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1 develop
1 განვითარება (განავითარებს, განვითარდება)the agriculture / industry developed rapidly სოფლის მეურნეობა / მრეწველობა სწრაფად განვითარდა2 დამუშავება3 შექმნა (შექმნის)they developed a new scheme for improving the city ქალაქის კეთილმოწყობის ორი გეგმა შეიმუშავესmodern / backward/developed თანამედროვე / ჩამორჩენილი / განვითარებული სოფლის მეურნეობა -
2 develop high speed
rozwijać dużą prędkośćEnglish-Polish dictionary for engineers > develop high speed
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3 развивать
I несовер. - развивать;
совер. - развить( что-л.) develop( в разн. значениях) ;
evolve( теорию и т.п.) быстро развивать ≈ leap forward II несовер. - развивать;
совер. - развить (что-л.) (раскручивать) untwist;
unwind;
unraved, развить (вн.)
1. develop (smth.) ;
~ голос develop one`s voice;
~ мускулатуру develop one`s muscles;
~ память develop one`s memory;
~ интерес к музыке develop an interest in music;
~ машиностроение expand machine-building;
развить бурную деятельность get* busy, make* things hum;
~ скорость pick up speed;
~ успех follow up one`s success;
воен. exploit a success;
2. (раскручивать) unwind* (smth.) ;
развить верёвку unravel a rope;
~ся, развиться
3. develop;
ребёнок очень развился the child* has developed a great deal;
при спуске развилась большая скорость speed was high going downhill;
4. (раскручиваться) come* unwound;
(о волосах) come* out of curl.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > развивать
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4 get up
1) (to (cause to) get out of bed: I got up at seven o'clock; Get John up at seven o'clock.) levantarse2) (to stand up.) ponerse de pie, levantarse3) (to increase (usually speed).) aumentar4) (to arrange, organize or prepare (something): We must get up some sort of celebration for him when he leaves.) organizar, preparar, arreglarget up vb levantarsev.• levantarse v.1) v + prep + o v + adv ( climb up) subir2) v + adva) ( out of bed) levantarseb) ( stand up) levantarse3) v + o + adva) ( out of bed) \<\<children\>\> levantarb) (raise, lift) \<\<person\>\> levantarc) (erect, put up) \<\<tent\>\> montar, armar; \<\<curtains\>\> colgar*, poner*d) ( decorate) \<\<hall/restaurant\>\> decorare) ( dress up)to get oneself up as something — disfrazarse* de algo
4) v + o + adv, v + adv + oa) (develop, arouse) \<\<appetite/enthusiasm\>\> despertar*; \<\<speed\>\> agarrar, coger* (esp Esp)she didn't want to get their hopes up — no quería esperanzarlos or que se hicieran ilusiones
b) ( organize) \<\<petition/team\>\> organizar*1. VI + ADV1) (=stand) levantarse, ponerse de pie; (from bed) levantarseget up! — ¡levántate!; (to horse) ¡arre!
2) (=climb up) subir3) [wind] (=start to blow) levantarse; (=become fiercer) empezar a soplar recio; [sea] embravecerse; [fire] avivarse2. VT + ADV1) (=raise) [+ person] (from chair, floor, bed) levantar2) (=gather) [+ courage] reunirI couldn't get up the nerve to ask the question — no conseguí reunir el valor necesario para hacer la pregunta
we couldn't get up much enthusiasm for the idea — no conseguimos suscitar or despertar mucho entusiasmo entre la gente hacia la idea
I want to get my strength up for this race — quiero ponerme en plena forma (física) para esta carrera, quiero cobrar fuerzas para esta carrera
to get up speed — cobrar velocidad, ganar velocidad
3) * (=organize) [+ celebration] organizar, preparar; [+ petition] organizar4) * (=dress up) [+ person] ataviar (in con)•
to get o.s. up as — disfrazarse de, vestir de* * *1) v + prep + o v + adv ( climb up) subir2) v + adva) ( out of bed) levantarseb) ( stand up) levantarse3) v + o + adva) ( out of bed) \<\<children\>\> levantarb) (raise, lift) \<\<person\>\> levantarc) (erect, put up) \<\<tent\>\> montar, armar; \<\<curtains\>\> colgar*, poner*d) ( decorate) \<\<hall/restaurant\>\> decorare) ( dress up)to get oneself up as something — disfrazarse* de algo
4) v + o + adv, v + adv + oa) (develop, arouse) \<\<appetite/enthusiasm\>\> despertar*; \<\<speed\>\> agarrar, coger* (esp Esp)she didn't want to get their hopes up — no quería esperanzarlos or que se hicieran ilusiones
b) ( organize) \<\<petition/team\>\> organizar* -
5 build up
