-
1 Ἰουδαῖος
Ἰουδαῖος, αία, αῖον (Clearchus, the pupil of Aristotle, Fgm. 6 [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 179]; Theophr., Fgm. 151 W. [WJaeger, Diokles v. Karystos ’38, 134–53: Theophrastus and the earliest Gk. report concerning the Judeans or Jews]; Hecataeus of Abdera [300 B.C.]: 264 Fgm. 25, 28, 2a Jac. [in Diod S 1, 28, 2] al.; Polyb.; Diod S; Strabo; Plut.; Epict. 1, 11, 12f, al.; Appian, Syr. 50 §252f, Mithrid. 106 §498, Bell. Civ. 2, 90 §380; Artem. 4, 24 p. 217, 13; Diog. L. 1, 9; OGI 73, 4; 74, 3; 726, 8; CIG 3418; CB I/2, 538 no. 399b τ. νόμον τῶν Εἰουδέων [on Ἰ. in ins s. RKraemer, HTR 82, ’89, 35–53]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55; 56 [both III B.C.]; 57 [II B.C.]; BGU 1079, 25 [41 A.D.]; PFay 123, 16 [100 A.D.]; POxy 1189, 9; LXX; TestSol; AscIs 2:7; EpArist; SibOr; Philo, Joseph., Ar., Just., Tat. For a variety of synonyms s. Schürer III 87–91.). Gener. as description of ‘one who identifies with beliefs, rites, and customs of adherents of Israel’s Mosaic and prophetic tradition’ (the standard term in the Mishnah is ‘Israelite’). (Since the term ‘Judaism’ suggests a monolithic entity that fails to take account of the many varieties of thought and social expression associated with such adherents, the calque or loanword ‘Judean’ is used in this and other entries where Ἰ. is treated. Complicating the semantic problem is the existence side by side of persons who had genealogy on their side and those who became proselytes [on the latter cp. Cass. Dio 37, 17, 1; 67, 14, 2; 68, 1, 2]; also of adherents of Moses who recognized Jesus as Messiah [s. Gal 2:13 in 2d below; s. also 2eα] and those who did not do so. Incalculable harm has been caused by simply glossing Ἰ. with ‘Jew’, for many readers or auditors of Bible translations do not practice the historical judgment necessary to distinguish between circumstances and events of an ancient time and contemporary ethnic-religious-social realities, with the result that anti-Judaism in the modern sense of the term is needlessly fostered through biblical texts.)① pert. to being Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic tradition, Judean, as a real adj. (Philo, In Flacc. 29; Jos., Ant. 10, 265) ἀνὴρ Ἰ. (1 Macc 2:23; 14:33) Judean Ac 10:28; 22:3. ἄνθρωπος 21:39. ἀρχιερεύς 19:14. ψευδοπροφήτης 13:6. ἐξορκισταί 19:13. γυνή (Jos., Ant. 11, 185) 16:1. χώρα Mk 1:5.—But γῆ J 3:22 is to be taken of Judea in the narrower sense (s. Ἰουδαία 1), and means the Judean countryside in contrast to the capital city. Of Drusilla, described as οὔσα Ἰουδαία being Judean or Jewish, but for the view that Ἰ. is here a noun s. 2b.② one who is Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic tradition, a Judean, Ἰουδαῖος as noun (so predom.). Since Jerusalem sets the standard for fidelity to Israel’s tradition, and since Jerusalem is located in Judea, Ἰ. frequently suggests conformity to Israel’s ancestral belief and practice. In turn, the geographical name provided outsiders with a term that applied to all, including followers of Jesus, who practiced customs variously associated with Judea (note the Roman perception Ac 18:15 [‘Judeans’ at Corinth]; 23:28).ⓐ (ὁ) Ἰ. Judean (w. respect to birth, nationality, or cult) J 3:25; (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 57, 5 [II B.C.] παρʼ Ἰουδαίου=from a Judean) 4:9; 18:35; Ac 18:2, 24; 19:34; Ro 1:16; 2:9f, 17, 28f (on the ‘genuine’ Judean cp. Epict. 2, 9, 20f τῷ ὄντι Ἰουδαῖος … λόγῳ μὲν Ἰουδαῖοι, ἔργῳ δʼ ἄλλο τι); 10:12; Gal 2:14; 3:28; Col 3:11.—Collective sing. (Thu. 6, 78, 1 ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, ὁ Συρακόσιος; EpArist 13 ὁ Πέρσης; B-D-F §139; Rob. 408) Ro 3:1.ⓑ of Drusilla οὔσα Ἰουδαία being a Judean Ac 24:24, but for the simple adjectival sense s. 1 end.ⓒ (οἱ) Ἰουδαῖοι (on the use of the art. B-D-F §262, 1; 3) the Judeans οἱ Φαρισαῖοι κ. πάντες οἱ Ἰ. Mk 7:3; τὸ πάσχα τῶν Ἰ. J 2:13; cp. 5:1; 6:4; 7:2; ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰ. (Appian, Mithrid. 117 §573 Ἰουδαίων βασιλεὺς Ἀριστόβουλος) Mt 2:2; 27:11, 29 (in these three last pass., Ἰ. is used by non-Israelites; Mt’s preferred term is Ἰσραήλ); Mk 15:2 and oft. πόλις τῶν Ἰ. Lk 23:51; ἔθνος τῶν Ἰ. Ac 10:22; λαὸς τῶν Ἰ. 12:11. χώρα τῶν Ἰ. 10:39 (Just., A I, 34, 2; cp. A I, 32, 4 ἡ γῆ Ἰουδαίων). ἄρχων τῶν Ἰ. J 3:1; συναγωγὴ τῶν Ἰ. Ac 14:1a. Cp. J 2:6; 4:22; 18:20. Ἰ. καὶ Ἕλληνες (on the combination of the two words s. B-D-F §444, 2: w. τε … καί) Judeans and Hellenes Ac 14:1b; 18:4; 19:10; 20:21; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32; 12:13; PtK 2 p. 15, 7; ἔθνη τε καὶ Ἰ.= non-Judeans and Judeans Ac 14:5; cp. ISm 1:2. Ἰ. τε καὶ προσήλυτοι Judeans and proselytes Ac 2:11; cp. 13:43; οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη Ἰ. the Judeans who live among the nations (in the Diaspora) 21:21. Judeans and non-Judeans as persecutors of Christians MPol 12:2; cp. also 13:1; 17:2; 18:1; 1 Th 2:14 (Polytheists, Jews, and Christians Ar. 2, 1).—Dg 1.—Without the art. (cp. 19:3 φαρισαῖοι) Mt 28:15, suggesting that not all ‘Judeans’ are meant, and without ref. to Israel, or Jews, as an entity.ⓓ a Mosaic adherent who identifies with Jesus Christ Judean Gal 2:13; cp. Ac 21:20 and eα below. On Rv 2:9; 3:9 s. Mussies 195.ⓔ in J Ἰουδαῖοι or ‘Judeans’ for the most part (for exceptions s. a and c) constitute two groupsα. those who in various degrees identify with Jesus and his teaching J 8:52; 10:19–21; 11:45; 12:11 al.β. those who are in opposition to Jesus, with special focus on hostility emanating from leaders in Jerusalem, center of Israelite belief and cult; there is no indication that John uses the term in the general ethnic sense suggested in modern use of the word ‘Jew’, which covers diversities of belief and practice that were not envisaged by biblical writers, who concern themselves with intra-Judean (intra-Israelite) differences and conflicts: 1:19; 2:18, 20; 5:10, 15f; 6:41, 52 (a debate); 7:1, 11, 13; 9:18, 22; 10:24, 31, 33 (in contrast to the πολλοί from ‘beyond the Jordan’, 10:40–42, who are certainly Israelites) 11:8; 13:33; 18:14. S. Hdb. exc. on J 1:19 and, fr. another viewpoint, JBelser, TQ 84, 1902, 265ff; WLütgert, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 147ff, Schlatter Festschr. 1922, 137–48; GBoccaccini, Multiple Judaisms: BRev XI/1 ’95, 38–41, 46.—J 18:20 affirms that Jesus did not engage in sectarian activity. Further on anti-Judean feeling in J, s. EGraesser, NTS 11, ’64, 74–90; DHare, RSR, July, ’76, 15–22 (lit.); Hdb. exc. on J 1:19; BHHW II 906–11, 901f, 905.—LFeldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World ’93.—MLowe, Who Were the Ἰουδαῖοι?: NovT 18, ’76, 101–30; idem Ἰουδαῖοι of the Apocrypha [NT]: NovT 23, ’81, 56–90; UvonWahlde, The Johannine ‘Jews’—A Critical Survey: NTS 28, ’82, 33–60; JAshton, ibid. 27, ’85, 40–75 (J).—For impact of Ἰουδαῖοι on gentiles s. ESmallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule fr. Pompey to Diocletian ’81; SCohen, Crossing the Boundary and Becoming a Jew: HTR 82, ’89, 13–33; PvanderHorst, NedTTs 43, ’89, 106–21 (c. 200 A.D.); PSchäfer, Judeophobia, Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World ’97.—On the whole word s. Ἱσραήλ end. For Ἰουδαῖοι in ins s. SEG XXXIX, 1839. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
