the+letter+r

sălūtāris, e, adj. [salus], of or belonging to well-being, healthful, wholesome, salutary, serviceable, beneficial, advantageous (in the most general sense, while the predominant meaning of salubris, in class. lang., is healthy in a medical sense; very freq. and class.).

In gen.

Absol.:

ut quae mala perniciosaque sunt, habeantur pro bonis ac salutaribus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 16, 44:

pro salutaribus mortifera conscribere,

id. ib. 2, 5, 13:

res salutares (opp. pestiferae),

id. N. D. 2, 12, 34:

res utiles et salutares,

id. ib. 1, 15, 38:

salutaris et vitalis calor,

id. ib. 2, 10, 27:

sine quo nihil nec laudabile nec salutare est,

Quint. 12, 10, 79:

tuta et salutaria capessere (opp. praecipitia),

Tac. A. 15, 29:

salutares litterae,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 2; cf.:

Apollonides orationem salutarem habuit,

Liv. 24, 28:

portus eloquentiae,

Quint. 12, 7, 4; cf. Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 17:

salutaris ars,

of healing, Hor. C. S. 63:

herbae,

Ov. R. Am. 45:

amurca,

Col. 6, 4, 4.—

Rarely of persons: civis,

Cic. Mil. 8, 20: bonus et salutaris Princeps, Tiber. ap. Suet. Tib. 29.—

With dat., ad, contra aliquid, etc. (the first very freq. in Cic.):

ratio quoniam pestifera sit multis, admodum paucis salutaris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69; Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 26:

hominum generi universo cultura agrorum est salutaris,

Cic. Sen. 16, 56; id. Fam. 6, 6, 4; id. Brut. 4, 15:

corporibus tot res, animis nulla,

id. Tusc. 4, 27, 58:

vox petentibus,

Quint. 10, 7, 2; cf.:

radicem decoctam bibere, spasticis, etc.... salutare ost,

Plin. 21, 19, 77, § 132.—Once also in the comp.:

nihil est nobis salutarius,

Cic. N. D. 3, 9, 23:

stella Jovis aut Veneris conjuncta cum Lunā ad ortus puerorum salutaris sit,

id. Div. 1, 39, 85:

decoctum ad dentium dolorem,

Plin. 24, 9, 42, § 71:

herba Britannica non nervis modo salutaris sed contra anginas quoque et contra serpentes,

id. 25, 3, 6, § 20:

dicunt radicem et in pestilentiā salutarem esse in cibis,

id. 24, 16, 92, § 148. —

As subst.: sălūtāre, is, n., salvation, deliverance, health (late Lat.), Vulg. Gen. 49, 18; id. Psa. 41, 5 et saep.— Plur.: bibere salutaria alicui, to drink one ' s health, App. M. 2, p. 128, 25.—

In partic.

As an appellative: salutaris littera, i. e. the letter A, written on the voting tablets as an abbreviation for absolvo, Cic. Mil. 6, 15 (opp. littera tristis, i. e. C, for condemno): digitus, i. e. the index-finger (perh. as used in greeting), Suet. Aug. 80; Mart. Cap. 1, § 90.—

Subst.: sălūtāre, is, n., i. q. salus, welfare, prosperity, Vulg. Psa. 115, 13 (4) (for the Heb.).— Adj. prop.: Collis Salutaris, one of the four summits of the Quirinal (so called from the temple of Salus, which stood on it), Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.; cf. Salus, II.;

and v. Becker, Antiq. 1, pp. 568 and 578 sq.: Salutaris porta appellata est ab aede Salutis, quae ei proxima fuit,

Fest. p. 326 Müll.: Jovem cum Optimum et Maximum dicimus, cumque eundem Salutarem Hospitalem. Statorem: hoc intellegi volumus, salutem hominum in ejus esse tutelā (corresp. to the Gr. Zeus Sôtêr), Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 66:

qui (Jesus) Latine dicitur salutaris sive salvator,

Lact. 4, 12, 6.—Hence, adv.: sălūtārĭter, profitably, beneficially, salutarily:

uti armis,

Cic. Brut. 2, 8: se recipere, Plancus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 2:

cogitare aliquid,

id. ib. 10, 24, 2:

quinque consulatus salutariter rei publicae administrati,

Val. Max. 5, 2, 3:

haec salutariter scripsi,

Amm. 20, 8, 17.— Comp. and sup. of the adv., and sup. of the adj. do not occur.

sălūtāris, e, adj. [salus], of or belonging to well-being, healthful, wholesome, salutary, serviceable, beneficial, advantageous (in the most general sense, while the predominant meaning of salubris, in class. lang., is healthy in a medical sense; very freq. and class.).