1) (to increase (the size or extent of): The traffic begins to build up around five o'clock.) aumentar2) (to strengthen gradually (a business, one's health, reputation etc): His father built up that grocery business from nothing.) crear1) v + o + adv, v + adv + oa) (make bigger, stronger) \<\<muscles\>\> fortalecer*to build up one's strength — fortalecerse*
b) ( accumulate) \<\<supplies/experience\>\> acumular; \<\<reserves\>\> acrecentar*they are building up their forces in the area — están intensificando su presencia militar en la zona
c) ( develop) \<\<reputation\>\> forjarse; \<\<confidence\>\> desarrollar; \<\<speed\>\> agarrar or (Esp) coger*to build up one's hopes — hacerse* ilusiones
d) ( praise) (colloq) poner* por las nubes (fam)2) v + adva) ( accumulate) \<\<dirt\>\> acumularse, juntarseb) ( increase) \<\<pressure/noise\>\> ir* en aumentoto build up to something: the tension builds up to a climax — la tensión va en aumento hasta llegar a un punto culminante
1. VT + ADV1) [+ area, town etc] urbanizar2) (=establish) [+ business, firm] levantar; [+ reputation] labrarse; [+ impression] crearhe had built up a picture in his mind of what she was like — se había formado una imagen mental de cómo era ella
3) (=increase) [+ stocks etc] acumular; [+ sales, numbers] incrementar2.VI + ADV (=increase) [pressure, sound, speed] aumentar; (Econ) [interest] acumularse; [excitement] crecer* * *1) v + o + adv, v + adv + oa) (make bigger, stronger) \<\<muscles\>\> fortalecer*to build up one's strength — fortalecerse*
b) ( accumulate) \<\<supplies/experience\>\> acumular; \<\<reserves\>\> acrecentar*they are building up their forces in the area — están intensificando su presencia militar en la zona
c) ( develop) \<\<reputation\>\> forjarse; \<\<confidence\>\> desarrollar; \<\<speed\>\> agarrar or (Esp) coger*to build up one's hopes — hacerse* ilusiones
d) ( praise) (colloq) poner* por las nubes (fam)2) v + adva) ( accumulate) \<\<dirt\>\> acumularse, juntarseb) ( increase) \<\<pressure/noise\>\> ir* en aumentoto build up to something: the tension builds up to a climax — la tensión va en aumento hasta llegar a un punto culminante
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6 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
[br]b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USAd. 3 May 1969 California, USA[br]American pioneer of diesel rail traction.[br]Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.[br]Further ReadingP.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
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7 build up
1. transitive verb1) bebauen [Land, Gebiet]2) (accumulate) aufhäufen [Reserven, Mittel, Kapital]3) (strengthen) stärken [Gesundheit, Widerstandskraft]; widerstandsfähig machen, kräftigen [Person, Körper]4) (increase) erhöhen, steigern [Produktion, Kapazität]; stärken [[Selbst]vertrauen]build up somebody's hopes [unduly] — jemandem [falsche] Hoffnung machen
5) (develop) aufbauen [Firma, Geschäft]2. intransitive verb1) [Spannung, Druck:] zunehmen, ansteigen; [Musik:] anschwellen; [Lärm:] sich steigern (to in + Akk.)2) [Schlange, Rückstau:] sich bilden; [Verkehr:] sich verdichten, sich stauen* * *1) (to increase (the size or extent of): The traffic begins to build up around five o'clock.) sich verstärken2) (to strengthen gradually (a business, one's health, reputation etc): His father built up that grocery business from nothing.) aufbauen* * *◆ build upI. vt1. (strengthen)▪ to \build up up ⇆ sth/sb etw/jdn aufbauento \build up up one's body Krafttraining machento \build up up muscles Muskeln aufbauen2. (develop)▪ to \build up up ⇆ sth/sb etw/jdn aufbauenpolice have built up a profile of the serial killer die Polizei hat ein Profil des Serienmörders erstelltto \build up up a business/library eine Firma/Bibliothek aufbauento \build up up one's lead seinen Vorsprung ausbauento \build up up speed die Geschwindigkeit erhöhen3. (hype)to \build up sth up into a crisis etw zu einer Krise hochspielento \build up up a sportsman/team einen Sportler/eine Mannschaft hochjubelnII. vi (increase) zunehmen; traffic sich akk verdichten; backlog größer werden; pressure sich akk erhöhen* * *1. vi1) (business) wachsen; (anticyclone, atmosphere) entstehen, sich aufbauen; (residue) sich ablagern; (= increase) zunehmen; (TECH, pressure) sich erhöhen2) (traffic) sich verdichten; (queue, line of cars) sich bilden3)the parts build up into a complete... — die Teile bilden zusammen ein vollständiges...