2 κοῖλος
-η,-ον A 3-1-1-0-13=18 Ex 27,8; Lv 13,32.34; Jos 9,5; Jon 1,5ἡ κοίλη τοῦ πλοίου the hold of the ship Jon 1,5; τὰ κοῖλα τῶν ὑποδημάτων boots, shoes Jos 9,5; Κοίλη Συρία Coelesyria (the district between Lebanon and anti-Lebanon) 1 Ezr 2,18Cf. WEVERS 1990 434(Ex 27,8) -
3 θείνω
Aθεινέμεναι Od.22.443
: [tense] impf. , etc.: [tense] fut. : [tense] aor. 1 part.θείνας Il.20.481
( ἔθεινε in 21.491 may be [tense] impf.); other moods from an [tense] aor. 2 ἔθενον (which does not occur in ind.); imper. , Ar.Av.54; subj. (troch.), Ar.Lys. 821 (lyr.), cj. in Theoc.22.66; inf. ; part.θενών Id.Cyc.7
, Ar.Eq. 640,V. 1384,Av. 1613,Ra. 855 (these forms were freq. incorrectly written θένειν, θένων, as if from a [tense] pres. Θένω):—[voice] Pass., only in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf.:—poet. word, strike, τινα Od. 18.63;ξίφεσι 22.443
;φασγάνῳ αὐχένα θείνας Il.20.481
;μάστιγι.. θείνων 17.430
; [τόξοισι] ἔθεινε παρ' οὔατα 21.491
:—[voice] Pass., 1.588;θεινόμεναι βουπλῆγι 6.135
;ἄορι 10.484
; θεινομένου.. πρὸς οὔδεϊ dashed to earth, Od.9.459; laterσκάπτῳ θενών τινα Pi.O.7.28
;ῥαιστῆρι A. Pr.56
, cf. 76;τινὰ δι' ἀσπίδος E.Heracl. 738
;ἰτέαν εἰς μέσην Id.Cyc.7
;τῷ σκέλει θένε τὴν πέτ ραν Ar.Av.54
;τῷ πρωκτῷ θενὼν τὴν κιγκλίδ' Id.Eq. 640
; ποσσὶ θ. σκέλος, of a wrestler, Theoc.22.66: abs., θείνετε v.l. in E.Or. 1303 (lyr.);θεῖν', ἀντέρειδε Id.Supp. 702
;θένε, θένε Id.Rh. 676
(lyr.):—[voice] Pass., A.Pers. 303, Ch. 388 (lyr.).2 metaph.,θείνει δ' ὀνείδει μάντιν Id.Th. 382
.3 intr., of corpses,θ. ἐπ' ἀκτᾶς Id.Pers. 966
.II to the same Verb, but only with the meaning slay, belong the foll. forms formerly referred to a [tense] pres. Φένω, viz.: [tense] aor. 2ἔπεφνον Il.21.55
, Pi.P.10.46, B.17.19, S.OT 1497; [dialect] Ep. and Lyr.πέφνον Il.13.363
, B.8.13; subj. πέφνῃς, ῃ, Od.22.346, Il.20.172; inf.πεφνέμεν 6.180
; part.πεφνών 16.827
(parox. acc. to Aristarch., as if from a [tense] pres. πέφνω, which is found in late [dialect] Ep., Opp.H.2.133): from the short form φᾰ (for φṇ) come [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. [ per.] 3sg.πέφαται Il.15.140
, al.; [ per.] 3pl.πέφανται 5.531
; inf.πεφάσθαι 13.447
: [tense] fut. [voice] Pass. πεφήσεαι ib. 829, Od.22.217;ἢ πέφατ' ἢ.. πεφήσεται Il.15.140
; later, part.πεφασμένος Lyc.269
, 1374, Opp.H.5.122: Gramm. also give [tense] aor. 1φάσαι Hsch.
s.v. φάσγανον, Phot. s.v. προσφατος, Sch.Pi.N. 1.69: [tense] aor. 2 part.παφών Hsch.
: [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Med. ἀπ-έφατο,= ἀπέθανεν, Id. Hence also φᾰτός slain, Id., found in compds. Ἀρεί-φατος, μυλή-φατος, ὀδυνή-φατος, πυρί-φατος. (I.-E. g[uglide]hen- cf. Skt. hánti, pl. ghnánti, Hittite kuenzi, pl. kunanzi 'strike', 'kill'; g[uglide]hon- in Gr. φόνος; g[uglide]hn- in Skt. ghn-ánti, Gr. ἔ-πε-φν-ον (redupl.); g[uglide]hṇ- in Skt. - hata-, Gr. -φατο-, πέφαται, etc.) -
4 κοῖλος
κοῖλος, η, ον, [dialect] Aeol.and [dialect] Ion. κοίϊλος, prob. in Alc.15.5, Mimn.12.6; [full] κόϊλος, α, ον, Anacr.9 ([comp] Comp. - ώτερα), cf. A.D.Pron.87.5, Hdn.Gr.2.927:—A hollow, Hom.mostly as epith. of ships,κ. νῆες Il.1.26
, al. (later κ. ναῦς hold of the ship, Hdt.8.119, X.HG1.6.19, D.32.5; so ἡ κ. alone, Theoc.22.12, Callix.1;τὰ κ. App.BC5.107
); κ. λόχος, κ. δόρυ, of the Trojan horse, Od.4.277, 8.507;κ. σπέος 12.93
;κ. πέτρα A. Eu.23
, S.Ph. 1081 (lyr.); κ. κάπετος, of a grave, Il.24.797, S.Aj. 1165 (anap.), cf. Ant. 1205;κ. τάφρος E.Alc. 898
(anap.);κ. νάρθηξ Hes. Op.52
; ; κ. φλέψ vena cava, Hp.Loc.Hom.3, Gal. 2.786, 4.668;σφόνδυλος κ. Pl.R. 616d
; of vessels,ἀγγήϊα Hdt.4.2
; ; ;κύλικος.. κοῖλον κύτος Pl.
Com.189; κ. ἄργυρος καὶ χρυσός silver and gold plate, Theopomp. Hist.283a, cf. S.Fr. 378, Arist.Oec. 1350b23, etc.;κ. ἐκκοπεύς Gal.10.445
; νόμισμα κ. dub. sens. in Numen. ap. Eus.PE11.18; sunk, (Chalcedon, iii/ii B.C.), cf. Longin.Rh.p.199 H. (but κ. γραμμή curved line, Hero Bel.75.15); ἀλέαν εἰς τὸ θύρωμα κοίλαν curved canopy, Rev.Arch.22.63 (Callatis, iii B.C.); κ. ὑποδήματα boots that reach to mid-leg, Ael.NA6.23 (κοῖλα ποσσὶν ὑποδέδεσθε Ezek.Exag. 181
, cf. Poll.7.84); κ. δέμνια empty bed, S.Tr. 901; κ. χείρ, of a beggar, AP12.212 (Strat.);κ. ἱστίον Poll.1.107
; κοῖλος μήν short month, Gem.8.3, cf.κοιλοποιέομαι, κοῖλος 11.3
: [comp] Comp., -ότερος ὁλμοῦ Epich.81
.2 of Places, lying in a hollow or forming a hollow, κ. Λακεδαίμων the vale of L., Od.4.1;κ. Θεσσαλίη Hdt.7.129
;κ. Ἄργος S.OC 378
, 1387;Αὐλίδος κ. μυχοί E. IA 1600
;κ. τόποι Plb.3.18.10
: as pr.n., K. Συρία the district between Lebanon and Anti Lebanon, Id.1.3.1, etc.; τὰ K.τῆς Εὐβοίης Hdt. 8.13
; ἡ K. the valley of the Ilissus, name of Attic deme, Id.6.103, etc.: [comp] Comp.,κοιλότερα τῆς κάτωθεν χώρας Arist.Mete. 352b33
.b κ. λιμήν harbour lying between high cliffs, Od.10.92; κ. αἰγιαλός embayed beach, 22.385;ἐν τῷ κ. καὶ μυχῷ τοῦ λιμένος Th.7.52
.c κ. ὁδός hollow way, Il.23.419;κ. ἄγυια Pi.O.9.34
.d κ. ποταμός a river nearly empty of water, Th.7.84; ap. Ath.9.388a; but κ. ποταμός with deep bed, Plb.21.37.4.3 κ. ἅλς, θάλασσα, the sea full of hollows, i.e. with a heavy swell on, A.R. 2.595, Plb.1.60.6.4 κ. νοσήματα internal complaints, Philostr. VA3.44.II metaph.,1 of the voice, hollow, κόχλον ἑλὼν μυκήσατοκοῖλον Theoc.22.75
(though here κοῖλον may agree with κόχλον); φθέγγεσθαι κ. καὶ βαρύ Luc.Ner.6
, Philostr.VA3.38;ὁ -ότατος τῶν φθόγγων Aristid.Quint.1.10
.2 Philos., hollow, empty, void of content, αἱ κ. ἐνέργειαι, opp. αἱ ἀμείνους, Herm.in Phdr.p.170A.: more freq.in [comp] Comp., κοιλοτέρα θεωρία, ζωή, ib.pp.67,68A.; τὰ -ότερα, opp. τὰ ὑπέρτερα, ib.p.143 A., cf. Dam.Pr.96; χωρῶν πρὸς τὸ κ. ib. 379.3 ἡμέραν κ. ποιεῖσθαι allow payments to lapse for a day (cf.κοιλαίνω 11.2
), BGU1136.5 (i B.C.); οὐδεμίαν δόσιν κ. ποιεῖσθαι ib. 1146.15 (i B.C.).III concave, τὸ κ., opp. τὸ κυρτόν, Arist.Ph. 222b3, EN 1102a31;κοῖλα καὶ ἐσέχοντα Philostr.Im.2.20
; of military formations, Ascl.Tact.11.1.IV Subst. κοῖλον, τό, hollow, cavity, Pl.Phd. 109b, al.; esp. of cavities in the body,τὰ κ. γαστρός E.Ph. 1411
; τὰ κ. [τῆς καρδίας] the ventricles, Arist.HA 496a13; τὸ κ. τῶν νεφρῶν ib. 497a11;τὸ τῶν χειρῶν κ. Apollod.