In gen.

Absol.:

ut quae mala perniciosaque sunt, habeantur pro bonis ac salutaribus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 16, 44:

pro salutaribus mortifera conscribere,

id. ib. 2, 5, 13:

res salutares (opp. pestiferae),

id. N. D. 2, 12, 34:

res utiles et salutares,

id. ib. 1, 15, 38:

salutaris et vitalis calor,

id. ib. 2, 10, 27:

sine quo nihil nec laudabile nec salutare est,

Quint. 12, 10, 79:

tuta et salutaria capessere (opp. praecipitia),

Tac. A. 15, 29:

salutares litterae,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 2; cf.:

Apollonides orationem salutarem habuit,

Liv. 24, 28:

portus eloquentiae,

Quint. 12, 7, 4; cf. Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 17:

salutaris ars,

of healing, Hor. C. S. 63:

herbae,

Ov. R. Am. 45:

amurca,

Col. 6, 4, 4.—

Rarely of persons: civis,

Cic. Mil. 8, 20: bonus et salutaris Princeps, Tiber. ap. Suet. Tib. 29.—

With dat., ad, contra aliquid, etc. (the first very freq. in Cic.):

ratio quoniam pestifera sit multis, admodum paucis salutaris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69; Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 26:

hominum generi universo cultura agrorum est salutaris,

Cic. Sen. 16, 56; id. Fam. 6, 6, 4; id. Brut. 4, 15:

corporibus tot res, animis nulla,

id. Tusc. 4, 27, 58:

vox petentibus,

Quint. 10, 7, 2; cf.:

radicem decoctam bibere, spasticis, etc.... salutare ost,

Plin. 21, 19, 77, § 132.—Once also in the comp.:

nihil est nobis salutarius,

Cic. N. D. 3, 9, 23:

stella Jovis aut Veneris conjuncta cum Lunā ad ortus puerorum salutaris sit,

id. Div. 1, 39, 85:

decoctum ad dentium dolorem,

Plin. 24, 9, 42, § 71:

herba Britannica non nervis modo salutaris sed contra anginas quoque et contra serpentes,

id. 25, 3, 6, § 20:

dicunt radicem et in pestilentiā salutarem esse in cibis,

id. 24, 16, 92, § 148. —

As subst.: sălūtāre, is, n., salvation, deliverance, health (late Lat.), Vulg. Gen. 49, 18; id. Psa. 41, 5 et saep.— Plur.: bibere salutaria alicui, to drink one ' s health, App. M. 2, p. 128, 25.—

In partic.

As an appellative: salutaris littera, i. e. the letter A, written on the voting tablets as an abbreviation for absolvo, Cic. Mil. 6, 15 (opp. littera tristis, i. e. C, for condemno): digitus, i. e. the index-finger (perh. as used in greeting), Suet. Aug. 80; Mart. Cap. 1, § 90.—

Subst.: sălūtāre, is, n., i. q. salus, welfare, prosperity, Vulg. Psa. 115, 13 (4) (for the Heb.).— Adj. prop.: Collis Salutaris, one of the four summits of the Quirinal (so called from the temple of Salus, which stood on it), Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.; cf. Salus, II.;

and v. Becker, Antiq. 1, pp. 568 and 578 sq.: Salutaris porta appellata est ab aede Salutis, quae ei proxima fuit,

Fest. p. 326 Müll.: Jovem cum Optimum et Maximum dicimus, cumque eundem Salutarem Hospitalem. Statorem: hoc intellegi volumus, salutem hominum in ejus esse tutelā (corresp. to the Gr. Zeus Sôtêr), Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 66:

qui (Jesus) Latine dicitur salutaris sive salvator,

Lact. 4, 12, 6.—Hence, adv.: sălūtārĭter, profitably, beneficially, salutarily:

uti armis,

Cic. Brut. 2, 8: se recipere, Plancus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 2:

cogitare aliquid,

id. ib. 10, 24, 2:

quinque consulatus salutariter rei publicae administrati,

Val. Max. 5, 2, 3:

haec salutariter scripsi,

Amm. 20, 8, 17.— Comp. and sup. of the adv., and sup. of the adj. do not occur.