2. vt septo build up a reputation — sich (dat) einen Namen machen
2) (= increase) ego, muscles, forces aufbauen; production, pressure steigern, erhöhen; forces (= mass) zusammenziehen; health kräftigen; sb's confidence stärkenporridge builds you up —
growing children need lots of vitamins to build them up — Kinder im Wachstumsalter brauchen viele Vitamine als Aufbaustoffe
to build up sb's hopes — jdm Hoffnung( en) machen
3) (= cover with houses) area, land (ganz) bebauenhe wasn't as good as he had been built up to be — er war nicht so gut, wie die Werbung erwarten ließ
* * *1. transitive verb1) bebauen [Land, Gebiet]2) (accumulate) aufhäufen [Reserven, Mittel, Kapital]3) (strengthen) stärken [Gesundheit, Widerstandskraft]; widerstandsfähig machen, kräftigen [Person, Körper]4) (increase) erhöhen, steigern [Produktion, Kapazität]; stärken [[Selbst]vertrauen]build up somebody's hopes [unduly] — jemandem [falsche] Hoffnung machen
5) (develop) aufbauen [Firma, Geschäft]2. intransitive verb1) [Spannung, Druck:] zunehmen, ansteigen; [Musik:] anschwellen; [Lärm:] sich steigern (to in + Akk.)2) [Schlange, Rückstau:] sich bilden; [Verkehr:] sich verdichten, sich stauen -
8 Lanchester, Frederick William
[br]b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, Englandd. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England[br]English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.[br]The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliographybht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.Further ReadingP.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William
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9 Goldmark, Peter Carl
[br]b. 2 December 1906 Budapest, Hungaryd. 7 December 1977 Westchester Co., New York, USA[br]Austro-Hungarian engineer who developed the first commercial colour television system and the long-playing record.[br]After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Award 1945. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Vladimir K. Zworykin Award 1961.Bibliography1951, with J.W.Christensen and J.J.Reeves, "Colour television. USA Standard", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 39: 1,288 (describes the development and standards for the short-lived field-sequential colour TV standard).1949, with R.Snepvangers and W.S.Bachman, "The Columbia long-playing microgroove recording system", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37:923 (outlines the invention of the long-playing record).Further ReadingE.W.Herold, 1976, "A history of colour television displays", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,331.See also: Baird, John LogieKF -
10 build
bild
1. past tense, past participle - built; verb(to form or construct from parts: build a house/railway/bookcase.) construir
2. noun(physical form: a man of heavy build.) constitución, complexión- builder- building
- building society
- built-in
- built-up
- build up
build1 n constitución / complexiónbuild2 vb construir / hacertr[bɪld]1 (car, ship etc) construir; (house, block of flats etc) construir, edificar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto build up one's hopes hacerse ilusiones1) construct: construir, edificar, ensamblar, levantar2) develop: desarrollar, elaborar, forjar3) increase: incrementar, aumentarbuild vito build up : aumentar, intensificarbuild nphysique: físico m, complexión fn.• estructura s.f.• fachada s.f.• tipo s.m.v.(§ p.,p.p.: built) = construir v.• desarrollar v.• edificar v.• erigir v.• fabricar v.• fundar v.• levantar v.• obrar v.
I
1. bɪld(past & past p built) transitive verb \<\<house\>\> construir*, edificar*, hacer*; \<\<bridge/road/ship\>\> construir*; \<\<wall\>\> construir*, levantar, hacer*; \<\<fire/nest\>\> hacer*; \<\<career\>\> forjarse; \<\<empire\>\> levantar, construir*
2.
via) ( erect buildings) edificar*b) ( increase) \<\<tension/pressure\>\> aumentarPhrasal Verbs:- build on- build up
II
noun complexión f[bɪld] (vb: pt, pp built)1.N (=physique) figura f, tipo m2. VT1) [+ house] construir, hacer; [+ ship] construir; [+ nest] hacer; [+ fire] prepararcastle2) (fig) [+ empire, organization] levantar; [+ relationship] establecer; [+ trust, confidence] cimentar; [+ self-confidence] desarrollar; [+ words, sequence] formar3. VI1) (Constr) edificar, construir2) (=increase) [pressure, sound, speed] aumentar; [excitement] crecer- build in- build on- build up* * *
I
1. [bɪld](past & past p built) transitive verb \<\<house\>\> construir*, edificar*, hacer*; \<\<bridge/road/ship\>\> construir*; \<\<wall\>\> construir*, levantar, hacer*; \<\<fire/nest\>\> hacer*; \<\<career\>\> forjarse; \<\<empire\>\> levantar, construir*
2.
via) ( erect buildings) edificar*b) ( increase) \<\<tension/pressure\>\> aumentarPhrasal Verbs:- build on- build up
II
noun complexión f -
11 target
объект; цель; мишень; задача; задание; норма; заданный показатель [срок]; конечный пункт; пункт назначения; заданное значение; норматив ( боевой подготовки) ; программировать траекторию ( ракеты) ; нацеливать; прицеливать; ставить задачу на удар [стрельбу] по цели; наводить; подготавливать огонь; приводить ( оружие) к нормальному бою, пристреливать; определять разнобой ( орудий) ; засекать ( цель) ;flare drop tow(ed) target — буксируемая мишень, отстреливающая ИК ловушки
pass the target (to) — передавать цель (напр. в другой сектор)
— aerial training target— hardened target— heat contrast target— interdiction-type target— pay off target— personnel-type target— prone silhouette target— scheduled nuclear target— shore-based target— towed target -
12 advance
продвигать имя прилагательное: имя существительное:продвижение вперед (advance, headway, forwarding)продвижение по службе (promotion, advance, preferment)глагол:продвигаться (advance, push, carry forward, get ahead, rise, get along)повышаться в цене (advance, bull) -
13 advancing
продвижение глагол:продвигаться (advance, push, carry forward, get ahead, rise, get along)повышаться в цене (advance, bull) -
14 decrease
1. n уменьшение, убывание; понижение, ослабление; спад2. v уменьшать; убавлять, сокращать3. v убывать; уменьшаться, убавляться, сокращаться; идти на убыльsales have now peaked and we expect them to decrease soon — товарооборот уже достиг максимума, и ожидается, что он скоро начнёт уменьшаться
Синонимический ряд:1. cutback (noun) curtailment; cutback2. decline (noun) decline; drop; fall3. reduction (noun) abatement; contraction; cut; decrement; diminishment; diminution; discount; letup; reduction; remission; shrinkage; slack; subtraction4. abate (verb) abate; bate; close; contract; decline; deplete; diminish; drain; drain away; dwindle; ebb; lessen; let up; minimize; peak out; peter out; rebate; recede; shrink; shrivel; tail off; taper; taper off5. curtail (verb) curtail; pare; shave; slash6. reduce (verb) abridge; check; curb; cut; hush; impair; lower; reduceАнтонимический ряд:amplify; augment; develop; dilate; enlarge; expand; extend; grow; increase; swell -
15 Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile
[br]b. 11 September 1845 Magneux, Franced. 28 March 1903 Sceaux, France[br]French engineer who developed the multiplexed telegraph and devised a 5-bit code for data communication and control.[br]Baudot had no formal education beyond his local primary school and began his working life as a farmer, as was his father. However, in September 1869 he joined the French telegraph service and was soon sent on a course on the recently developed Hughes printing telegraph. After service in the Franco-Prussian war as a lieutenant with the military telegraph, he returned to his civilian duties in Paris in 1872. He was there encouraged to develop (in his own time!) a multiple Hughes system for time-multiplexing of several telegraph messages. By using synchronized clockwork-driven rotating switches at the transmitter and receiver he was able to transmit five messages simultaneously; the system was officially adopted by the French Post \& Telegraph Administration five years later. In 1874 he patented the idea of a 5-bit (i.e. 32-permutation) code, with equal on and off intervals, for telegraph transmission of the Roman alphabet and punctuation signs and for control of the typewriter-like teleprinter used to display the message. This code, known as the Baudot code, was found to be more economical than the existing Morse code and was widely adopted for national and international telegraphy in the twentieth century. In the 1970s it was superseded by 7—and 8-bit codes.Further development of his ideas on multiplexing led in 1894 to methods suitable for high-speed telegraphy. To commemorate his contribution to efficient telegraphy, the unit of signalling speed (i.e. the number of elements transmitted per second) is known as the baud.[br]Bibliography17 June 1874, "Système de télégraphie rapide" (Baudot's first patent).Further Reading1965, From Semaphore to Satellite, Geneva: International Telecommunications Union.P.Lajarrige, 1982, "Chroniques téléphoniques et télégraphiques", Collection historique des télécommunications.KFBiographical history of technology > Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile
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16 Maybach, Wilhelm
[br]b. 9 February 1846 Heilbronn, Württemberg, Germanyd. 14 December 1929 Stuttgart, Germany[br]German engineer and engine designer, inventor of the spray carburettor.[br]Orphaned at the age of 10, Maybach was destined to become one of the world's most renowned engine designers. From 1868 he was apprenticed as a draughtsman at the Briiderhaus Engineering Works in Reurlingen, where his talents were recognized by Gottlieb Daimler, who was Manager and Technical Director. Nikolaus Otto had by then developed his atmospheric engine and reorganized his company, Otto \& Langen, into Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz, of which he appointed Daimler Manager. After employment at a machine builders in Karlsruhe, in 1872 Maybach followed Daimler to Deutz where he worked as a partner on the design of high-speed engines: his engines ran at up to 900 rpm, some three times as fast as conventional engines of the time. Maybach made improvements to the timing, carburation and other features. In 1881 Daimler left the Deutz Company and set up on his own as a freelance inventor, moving with his family to Bad Cannstatt; in April 1882 Maybach joined him as Engineer and Designer to set up a partnership to develop lightweight high-speed engines suitable for vehicles. A motor cycle appeared in 1885 and a modified horse-drawn carriage was fitted with a Maybach engine in 1886. Other applications to small boats, fire-engine pumps and small locomotives quickly followed, and the Vee engine of 1890 that was fitted into the French Peugeot automobiles had a profound effect upon the new sport of motor racing. In 1895 Daimler won the first international motor race and the same year Maybach became Technical Director of the Daimler firm. In 1899 Emil Jellinek, Daimler agent in France and also Austro-Hungarian consul, required a car to compete with Panhard and Levassor, who had been victorious in the Paris-Bordeaux race; he wanted more power and a lower centre of gravity, and turned to Maybach with his requirements, the 35 hp Daimler- Simplex of 1901 being the outcome. Its performance and road holding superseded those of all others at the time; it was so successful that Jellinek immediately placed an order for thirty-six cars. His daughter's name was Mercedes, after whom, when the merger of Daimler and Benz came about, the name Mercedes-Benz was adopted.In his later years, Maybach designed the engine for the Zeppelin airships. He retired from the Daimler Company in 1907.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsSociety of German Engineers Grashof Medal (its highest honour). In addition to numerous medals and titles from technical institutions, Maybach was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Stuttgart Institute of Technology.Further ReadingF.Schidberger, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Karl Benz, Stuttgart: Daimler Benz AG.1961, The Annals of Mercedes-Benz Motor Vehicles and Engines, 2nd edn, Stuttgart: Daimler Benz AG.E.Johnson, 1986, The Dawn of Motoring.KAB / IMcN -
17 Whitehead, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 3 January 1823 Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, Englandd. 19 November 1903 Shrivenham, Wiltshire, England[br]English inventor of the torpedo.[br]At the age of 14 Whitehead was apprenticed by his father, who ran a cotton-bleaching business, to an engineering firm in Manchester. He moved in 1847 to join his uncle, who was the Manager of another engineering firm, and three years later Whitehead set up on his own in Milan, where he made mechanical improvements to the silk-weaving industry and designed drainage machines for the Lombardy marshes.In 1848 he was forced to move from Italy because of the revolution and settled in Fiume, which was then part of Austria. There he concen-. trated on designing and building engines for warships, and in 1864 the Austrians invited him to participate in a project to develop a "floating torpedo". In those days the torpedo was synonymous with the underwater mine, and Whitehead believed that he could do better than this proposal and produce an explosive weapon that could propel itself through the water. He set to work with his son John and a mechanic, producing the first version of his torpedo in 1866. It had a range of only 700 yd (640 m) and a speed of just 7 knots (13 km/h), as well as depth-keeping problems, but even so, especially after he had reduced the last problem by the use of a "balance chamber", the Austrian authorities were sufficiently impressed to buy construction rights and to decorate him. Other navies quickly followed suit and within twenty years almost every navy in the world was equipped with the Whitehead torpedo, its main attraction being that no warship, however large, was safe from it. During this time Whitehead continued to improve on his design, introducing a servo-motor and gyroscope, thereby radically improving range, speed and accuracy.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOrder of Max Joseph (Austria) 1868. Légion d'honneur 1884. Whitehead also received decorations from Prussia, Denmark, Portugal, Italy and Greece.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 3, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CM -
18 thrust
θrʌst
1. сущ.
1) а) выпад, удар;
укол, колющий удар б) резкое выступление (против кого-л.), выпад, колкость в) вооруженное нападение, атака
2) толчок, тычок
3) а) тех. опора, упор б) тех. осевая нагрузка в) геол. горизонтальное или боковое давление, надвиг
2. гл.
1) а) колоть, пронзать, наносить колющий удар;
тыкать, протыкать б) засовывать, совать, пихать;
лезть, пролезать, протискиваться
2) навязывать( кому-л. что-л.), оказывать давление ∙ thrust against thrust aside thrust at thrust away thrust back thrust forth thrust forward thrust in thrust into thrust out thrust through thrust up thrust upon Syn: propel толчок - * with the elbow толчок локтем всовывание, засовывание - she hid the book under the pillow with a quick * быстрым движением она сунула /спрятала/ книгу под подушку колющий удар;
тычок;
выпад - * weapon колющее оружие - with a /one/ * одним ударом - * and parry выпад и отбив (фехтование) ;
пикировка, обмен колкостями;
(военное) (разговорное) бой с переменным успехом колкое замечание, колкость;
выпад - the * went home замечание попало в цель - that was a * at you это было замечание по вашему адресу, это камешек в ваш огород удар - to make a major * at the city нанести главный удар /продвинуться/ в направлении города - to deliver a * наносить удар - to mount a * наносить удар;
(военное) организовать удар - to open a * (военное) начинать наступление - to parry a * парировать выпад (тж. перен.) ;
(военное) (разговорное) отражать удар - the * went home удар достиг цели направление, уклон - the main * of office automation главное направление в автоматизации канцелярской службы - * toward ardent nationalism (резкий) сдвиг в сторону яростного национализма пафос - the * of his teachings пафос его учения дух;
напористость - to lose political * утратить политическую напористость /боевитость/ - the new era lost the * of the previous years новая эпоха утратила неукротимый дух прежних лет давление - the * of a rafter against the supporting wall давление стропила /балки/ на стену - to carry the * выдерживать давление - the * of competition from France( образное) конкурентное давление со стороны Франции (геология) горизонтальное или боковое давление, надвиг (тж. lateral *) (горное) раздавливание( целиков) (техническое) опора, упор напор осевая нагрузка противодавление (авиация) тяга;
сила тяги( двигателя) - to develop /to produce/ a 20000 kilo * at take-off развивать тягу в 20000 кг при взлете - rocket engine * depends on the speed of the gases сила тяги реактивного двигателя зависит от скорости истечения газов (устаревшее) встреча, бой ( на шпагах и т. п.) - to have a * with smb. помериться с кем-л. в искусстве владеть мечом или шпагой > cut and * пикировка, оживленный спор > each autor is subjected to the cut and * of the discussion by other specialists каждый автор является мишенью для критических замечаний других специалистов толкать, тыкать - to * smb. forward подтолкнуть кого-л. (вперед) - to * oneself forward проталкиваться вперед - to * the chair against the door резко придвинуть стул к двери - to * smb. out of the house вытолкать кого-л. из дому;
изгнать кого-л. из дому - to * one's way /oneself/ through the crowd пробивать /прокладывать/ себе дорогу сквозь толпу, проталкиваться сквозь толпу толкаться;
пробиваться, лезть - to * at the door толкаться в дверях;
лезть в дверь - to * in between smb. протиснуться между кем-л. - the woman * past me into the room женщина протиснулась мимо меня в комнату refl навязываться, пролезать, втираться - to * oneself into smb's society навязываться кому-л., втираться в чье-л. общество - to * oneself into the conversation вмешаться в разговор - to * oneself into a highly paid job пролезть на хорошо оплачиваемое место - to * oneself forward обращать на себя внимание - they * themselves into his life они против его воли вошли в его жизнь совать;
засовывать, всовывать, просовывать - to * one's hands into one's pockets засунуть руки в карманы - to * on one's gloves сунуть руки в перчатки, натянуть на руки перчатки - to * a bunch of flowers into her hands сунуть букет цаетов ей в руки - to * smth. under smb.'s nose совать что-л. под нос кому-л. - to * one's nose into smb.'s affairs совать нос в чужие дела - he wrote smth. on the cheque and * it in at the clerk он написал что-то на чеке и сунул его клерку - to * smb. into prison( образное) упрятать кого-л. в тюрьму навязывать - I don't want such things * on me я не хочу, чтобы мне навязывали такие вещи - he played the character parts formerly * upon me он играл характерные роли, которые раньше навязывали мне - I do not * my friendship on those who do not value it я не навязываю своей дружбы тем, кто ее не ценит наносить удар;
всаживать, вколачивать, вонзать;
колоть - to * smth., smb. through пронзать что-л., кого-л. - to * a dagger into smb.'s breast вонзить /всадить/ кинжал в грудь кому-л. - to * a spade into the ground вонзить лопату в землю - to * the tent pole deep into the ground всадить глубоко в землю опорную стойку палатки - the tree * its roots deep into the soil дерево пустило корни глубоко в почву, дерево глубоко вгрызлось корнями в почву делать выпад, наносить удар ( особ. в фехтовании) - to strike and * нападать и колоть - to * at one's opponent нанести удар противнику (военное) двигать, вводить - to * troops into combat бросать войска в бой продвигаться - an armoured battalion * into the southern regions бронетанковый батальон( с боями) продвинулся в южные районы (страны) упирать, подпирать > to cut and * пикироваться > to * smth. down smb.'s throat навязывать кому-л. что-л. (свое мнение и т. п.) home ~ едкое замечание;
удачный ответ home ~ удачный удар ~ навязывать (кому-л.) ;
I don't want such things thrust on me я не хочу, чтобы мне навязывали такие вещи;
thrust aside отталкивать, отбрасывать thrust вооруженное нападение, атака ~ геол. горизонтальное или боковое давление;
надвиг ~ колоть, пронзать ~ навязывать (кому-л.) ;
I don't want such things thrust on me я не хочу, чтобы мне навязывали такие вещи;
thrust aside отталкивать, отбрасывать ~ тех. опора, упор ~ тех. осевая нагрузка ~ протискиваться, лезть, пролезать;
to thrust one's way пробивать себе дорогу ~ резкое выступление (против кого-л.) ;
выпад, колкость ~ совать, засовывать;
to thrust one's hands into one's pockets засунуть руки в карманы ~ (~) толкать;
тыкать ~ толчок ~ удар, выпад ~ навязывать (кому-л.) ;
I don't want such things thrust on me я не хочу, чтобы мне навязывали такие вещи;
thrust aside отталкивать, отбрасывать ~ forth выталкивать;
проталкивать;
thrust in втыкать, всовывать, вонзать;
to thrust in a word вставить слово ~ forth выталкивать;
проталкивать;
thrust in втыкать, всовывать, вонзать;
to thrust in a word вставить слово ~ forth выталкивать;
проталкивать;
thrust in втыкать, всовывать, вонзать;
to thrust in a word вставить слово ~ совать, засовывать;
to thrust one's hands into one's pockets засунуть руки в карманы ~ протискиваться, лезть, пролезать;
to thrust one's way пробивать себе дорогу ~ out выгонять, выселять;
вышвыривать;
to thrust oneself forward обращать на себя внимание to ~ oneself into a well-paid position пролезть на хорошо оплачиваемую должность to ~ oneself into (smb.'s) society втереться в (чье-л.) общество ~ out выгонять, выселять;
вышвыривать;
to thrust oneself forward обращать на себя внимание -
19 velocity
vɪˈlɔsɪtɪ сущ. скорость;
быстрота at a certain velocity ≈ с определенной скоростью to develop velocity ≈ развивать скорость( до какого-л. предела) to gain velocity ≈ достигать какой-л. скорости to lose velocity ≈ сбавить скорость escape velocity initial velocity muzzle velocity orbital velocity Syn: rate, gear, speed( физическое) скорость - the * of light скорость света - the * of a train скорость поезда - escape * (космонавтика) вторая космическая скорость, скорость убегания быстрота, скорость - to act with the * of thought действовать с быстротой мысли - the * of historical change быстрое развитие исторических событий (музыкальное) беглость velocity скорость;
быстрота;
initial velocity начальная скорость;
at the velocity of sound со скоростью звука velocity скорость;
быстрота;
initial velocity начальная скорость;
at the velocity of sound со скоростью звука velocity скорость;
быстрота;
initial velocity начальная скорость;
at the velocity of sound со скоростью звука ~ скорость ~ attr. скоростной;
velocity gauge тех. тахометр ~ attr. скоростной;
velocity gauge тех. тахометр ~ of money скорость обращения денегБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > velocity
-
20 thrust
1. [θrʌst] n1. 1) толчок2) всовывание, засовываниеshe hid the book under the pillow with a quick thrust - быстрым движением она сунула /спрятала/ книгу под подушку
2. 1) колющий удар; тычок; выпадwith a /one/ thrust - одним ударом
thrust and parry - а) выпад и отбив ( фехтование); б) пикировка, обмен колкостями; в) воен. разг. бой с переменным успехом
2) колкое замечание, колкость; выпадthe thrust went home - замечание попало в цель [см. тж. 3]
that was a thrust at you - это было замечание по вашему адресу, это камешек в ваш огород
3. ударto make a major thrust at the city - нанести главный удар /продвинуться/ в направлении города
to deliver [to meet] a thrust - наносить [отражать] удар
to mount a thrust - а) наносить удар; б) воен. организовывать удар
to open a thrust - воен. начинать наступление
to parry a thrust - а) парировать выпад (тж. перен.); б) воен. разг. отражать удар
the thrust went home - удар достиг цели [см. тж. 2, 2)]
4. направление, уклонthe main thrust of office automation - главное направление в автоматизации канцелярской службы
thrust toward ardent nationalism - (резкий) сдвиг в сторону яростного национализма
5. 1) пафос2) дух; напористостьto lose political thrust - утратить политическую напористость /боевитость/
the new era lost the thrust of the previous years - новая эпоха утратила неукротимый дух прежних лет
6. 1) давлениеthe thrust of a rafter against the supporting wall - давление стропила /балки/ на стену
the thrust of competition from France - образн. конкурентное давление со стороны Франции
3) горн. раздавливание (целиков)7. тех.1) опора, упор2) напор3) осевая нагрузка4) противодавление8. ав. тяга; сила тяги ( двигателя)to develop /to produce/ a 20,000 kilo thrust at take-off - развивать тягу в 20 000 кг при взлёте
rocket engine thrust depends on the speed of the gases - сила тяги реактивного двигателя зависит от скорости истечения газов
9. уст. встреча, бой (на шпагах и т. п.)to have a thrust with smb. - помериться с кем-л. в искусстве владеть мечом или шпагой
♢
cut and thrust - пикировка, оживлённый спор2. [θrʌst] v (thrust)each author is subjected to the cut and thrust of the discussion by other specialists - каждый автор является мишенью для критических замечаний других специалистов
1. 1) толкать, тыкатьto thrust smb. forward - подтолкнуть кого-л. (вперёд)
to thrust smb. out of the house - а) вытолкать кого-л. из дому; б) изгнать кого-л. из дому
to thrust one's way /oneself/ through the crowd - пробивать /прокладывать/ себе дорогу сквозь толпу, проталкиваться сквозь толпу
2) толкаться; пробиваться, лезтьto thrust at the door - толкаться в дверях, лезть в дверь
to thrust in between smb. - протиснуться между кем-л.
the woman thrust past me into the room - женщина протиснулась мимо меня в комнату
3) refl навязываться, пролезать, втиратьсяto thrust oneself into smb.'s society - навязываться кому-л., втираться в чьё-л. общество
to thrust oneself into a highly paid job - пролезть на хорошо оплачиваемое место
they thrust themselves into his life - они против его воли вошли в его жизнь
2. 1) совать; засовывать, всовывать, просовыватьto thrust on one's gloves - сунуть руки в перчатки, натянуть на руки перчатки
to thrust a bunch of flowers [money] into her hands - сунуть букет цветов [деньги] ей в руки
to thrust smth. under smb.'s nose - совать что-л. под нос кому-л.
to thrust one's nose into smb.'s affairs - совать нос в чужие дела
he wrote smth. on the cheque and thrust it in at the clerk - он написал что-то на чеке и сунул его клерку
to thrust smb. into prison - образн. упрятать кого-л. в тюрьму
2) навязыватьI don't want such things thrust on me - я не хочу, чтобы мне навязывали такие вещи
he played the character parts formerly thrust upon me - он играл характерные роли, которые раньше навязывали мне
I do not thrust my friendship on those who do not value it - я не навязываю своей дружбы тем, кто её не ценит
3. 1) наносить удар; всаживать, вколачивать, вонзать; колотьto thrust smth., smb. through - пронзить что-л., кого-л.
to thrust a dagger into smb.'s breast - вонзить /всадить/ кинжал в грудь кому-л.
to thrust the tent pole deep into the ground - всадить глубоко в землю опорную стойку палатки
the tree thrust its roots deep into the soil - дерево пустило корни глубоко в почву, дерево глубоко вгрызлось корнями в почву
2) делать выпад, наносить удар (особ. в фехтовании)4. воен.1) двигать, вводить2) продвигатьсяan armoured battalion thrust into the southern regions - бронетанковый батальон (с боями) продвинулся в южные районы (страны)
5. упирать, подпирать♢
to cut and thrust - пикироватьсяto thrust smth. down smb.'s throat - навязывать кому-л. что-л. (свое мнение и т. п.)
См. также в других словарях:
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Speed metal — Infobox Music genre name = Speed metal color = white bgcolor = #BB0022 stylistic origins = NWOBHM and punk rock [cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg sql=77:782|publisher=Allmusic|title=Speed Metal.|accessdate=2008 06 07]… … Wikipedia
Speed glue — In table tennis speed glue is glue that is used to re fix the rubber surfaces to the racket or paddle. Speed glue is usually applied around 30 minutes before a match starts. The use of speed glue has been found to increase the elasticity of the… … Wikipedia
Speed Freaks — Infobox VG | title = Speed Freaks developer = Funcom Dublin Ltd. publisher = Sony Computer Entertainment designer = engine = released = vgrelease|United Kingdom|UK|September, 1999 vgrelease|North America|NA|April 18, 2000 [… … Wikipedia
Speed Grapher — Infobox animanga/Header name = Speed Grapher caption = ja kanji = スピードグラファー ja romaji = Supīdo Gurafā genre = Drama, Mystery, Psychological, SupernaturalInfobox animanga/Anime director = Kunihisa Sugishima studio = Gonzo licensor =… … Wikipedia
speed mentoring — pp. Getting advice in a series of short conversations with experts and other mentors. speed mentor v. Example Citations: When the bell rings, dozens of strangers pair off and size each other up. They shake hands and start talking about life goals … New words
Speed — This interesting and unusual surname has two possible, related, origins; the first is of Anglo Saxon, pre Conquest date, and is an example of the widespread and common practice of creating a surname from a nickname. In this instance the nickname… … Surnames reference
High-speed rail in China — This article is about high speed rail in the People s Republic of China. For high speed rail in the Republic of China (Taiwan), see Taiwan High Speed Rail. High speed rail (HSR) trains in China A China Railways CRH1 train in Guangzhou. CRH1 is… … Wikipedia
Need for Speed — This article is about the game series. For the first Need for Speed video game, see The Need for Speed. For other uses, see Need for Speed (disambiguation). Need for Speed Current logo. Genres Racing … Wikipedia