ap. Ath. 11.479a;τὸ κ. τοῦ.. ποδός Hp.Epid.5.48
: prov., τὸ κ. τοῦ ποδὸς δεῖξαι to show 'a clean pair of heels', Hsch.; τὰ κ. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, τοῦ προσώπου, Hp.Mul.2.119, Nat.Mul.9 codd. (sed leg. κύλα) ; τὰ κ. alone, hollows of the side, flanks, like κενεών, Arist.HA 630a3.2 κοῖλος· θυρεών, οὐκ ἔχων θύρας, Hsch. -
5 πάσχω
Aἔπασχον 17.375
, etc.: [tense] fut.πείσομαι Od.2.134
, etc. ; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3sg.παισεῖται Abh.Berl.Akad.1925(5).21
(Cyrene, iii B.C.): [tense] aor.ἔπᾰθον Il.9.492
, etc.: [tense] pf.πέπονθα Od.13.6
, etc.: [tense] plpf. ἐπεπόνθειν ib.92, etc.; [dialect] Att. (all the above tenses in Hom., [tense] pres. and [tense] aor. only in Hes.). —Rarer forms, [ per.] 2pl. [tense] pf. πέπασθε (so Aristarch.) Il.3.99,πέποσθε Od. 23.53
; fem. [tense] pf. part.πεπᾰθυῖα 17.555
; [dialect] Dor. [tense] pf.πέποσχα Stesich. 89
, Epich.11, PCair.Zen. 482.18 (iii B.C.) :— have something done to one, suffer, opp. do,ὅσσ' ἔρξαν τ' ἔπαθόν τε Od.8.490
;ῥέζοντά τι καὶ παθεῖν ἔοικεν Pi.N.4.32
; δρᾶν καὶ πάσχειν, v. δράω ; πολλὰ μὲν.. πείσεσθαι, πολλὰ δὲ ποιήσειν Hdt.5.89, etc.: hence used as [voice] Pass. of ποιέω (cf. Arist. Cat. 2a4, Metaph. 1017a26, Plot.3.6.8, etc.), π. τι ὑπό τινος to be treated so and so by another, suffer it at his hands,ἃ πάσχοντες ὑφ' ἑτέρων ὀργίζεσθε, ταῦτα τοὺς ἄλλους μὴ ποιεῖτε Isoc.3.61
, cf. Hdt.1.44, 124,al. ;ἐξ ἐμοῦ μὲν ἔπαθες οἷα φῂς παθεῖν, δρᾷς δ' οὐδὲν ἡμᾶς εὖ E.Hec. 252
;οἷα πρὸς θεῶν πάσχω θεός A.Pr.92
, cf. Hdt.1.36.II to have something happen to one, to be or come to be in a state or case,καί τι ἔφη γελοῖον παθεῖν Pl.Smp. 174e
; , cf. V. 946 ; ὁρᾶτε μὴ ταὐτὸ πάθητε τῷ ἵππῳ see that it be not with you as with the horse in the fable, Arist. Rh. 1393b20, cf. Pl.R. 488a ; παραπλ ήσιον π. ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ .. Isoc.1.27 ; ὁμοιότατον πεπονθέναι ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις .. Pl.Phd. 98c.2 of the influence of passion or feeling, to be affected in a certain way, be (or come to be) in a certain state of mind, , cf. 1.80, D.20.56 ;ὅ τι μὲν ὑμεῖς πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων οὐκ οἶδα Pl.Ap. 17a
, cf. 21c, 22c, Alc.1.118b, Smp.198c ;π. τι πρός τινας Isoc.2.42
, Pl.Grg. 485b, cf. X.Smp.4.11, 8.15, etc. ;τι ἔς τινας Th.6.11
: sts. with Adj., ὑϊκὸν πάσχει he is swinishly disposed, X.Mem.1.2.30 : abs., ὁ πάσχων the man of feeling or impulse, ὁ μὴ πάσχων the un impassioned man, Arist.MM 1203b21.3 of things, πεπόνθασι.. αἱ Ἰώνων ὁρταὶ τοῦτο this is the case with.., Hdt.1.148 ; πάσχει δὲ ταὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ τὰ κάρδαμα this is just the way with.., Ar.Nu. 234 ; ; ὁμοίως π. τῷ Νείλῳ to be in the same case with.., Hdt.2.20.4 Gramm., of words, to be subject to certain changes, EM 200.11, 491.2, etc. ; τὸ πεπονθός a modified form, A.D.Adv.137.16.III freq. with Advbs., κακῶς πάσχειν or παθεῖν to be in evil plight, unlucky, Od.16.275, Hdt.3.146, etc. ; κακῶς π. ὑπό τινος to be ill used, ill treated by.., A.Pr. 1041 (anap.) ; ἐκ Διὸς π. κακῶς ib. 759 (but also κακὸν π. ὑ. τ. Th.8.48): freq. with an Adj., κακά, αἰνά, λυγρὰ π ., Il.3.99, 22.431, Hdt.9.37 ;ἀνάρσια πρός τινος Id.5.89
: freq. in Trag., π. δύσοιστα, τάλανα, ἀμήχανα, οἰκτρά, σχέτλια, ἀνάξια, A.Eu. 789 (lyr.), Th. 988 (dub.), E.Hipp. 598, Hec. 321, Andr. 1180 (dub.), IA 852 : also in Prose, δεινά, βίαια π., D.51.19, 21.1, etc. ; πρέποντα πάσχειν Anti-pho 3.3.9 : in Hom. also with Subst., ἄλγεα, κήδεα, πήματα, ἀεκήλια ἔργα, Il.20.297, Od.17.555, Il.5.886, 18.77 : rarely in [dialect] Att.,πράγματ' αἴσχιστ' ἂν ἐπάθομεν D.21.17
.b εὖ πάσχειν to be well off, in good case, c. gen., τῶν αὑτοῦ (leg. ὧν αὐτοῦ, cf. ὅς Possess.) κτεάνων εὖ πασχέμεν to have the good of, enjoy one's own, like ἀπολαύω, γεύομαι, etc., Thgn. 1009, cf. Pi.N.1.32 ; εὖ πάσχειν receive benefits, opp. εὖ δρᾶν, A.Eu. 868, Th.2.40, etc. ;ἀνθ' ὧν ἔπασχον εὖ.. χάριν δοῦναι S.OC 1489
;τιμᾶσθαι.. ἐν τῇ μνήμῃ τῶν εὖ πεπονθότων Aeschin.3.182
;εὖ παθεῖν ὑπό τινων Pl.Grg. 519d
, etc.: also with an Adj.,π. ἀγαθά Hdt.2.37
;τι ἐσλόν Pi.P.9.89
, cf. Alc.Supp.22.5 ;τερπνόν τι S. Aj. 521
, cf. Theoc.7.83 ; χαρτά, ὅσια, E.Ph. 618, Hec. 788 ; γλυκέα, χαρίεντα π., Ar. Pax 591, Ec. 794 ;δίκαια Din.1.10
;φιλικὰ ὑπό τινος X.Cyr.4.6.6
.2 without Adv., with reference to evil, used for κακῶς orκακὰπ., μάλα πόλλ' ἔπαθον καὶ πόλλ' ἐμόγησα Od.5.223
, cf. Il. 23.607 ;εἴ κεν μάλα πολλὰ πάθοι 22.220
; ὁτιοῦν π. suffer anything whatever, Isoc.12.133, etc.: abs., παθὼν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω by hard experience, Hes. Op. 218, cf. S.OT 403 ; ὁ παθών the injured parly, Pl. Lg. 730a, 878c :—Phrases: μή τι πάθῃς or πάθοι, lest thou, lest he suffer any ill, Od.17.596, Il.5.567, cf. 11.470, etc. ;μή τι πάθωμεν 13.52
: hence εἴ τι πάθοιμι or ἤν τι πάθω, as euphemism, if aught were to happen to me, i.e. if I were to die, Callin.1.17, Hdt.8.102, Ar.Ec. 1105, V. 385, Lys.19.51, Theoc.8.10 ;ἂν οὗτός τι πάθῃ D.4.11
;ἐάν τινα ἀνθρώπινα πάσχῃ IG3.74.13
; soεἴ τι πείσεται.. ἅδε γᾶ E.Ph. 244
(lyr.) ;ἤν τι ναῦς πάθῃ Id.IT 755
, cf. Syngr. ap. D.35.13.b in Law, suffer punishment, pay the penalty, Lys.20.30 ;π. ὡς ἱερόσυλος SIG 1016.7
(Iasos, iv B. C.), cf. 1 Ep.Pet.4.15 ; ὡς προδότης καὶ ἐπιβουλεύων τῷ δήμῳ πασχέτω τι Aen. Tact.11.9 ;τιμᾶν ὅ τι χρὴ παθεῖν.. ἢ ἀποτεῖσαι Pl.Plt. 299a
(- τίνειν codd.), cf. Ap. 36b, X.Mem.2.9.5, IG12.65.50, etc.3 τί πάθω ; what is to become of me? ὤμοι ἐγώ, τί π. ; Il.11.404, Od.5.465, S.OC 216 (lyr.), Theoc.3.24 ; sts. what (else) am I to do? Ar.Nu. 798 ; so esp. τί γὰρ π. ; E.Hec. 614, Supp. 257, Ar.Av. 1432, etc. ; ὡμολόγηκα· τί γὰρ π. ; I allow it—how can I help it? Pl.Euthd. 302d, cf. Hdt.4.118.4 in [ per.] 2sg., τί πάσχεις ; what's the matter with you? Ar.Nu. 708, Av. 1044 ; τί χρῆμα πάσχεις ; Id.Nu. 816 : so in [tense] aor. part., τί παθών ; τί παθόντε λελάσμεθα θούριδος ἀλκῆς ; what possesses us that we have forgotten.. ? Il.11.313 ; but τί παθόντες γαῖαν ἔδυτε ; what befell you that you died ? Od.24.106 ; also οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν ἔπαθεν.. πεισθείς no wonder that he was induced, Antipho 2.4.7.5 to be ill, suffer, c. acc. of the part affected, π. τοὺς πόδας, τὴν πλευράν, PSI4.293.23 (iii A. D.), PGen.56.27 (iv A. D.) : abs. in part., ὁ πάσχων, almost = ὁ κάμνων, the patient, PMag. Par.1.3017 ;μεταβαίνει ἀπὸ τῶν παθῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς πάσχοντας ἀνθρώπους Gal.16.583
, cf. 15.501, Sor.Fasc. 45, al.IV in later Stoic Philos., πάσχειν is to be acted upon by outward objects, take impressions from, them, opp. ἀποπάσχω, mostly folld. by ὅτι, to be led to suppose that.., Arr.Epict.1.2.3, 1.18.1, etc.: also c. acc., have experience of, ἀρετήν, λόγον, Ph.2.449, 1.121. (Πṇ θσκω, [tense] fut. Πένθ-σομαι, cf. πένθος.) -
6 Σύρος
A Syrian, IG12.329.18, Hdt.3.91 codd. (v.l. in 2.30, 104.159, 3.5), Trag.Adesp.162; of the Λευκόσυροι, S.Fr. 638, Hdt.1.6 codd., 7.72 codd. (but Σύριοι of the Λ., v. infr.); freq. used as a slave's name, Anaxandr.51, Eriph.6, Hegesipp.Com.1.4, D.45.86, IG22.2937.12, etc.:—fem. [full] Σύρα, Ar. Pax 1146 (troch.), Philem.125. --Syria was called [full] Σῠρία, [dialect] Ion. -ιη, ἡ, Hdt.1.105, etc.;Σ. ἡ Παλαιστίνη Id.3.91
, 4.39;Σ. Παλαιστίνη IGRom.3.172.22
(Ancyra, ii A.D.), OGI601.6 (Amastris, ii A.D.); ἡ Φοινίκη Σ. D.S.19.93; Κοίλη Σ. between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, v. κοῖλος; ἡ ἄνω Σ. (dub. l.) Str. 2.5.38.--The Syrians were also called [full] Σύριοι, a name which in early times was given to the Assyrians, Hdt.7.63, cf. A.Pers.84 (lyr.), Luc.Syr.D.1; and to the Cappadocians or Λευκόσυροι (Str. 12.3.5. al.), Hdt.1.72, 2.104, 3.90, 5.49; Σ. Καππαδόκαι (v.l. Σ. καὶ K.) Id.1.72;Σ. οἱ ἐν τῇ Παλαιστίνῃ Id.2.104
.--Adj. [full] Σύριος [pron. full] [ῠ], [full] α, ον, Syrian, A.Ag. 1312, E.Ba. 144 (lyr.), etc.;Σ. πόα Arist.HA 627b17
; Σ. πύλαι (v.πύλη 11.2
):—also [full] Σῠριᾰκός, ή, όν, Thphr.CP2.17.3, Str.2.1.31, etc.--Adv. [full] Σῠρίηθεν from Syria, D.P.895. -
7 ἀντιαττικιστής
A Anti-Atticist, title of grammatical work, AB77.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀντιαττικιστής
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8 ἀστυτίς
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀστυτίς
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9 ὕδωρ
A ; [dialect] Boeot. [full] οὕδωρ prob. in IG7.3169 (Orchom.):—water, of any kind, but in Hom. rarely of seawater without an epith.,ἄνεμός τε καὶ ὕ. Od.3.300
, 7.277; butἁλμυρὸν ὕ. 9.227
, al., cf. Th.4.26; of rivers, ὕ. Αἰσήποιο, Στυγός, Il.2.825, 8.369, al.; so in Lyr. and Trag.,ὕ, Ἀσώπιον Pi.N. 3.3
;ὕ. τὸ Νείλου A.Supp. 561
(lyr.): freq. in pl. (but only once in Hom., ὕδατ'ἀενάοντα Od.13.109
), Καφίσια ὕδατα the waters of Cephisus, Pi.O.14.1;ῥυτῶν ὑδάτων S.OC 1599
;ὕδασιν τοίς Ἀχελῴου Id.Fr. 271
(anap.): spring-water, drinking-water,οἶνον ἔμισγον καὶ ὕ. Od.1.110
;ἀφυσσάμεθ' ὕδωρ 9.85
;ὕδατα καὶ.. δῖτοι Pl.R. 404a
;πότιμον ὕ. X.HG3.2.19
; ὕ. πίνων a water-drinker, D.6.30, cf. 19.46, Ar.Eq. 349;ὕ. δὲ πίνων οὐδὲν ἂν τέκοι σοφόν Cratin.199
, cf. Aristopho 10.3, Bato 2.9, al.: ὕδωρ κατὰ χειρός water for washing the hands, v. χείρ; φέρτε χερσὶν ὕ. Il.9.171;ὕ. ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἔχευαν 3.270
, Od.1.146, al.;λοέσσας ὕδατι λευκῷ Il.23.282
:—on γῆν καὶ ὕδωρ αἰτεῖν and διδόναι, v. γῆ 1.2b:—a curse was invoked upon those who refused fire (i.e. the right to borrow burning embers) or water or to direct a traveller on his way, Diph.62, cf. X.Oec.2.15:—prov.,ὅρκους ἐγὼ γυναικὸς εἰς ὕ. γράφω S.Fr. 811
, cf. Men.Mon.25;ἐν ὕδατι γράφειν Pl.Phdr. 276c
; ὅταν τὸ ὕδωρ πνίγῃ, τί δεῖ ἐπιπίνειν; if water chokes, what more can be done ? of a desperate case, Arist.EN 1146a35, cf. .2 rain-water, rain,ὅτε λαβρότατον χέει ὕ. Ζεύς Il.16.385
;ὗσαι ὕδατι λαβροτάτῳ Hdt.1.87
;ἐγίνετο ὕ. ἄπλετον Id.8.12
;πολύ Th.6.70
, D.59.99;ὕ. ἐπιγενόμενον πολύ X.HG1.6.28
;τὸ ὕ. τὸ γενόμενον τῆς νυκτός Th.2.5
, cf. Hdt.8.13: more definitely,ὕδωρ ἐζ οὐρανοῦ X.An. 4.2.2
, Aristid.Or.50(26).35 (but ἐζ οὐρανοῦ is a gloss in Th.2.77): pl.,ὕ. ὄμβρια Pi.O.11(10).2
; τὰ Διὸς, orπαρὰ τοῦ Δ., ὕ. Pl.Lg. 761a
, 761b;τὸ ἐκ Διὸς ὕ. Thphr.HP2.6.5
; καινὸν ἀεὶ τὸν Δία ὕειν ὕδωρ, ὕδωρ τὸν θεὸν ποιῆσαι, Ar.Nu. 1280, V. 261 (lyr.), cf. Thphr.Char.3.4: abs.,ἐὰν πλείω ποιῇ ὕ. Id.CP1.19.3
: κεραύνια ὕ. thunder-showers, Plu.2.664f;ὕ. πολλά, συνεχέα μαλθακῶς Hp.Epid.1.1
.4 in the law-courts, τὸ ὕδωρ was the water of the water-clock ([etym.] κλεψύδρ), and hence the time it took in running out,ἂν ἐγχωρῇ τὸ ὕδωρ D.44.45
;οὐχ ἱκανόν μοι τὸὕ. Id.45.47
; ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ὕ., ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὕ., in the time allowed me, Id.18.139, 57.61; οὐκ ἐνδέχεται πρὸς ταὐτὸ ὕ. εἰπεῖν one cannot say (all) in one speech, Id.27.12;τὸ ὕ. ἀναλῶσαι Din.2.6
;πρὸς ὕ. σμικρὸν διδάζαι Pl.Tht. 201b
;ἐν μικρῷ μέρει τοῦ παντὸς ὕ. D.29.9
; ἐπίλαβε τὸ ὕ. stop the water (which was done while the speech was interrupted by the calling of evidence and reading of documents), Id.45.8;ἐγχεῖται τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ὕ. τῷ κατηγόρῳ.., τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ὕ. τῷ φεύγοντι Aeschin.3.197
; ἀποδιδόναι, παραδιδόναι τινὶ τὸ ὕ., to give him the turn of speaking, Id.1.162, Din.1.114.5 generally, liquid,ὕδατος εἴδη τὰ τοιάδε· οἶνος, οὖρον, ὀρός Arist.Mete. 382b13
, cf. Hp.Cord.12.II part of the constellation Aquarius, Arat.399.2 a name for the winter solstice, Paul.Al.A.4.III Ὕδατα, τά, as the name of places with hot or mineral waters, Ὕ. Σέζτια, Lat. Aquae Sextiae, Ὕ. Νεαπολιτανά, etc., Ptol.Geog.2.10.8, 3.3.7, etc. [[pron. full] ῠ by nature,ὕ?ὕδωρXδωρ Il. 18.347
, al. (usu. with ὕ?ὕδωρX when not at end of line),ὕ?ὕδωρXδατος 16.229
, al.,ὕ?ὕδωρXδατι Od.12.363
, al.,ὕ?ὕδωρXδατ' 13.109
, and so always in [dialect] Att. (exc. sts. in dactylic verse, Ar.Ra. 1339); Hom. freq. has ὕ ¯ δωρ (always at end of line exc. in phraseΣτυγὸς ὕδωρ Il.15.37
), alsoὕ ¯ δατος Il. 21.300
, 312, Od.5.475,ὕ ¯ δατι Il.23.282
, Od.22.439; later [dialect] Ep. admits ὕ ¯ δωρ more freely, A.R.4.601, so that we find [pron. full] ῡ in the second half of the foot in h.Cer. 381, Batr.97, A.R.4.290, etc.; also in Alc.Supp.11.8.] (Cf. Skt. udán-, gen. udn-ás 'water', OE. woeter, O Norse vatn; I.-E. u(e)d- with suffix r alternating with n (ὕδ-ṇ- τος): cogn. with Skt. u-ná-t-ti (root ud-), [ per.] 3pl. u-n-d-ánti 'moisten', cf. Lat. unda.) -
10 ἀντί
Grammatical information: prep.Meaning: `opposite, over against; instead of' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. atipamo \/Antiphāmos\/ etc.Compounds: ἔναντι, ἀπέναντι, κατέναντι (Dor. Hell.). ἀντιάνειρα s.v. Άνάντης `up-hill, steep' (Hdt.), from a form - αντες, orig. the gen. of the noun?Derivatives: ἀντίος `set against, opposed to' (Il.; Att. ἐναντίος). From here ἀντιάδες f. pl. `tonsils' (medic.). Denom. ἀντιόομαι `oppose' (Hdt.). ἀντιάω (with ep. length. ἀντιόω).Etymology: Identical with Skt. ánti `over against', Lat. ante `before', Hitt. h̯anti `separate'. Locative of a noun, preserved in Hitt. ḫanza (= ḫant-s) `front'. Another case-form of the same noun is ἄντα, s. v.Page in Frisk: 1,113-114Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀντί
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11 βρώσιμος
βρώσιμος, ον (Aeschyl., Prom. 479; ‘Anti-Atticist’ [Anecd. Gr. 84, 25]; SIG 624, 38; PSI 306, 7; StudPal XXII 75, 58; PGM 10, 1; Lev 19:23; Ezk 47:12; 2 Esdr 19:25) eatable τὶ β. anything to eat Lk 24:41.—DELG s.v. βιβρώσκω. M-M. -
12 λάμπω
λάμπω fut. λάμψω; 1 aor. ἔλαμψα (Hom.+; LXX, En, TestSol; TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 10f [Stone p. 70]; Test12Patr; SyrBar 12:2 [?]; GrBar, Joseph., SibOr; Christian ins in OGI 610, 1f [VI A.D.] φῶς σωτήριον ἔλαμψεν ὅπου σκότος ἐκάλυπτεν; Just.) to emit rays of light, shine (Jos., Ant. 3, 218 of precious stones) of a lamp Mt 5:15; of lightning flash Lk 17:24.—Shine out, shine forth, gleam (Chariton 1, 9, 5 of a gleaming sword; Jos., Ant. 5, 284) light Ac 12:7; a star (cp. IAndrosIsis [I B.C.] 23; Bar 3:34; SibOr 3, 334 ἀστὴρ λάμψει) IEph 19:2; sun (Archilochus [VII B.C.] 74, 4 Diehl2; SyrBar 12:2 ἀκτίνες τοῦ ἡλίου λάμπουσιν; GrBar 7:5 λάμψαι τὸν ἥλιον; 9:8) GPt 6:22. Of the face of the transfigured Jesus ὡς ὁ ἥλιος (cp. EpJer 66; En 14:18; 106:2; TestLevi 18:4; difft., but of a pers. SEG XXVIII, 1251, 2 [III or IV A.D.]) Mt 17:2. Of the light that shone forth at creation by God’s command 2 Cor 4:6a. Of an angel ὁ λάμπων καὶ φαίνων AcPl Ha 3, 36.—In transf. sense w. φῶς (cp. Pr 4:18; Tob 13:13 S; Is 9:1) shine λαμψάτω τ. φῶς ὑμῶν ἔμπροσθεν τ. ἀνθρώπων Mt 5:16 (cp. SEG above). Of God, prob. shine forth θεὸς … ὅς ἔλαμψεν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν God, who has shone in our hearts 2 Cor 4:6b (perh. reflect, as PGM 13, 770 of the heavenly eyes of a divinity λάμποντες ἐν ταῖς κόραις τ. ἀνθρώπων. GMacRae, Anti-Dualist Polemic in 2 Cor 4:6? TU 102, ’68, 420–31).—DELG. New Docs 3, 49f. M-M. TW. -
13 πάσχω
πάσχω fut. 3 sg. παθεῖται (2 Cl 7:5; v.l. πείσεται; cp. Reinhold p. 74; B-D-F §74, 3), 3 pl. παθοῦνται Hs 8, 10, 4; 2 aor. ἔπαθον; pf. πέπονθα, ptc. πεπονθώς; plpf. 3 pl. ἐπεπόνθεισαν Wsd 18:1 (Hom.+) ‘to experience someth., be treated’ (π. expresses the passive idea corresponding to the active idea in ποιέω) of everything that befalls a person, whether good or ill. Yet its usage developed in such a way that π. came to be used less and less frequently in a good sense, and never thus without some clear indication, at least fr. the context, that the good sense is meant. In our lit. it is found① only once in the sense experience someth. (pleasant) (of one who experiences special blessing, Pind., P. 3, 104 εὖ πασχέμεν, N. 1, 32 εὖ παθεῖν; Antiphanes 252, 2b ἀγαθὸν πάσχει; Diod S 20, 102, 2 εὖ πάσχειν; Dionys. Hal. 7, 51; Plut., Mor. 1110d; Arrian, Ind. 34, 1, Peripl. 2, 4; Jos., Ant. 3, 312; POxy 1855, 8; 10; 14 πάσχω ἀπόκρισιν of favorable information) τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῆ; have you had such remarkable experiences in vain? Gal 3:4 (Procop. Soph., Ep. 18 τοσοῦτον παθών; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 112 τὸ αὐτὸ πάσχει=he experiences the same thing.—Differently Zahn et al.; in their opinion this pass. belongs to 3b below; in support of their view s. τοσαῦτα παθών Ep. 56 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 359, 16], but the assoc. w. ἐπιχορηγέω Gal 3:5 suggests receipt of beneficence).—On probability of wordplay (παθεῖν … μαθεῖν) s. Betz, Gal. 134.② Likew. there is only one place in which π. has a neutral mng. Even here the addition of κακῶς gives it an unfavorable connotation: κακῶς πάσχειν be badly off, in an evil plight (Hom et al.; Hdt. 3, 146 et al.; Wsd 18:19; JosAs 7:4; 24:1; Philo, In Flacc. 124, Spec. Leg. 4, 3) Mt 17:15 (v.l. ἔχει).③ In all other places, as always in LXX, in an unfavorable sense suffer, endure.ⓐ sufferα. abs. (also in the sense suffer death, be killed, [have to] die: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 70 §321; 3, 87 §359; Arrian, Anab. 6, 10, 3; Paroem. Gr.: Zenob. 4, 60 the crow ἔπαθε from the scorpion’s poison; Herodian 1, 17, 7; Just., D. 52, 3; Mel., P. 8, 65; sim. Callinus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 1, 17 G-B.[=D.3] ἤν τι πάθῃ=‘if he fell’; Demosth. 4, 11f; Straton of Lamps., Fgm. 10 [in Diog. L. 5, 61] ἐάν τι πάσχω=‘if anything happens to me’; Diod S 13, 98, 2; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 8, 3; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 238; Jos., Ant. 15, 65; 18, 352; CB I/2, 391 no. 254; Iren. 1, 3, 3 [Harv. I, 27, 1]) πρὸ τοῦ με παθεῖν before I suffer Lk 22:15. Cp. 24:46; Ac 1:3; 3:18; 17:3; 1 Cor 12:26; Hb 2:18 (on ἐν ᾧ s. ἐν 7); 9:26; 1 Pt 2:20, 23; 3:17; B 7:2a; Hs 8, 10, 4. The expr. γῆ πάσχουσα B 6:9 seems to transfer the philosoph. concept of suffering matter to the γῆ (Hefele, Hilgenfeld, Veil): earth capable of suffering (Goodsp.), earth capable of being molded into a human being (Kleist, note ad loc.).β. w. additions: ὑπό τινος at the hands of someone denotes the one who caused the suffering (Antiphon Orat., Fgm. 34; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 134 D.; PAmh 78, 4; Jos., Bell. 5, 19, Ant. 10, 92; Mel., P. 75, 546ff; B-D-F §315) Mt 17:12 (s. also b below). Also ὑπὸ χειρός τινος B 5:5b (cp. Mel., Fgm. 7 ὑπὸ δεξιᾶ Ἰσραηλίτιδος). ὑπέρ τινος for someone or someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 15 §63 π. ὑπέρ τινος=suffer for someone; Just., D. 121, 2 ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ἀρνεῖσθαι αὐτόν as military metaphor: EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr. ’93, 126) Phil 1:29; 2 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 2:21 (περί τινος v.l.), ὑπὲρ τ. ὀνόματος τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 28, 2a. ὑπὲρ τοῦ νόμου 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τῆς σωτηρίας, ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτωλῶν MPol 17:2. ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν ISm 7:1. Also περί τινος (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 29 p. 415, 29 Jac. περὶ τῶν διαδόχων αὐτοῦ ἅπαν … παθεῖν) περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν 1 Pt 3:18 (v.l. ἀπέθανεν). περι τῆς ψυχῆς ἡμῶν B 5:5a. διά w. acc. for the sake of: διὰ δικαιοσύνην 1 Pt 3:14. διὰ τὸ ὄνομα (αὐτοῦ) Pol 8:2; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 28, 3. διʼ ἡμᾶς B 7:2b. διὰ τὸν θεόν Hs 9, 28, 6a. εἵνεκα or ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματος v 3, 1, 9; 3, 5, 2; Hs 9, 28, 5; 6b. κατὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Pt 4:19. ἔξω τῆς πύλης Hb 13:12. ἐπὶ ξύλου on the tree B 5:13b.—Used w. an instrumental (?) dat.: αἰκίαις καὶ βασάνοις π. 1 Cl 6:1 v.l. πολλαῖς πράξεσι Hs 6, 3, 4. W. dat. to denote manner (B-D-F §198) π. σαρκί suffer in the body 1 Pt 4:1ab (in b v.l. ἐν σαρκί).—Used w. an adverb: ἀδίκως 1 Pt 2:19. ἀληθῶς ISm 2b. δικαίως (TestSim 4:3; Just., D. 110, 6) Hs 6, 3, 6a. ἡδέως 8, 10, 4. προθύμως 9, 28, 2b and 4. οὕτω GPt 4:13; B 5:13a. ὀλίγον (s. ὀλίγος 2bβ) 1 Pt 5:10. τὸ δοκεῖν (δοκέω 2aα) in semblance, seemingly ITr 10; ISm 2c.—ὡς φονεύς undergo punishment (cp. SIG 1016, 7 π. ὡς ἱερόσυλος) as a murderer 1 Pt 4:15.ⓑ endure, undergo τί someth. (Orig., C. Cels. 7, 13, 7; π. καταστροφήν; Did., Gen. 232, 11; Theoph. Ant. 2, 23 [p. 156, 6]) παθήματα π. endure sufferings 2 Cor 1:6 (ὧν by attraction of the rel. fr. ἅ; sim. Iren. 1, 8, 2 [Harv. I 70, 4]). αἰκίσματα 1 Cl 6:2. πολλὰ π. (Jos., Ant. 13, 268; 403) Mt 27:19; Mk 8:31; 9:12; Lk 9:22 (s. further below); 17:25; B 7:11; AcPl Ha 8, 19. τὰ ὅμοιά τινι the same things as someone Ox 840, 3. οὐδὲν κακόν suffer no harm Ac 28:5. οὐδὲν τῶν πονηρῶν Hs 6, 3, 6b. ὡς οὐδὲν πεπονθώς as if nothing had happened to him MPol 8:3 (cp. TestJob 47:7 ὡς οὐδὲν ὅλως πεπονθώς). ταῦτα Lk 13:2; 24:26; 2 Ti 1:12; 1 Cl 45:5. τί παθεῖται; what will he have to endure? 2 Cl 7:5 (πάσχειν τι=endure punishment, as Pla., Leg. 10, 1, 885ab). μὴ φοβοῦ ἃ μελλεις πάσχειν do not be afraid of what you are about to undergo Rv 2:10. W. attraction ἔμαθεν ἀφʼ ὧν ἔπαθεν τὴν ὑπακοήν= ἔμαθεν τὴν ὑπακοὴν ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ ἔπαθεν he learned obedience from what he endured (i.e. despite his being God’s son, Jesus experienced suffering as the medium for exhibiting the ultimate extent of his obedience) Hb 5:8 (for the consonance or wordplay s. the reff. cited s.v. μανθάνω 3). π. τι ὑπό τινος endure someth. at someone’s hands (X., Hiero 7, 8, Symp. 1, 9; Jos., Ant. 7, 209; 12, 401; s. 3aβ above) Mk 5:26; 1 Th 2:14; B 7:5. Also π. τι ἀπό τινος (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 11; Lucian, D. Deor. 6, 4; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 27, 5) Mt 16:21; perh. Lk 9:22. π. τι ἕνεκά τινος endure someth. for someone’s sake 2 Cl 1:2. Also π. τι διά τινα ISm 2a (Just., D. 117, 3; Mel., P. 59, 435). ὅσα δεῖ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματός μου παθεῖν Ac 9:16 (π. τι ὑπέρ τινος as Jos., Ant. 13, 199).—WWichmann, D. Leidenstheologie, e. Form der Leidensdeutung im Spätjudentum 1930; HVondran, D. Leidensgedanke im Spiegel d. Selbstbewusstseins Jesu: NKZ 43, ’32, 257–75; RLiechtenhan, D. Überwindung d. Leidens b. Pls. u. in d. zeitgen. Stoa: ZTK n.s. 3, 1922, 368–99; WMichaelis, Herkunft u. Bed. des Ausdrucks ‘Leiden u. Sterben J. Chr.’ ’45; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré, ’47, 314–17 (Le Messie Souffrant …); ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht (Sühntod Jesu Christi), ’55; EGüttgemanns, D. leidende Apostel, ’66.—K Schelkle, Die Passion Jesu etc., ’49; JGreen, The Death of Jesus ’88; RBrown, The Death of the Messiah, 2 vols. ’94; ACollins, From Noble Death to Crucified Messiah, NTS 40, ’94, 481–503; on alleged anti-Judaism in Luke’s passion narrative, s. HMerkel, NTS 40, ’94, 394–95 (lit.).—Schmidt, Syn. I 424–441. DELG. M-M. EDNT. DLNT. TW. Sv. -
14 πούς
πούς, ποδός, ὁ (Hom.+ ‘foot’ in various senses)① foot, of persons or (rarely in our lit.) animals, or the strange creatures of Rvⓐ w. focus on a body part: Mt 4:6 (Ps 90:12); 7:6; Mk 9:45ab al. W. κεφαλή J 20:12; 1 Cor 12:21; 1 Cl 37:5ab. W. χείρ or χεῖρες (Ps 21:17) Mt 18:8ab; 22:13; Lk 24:39, 40 v.l.; J 11:44; 1 Cor 12:15 (for the speculation about foot and hand concerning their relation to the whole body cp. Epict. 2, 10, 4). ὑποδήσασθαι τοὺς π. put shoes on the feet Eph 6:15 (in vivid imagery). Of listeners and pupils καθῆσθαι παρὰ τοὺς π. τινός sit at someone’s feet Lk 8:35; cp. 10:39. W. non-lit. mng. ἀνατεθραμμένος παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ Ac 22:3 (schol. on Pla. 467b παρὰ πόδας τοῦ Σωκράτους). W. partial imagery (Synes., Ep. 17 p. 175c παρὰ πόδας ἀποδίδως τὴν χάριν) ἐτίθουν παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τῶν ἀποστόλων 4:35; cp. vs. 37; 5:2. πίπτειν (q.v. 1bαב) εἰς τοὺς πόδας τινός Mt 18:29 v.l.; J 11:32 v.l.; ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν τινος Rv 19:10; ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδ. Ac 10:25; παρὰ τοὺς π. τινός Lk 8:41; 17:16. πρὸς τοὺς π. τινός Mk 5:22; 7:25 (προσπίπτειν πρὸς κτλ.); J 11:32; Ac 5:10; 10:25 D (the gen. is easily supplied); Rv 1:17; Hv 3, 2, 3. προσπίπτειν πρὸς τοὺς π. τινί Ac 16:29 D. προσκυνεῖν ἐνώπιον (or ἔμπροσθεν) τῶν ποδῶν τινος Rv 3:9; 22:8. To wash feet, as expression of hospitality or humility (Gen 18:4; 19:2; TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 2 [Stone p. 8]; B 3 p. 107, 21 [St. p. 62] al.; JosAs 7:1): J 13:5f, 8–10, 12, 14ab (cp. λούω 2a); 1 Ti 5:10; cp. Lk 7:44a.—See HAlmqvist, Plutarch u. d. NT ’46, 75. Anoint feet (Anaxandrides Com. [IV B.C.] 40 μύρῳ … ἀλείφει τ. πόδας Καλλιστράτου; Eubulus Com. [IV B.C.] 90, 5f) Lk 7:46; cp. vs. 38c; J 12:3a; cp. 11:2. Kiss feet: Lk 7:38c, 45.—In Rv 10:1 πούς clearly means leg (cp. Lucian, Zeuxis 4, Pseudomant. 59 ποὺς μέχρι τοῦ βουβῶνος [groin]; Achilles Tat. 1, 1, 10; Aëtius p. 86, 2; PGiss 43, 14; PFlor 42, 9 and s. Charles, ICC Rv ad loc.).ⓑ in special imagery: the one who is vanquished lies beneath the victor’s feet (Diod S 17, 100, 8 ῥιφέντος ἐπὶ γῆν ἐπιβὰς ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τῷ ποδί=[the victor] placed his foot on the neck of his foe, who had been thrown to the ground) τιθέναι τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου Mt 22:44; Mk 12:36; here Ps 109:1 is quoted; its wording acc. to the LXX is quoted more exactly as ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου Lk 20:43; Ac 2:35; Hb 1:13; 10:13; 1 Cl 36:5; B 12:10. For this in the same Ps.-quot. τιθ. ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας (αὐτοῦ) 1 Cor 15:25 (Plut., Mor. 1197c ὑπὸ πόδας τιθ.). πάντα ὑπέταξεν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ 1 Cor 15:27; Eph 1:22; these passages quote Ps 8:7, the exact wording of which in the LXX appears in ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ Hb 2:8.—συντρίψει τὸν σατανᾶν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν Ro 16:20.—The earth as God’s footstool (Is 66:1) ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ (or, as LXX, μου) Mt 5:35; Ac 7:49; B 16:2. Cp. Rv 12:1 (on prob. anti-Isis thrust s. lit. cited EDNT III 144).—Acc. to a usage common also in the OT (Eur., Hipp. 661, Or. 1217) the feet represent the person who is in motion: οἱ πόδες τῶν θαψάντων those who have buried Ac 5:9. ὀξεῖς οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν ἐκχέαι αἷμα they are quick to shed blood Ro 3:15 (cp. Is 59:7). τοῦ κατευθῦναι τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν εἰς ὁδὸν εἰρήνης to guide us in the way of peace Lk 1:79. Cp. Ro 10:15 (cp. Is 52:7).② leg of a piece of furniture, leg (so Aristoph. et al.; Arrian, Anab. 6, 29, 5; SIG 996, 9f; PLond II, 402, verso 27; 30 pp. 10 and 12; POxy 520, 17) Hv 3, 13, 3.③ measurement based on length of a human foot, foot (Hdt., also ins, pap) Hv 4, 1, 6; 4, 2, 1; cp. Ac 7:5 s. βῆμα.—RAC VIII 743–77; BHHW I 505f; B. 243. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
15 σάρξ
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘flesh’).① the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body, flesh lit. 1 Cor 15:39abcd; Hv 3, 10, 4; 3, 12, 1. The pl. (which denotes flesh in the mass [Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 5], whereas the sing. rather denotes the substance.—Herodas 4, 61; Gen 40:19; 1 Km 17:44; 4 Km 9:36; PsSol 4:19; TestJob 13:5; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 211; Just., A I, 26, 7; Mel., P. 52, 383; Ath. 34, 2) Lk 24:39 v.l.; Rv 19:18, 21 (4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010, 16] cannibalism out of hunger, sim. Mel., P. 52, 383; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 245: the σάρκες of the slain are food for the birds) B 10:4; metaph. Rv 17:16. It decays 1 Cl 25:3; cp. Ac 2:31 (cp. 2a below). Normally gives forth an evil odor when burned MPol 15:2. W. bones (s. ὀστέον) 1 Cl 6:3 (Gen 2:23); Lk 24:39; Eph 5:30 v.l. (metaph.). Paul speaks of his illness as a σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (s. σκόλοψ) 2 Cor 12:7. ἡ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή the physical circumcision (cp. Just., D. 10, 1 al.) Ro 2:28; cp. Eph 2:11b; Col 2:13 (ἀκροβυστία 2); Gal 6:13 (ἡ σάρξ=the flesh that is circumcised); B 9:4. Metaph.: the corrosion on the precious metals of the rich φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ Js 5:3.—Ign. describes the elements of the Eucharist as σὰρξ (or αἷμα) Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IRo 7:3; IPhld 4; ISm 7:1. Also J 6:51–56 urges that one must eat the flesh (and drink the blood) of the Human One or Son of Man (Just., A I, 66, 2; s. TPhilips, Die Verheissung der hl. Eucharistie nach Joh. 1922; Bultmann ad loc.; AWikenhauser ’48, 105f).—His anti-Docetic position also leads Ign. to use the concept ‘flesh (and blood) of Christ’ in other contexts as well ITr 8:1; IPhld 5:1.—For Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12; and 1 Cor 15:50 s. 3a.② the physical body as functioning entity, body, physical bodyⓐ as substance and living entity (Aeschyl., Sept. 622: opp. νοῦς; Ex 30:32; 4 Km 6:30; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 6 [Stone p. 54] πάντα τὰ μέλη τῆς σαρκός μου; w. καρδία or ψυχή Alex. Aphr., An. p. 98, 7–10 Br.; Ps 37:8; 62:2; Eccl 2:3; Ezk 11:19; 44:7 a1.; Jos., Bell. 6, 47, Ant. 19, 325; Ar.15, 7) οὔτε ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν Ac 2:31 (but s. 1). W. ψυχή 1 Cl 49:6 (Tat. 13:2 al.). W. καρδία Ac 2:26 (Ps 15:9).—Eph 5:29. ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί they have seen me face to face Col 2:1. ἕως ἂν τὸν χριστὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἴδῃ before he had seen the Messiah in person GJs 24:4 (cp. Lk 2:26). Opp. πνεῦμα (Ath. 31:3; PGM 5, 460 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὸν κτίσαντα πᾶσαν σάρκα κ. πᾶν πνεῦμα) 1 Cor 5:5; 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5; 1 Pt 4:6; Hm 3:1; 10, 2, 6; cp. AcPl Ant 13:17 (=Aa, I 237, 2; s. οἶδα); also in relation to Christ (though this is disputed) J 6:63; Hs 5, 6, 5–7; cp. 1 Ti 3:16.—ἀσθένεια τῆς σαρκός bodily ailment Gal 4:13; s. vs. 14. ἀσθενὴς τῇ σαρκί weak in the body Hs 9, 1, 2. ὁ ἀλγῶν σάρκα the one who is ill in body B 8:6. πάσχειν σαρκί 1 Pt 4:1b. Cp. 2 Cor 7:5. ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς καθαρότης the purity of the body Hb 9:13 (opp. καθαρίζειν τὴν συνείδησιν vs. 14). σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου 1 Pt 3:21 (s. ῥύπος 1). The σάρξ is raised fr. the dead (s. ParJer 6:9; Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [74, 2]) 1 Cl 26:3; 2 Cl 9:1. ἀνάστασις σαρκός AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν Just., D. 80, 5); cp. ἀναστήσεσθε ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32. Of the body of Christ during his earthly ministry Eph 2:14 (JHart, The Enmity in His Flesh: Exp. 6th ser., 3, 1901, 135–41); Hb 10:20; 1 Pt 3:18; 4:1a; 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:1, 10f; 6:7, 9; 7:5; 12:10; IEph 7:2; Pol 7:1; AcPlCor 2:6b. Married couples form μία σάρξ (Gen 2:24; s. Ath. 33, 2 τὴν σάρκα πρὸς σάρκα … κοινωνίαν.—GAicher, Mann u. Weib ein Fleisch: BZ 5, 1907, 159–65) Mt 19:5f; Mk 10:8ab; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (on these passages, TBurkill, ZNW 62, ’71, 115–20). δικαιώματα σαρκός behind ‘all sorts of ceremonial washings’ there are regulations that concern the physical body Hb 9:10.—On ὑποτάγητε τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ ὡς ὁ Χριστὸς τῷ πατρὶ κατὰ σάρκα IMg 13:2 s. Hdb. ad loc. and MRackl, Die Christologie des hl. Ignatius v. Ant. 1914, 228.—πνεῦμα δυνάμεως … ὁ θεὸς … κατέπεμψεν εἰς σάρκα τουτέστιν εἰς τὴν Μαρίαν God sent a powerful spirit (prob. a ref. to the kind of divine breath that brought the first human being to life [Gen 2:7]) into flesh, that is, into Mary AcPl Ha 8, 26=BMM recto 34; s. AcPlCor 1:14.ⓑ as someth. with physical limitations, life here on earth (ApcEsdr 4:4 p. 28, 3 Tdf. σάρκα ἀνθρωπίνην φορῶ) θλῖψιν τῇ σαρκὶ ἕξουσιν 1 Cor 7:28. Cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Col 1:24. Of Christ τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ his body with its physical limitations Col 1:22; cp. 2:11 and s. cα below (cp. En 102:5 τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν; 1QpHab 9:2; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 29, 25).—Of human life: ἀποδημεῖν τῆς σαρκός MPol 2:2 (s. ἀποδημέω). ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκί Phil 1:24. ζῆν ἐν σαρκί vs. 22; Gal 2:20. ἐν ς. περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 10:3a. ἐν ς. τυγχάνειν Dg 5:8a. ὄντος ἔτι ἐν ς. σου AcPlCor 1:6. τὸν ἐπίλοιπον ἐν ς. χρόνον 1 Pt 4:2. ἡ ἐπιδημία τῆς σαρκὸς ταύτης our sojourn in life 2 Cl 5:5. ἐν τῇ σαρκί in our earthly life 8:2.ⓒ as instrument of various actions or expressions.α. In Paul’s thought esp., all parts of the body constitute a totality known as ς. or flesh, which is dominated by sin to such a degree that wherever flesh is, all forms of sin are likew. present, and no good thing can live in the σάρξ Ro 7:18 (cp. Philo, Gig. 29 αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ἀνεπιστημοσύνης μέγιστον ἡ σὰρξ καὶ ἡ πρὸς σάρκα οἰκείωσις; Sextus 317 ἀγαθὸν ἐν σαρκὶ μὴ ἐπιζήτει. The OT lays no stress on a necessary relationship betw. flesh as a substance, and sin. But for Epicurus the σάρξ is the bearer of sinful feelings and desires as well as the means of sensual enjoyment: Ep. in Plut., Mor. 135c; 1087bf; 1089e; 1096c αἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιθυμίαι. Also Diog. L. 10, 145. Likew. Plut. himself: Mor. 101b ταῖς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡδοναῖς; 672e; 688d; 734a; Ps.-Plut., Mor. 107f σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι ταύτης; Maximus Tyr. 33, 7a. Cp. 4 Macc 7:18 τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς πάθη; Philo, Deus Imm. 143 σαρκὸς ἡδονή, Gig. 29; TestJud 19:4; TestZeb 9:7; ApcMos 25 [p. 14, 2 Tdf.] εἰς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς σαρκός); Ro 6:19; 7:25 (opp. νοῦς); 8:3a, 4–9 (cp. Persius 2, 63 scelerata pulpa, which contaminates devotion to deity), 12f; Gal 5:13, 24; Col 2:23; Jd 23; AcPlCor 2:11, 15; Dg 6:5 (opp. ψυχή, as Plut., Mor. 101b). Opp. τὸ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4, 5, 6, 9, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:16, 17ab; 6:8ab; J 3:6; B 10:9. τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 25, 8) Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. σὰρξ ἁμαρτίας sinful flesh Ro 8:3b. ἐπιθυμία (τῆς) σαρκός (cp. Maximus Tyr. 20, 9f σαρκῶν … ἐπιθυμίας) Gal 5:16; 1J 2:16; B 10:9. Pl. Eph 2:3a, cp. b; 2 Pt 2:18; cp. Ro 13:14. τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός Gal 5:19 (s. Vögtle at πλεονεξία). τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3b. ὁ νοῦς τῆς σαρκός Col 2:18. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός the body of (sinful) flesh 2:11; cp. 1:22 and s. b above (cp. Sir 23:17 σῶμα σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ; En 102:5 τῷ σώματι τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν). τὰ τῆς σαρκός what pertains to (sinful) flesh Ro 8:5b. ἐν (τῇ) σαρκὶ εἶναι be in an unregenerate (and sinful) state Ro 7:5; 8:8f. τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί Eph 2:11a. κατὰ σάρκα εἶναι Ro 8:5a; ζῆν vs. 12b; 13; Dg 5:8b; περιπατεῖν Ro 8:4; 2 Cor 10:2; βουλεύεσθαι 1:17; στρατεύεσθαι 10:3b; cp. IRo 8:3 (opp. κατὰ γνώμην θεοῦ).β. source of the sexual urge. The σάρξ is the source of the sexual urge, without any suggestion of sinfulness connected w. it ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς ἐγεννήθησαν J 1:13.ⓓ as someth. attractive 2 Pt 2:10 (a Hebraism, cp. Judg 2:12; 3 Km 11:10; Sir 46:10). S. also 3b.③ one who is or becomes a physical being, living being with fleshⓐ of humans person, human being: πᾶσα σάρξ every person, everyone (LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72]; GrBar 4:10; ApcEsdr 7:7; ApcMos 13 [p. 7, 1 Tdf.]; Mel., P. 55, 400: for כָּל-בָּשָׂר; s. πᾶς 1aα) Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); J 17:2; Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:6); 1 Cl 59:3; 64; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5 (the last two Is 66:24); AcPlCor 2:6a. οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ no person, nobody (En 14:21 end.—W-S. §26, 10a; B-D-F §275, 4; 302, 1; Rob. 752) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20 (cp. Ps 142:2 πᾶς ζῶν); 1 Cor 1:29 (μή); Gal 2:16.—Though ς. in the foll. passages refers to body in its physical aspect, it cannot be divorced from its conjunction with αἷμα, and the unit σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα (cp. Sir 17:31; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82]; Philo, Quis Div. Rer. Her. 57; Just., D. 135, 6) refers to a human being in contrast to God and other transcendent beings Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12 (here vice versa, αἷ. καὶ ς.). τὰ παιδία κεκοινώνηκεν αἵματος καὶ σαρκός the children share mortal nature Hb 2:14, but with suggestion of its frailty, as indicated by the context with its ref. to death. Because they are the opposites of the divine nature σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύναται 1 Cor 15:50 (JJeremias, NTS 2, ’56, 151–59). For Jd 7 s. b next. Cp. AcPl Ant 13, 17 (=Aa I 237, 2) σαρκί personally (s. οἶδα 2).ⓑ of transcendent entities ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (RSeeberg, Festgabe AvHarnack dargebracht 1921, 263–81.—Artem. 2, 35 p. 132, 27 ἐὰν σάρκινοι οἱ θεοὶ φαίνωνται; Synes., Dio 6 p. 45b).—Of flesh other than human: ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας after another kind of flesh (cp. Judg 2:12 ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων) i.e. of divine messengers who take on ς. when they appear to humans (so Windisch et al.; difft. Frame et al. of same-sex activity) Jd 7.④ human/ancestral connection, human/mortal nature, earthly descent (Did., Gen. 144, 25) Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα Ro 4:1 (Just., D. 43, 7 al.). οἱ συγγενεῖς μου κατὰ σάρκα 9:3. τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας Hb 12:9. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ σάρκα the earthly Israel 1 Cor 10:18 (opp. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ Gal 6:16). Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29. μου τὴν σάρκα my compatriots Ro 11:14 (s. Gen 37:27).—Of Christ’s physical nature Ro 8:3c; Hb 5:7. Christ is descended fr. the patriarchs and fr. David (τὸ) κατὰ σάρκα according to the human side of his nature, as far as his physical descent is concerned Ro 1:3 (JDunn, Jesus: Flesh and Spirit [Ro 1:3f], JTS 24, ’73, 40–68); 9:5; 1 Cl 32:2; IEph 20:2. The context of 2 Cor 11:18 includes ancestry as a reason for boasting, but ς. in this pass. applies as well to other aspects of Paul’s career and therefore belongs more properly in 5.⑤ the outward side of life as determined by normal perspectives or standards, a transf. sense of 1 and 2. Usually w. κατά indicating norm or standard σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wise (people) according to human standards 1 Cor 1:26. καυχᾶσθαι κατὰ (τὴν) σάρκα boast of one’s outward circumstances, i.e. descent, manner of life, etc. (cp. 11:22) 2 Cor 11:18. κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν Christ (the Messiah) from a human point of view or as far as externals are concerned 5:16b, cp. a (κατά B5bβ and 7a; also VWeber, BZ 2, 1904, 178–88; HWindisch, exc. ad loc.; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3, 374–76; FPorter, Does Paul Claim to Have Known the Historical Jesus [2 Cor 5:16]?: JBL 47, 1928, 257–75; RMoxon, CQR 108, 1929, 320–28). οἱ κατὰ σάρκα κύριοι those who, according to human standards, are masters Eph 6:5; Col 3:22. ὑμεῖς κατὰ τὴν ς. κρίνετε you judge by outward things, by externals J 8:15. Of the route taken in one’s earthly life ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ κατὰ σάρκα IRo 9:3.—ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθέναι place one’s trust in earthly things or physical advantages Phil 3:3f. εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί Gal 6:12. Onesimus is a beloved brother to Philemon καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ καὶ ἐν κυρίῳ both as a human being (=personally, in the external relationship betw. master and slave) and as a Christian Phlm 16. ὑμῶν δὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἐπισκόπῳ IEph 1:3 (cp. IMg 3:2).—HWindisch, Taufe u. Sünde 1908; EBurton, ICC Gal. 1920, 492–95; WSchauf, Sarx 1924; WBieder, Auferstehung des Fleisches od. des Leibes?: TZ 1, ’45, 105–20. W. special ref. to Paul: Ltzm., Hdb. exc. on Ro 7:14 and 8:11; Lohmeyer (ἁμαρτία 3a); EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33; RGrant, ATR 22, ’40, 199–203; RBultmann, Theologie des NTs ’48, 228–49 (Engl. tr. by KGrobel, ’51 I, 227–59); LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 267–70; E Schweizer, Die hellenist. Komponente im NT sarx-Begriff: ZNW 48, ’57, 237–53; two in KStendahl, The Scrolls and the NT, ’57: KKuhn, 94–113 and WDavies, 157–82; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT: RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; DLys, La chair dans l’AT ’67; ASand, D. Begriff ‘Fleisch’ ’67 (Paul); RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms ’71, 49–166. On Ign.: CRichardson, The Christianity of Ign. of Ant. ’35, esp. 49 and 61. S. also the lit. s.v. πνεῦμα, end.—B. 202. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
16 Ἀβιληνή
Ἀβιληνή, ῆς, ἡ (Ἄβειλ W-H.) Abilene, the territory around the city of Abila (τὰ Ἄβιλα) at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon range, northwest of Damascus; administered by Lysanias the tetrarch. Lk 3:1.—S. lit. on Λυσανίας. -
17 ἐντόπιος
ἐντόπιος, ία, ιον (s. τόπος; Pla. et al.; Dionys. Hal. 8, 83; ins, pap; the anti-Semite Molon [I B.C.] in Eus., PE 9, 19, 2) pert. to belonging to a certain place,local, subst. οἱ ἐ. the local residents (OGI 194, 11 [42 B.C.]; PLond II 192, 94 p. 225 [I A.D.]) Ac 21:12 (opp. Paul’s companions).—DELG s.v. τόπος. M-M. -
18 Ἰτουραῖος
Ἰτουραῖος, αία, αῖον (since Eupolemus [II B.C.] 723 Fgm. 2 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 30, 3], mostly in the pl. of the subst. masc. Ἰτουραῖοι [Appian, Mithrid. 106 §499, Bell. Civ. 5, 7, §31; Arrian, Alans 1 and 18; Jos., Ant. 13, 318]. Schürer 561–67) ἡ Ἰ. χώρα Ituraea, a region along the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges belonging to the Tetrarchy of Philip, w. Chalcis as its capital city Lk 3:1. S. Schürer loc. cit. for sources and lit.—M-M.
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