sătis, and abbreviated, săt (cf. the letter S.: satin', contr. for satisne; v.the foll.), adv. [root in Gr. adên, hadên, orig. a comp. form, weakened from satius; cf.: magis, nimis, etc.], enough, sufficiently (objectively, so that one needs nothing more; whereas affatim subjectively, so that one wishes nothing more).

Posit.

Adject., enough, sufficient, satisfactory.

Form sătis:

quod (faenum et pabulum) bubus satis siet, qui illic sient,

Cato, R. R. 137: cui, si conjuret populus, vix totu' satis sit, were enough, adequate, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 193 P.: libram aiebant satis esse ambobus farris Intritae, Titin. ap. Non. 81, 13; Hor. S. 1, 5, 68:

duo talenta pro re nostrā ego esse decrevi satis,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 67; id. Ad. 5, 3, 24:

dies mihi hic ut sit satis vereor Ad agendum,

id. And. 4, 2, 22; cf. Liv. 21, 17:

quicquid adjecissent ipsi terroris satis ad perniciem fore rati,

id. 21, 33; cf. Quint. 12, 11, 19:

animo satis haec vestigia parva sagaci Sunt, per quae possis cognoscere cetera tute,

Lucr. 1, 402:

satis est tibi in te, satis in legibus, satis in mediocribus amicitiis praesidium,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 84:

ut semper vobis auxilium adversus inimicos satis sit,

Liv. 6, 18:

satis esse Italiae unum consulem censebat,

id. 34, 43; Cic. Planc. 38, 92; cf.:

ipse Romam venirem, si satis consilium quādam de re haberem,

id. Att. 12, 50:

id modo si mercedis Datur mihi... satis Mihi esse ducam,

will content myself, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 16:

satis hoc tibi est,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 40:

animo istuc satis est, auribus non satis,

Cic. Or. 63, 215:

dicebant de re publicā quod esset illis viris et consulari dignitati satis,

id. Brut. 35, 135; hence, in a play on the word: Le. Jam satis est mihi. Li. Tum igitur tu dives es factus? Plaut. As. 2, 2, 64:

quidvis satis est, dum vivat modo,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 28; id. Hec. 5, 2, 17:

qui non sentirent, quid esset satis,

Cic. Or. 22, 73:

sum avidior etiam, quam satis est, gloriae,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 2:

plus quam satis doleo,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 123:

semel fugiendi si data est occasio, Satis est,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 9:

satis esse deberet, si, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 41, 174:

satin' habes, si feminarum nulla'st, quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

ars satis praestat, si, etc.,

Quint. 7, 10, 15:

non satis efficit oratio, si, etc.,

id. 8, 3, 62:

satis superque est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 14:

poenas dedit usque superque Quam satis est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 66:

satis superque habere dicit, quod sibi ab arbitrio tribuatur,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

tanta repente caelo missa vis aquae, ut ea modo exercitui satis superque foret,

Sall. J. 75, 7; cf.:

satis una excidia,

Verg. A. 2, 642 (v. infra, g and 2. b); cf.:

plura quam satis est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 46:

ultra quam satis est,

id. ib. 1, 6, 16.—

Satis est (habeo, credo, etc.), with inf. or a subject- ( object-) clause:

huic satis illud erit planum facere atque probare,

Lucr. 2, 934; Cic. de Or. 1, 28, 127:

satis erat respondere Magnas: ingentes, inquit,

id. Lael. 26, 98:

velut satis sit, scire ipsos,

Quint. 8, 2, 19:

si oratori satis esset docere,

id. 10, 1, 78:

nunc libertatem repeti satis est,

Liv. 3, 53 fin.:

vos satis habebatis animam retinere,

Sall. J. 31, 20:

illud satis habeo dicere,

Quint. 6, 5, 11: satis habeo with si, Nep. Them. 8, 4; id. Timol. 2, 4; Liv. 5, 21, 9; Tac. A. 2, 37; 4, 38.—With quod, Liv. 40, 29, 13; Just. 22, 8, 14:

satis putant vitio carere,

Quint. 2, 4, 9:

si res nudas atque inornatas indicare satis videretur,

id. 2, 4, 3:

Herennium et Numisium legatos vinciri satis visum,

Tac. H. 4, 59. —Rarely with ut:

Fabio satis visum, ut ovans urbem iniret,

Liv. 7, 11, 9.—Negatively:

quarum (rerum) unam dicere causam Non satis est, verum plures,

Lucr. 6, 704:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est, nisi utare,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 2:

opera exstruentibus satis non est, saxa atque materiam congerere,

Quint. 7, prooem. §

1: non satis est, pulchra esse poëmata,

Hor. A. P. 99 et saep.—With inf. perf. (not freq. till after the Aug. period; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 590): nunc satis est dixisse: ego mira poëmata pango, etc.,

Hor. A. P. 416:

quod hactenus ostendisse satis est,

Quint. 6, 3, 62:

atque id viro bono satis est, docuisse quod sciret,

id. 12, 11, 8:

illud notasse satis habeo,

id. 9, 4, 15.—Negatively:

non ille satis cognosse Sabinae Gentis habet ritus,

Ov. M. 15, 4:

non satis credunt excepisse quae relicta erant,

Quint. 2, 1, 2.— Absol.: gaudeo. Ch. Satis credo, Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 21.—

With gen.: As. Salve. St. Satis mihi est tuae salutis, Plaut. Truc. 2, 2, 4:

satis historiarum est,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 48:

verborum,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 16:

satis mihi id habeam supplicii,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 15:

ea amicitia non satis habet firmitatis,

Cic. Lael. 5, 19:

ad dicendum temporis satis habere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 2; cf. Quint. 10, 2, 15: satis praesidii, Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 84 Madv. N. cr.:

satis poenarum dedisse,

Quint. 7, 4, 18:

jam satis terris nivis atque dirae Grandinis misit pater,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 1:

satis superque esse sibi suarum cuique rerum,

Cic. Lael. 13, 45; so, satis superque, with gen.:

vitae,

Liv. 2, 42, 6; 63, 67, 3; 25, 32, 6; 28, 29, 7; Hor. Epod. 17, 19.— Comp.: satius; v. infra, B. —

Form săt (most freq. in the poets):

quibus (dis) sat esse non queam?

to be sufficient, equal to, Plaut. Pers. 1, 1, 27:

pol vel legioni sat est (obsonium),

id. Aul. 3, 6, 24:

in jure causam dicito, hic verbum sat est,

id. Rud. 3, 6, 28; cf. id. Bacch. 4, 8, 37; id. Truc. 2, 8, 14:

tantum quantum sat est,

Cic. Sen. 14, 48:

tantum sat habes?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 40:

si hoc sat est,

Quint. 2, 11, 7:

amabo jam sat est,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 117; Ter. And. 1, 1, 143; id. Eun. 4, 4, 38; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 34:

paene plus quam sat erat,

id. ib. 5, 3, 14:

sat habeo,

id. And. 2, 1, 35; 4, 2, 22 et saep.—

Sat est (habeo, credo, etc.), with inf. or a subject- ( object-) clause:

nonne id sat erat, Accipere ab illo injuriam?

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 3:

perdere posse sat est,

Ov. H. 12, 75: qui non sat habuit conjugem illexe in stuprum, Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 68.—

With gen.:

sat habet favitorum semper, qui recte facit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 79: Ar. Mater salve. Art. Sat salutis't, id. As. 5, 2, 61:

vocis,

id. Truc. 2, 3, 29:

signi,

Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 39:

poenae,

Prop. 1, 17, 10 et saep.—

Adverb., enough, sufficiently.

Form sătis.

With verbs:

si sis sanus, aut sapias satis,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 23:

satis deludere,

id. ib. 5, 1, 45:

satis jam dolui ex animo et curā me satis Et lacrimis maceravi,

id. Capt. 5, 1, 7:

satin' me illi hodie scelesti ceperunt dolo?

id. ib. 3, 4, 120:

ego istuc satis scio,

Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 37; Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 53:

satis ostenderit, reliquos, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 31, 54 et saep.: quod bruti nec satis sardare queunt, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 322 Müll.:

neque audio neque oculis prospicio satis,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 7:

contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 45, 110; Hor. Epod. 1, 31; cf.:

quidque furor valeat, Penthea caede satisque Ac super ostendit,

Ov. M. 4, 429 (v. in the foll. II. D. 1. a).—

With adjectives:

satis dives,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 44; id. Capt. 2, 2, 74:

dotata,

id. Aul. 2, 2, 62:

dicacula,

id. As. 3, 1, 8:

satis multa restant,

Cic. Rep. 2, 44, 71:

video te testimoniis satis instructum,

id. ib. 1, 38, 59:

rura tibi magna satis,

Verg. E. 1, 48 et saep.:

satis superque humilis est, qui, etc.,

Liv. 3, 53 fin. —Sometimes, like the Engl. enough, it denotes diminution, tolerably, moderately:

videor mihi nostrum illum consularem exercitum bonorum omnium, etiam satis bonorum, habere firmissimum,

Cic. Att. 2, 19, 4:

satis litteratus (with nec infacetus),

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

satis bonus (locus),

Cato, R. R. 136:

res satis amplae,

Just. 2, 1, 1; cf. the foll. g and b. b.—

With adverbs or adverbial phrases:

satis audacter,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 208:

satis certo scio,

id. Ps. 4, 5, 5:

satis superbe illuditis me,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 22:

satis scite,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 7:

non satis honeste,

Cic. Lael. 16, 57:

satis cum periculo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 104: et quidem hercle formā luculentā (haec meretrix). Ch. Sic satis, id. Heaut. 3, 2, 12:

satis opportune occidisse,

Caes. B. G. 4, 22:

satis recte,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 53:

satis saepe,

Sall. J. 62, 1:

satis bene ornatae,

dressed well enough, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 73; hence satis bene sometimes, like the Engl. well enough, = tolerably, moderately, or pretty well:

a quo (Catone) cum quaereretur, quid maxime in re familiari expediret? respondit: Bene pascere. Quid secundum? Satis bene pascere. Quid tertium? Male pascere. Quid quartum? Arare,

Cic. Off. 2, 25, 89 (for which, in the same narration, mediocriter pascere, Col. 6, praef. § 4; and Plin. 18, 5, 6, § 30); cf. supra, a. b, and infra, b. b.—

Form săt.

With verbs:

sat scio,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 25; Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 34; id. Ad. 3, 2, 41; 3, 3, 6; 4, 1, 10; id. Phorm. 4, 3, 31:

sat prata biberunt,

Verg. E. 3, 111.—

With adjectives:

accusator sat bonus,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 32, 89:

non sat idoneus Pugnae,

Hor. C. 2, 19, 26: sat planum. Liv. 6, 18 fin. —Signifying diminution, like the Engl. enough, tolerably, moderately, passably:

laetantibus omnibus bonis, etiam sat bonis,

Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1; so, sat bonus (less than bonus): [p. 1634] sl me voltis esse oratorem, si etiam sat bonum, si bonum denique, non repugnabo, id. de Or. 3, 22, 84.—

With adverbs:

qui sat diu vixisse sese arbitrabitur,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 12:

sat commode,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 17:

sat recte,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 43.—

Comp.: satius (prop. more satisfying; hence), better, more serviceable, fitter, preferable.

Adject., in the phrase satius est, with a subject-clause (cf. supra, 1. a. b, and b. b) followed by quam:

scire satius est quam loqui Servum hominem,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 57; id. Bacch. 3, 2, 11; id. Cas. 1, 24; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 66; 5, 2, 16; id. Ad. 1, 1, 33; Cic. Att. 7, 1, 4; id. Inv. 2, 32, 100; Liv. 26, 29; 42, 23 fin. al.; cf.:

nimio satius est, ut opu'st, te ita esse, quam ut animo lubet,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 30:

quanto satius est, te id dare operam... Quam id loqui, etc.,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 7; cf.

also: satius multo fuisse, non moveri bellum adversus eum, quam omitti motum,

Liv. 34, 33:

nonne fuit satius tristis Amaryllidis iras pati?

Verg. E. 2, 14:

hos te satius est docere, ut, quando agas, quid agant, sciant,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 49:

mori me satius est,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 2; id. Phorm. 5, 7, 63; cf.:

repertus est nemo, qui mori diceret satius esse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 36, § 88:

mortuom hercle me duco satius,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 34:

terga impugnare hostium satius visum est,

Liv. 3, 70; Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 34.—In a positive signif., it serves, benefits, is of use: nihil phluarein satius est, miles (perh. in reference to the preceding speech of the miles:

mortuum me duco satius),

Plaut. Truc. 5, 36: satius putare, with an object-clause, to believe it to be better, Nep. Paus. 5, 1.—

Adverb., with a verb, rather (syn. potius):

ego quod magis pertineat ad Fundanii valetudinem, satius dicam,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26.

Particular phrases.

Sat agito (also in one word, satagito), and sat agere suarum rerum, to have enough to do, have one ' s hands full; to be busy, be troubled (only in the foll. passages):

nunc agitas sat tute tuarum rerum,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 23:

is quoque suarum rerum sat agitat, tamen, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 13 Bentl., followed by Umpfenb.; and so ap. Charis. p. 193 P. (Fleck. sat agit, tamen).—

Satis ago or sat ago (also in one word, satago).

T. t. in business lang., to satisfy, content, pay a creditor:

nunc satagit,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 34.—

To have enough to do, have one ' s hands full; to be in trouble (the predom. signif. of the word).

Form satis ago (class.): jam apud vallum nostri satis agebant, Cato ap. Charis. p. 193 P.:

cum Pyrrhus rex in terrā Italiā esset satisque agerent Romani,

Gell. 3, 8, 1:

ego nocte hac proximā In somnis egi satis et fui homo exercitus,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 4:

complorantibus omnibus nostris atque in sentinā satis agentibus,

Gell. 19, 1, 3; 9, 11, 4:

satis agentes rerum suarum,

App. M. 8, p. 209, 6.— Impers. pass.:

pugnatur acriter: agitur tamen satii,

Cic. Att. 4, 15, 9.—

Form sat ago (satago) (very rare): Caesar alte-ram alam mittit, qui satagentibus celeriter occurrerent, Auct. B. Afr. 78, 7; cf. supra, II. A.—

To bustle about, make a to-do, be full of business, polupragmoneuô (postAug. and very rare):

(Domitius) Afer venuste Mallium Suram multum in agendo discursantem, salientem, manus jactantem, etc.... non agere dixit, sed satagere. Est enim dictum per se urbanum satagere, etc.,

Quint. 6, 3, 54; cf. id. 11, 3, 126:

curris, stupes, satagis tamquam mus in matellā,

Petr. 58, 9.—Also act.: interea haec satagens, busily doing or performing, Petr. 137, 10.—

Satis accipio, caveo, do, exigo, peto, offero, etc., t: t. of business lang., to take, give, ask, offer, etc., sufficient bail or security:

satis accipio,

Cic. Quint. 13, 44 sq.; id. Rosc. Com. 14, 40; id. Verr. 2, 1, 45, § 115; Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 4; Dig. 36, 4, 5; 45, 1, 4; 46, 1, 33.— Pass., Cato, R. R. 2, 6:

satis acceptum habere,

to be fully assured, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 90; 1, 3, 67:

satis caveo,

Dig. 7, 1, 60 (cf. caveo, II. 2.):

satis do (also as one word, satisdo),

Cic. Quint. 13, 44 sq.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 56, § 146; 2, 2, 24, § 60; id. Rosc. Com. 12, 35; id. Fam. 13, 28, a, 2; id. Att. 5, 1, 2; Dig. 1, 2, 8; 1, 2, 7 fin.; 36, 4, 1; 36, 4, 5; 46, 6, 1.—With gen.:

judicatae pecuniae,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 8:

damni infecti,

Plin. 36, 2, 2, § 6:

fidei commissi,

Dig. 36, 4, 5; 46, 4, 5: satisdato (caveo, promitto, debeo, etc.), by giving bail or security, ib. 5, 1, 2 fin.; 2, 11, 4 fin.; 40, 5, 4; Cic. Att. 16, 15, 2:

satis exigo,

Dig. 26, 7, 45 fin.; 36, 3, 18:

satis offero,

to tender security, ib. 26, 10, 5; 36, 4, 3; 48, 17, 1:

satis peto,

to demand security, ib. 35, 1, 70.—

Sătis făcĭo, or, in one word, sătisfăcĭo ( pass. satisfacitur, Varr. ap. Prisc. p. 789 P.), to give satisfaction, to satisfy, content:

satisfacere dicimur ei, cujus desiderium implemus,

Dig. 2, 8, 1 (very freq. and class.).

In gen.

With dat.:

ut illis satis facerem ex disciplinā,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 1, 28:

Siculis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 53, § 139:

alicui petenti,

id. Or. 41, 140:

operam dabo ut tibi satisfaciam,

id. Att. 2, 4, 3:

deo pie et caste,

id. Fam. 14, 7, 1:

domino vel populo (gladiatores),

id. Tusc. 2, 17, 41.—In mal. part., Petr. 75; 77.—Of things:

cum aut morte aut victoriā se satisfacturum rei publicae spopondisset,

Cic. Phil. 14, 9, 26:

cui (vitae meae) satis feci vel aetate vel factis,

id. Fam. 10, 1, 1:

me omnibus satis esse facturum,

id. Balb. 1, 2:

causae atque officio satis facere,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 47; cf.:

satis officio meo, satis illorum voluntati, qui a me hoc petiverunt, factum esse arbitrabor,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 130:

gravibus seriisque rebus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103:

etsi nullo modo poterit oratio mea satis facere vestrae scientiae,

id. Phil. 2, 23, 57; cf.:

qui et naturae et legibus satis fecit,

id. Clu. 10, 29:

amicitiae nostrae,

id. Fam. 10, 1, 3:

me plus satis nostrae conjunctioni amorique facturum,

id. ib. 4, 8, 2:

ut omnium vel suspicioni vel malevolentiae vel crudelitati satis fiat,

id. Rab. Post. 17, 45:

mihi vero satis superque abs te videtur istorum studiis... esse factum,

id. de Or. 1, 47, 204:

se avarissimi hominis cupiditati satis facere posse,

id. Verr. 1, 14, 41:

odio alicujus,

Suet. Tib. 66 fin.:

libidini alicujus,

Lact. 6, 11, 23:

voluntati voluntate satisfecimus,

Sen. Ben. 2, 35, 1:

condicioni,

Dig. 36, 1, 77.—

With in aliquā re:

qui (histriones) in dissimillimis personis satisfaciebant,

Cic. Or. 31, 109; so,

in historiā,

id. Leg. 1, 2, 5:

in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 170:

in omni genere,

id. Att. 16, 5, 2.—

With dat. and obj.-clause (rare):

quibus quoniam satisfeci me nihil reliqui fecisse, quod ad sanandum me pertineret, reliquum est, ut, etc.,

Nep. Att. 21, 5.—

Absol.:

quamobrem tandem non satisfacit?

Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 15.—With de:

nos plene et statim de eo satis esse facturos,

Quint. 4, 5, 18.—

In partic.

T. t. of business lang., to satisfy, content (by payment or security), to pay or secure a creditor:

pecunia petitur ab Hermippo: Hermippus ab Heraclide petit, ipse tamen Fufiis satisfacit absentibus et fidem suam liberat,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

cum de visceribus tuis et filii tui satis facturus sis quibus debes,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 7: ut si mihi in pecuniā minus satisfecisset, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 60 fin.; Dig. 40, 1, 4:

omnis pecunia exsoluta esse debet aut eo nomine satisfactum esse: satisfactum autem accipimus, quemadmodum voluit creditor, licet non sit solutum, etc.,

ib. 13, 7, 9; so (opp. solvere) ib. 18, 1, 19:

Stichus servus meus heredi meo mille nummos si solverit, satisve fecerit, etc.,

ib. 40, 4, 41; 40, 7, 39, § 1.—With gen. of the thing:

cui ususfructus legatus esset, donec ei totius dotis (sc. nomine) satis fieret, etc.,

Dig. 33, 2, 30.—

To give satisfaction (by word or deed); to make amends or reparation; to make excuse; to ask pardon, apologize to a person offended, injured, etc.

With dat.:

aut satisfaciat mihi ille, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 8:

si Aeduis de injuriis... item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 14:

deinde reliquae legiones per tribunos militum egerunt, ut Caesari satisfacerent, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 41:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut mihi satisfieri paterer a te,

Cic. Phil. 2, 20, 49.—

With de and abl.:

omnibus rationibus de injuriis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 7.—

With gen.:

injuriarum satisfecisti L. Labieno,

Auct. Her. 4, 27, 37.—

Absol.:

missis ad Caesarem satisfaciundi causā legatis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 54:

in quā civitate legatus populi Romani aliquā ex parte violatus sit, nisi publice satis factum sit, el civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:

satisfacientes aut supplicantes summittimus (manus),

Quint. 11, 3, 115 et saep.—

To give satisfaction by suffering a penalty: saepe satisfecit praedae venator, Mart. 12, 14, 3.

sĕd or sĕt, conj. [cf. Freund, Cic. Mil. p. 8 sq.; old and orig. form sedum, acc. to Charis. p. 87 P., and Mar. Vict. p. 2458 P.; but more prob. an ablative from root of the reflexive pron. so- for suo-, and orig. the same with the insep. prep. 2. sēd; prop., by itself, apart; hence, but, only, etc.; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 200 sq.], a particle of limitation, exception, or correction (cf. at and autem init.).

In gen., but, yet:

ipsum regale genus civitatis reliquis simplicibus longe anteponendum: sed ita, quoad statum suum retinet, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 43:

Neoptolemus apud Ennium Philosophari sibi ait necesse esse, sed paucis: nam omnino haud placere,

id. Tusc. 2, 1, 1; cf. id. Rep. 1, 18, 33:

C. Memmius perfectus litteris, sed Graecis,

id. Brut. 70, 247:

nactus es (me otiosum), sed mehercule otiosiorem operā quam animo,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

quae observanda essent, multa constituit (Numa), sed ea sine impensa,

id. ib. 2, 14, 27; cf. id. ib. 1, 31, 47:

miser homo est, qui, etc....sed ille miserior qui, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 1, 2:

vera dico, sed nequicquam, quoniam non vis credere,

id. Am. 2, 2, 205:

video te testimoniis satis instructum: sed apud me argumenta plus quam testes valent,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

(Platonis civitatem) praeclaram illam quidem fortasse, sed a vitā hominum abhorrentem et moribus,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21; cf. id. ib. 1, 40, 63:

sed id ubi jam penes sese habent, ex bonis pessumi sunt,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 37:

nostri casus plus honoris habuerunt quam laboris, etc....Sed si aliter ut dixi accidisset: qui possem queri? etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

istos captivos sinito ambulare, si foris, si intus volent. Sed uti asserventur magnā diligentiā,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 6:

non possum dicere...sed neque his contentus sum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 22, 36: nec sum in ullā re molestus civitatibus;

sed fortasse tibi, qui haec praedicem de me,

id. Att. 5, 21, 7:

non sum tantopere admiratus, sed posteaquam coepit rationem exponere,

id. Rep. 1, 14, 22:

non perfectum illud quidem, sed tolerabile est,

id. ib. 1, 26, 42:

sane bonum rei publicae genus, sed tamen inclinatum et quasi pronum ad perniciosissimum statum,

id. ib. 2, 26, 48:

scio tibi ita placere: sed tamen velim scire, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 30, 46; cf. Plaut. As. 2, 2, 72:

difficile factu est, sed conabor tamen,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

in quo defuit fortasse ratio, sed tamen vincit ipsa natura saepe rationem,

id. ib. 2, 33, 57: illa quidem tristis, nec adhuc interrita vultu: Sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi;

Sed tamen inferni pollens matrona tyranni,

Ov. M. 5, 507 sq.; cf. id. ib. 7, 718:

plerique patriae, sed omnes famā atque fortunis expertes,

Sall. C. 33, 1:

ipsum quidem regem assecutus non est, sed magnam partem agminis oppresserunt,

Liv. 36, 19:

plus aegri ex abitu viri quam ex adventu voluptatis cepi. