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even+though

  • 61 Subordinating conjunctions

    Подчинительные союзы присоединяют придаточные предложения (см. Subordinate clause) в составе сложноподчиненного предложения (Complex sentence).
    К подчинительным союзам относятся:

    as — так как, когда, как

    as long as — пока, если

    before — перед тем как, прежде чем

    for fear that — чтобы... не

    hardly... when/before — как только

    if — если, ли

    in case — на случай, если; чтобы... не

    lest — чтобы... не

    no sooner... than — как только

    scarcely... when/before — как только

    since — так как, с тех пор как

    so long as — при условии, что; поскольку

    so that — так что, чтобы

    suppose (that) — если, предположим (что)

    supposing (that) — если, предположим (что)

    unless — если... не

    until — пока... не

    whether — ли

    •

    — Употребление союзов в условных придаточных предложениях см. Conditional conjunctions.

    — Употребление союзов во временных придаточных предложениях см. Time conjunctions.

    — Употребление союзов в причинных придаточных предложениях см. Causal conjunctions.

    — Союз so that в придаточных предложениях причины и следствия см. so that.

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Subordinating conjunctions

  • 62 although

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. albeit (adj.) albeit; notwithstanding; though; whereas
    2. part of speech (noun) and; but; conjunction; for; neither; part of speech
    3. despite (other) albeit; despite; even if; even though; in spite of the fact that; notwithstanding; though; whereas; while

    English-Russian base dictionary > although

  • 63 albeit

    [ɔːl'biːɪt]
    союз; сокр. от "all though it be (that)"

    He was considered as a tough albeit fair boss. — Его считали жёстким, хотя и справедливым, боссом.

    Their voices, albeit the accent was provincial, were soft and musical. — Их голоса, несмотря на провинциальный акцент, были приятны и мелодичны.

    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > albeit

  • 64 если

    союз if, in case если (да) же ≈ even though о, если бы! ≈ if only! если не ≈ unless если бы не ≈ but for, if it were not если только ≈ provided, if only если и ≈ even if что если ≈ what if

    1. if;
    ~ вы заняты, приходите завтра if you are busy come tomorrow;
    ~ не хотите, не приходите don`t come if you don`t want to, don`t come unless you want to;
    ~ бы if;
    ~ бы он был свободен, он пришёл бы сегодня he would have come today if he had been free;
    о ~ бы..! If only..!;
    что, ~ бы... what if...;
    ~ не if... not, unless;
    ~ бы не кто-л., что-л. but for smb., smth., ~ он и был там, я его не видел even if he was there I didn`t see him;

    2. (при сопоставлении) обычно не переводится ;
    ~ до войны здесь было десять школ, то сейчас их уже двадцать before the war there were ten schools here, now there are twenty;
    ~ бы да кабы е if ifs and ans were pots and pans.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > если

  • 65 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 66 weapons of mass disruption

    •• * Выражение weapons of mass disruption активно вводит в оборот известный политолог Грэм Аллисон. Речь идет о «грязной бомбе» – одном из видов радиологического оружия. Согласно определению Аллисона (привожу по сайту NOVA), the differences between a dirty bomb and a nuclear bomb are profound. A dirty bomb is not a nuclear bomb even though it uses radioactive material. While a nuclear bomb is surely a weapon of mass destruction, a dirty bomb is at best a weapon of mass disruption.

    •• Статус этого выражения не совсем ясен – можно ли говорить, что оно уже вошло в язык? Похоже, это происходит. Вот оно же в применении к интернетовской проблематике:
    •• Computers and the Internet are part of our national infrastructure, and while it’s unlikely, though not impossible, that anyone would die as a result of a hack attack, it could seriously disrupt commerce and communications. WMD has a new meaning. Hack attacks, worms and viruses are Weapons of Mass Disruption.
    •• В тексте последнее слово выделено, что означает некоторую необычность выражения.
    •• Как и всякую игру слов, это выражение нелегко перевести. Видимо, придется выбирать между оружием массового воздействия/ разложения/ потрясения или массовой дезорганизации. В конечном счете что-то «зацепится» в периодике.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > weapons of mass disruption

  • 67 on hand

    1) имеющийся в распоряжении, на руках, в наличии; находящийся на чьей-л. ответственности

    The Dean reported that she had sold the bonds at a premium at Mr. Baldwin's bank in Atlanta Friday morning and that the college had $117,000 on hand for the stadium building fund. (W. Du Bois, ‘Worlds of Color’, ch. XV) — Мисс дю Биньон сообщила совету, что в пятницу утром она продала акции в банке Болдуина по цене выше номинальной стоимости и что, таким образом, колледж располагает для строительства стадиона наличными средствами в сумме 117 тысяч долларов.

    ‘You haven't anything on hand for the night, have you?’ added Hurstwood. ‘Not a thing.’ ‘Well, come round, then.’ (Th. Dreiser, ‘Sister Carrie’, ch. V) — - Но может быть, вы чем-нибудь заняты сегодня? - спросил Герствуд. - Нет, ничем. - Тогда заходите после театра.

    ‘Want to hire a wheel?’ He shook his head. ‘I've more important things on hand.’ (A. J. Cronin, ‘A Thing of Beauty’, part II, ch. V) — - Хочешь взять напрокат велосипед? Стефен отрицательно покачал головой: - Я сейчас занят более важными делами.

    2) могущий произойти, иметь место

    ...he longed to compare experiences with him, even though there was on hand a more exciting matter still. (Th. Hardy, ‘A Tragedy of Two Ambitions’, ch. IV) —...ему не терпелось обменяться опытом с братом, хотя впереди еще предстояло более волнующее дело.

    A change of government may be on hand. — Ожидается смена правительства.

    3) амер. присутствующий, находящийся рядом

    Roosevelt was greatly comforted by the fact that he had his old friend Frank Walker on hand to keep an eye on Hopkins' activities. (R. E. Sherwood, ‘Roosevelt and Hopkins’, ch. III) — Рузвельта успокаивал тот факт, что он имел под рукой для наблюдения за деятельностью Гопкинса своего старого друга Фрэнка Уокера.

    Our "meeting" was short indeed. The square was full of police; it looked as though half the Los Angeles force was on hand. (W. Foster, ‘Pages from a Worker's Life’, ch. V) — Наш "митинг", действительно, недолго продолжался. Площадь была переполнена полицейскими. Похоже, что там находилась половина полиции Лос-Анджелеса.

    Although the party was for the young, the old were on hand. (G. Vidal, ‘Washington, D. C.’, part I, ch. III) — Хотя вечер был устроен для молодежи, на нем присутствовали и пожилые люди.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > on hand

  • 68 in case

    1. на тот случай; если
    2. если

    this is not the case provided — это не так, если

    3. в случае; если
    Синонимический ряд:
    provided (other) even though; granting; if; in the event; provided; providing; supposing; though; whereupon; whether or not

    English-Russian base dictionary > in case

  • 69 in the event

    Синонимический ряд:
    provided (other) even though; granting; if; in case; provided; providing; supposing; though; whereupon; whether or not

    English-Russian base dictionary > in the event

  • 70 whereupon

    1. adv книжн. на чём?; где?
    2. cj книжн. после чего, вследствие чего

    I explained the matter, whereupon he laughed heartily — я объяснил в чём дело, и тогда он от души рассмеялся

    Синонимический ряд:
    provided (other) even though; granting; if; in case; in the event; provided; providing; supposing; though

    English-Russian base dictionary > whereupon

  • 71 laggard

    1. сущ.
    1) марк. отстающий потребитель*, тормоз* (потребитель, который начинает приобретать новой товар или использовать новую технологию одним из последних)
    See:
    2) фин. (ценная бумага, курс которой длительное время находится ниже рыночного)

    to buy a leader rather than a laggard — покупать ценные бумаги лидера, а не отстающего

    This method recommends buying a leader, with high RS, rather than a laggard (even though it looks very cheap).

    The strong stock may double from its current price level, even if it seems to have done a lot already, whereas the laggard goes up by only 50 percent.

    Ant:
    3) эк. отстающий, депрессивный (о компании или отрасли, которы развиваются медленнее других или находятся в упадке)
    2. прил.
    1) общ. вялый, медлительный
    2) фин., брит. вялый (об акции, курс которой ниже среднего по рынку)

    laggard performance of AT&T shares — депрессивная динамика акций AT&T

    The laggard performance of AT&T shares served further to dim the public's impression of the vitality of the business.


    * * *
    медлительный, вялый: об акции, курс которой ниже среднего индекса для всего фондового рынка (Великобритания).

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > laggard

  • 72 traction

    •• * Интересное слово. Не знаю, можно ли говорить о новом его значении или речь идет о метафорическом словоупотреблении, связанном с его известными значениями (тяга, сила сцепления, притягательная сила), но во всех нижеследующих примерах (из нескольких номеров Washington Post) двуязычные словари (я смотрел Новый БАРС и ABBYY Lingvo) не очень помогут переводчику:

    •• 1. With his plan to lower the cost of health care for most Americans, “Gephardt has hit on a real Achilles’ heel, and he will get traction on it if he becomes the nominee,” said Rep. Ray LaHood. (R-Ill.) 2. One of the biggest temptations for lawmakers will be to lend the money rather than spend it outright. This approach has particular traction in the Senate, where a number of Republicans are endorsing it. 3. The message from Annan’s demoralized staff to the Bush administration was summed up by a senior U.N. official speaking to the Financial Times: “We wish you well, we hope you succeed, but we want to maintain our own integrity in case you don’t.” In other words, abandon ship. Not surprisingly, the resolution did not gain traction in this atmosphere. 4. “ People like Mikulski in Maryland,” said Matthew Crenson, a political science professor at Johns Hopkins University. “It’s illustrative of how difficult it is for Republicans to gain traction in this state that they had to cast about for a candidate for so long.”
    •• В принципе в переводе всех этих примеров подойдет слово поддержка (или сторонники). Это удачный контекстуальный перевод, но он, конечно, не описывает значения. Для его описания больше подойдут слова шансы на успех, перспективы, привлекательность.
    •• Пример того, как вошедшее в моду слово приобретает эластичность, по сути не меняя своего значения, а просто за счет расширения метафоры, т.е. ее распространения на новые сферы:
    •• The euro’s rise to a record high this week, driven by a skidding dollar, comes at a sensitive time for a European economic recovery that finally seems to be gaining a bit of traction. (International Herald Tribune)
    •• Для переводчика это может создавать проблемы – ведь, например, в данном случае метафора «трения», «сцепления» в русском языке не работает. Видимо, надо менять метафору. Может быть, так: <...> экономичеcкая активность в Европе начинает, как кажется, потихоньку набирать обороты.
    •• Следующий довольно трудный для перевода пример:
    •• The minority in this country which is opposed to the U.N. is far more intense than the majority that seems to favor the U.N., so that the minority view has far more traction. (Atlantic)
    •• Здесь – изрядно смазанная, но все-таки метафора, и ее придется заменить на другую (Я.И. Рецкер называл такой прием «адекватной заменой»). Думаю, можно попробовать, например, резонанс:
    •• Меньшинство, настроенное против ООН, гораздо напористее, чем большинство, которое вроде бы поддерживает ООН, и поэтому мнение меньшинства имеет гораздо больший резонанс.
    •• The Bush administration’s grand plan to reform the Middle East may be gaining traction even though most governments in the region remain deeply suspicious of the U.S. president and his proactive agenda. (Newsweek)
    •• В переводе – еще одно контекстуальное соответствие:
    •• Возможно, амбициозный план администрации по реформированию Ближнего Востока начинает работать/давать плоды, хотя большинство государств региона сохраняют глубоко подозрительное отношение к президенту США и его наступательной стратегии.
    •• Здесь, конечно, интересны также слова proactive и agenda. Оба включены в «Мой несистематический словарь», и добавить здесь можно лишь то, что в русское словоупотребление понемногу входит слово проактивный, но мне оно не очень нравится по уже отмеченной причине – в слове активный (в отличие от английского active) это значение и так есть.
    •• (В скобках замечу, что у слова traction есть специализированное медицинское значение – вытяжение. Англо-французский словарь дает to be in traction – être en extension. По-русски – лежать на вытяжке.)
    •• Помимо to gain traction нередко встречается to gain purchase:
    •• We are fast approaching the fifty year anniversary of Harry S. Truman’s inaugural presidential address in which the idea of ‘underdeveloped areas’ first gained purchase in the universe of public discourse. - <...> инаугурационная речь президента Трумэна, в которой впервые прозвучали слова, впоследствии получившие широкое распространение в политической речи, - « слаборазвитые районы».
    •• Then the format shrank even more as cassette tapes gained purchase over eight-tracks, finally eclipsing them in the era just prior to compact discs.
    •• В данном случае подойдет антонимический перевод:
    •• <...> этот формат начал уступать позиции кассетам. To gain purchase over - возможно и вытеснить.
    •• Интересно все-таки, что при наличии, казалось бы, полностью синонимичных to gain ground и to gain momentum языку понадобилось и to gain traction. Как и всякая языковая мода, это не всем нравится. Один канадский профессор охарактеризовал как some of the worst examples of writing and thinking I have seen in my entire career следующую фразу: It took the first album about half a year to gain traction among the American youth. Что тут возразить? Нравится слово traction или нет – дело вкуса. Как сказала одна моя коллега в ООН, traction is not a word I would use. Но оно есть, и по «закону языковой моды» чем чаще оно употребляется, тем эластичнее становится его значение. Можно, пожалуй, студентам давать как упражнение на лексическую изобретательность в переводе.
    •• Вот еще пара примеров:
    •• The government’s policies are gaining traction. South Africa’s corporations are investing and many white South Africans are returning home. (Newsweek)
    •• Здесь, конечно, напрашивается <...> политика правительства начинает давать результаты. В рамках того же значения – совершенно не «словарный», контекстуальный вариант перевода:
    •• While America’s ambitions in the “greater Middle East” <...> will probably still make its debut at three international summits next month, it’s unlikely to generate much traction any time soon. (Washington Post) – <...> существенного продвижения вперед в обозримом будущем достичь вряд ли удастся.
    •• Напоследок: это слово, пожалуй, неплохо подойдет при переводе известного процесс пошел – the process has gained/is gaining traction.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > traction

  • 73 meet halfway

    1) (smb.) идти навстречу кому-л.; идти на уступки кому-л., идти на компромисс с кем-л.

    Marsh: "Well, you've got to live with Gertie. Why can't you make the best of things and meet her half way? You might make allowances for her.... even if you think her unreasonable." (W. S. Maugham, ‘The Land of Promise’, act II) — Марш: "Надо жить в мире с Герти. Почему ты не можешь пойти ей навстречу? Даже если тебе кажется, что она не права - уступи ей..."

    It seemed that some devil had seized him, forcing him to say bitter things against his will, even though at the time he wanted to shake hands with Rose and meet him more than half-way. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Of Human Bondage’, ch. 19) — Казалось, его толкал какой-то демон, понуждавший против воли говорить колкости, хотя в душе ему хотелось пожать Розу руку и сделать все, чтобы с ним помириться.

    2) (smth.) терзаться преждевременно, заранее, беспокоиться, тревожиться о чём-л. раньше времени

    ‘Things may be difficult at first.’ ‘Tuts!’ Grandpa raised his cup with both hands. ‘There's no need to meet trouble halfway, my lass.’ (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Green Years’, book I, ch. 2) — - Нелегко это, наверно, будет на первых порах. - Глупости! - Дедушка обеими руками поднял чашку и поднес ее ко рту. - К чему заранее тревожиться, моя ласточка?

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > meet halfway

  • 74 albeit

    cj поэт. хотя, даже хотя, тем не менее
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. although (other) admitting; although; even if; even though
    2. despite (other) aside; despite; however; notwithstanding

    English-Russian base dictionary > albeit

  • 75 мало

    I
    1. прил.;
    кратк. форма от малый I
    2. предик.;
    безл. it is not enough II
    1. числ.;
    неопред. little( с сущ. в ед.ч.) ;
    few (с сущ. во мн.ч.) ;
    a little;
    not enough (недостаточно) less;
    not much
    2. нареч. little мало где ≈ in few places мало когда ≈ seldom мало ли что ≈ what of it! мало что ≈ yes, but...;
    that doesn't matter, even though мало того ≈ besides, and what is more, moreover мало того что ≈ not only( that) III мал`о ср. от мал
    нареч.
    1. (немного) little*;
    он говорил ~ he said little*, he had little* to say;
    он ~ читает he doesn`t read much;

    2. (недостаточно) not enough;
    ~! that`s not enough!;
    разве этого ~? isn`t that enough?;
    пяти дней будет ~ five days won`t be enough;
    ~ сказать - надо показать it`s not enough to explain - you must show how it`s done;

    3. в знач. числ. not much;
    not many, (only a) few (с сущ. во мн. ч.) ;
    ~ денег not much money;
    ~ книг, народа not many books, people;
    ~ посетителей only a few visitors;
    очень ~ книг very few books;
    очень ~ народа very few people;

    4. с мест. и нареч.: ~ кто hardly anybody, few ( people) ;
    ~ что hardly anything;
    ~ где hardly anywhere;
    ~ когда hardly ever;
    ~ ли чего человек не наговорит a person may say anything ;
    ~ ли кто придёт anyone may come;
    ~ ли что может случиться anything might happen;
    ~ того and what`s more;
    ~ того что... not only...;
    ~ ли что! what of it?, that doesn`t mean anything!

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > мало

  • 76 мало ли что

    разг. what of it!
    much, many things, anything ;
    yes, but... ;
    that doesnt matter, even though ;

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > мало ли что

  • 77 мало что

    yes, but...;
    that doesn't matter, even though

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > мало что

  • 78 bang against

    ударить(ся) ;
    стукнуть(ся) I banged my head against the doorpost and hurt it. ≈ Я ударился головой о косяк двери и поранился. The car banged against the garage door and damaged it. ≈ Машина врезалась в ворота гаража и повредила их. bang one's head against a brick wall ≈ пытаться пробить головой стену, стараться напрасно( употребляется только во временах Continuous) Grace went on writing to her red-haired boy even though he didn't reply to a single letter for a year;
    she was banging her head against a brick wall. ≈ Грейс год писала своему рыжему избраннику, хотя он не ответил ни на одно письмо;
    она попусту тратила время.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bang against

  • 79 bang against

    bang against ударить(ся); стукнуть(ся) I banged my head against thedoorpost and hurt it. The car banged against the garage door and damaged it.bang one's head against a brick wall пытаться пробить головой стену, старатьсянапрасно (употребляется только во временах Continuous) Grace went on writingto her red-haired boy even though he didn't reply to a single letter for ayear; she was banging her head against a brick wall.

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > bang against

  • 80 accrual accounting


    * * *
    = accrual basis.
    * * *
    * * *
    запись доходов и расходов на момент их возникновения; учет доходов и расходов на момент их возникновения; метод начисления
    . Under this method of accounting, income is recognized when earned, whether or not collected, and expenses are recognized when events have occurred that determine that a liability exists and the amount of the liability can be ascertained with reasonable accuracy. For example, at December 31 you ship a customer 100 widgets. You have to record the income in that year, even though you won't get paid until the following year. If you were buying the widgets, you could accrue the expense in the tax year you ordered them. There are some special rules for tax purposes and there can be a significant divergence between recognition of income and expenses for tax and financial accounting purposes. . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > accrual accounting

Страницы

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