.225).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > irr
-
55 cut
1. present participle - cutting; verb1) (to make an opening in, usually with something with a sharp edge: He cut the paper with a pair of scissors.) cortar2) (to separate or divide by cutting: She cut a slice of bread; The child cut out the pictures; She cut up the meat into small pieces.) cortar3) (to make by cutting: She cut a hole in the cloth.) cortar, hacer4) (to shorten by cutting; to trim: to cut hair; I'll cut the grass.) cortar5) (to reduce: They cut my wages by ten per cent.) reducir, recortar6) (to remove: They cut several passages from the film.) cortar, suprimir7) (to wound or hurt by breaking the skin (of): I cut my hand on a piece of glass.) cortar8) (to divide (a pack of cards).) cortar9) (to stop: When the actress said the wrong words, the director ordered `Cut!') cortar10) (to take a short route or way: He cut through/across the park on his way to the office; A van cut in in front of me on the motorway.) cortar (por)11) (to meet and cross (a line or geometrical figure): An axis cuts a circle in two places.) cortar12) (to stay away from (a class, lecture etc): He cut school and went to the cinema.) saltarse13) ((also cut dead) to ignore completely: She cut me dead in the High Street.) ignorar, hacer como si no viera
2. noun1) (the result of an act of cutting: a cut on the head; a power-cut (= stoppage of electrical power); a haircut; a cut in prices.) corte2) (the way in which something is tailored, fashioned etc: the cut of the jacket.) corte3) (a piece of meat cut from an animal: a cut of beef.) corte, trozo•- cutter- cutting
3. adjective(insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) cortante- cut-price
- cut-throat
4. adjective(fierce; ruthless: cut-throat business competition.) feroz, encarnizado, despiadado- cut and dried
- cut back
- cut both ways
- cut a dash
- cut down
- cut in
- cut it fine
- cut no ice
- cut off
- cut one's losses
- cut one's teeth
- cut out
- cut short
cut1 n cortecut2 vb cortartr[kʌt]2 (divide) cortar, partir, dividir■ the firm cut the workforce by 50% la empresa redujo la plantilla en un 50%5 (hurt feelings of, cause pain) herir6 (adulterate) mezclar, cortar1 (knife, scissors) cortar2 (of food) cortarse3 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL cortar■ cut! ¡corten!3 (share) parte nombre femenino, tajada4 (reduction - in budget, services, wages) recorte nombre masculino; (- in level, number, price) reducción nombre femenino■ fight the cuts! ¡luchad contra los recortes!7 (of hair, garment) corte nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLcut the crap! ¡corta el rollo!to be a cut above somebody/something ser superior a alguien/algoto be cut out for something estar hecho,-a para algoto be cut up about something estar disgustado por algo, estar afectado,-a por algoto cut a long story short en resumidas cuentasto cut a tooth salirle un diente a unoto cut both/two ways ser de doble filoto cut classes/school/lessons hacer novillosto cut one's hair cortarse el pelo (uno,-a mismo,-a)to cut it fine llegar con el tiempo justo, dejar poco margento cut no ice (with somebody) no convencer (a alguien)to cut off one's nose to spite one's face tirar piedras sobre su tejadoto cut one's losses reducir las pérdidasto cut somebody dead desairar a alguien, volverle la cara a alguiento cut somebody down in their prime segar la juventud de alguiento cut somebody down to size bajarle los humos a alguiento cut somebody loose/free soltar a alguiento cut something/somebody short interrumpir algo/a alguien, cortar algo/a alguien en secoto cut the ground from under somebody's feet echar por tierra los planes de alguiento have one's work cut out costarle a uno, tener que trabajar muchothe cut and thrust (of something) el toma y daca (de algo)1) : cortarto cut paper: cortar papel2) : cortarseto cut one's finger: cortarse uno el dedo3) trim: cortar, recortarto have one's hair cut: cortarse el pelo4) intersect: cruzar, atravesar5) shorten: acortar, abreviar6) reduce: reducir, rebajarto cut prices: rebajar los precios7)to cut one's teeth : salirle los dientes a unocut vi1) : cortar, cortarse2)to cut in : entrometersecut n1) : corte ma cut of meat: un corte de carne2) slash: tajo m, corte m, cortadura f3) reduction: rebaja f, reducción fa cut in the rates: una rebaja en las tarifasadj.• acuchillado, -a adj.• cortado, -a adj.• tajado, -a adj.• tallado, -a adj.n.• cortadura s.f.• corte s.m.• reducción s.f.• surco s.m.• tajo s.m.• talla s.f.• tijeretazo s.m.pret., p.p.(Preterito definido y participio pasivo de "to cut")expr.• cortarle el discurso a alguien expr.expr.• eliminar (algo) de su régimen expr.v.(§ p.,p.p.: cut) = cortar v.• desmochar v.• grabar v.• incidir v.• partir v.• pelar v.• sajar v.• tajar v.• tallar v.• tijeretear v.• truncar v.• tusar v.v.• atusar (Pelo) v.
I kʌt1)a) ( wound) tajo m, corte mb) ( incision) corte m2)a) ( reduction)to make cuts in essential services — hacer* recortes en los servicios esenciales
b) (in text, film) corte mc) ( power cut) apagón m3)a) ( haircut) corte m de pelob) ( of suit) corte mto be a cut above somebody/something — (colloq)
4) ( of meat - type) corte m; (- piece) trozo m5) ( share) (colloq) tajada f (fam), parte f6) ( blow - with knife) cuchillada fcut and thrust: the cut and thrust of politics — el toma y daca de la vida política
II
1.
1) \<\<wood/paper/wire/rope\>\> cortarto cut something/somebody loose — soltar* algo/a alguien
to cut it fine — (colloq) calcular muy justo, dejar poco margen
I cut my finger — me corté el dedo; see also short II 1)
2)a) ( trim) \<\<hair/nails\>\> cortar; \<\<grass/corn\>\> cortar, segar*b) ( shape) \<\<glass/stone\>\> tallar; \<\<key\>\> hacer*3) ( excavate)to cut something (INTO something): a tunnel cut into the mountain — un túnel excavado en la montaña
4) ( reduce) \<\<level/number\>\> reducir*; \<\<budget\>\> recortar; \<\<price/rate\>\> rebajar, reducir*; \<\<service/workforce\>\> hacer* recortes en5)a) ( shorten) \<\<text\>\> acortarb) ( remove) \<\<scene\>\> cortarc) \<\<film\>\> ( edit) editar; \<\<censors\>\> hacer* cortes en6) ( in cards) \<\<deck\>\> cortar7) (colloq) ( ignore)to cut somebody dead — dejar a alguien con el saludo en la boca
8) (colloq)a) ( cease)b) ( switch off) \<\<engine/lights\>\> apagar*
2.
vi1)a) \<\<knife/scissors\>\> cortarto cut INTO something: the rope cut into her wrists la cuerda le estaba cortando or lastimando las muñecas; to cut loose (colloq) ( break free) romper* las ataduras; ( lose restraint) (esp AmE): he cut loose with a string of insults — soltó una sarta de insultos
b) \<\<words\>\> herir*her remarks cut deep — sus palabras lo (or la etc) hirieron en lo más vivo
c) ( be cuttable)2) (Cin, Rad)3) ( in cards) cortar•Phrasal Verbs:- cut back- cut down- cut in- cut off- cut out- cut up
III
[kʌt] (vb: pt, pp cut)1. N1) (in skin) corte m, cortadura f; (=wound) herida f; (Med) (=incision) corte m, incisión f; (=slash) tajo m; (with knife) cuchillada f; (with whip) latigazo m; (Cards) corte mhe had a cut on his chin from shaving — se había hecho un corte or se había cortado en la barbilla al afeitarse
to be a cut above sb —
2) (=reduction) (in wages, prices, production) rebaja f, reducción f; (in expenditure, budget) corte m, recorte m; (in tax, interest rates) bajada f, rebaja f; (in staff, workforce) reducción f, recorte f; (=deletion) corte m; (=deleted part) trozo m suprimido; (Elec) apagón m, corte mpublic spending cuts — cortes mpl presupuestarios
they made some cuts in the text — hicieron algunos cortes en el texto, suprimieron algunas cosas del texto
3) [of clothes etc] corte m; [of hair] corte m, peinado m4) [of meat] (=part of animal) corte m (de carne); (=piece) trozo m; (=slice) tajada f5) * (=share) parte f, tajada fthe salesman gets a cut of 5% — el vendedor recibe su parte de 5%
6) (=woodcut) grabado m; (US) foto f, diagrama m, dibujo m7)cut and paste — (Comput) cortar y pegar
2. VT1) [+ meat, bread, cards] cortarfine I, 2., 2), ice 1., 1), loss 1., 2), tooth 1., 1)he is cutting his own throat — (fig) labra su propia ruina
2) (=shape) [+ stone, glass, jewel] tallar; [+ key, hole] hacer; [+ channel] abrir, excavar; [+ engraving, record] grabarcoat 1., 1)3) (=clip, trim) [+ hedge, grass] cortar; [+ corn, hay] segar4) (=reduce) [+ wages, prices, production] reducir, rebajar (by 5% en un 5 por cien); [+ expenditure] reducir, recortar; [+ taxes, interest rates] bajar, rebajar; [+ staff, workforce] reducir, recortar; [+ speech, text] acortar, hacer cortes en; [+ film] cortar, hacer cortes en; (=delete) [+ passage] suprimir, cortar; (=interrupt) interrumpir, cortarshe cut two seconds off the record — mejoró or rebajó la plusmarca en dos segundos
corner 1., 1)•
to cut sth/sb short — interrumpir algo/a algn5) (fig) (=hurt) herirto cut sb to the quick —
6) (=intersect with) [road] cruzar, atravesar; (Math) [line] cortar7) (esp US)*8) (=turn off) [+ engine] parar; (=stop) [+ electricity supply] cortar, interrumpir9) (=adulterate) [+ cocaine etc] cortar10) (=succeed)3. VI1) [person, knife] cortar; [material] cortarse•
she cut into the melon — cortó el melónwill that cake cut into six? — ¿se puede dividir el pastel en seis?
- cut loose2) (Math etc) [lines] cortarse3) (=hurry)- cut and run- cut to the chase4) (Cine, TV) (=change scene) cortar y pasarcut! — ¡corten!
5) (Cards) cortar4.ADJ [flowers] cortado; [glass] talladocut price — a precio reducido, rebajado, de rebaja
5.CPDcut and blow-dry N — corte m y secado con secador
- cut away- cut back- cut down- cut in- cut into- cut off- cut out- cut up* * *
I [kʌt]1)a) ( wound) tajo m, corte mb) ( incision) corte m2)a) ( reduction)to make cuts in essential services — hacer* recortes en los servicios esenciales
b) (in text, film) corte mc) ( power cut) apagón m3)a) ( haircut) corte m de pelob) ( of suit) corte mto be a cut above somebody/something — (colloq)
4) ( of meat - type) corte m; (- piece) trozo m5) ( share) (colloq) tajada f (fam), parte f6) ( blow - with knife) cuchillada fcut and thrust: the cut and thrust of politics — el toma y daca de la vida política
II
1.
1) \<\<wood/paper/wire/rope\>\> cortarto cut something/somebody loose — soltar* algo/a alguien
to cut it fine — (colloq) calcular muy justo, dejar poco margen
I cut my finger — me corté el dedo; see also short II 1)
2)a) ( trim) \<\<hair/nails\>\> cortar; \<\<grass/corn\>\> cortar, segar*b) ( shape) \<\<glass/stone\>\> tallar; \<\<key\>\> hacer*3) ( excavate)to cut something (INTO something): a tunnel cut into the mountain — un túnel excavado en la montaña
4) ( reduce) \<\<level/number\>\> reducir*; \<\<budget\>\> recortar; \<\<price/rate\>\> rebajar, reducir*; \<\<service/workforce\>\> hacer* recortes en5)a) ( shorten) \<\<text\>\> acortarb) ( remove) \<\<scene\>\> cortarc) \<\<film\>\> ( edit) editar; \<\<censors\>\> hacer* cortes en6) ( in cards) \<\<deck\>\> cortar7) (colloq) ( ignore)to cut somebody dead — dejar a alguien con el saludo en la boca
8) (colloq)a) ( cease)b) ( switch off) \<\<engine/lights\>\> apagar*
2.
vi1)a) \<\<knife/scissors\>\> cortarto cut INTO something: the rope cut into her wrists la cuerda le estaba cortando or lastimando las muñecas; to cut loose (colloq) ( break free) romper* las ataduras; ( lose restraint) (esp AmE): he cut loose with a string of insults — soltó una sarta de insultos
b) \<\<words\>\> herir*her remarks cut deep — sus palabras lo (or la etc) hirieron en lo más vivo
c) ( be cuttable)2) (Cin, Rad)3) ( in cards) cortar•Phrasal Verbs:- cut back- cut down- cut in- cut off- cut out- cut up
III
-
56 bring down
bring down [sth.], bring [sth.] down1) (cause collapse of) rovesciare [ government]2) (reduce) ridurre, fare scendere [inflation, expenditure]; abbassare, diminuire [rate, price, temperature]3) (shoot down) abbattere [plane, tiger]; bring [sb.] down colloq. deprimere [ person]* * *(to cause to fall: The storm brought all the trees down.) abbattere* * *vt(lower: prices, temperature) far scendere, (opponent: also) Ftbl Rugby atterrare, (enemy plane) abbattere, (government) far cadere* * *bring down [sth.], bring [sth.] down1) (cause collapse of) rovesciare [ government]2) (reduce) ridurre, fare scendere [inflation, expenditure]; abbassare, diminuire [rate, price, temperature]3) (shoot down) abbattere [plane, tiger]; bring [sb.] down colloq. deprimere [ person] -
57 cut
I [kʌt]1) taglio m.; (in surgery) incisione f.to get a cut from sth. — tagliarsi o farsi un taglio con qcs.
to give [sth.] a cut — tagliare [hair, grass]
2) (hairstyle) taglio m.3) colloq. (share) parte f.4) (reduction) riduzione f., taglio m. (in di)5) gastr. taglio m.6) (shape) (of gem, suit, jacket) taglio m.8) mus. colloq. (track) pezzo m.••II 1. [kʌt]to be a cut above sb., sth. — essere superiore a qcn., qcs
1) tagliare [bread, fabric, paper, slice, wood]; fare [hole, slit]to cut sth. out of — ritagliare qcs. da [fabric, magazine]
to cut [sth.] open — aprire [packet, sack]
2) (sever) tagliare [rope, throat]; tagliare, recidere [flower, vein]; tagliare, mietere [ wheat]; fig. rompere [ links]3) (carve out) fare [ notch]; scavare [channel, tunnel]; incidere [ initials]4) (wound)5) (trim) tagliare [hair, grass, hedge]7) (liberate)to cut sb. from — liberare qcn. da [ wreckage]
to cut sb. free o loose — liberare qcn. ( from da)
8) (edit) tagliare [article, film, scene]9) (reduce) ridurre, abbassare [ price]; ridurre, tagliare [rate, expenditure, wages]; ridurre [cost, budget, inflation, staff, working day] (by di); diminuire [ length]10) (grow)12) inform. tagliare13) gioc. tagliare [ cards]14) (intersect) [ line] intersecare [ circle]; [ track] tagliare [ road]15) colloq. (stop)2.to cut sb. dead — ignorare completamente qcn
1) tagliareto cut into — tagliare [cake, fabric, paper]; incidere [flesh, organ]; fig. incidere su [ leisure time]
2) (move, go)to cut in front of sb. — (in a queue) passare davanti a qcn.; (in a car) sorpassare qcn
3) cinem. [ camera] staccare4) gioc. tagliare3.- cut back- cut down- cut in- cut off- cut out- cut up••III 1. [kʌt]to cut and run — fig. darsela a gambe
passato, participio passato cut II2.1) (sliced, sawn) [fabric, rope, pages, timber] tagliato2) (shaped) [gem, stone] tagliato4) [hay, grass] tagliato; [ flowers] tagliato, reciso5) (edited) [film, text] con tagli, tagliato••* * *1. present participle - cutting; verb1) (to make an opening in, usually with something with a sharp edge: He cut the paper with a pair of scissors.) tagliare2) (to separate or divide by cutting: She cut a slice of bread; The child cut out the pictures; She cut up the meat into small pieces.) tagliare; ritagliare3) (to make by cutting: She cut a hole in the cloth.) fare4) (to shorten by cutting; to trim: to cut hair; I'll cut the grass.) tagliare5) (to reduce: They cut my wages by ten per cent.) tagliare, ridurre6) (to remove: They cut several passages from the film.) tagliare7) (to wound or hurt by breaking the skin (of): I cut my hand on a piece of glass.) tagliare8) (to divide (a pack of cards).) tagliare9) (to stop: When the actress said the wrong words, the director ordered `Cut!') tagliare10) (to take a short route or way: He cut through/across the park on his way to the office; A van cut in in front of me on the motorway.) tagliare11) (to meet and cross (a line or geometrical figure): An axis cuts a circle in two places.) tagliare12) (to stay away from (a class, lecture etc): He cut school and went to the cinema.) marinare13) ((also cut dead) to ignore completely: She cut me dead in the High Street.) fingere di non vedere2. noun1) (the result of an act of cutting: a cut on the head; a power-cut (= stoppage of electrical power); a haircut; a cut in prices.) taglio2) (the way in which something is tailored, fashioned etc: the cut of the jacket.) taglio3) (a piece of meat cut from an animal: a cut of beef.) taglio•- cutter- cutting 3. adjective(insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) tagliente, pungente- cut-price
- cut-throat 4. adjective(fierce; ruthless: cut-throat business competition.) spietato- cut and dried
- cut back
- cut both ways
- cut a dash
- cut down
- cut in
- cut it fine
- cut no ice
- cut off
- cut one's losses
- cut one's teeth
- cut out
- cut short* * *I [kʌt]1) taglio m.; (in surgery) incisione f.to get a cut from sth. — tagliarsi o farsi un taglio con qcs.
to give [sth.] a cut — tagliare [hair, grass]
2) (hairstyle) taglio m.3) colloq. (share) parte f.4) (reduction) riduzione f., taglio m. (in di)5) gastr. taglio m.6) (shape) (of gem, suit, jacket) taglio m.8) mus. colloq. (track) pezzo m.••II 1. [kʌt]to be a cut above sb., sth. — essere superiore a qcn., qcs
1) tagliare [bread, fabric, paper, slice, wood]; fare [hole, slit]to cut sth. out of — ritagliare qcs. da [fabric, magazine]
to cut [sth.] open — aprire [packet, sack]
2) (sever) tagliare [rope, throat]; tagliare, recidere [flower, vein]; tagliare, mietere [ wheat]; fig. rompere [ links]3) (carve out) fare [ notch]; scavare [channel, tunnel]; incidere [ initials]4) (wound)5) (trim) tagliare [hair, grass, hedge]7) (liberate)to cut sb. from — liberare qcn. da [ wreckage]
to cut sb. free o loose — liberare qcn. ( from da)
8) (edit) tagliare [article, film, scene]9) (reduce) ridurre, abbassare [ price]; ridurre, tagliare [rate, expenditure, wages]; ridurre [cost, budget, inflation, staff, working day] (by di); diminuire [ length]10) (grow)12) inform. tagliare13) gioc. tagliare [ cards]14) (intersect) [ line] intersecare [ circle]; [ track] tagliare [ road]15) colloq. (stop)2.to cut sb. dead — ignorare completamente qcn
1) tagliareto cut into — tagliare [cake, fabric, paper]; incidere [flesh, organ]; fig. incidere su [ leisure time]
2) (move, go)to cut in front of sb. — (in a queue) passare davanti a qcn.; (in a car) sorpassare qcn
3) cinem. [ camera] staccare4) gioc. tagliare3.- cut back- cut down- cut in- cut off- cut out- cut up••III 1. [kʌt]to cut and run — fig. darsela a gambe
passato, participio passato cut II2.1) (sliced, sawn) [fabric, rope, pages, timber] tagliato2) (shaped) [gem, stone] tagliato4) [hay, grass] tagliato; [ flowers] tagliato, reciso5) (edited) [film, text] con tagli, tagliato•• -
58 table
табель; штаты; таблица; стол; пульт; стенд; сводить в [составлять] таблицуembarkation (and tonnage) table — мор. план погрузки
— aircraft loading table— bombing table— launching table* * *• 1) составлять таблицы; 2) составленный таблицы; 3) представленный на рассмотрение• таблица -
59 expense
расходы имя существительное:трата (spending, expenditure, expense)расходование (spending, consumption, expense) -
60 consumer
сущ.1) эк. потребитель; покупательATTRIBUTES: average 2. 1), 2. 2), conventional 2. 2), end 1. 1), final 1. 1), individual 1. 2), industrial 1. 1), а, loyal 1. 1), potential 2. 2), prospective 2. 2), rational 2. 1), reasonable 2. 1), representative 2. 2), n2, target 3. 1), ultimate 2. 2), n1
British consumers are paying much more than their counterparts in mainland Europe for a wide range of goods. — Британские потребители покупают многие товары по значительно более высокой цене, чем потребители материковой Европы.
Our consumers expect products which are not only delicious (and safe) but which have been produced fairly and ethically. — Наши потребители ожидают таких продуктов, которые не только вкусны и безопасны для здоровья, но еще и были произведены надлежащим образом и в согласии с этическими нормами.
An average consumer for heating in Turkey uses fuel wood at a rate of 0.75 m3 yr. — Среднестатистический потребитель отопления в Турции использует 0,75 м3 в год древесного топлива.
See:average consumer, conventional consumer, disadvantaged consumer, end consumer, end-consumer, fickle consumer, final consumer, green consumers, heat consumer, individual consumer, industrial consumer, interested consumer, intermediate consumer, loyal consumer, manipulated consumer, potential consumer, price-conscious consumer, price-sensitive consumer, prospective consumer, rational consumer, reasonable consumer, representative consumer, savvy consumer, target consumer, ultimate consumer, water consumer, consumer acceptance, consumer account, consumer activist, consumer advertisement, consumer advertising, consumer advisory board, consumer advisory council, consumer advocate, consumer affluence, consumer analysis, consumer anticipations, consumer appeal, consumer attitude, consumer audience, consumer awareness, consumer bank, consumer basket, consumer behaviour, consumer benefit, consumer boom, consumer brochure, consumer budget, consumer business, consumer buying decision, consumer capitalism, consumer choice, consumer clinic, consumer club, consumer commodities, consumer communications, consumer comparison, consumer complaint, consumer confidence, consumer container, consumer cooperation, consumer cooperative, consumer council, consumer credit, consumer culture, consumer debenture, consumer decision making, consumer deficit, consumer delivery, consumer demand, consumer diary, consumer discrimination, consumer durable product, consumer durables, consumer economics, consumer education, consumer effect, consumer electronics, consumer environment, consumer equilibrium, consumer evaluation, consumer expectations, consumer expenditure, consumer favour, consumer feedback, consumer finance company, consumer flow, consumer franchise, consumer fraud, consumer goods, consumer group, consumer guide, consumer habit, consumer impression, consumer income, consumer inertia, consumer information, consumer inquiry, consumer insurance, consumer interest, consumer interview, consumer items, consumer jury, consumer knowledge, consumer language, consumer law, consumer learnings, consumer lease, consumer leasing, consumer legislation, consumer lifestyle, consumer lines, consumer list, consumer loan, consumer lobby, consumer loyalty, consumer magazine, consumer market, consumer marketing, consumer motivation, consumer movement, consumer needs, consumer non-durables, consumer orientation, consumer pack, consumer panel, consumer patronage, consumer perception, consumer personality, consumer policy, consumer population, consumer practice, consumer preferences, consumer premium, consumer pressure, consumer price, consumer products, consumer profile, consumer promotion, consumer properties, consumer protection, consumer psychologist, consumer psychology, consumer publication, consumer purchase, consumer purchaser, consumer rating, consumer reaction, consumer relations, consumer report, consumer research, consumer resistance, consumer response, consumer rights, consumer sale, consumer sales, consumer satisfaction, consumer segment, consumer service, consumer services, consumer setting, consumer shopping, consumer society, consumer sophistication, consumer sovereignty, consumer spending, consumer spendings, consumer study, consumer surplus, consumer survey, consumer tastes, consumer trade practices, consumer trends, consumer use tests, consumer utility, consumer valuation, consumer value, consumer vulnerability, consumer warranty, consumer waste, consumer wealth, consumer welfare, consumer's account, consumers' attitude, consumer's choice, consumer's cooperative, consumer's demand, consumers expenditure, consumer's goods, consumer's indifference curve, consumers market, consumers' market, consumers' panel, consumer's point, consumers' preference, consumers' remedy, consumer's surplus, consumers' surplus, consumer's test, consumer's wants, cost to consumer, price to consumer COMBS: business to consumer, business-to-consumer, business-to-consumer firm, competition for the consumer's dollar, Consumer Credit Act 1974, Consumer Credit Protection Act, Consumer Goods Pricing Act, Consumer Magazine and Agri-Media Rates and Data, Consumer Product Safety Act, Consumer Products Warranties Act, Consumer Protection Act 1961, Consumer Protection Act 1971, Consumer Reports, Consumer Safety Act 1978, Department of Banking and Consumer Finance v. Clarke, Ethical Consumer, Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act, Home Equity Loan Consumer Protection Act, Telephone Consumer Protection Act 1991, Uniform Consumer Credit Code, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Consumer Bankers Association, consumer confidence, consumer expenditure2) биол., эк. прир. консумент (организм, который потребляет другие организмы; выделяют первичные, вторичные и третичные консументы)See:
* * *
потребитель: лицо, которое в конечном итоге пользуется данным товаром или услугой (это не всегда покупатель).* * *
См. также в других словарях:
expenditure tax — ➔ tax1 * * * expenditure tax UK US noun [C or U] ► TAX a tax that is based on how much money people spend, rather than on how much they earn: »Expenditure tax is based on the rate of spending. → See also CONSUMPTION TAX(Cf. ↑ … Financial and business terms
expenditure — [n] payment amount, application, bottom line*, cash on barrelhead*, charge, come to*, consumption, cost, disbursement, dissipation, expense, figure, investment, kickback*, outgo, outlay, output, payoff, price, rate, setback*, spending, splurge,… … New thesaurus
Rate-of-Living-Theorie — Die Rate of Living Theorie (dt. „Lebensratentheorie“) ist ein Erklärungsmodell für das Altern von Organismen, die sich geschlechtlich fortpflanzen. Die Hypothese ist einer der ersten Beiträge zur Alternstheorie und wurde 1928 von dem US… … Deutsch Wikipedia
rate — Synonyms and related words: VAT, abuse, account, ad valorem duty, admonish, alcohol tax, alphabetize, amount, amusement tax, analyze, antecede, anyhow, anyway, apportion, appraise, appreciate, arithmetical proportion, arrange, assay, assess,… … Moby Thesaurus
expenditure — Synonyms and related words: ablation, absorption, accounts, accounts payable, accounts receivable, amount, assets, assimilation, attrition, budget, budgeting, burning up, charge, consumption, cost, costing out, damage, decrease, decrement,… … Moby Thesaurus
rate — I n 1. pay, payment, rent, fare, hire, freightage, towage, truckage, wharfage; percentage, commission, brokerage; duty, tax, capitation, custom, toll, tollage; price, cost, expense, charge, Commerce. quotation, Inf. damages, fee, dues;… … A Note on the Style of the synonym finder
marginal propensity to expenditure — rate of resources from each unit of available additional income that are set aside for needs or investment, mpe (Economics) … English contemporary dictionary
Basal metabolic rate — (BMR), and the closely related resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the amount of daily energy expended by humans and animals at rest. Rest is defined as existing in a neutrally temperate environment while in the post absorptive state. In plants,… … Wikipedia
Consumer Expenditure Survey — The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) is a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) survey that collects information on the buying habits of U.S. consumers. The program consists of two components the Interview Survey and the Diary Survey each with its own … Wikipedia
Interest rate — Finance Financial markets Bond market … Wikipedia
List of countries by suicide rate — Deaths for self inflicted injuries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.[1] … Wikipedia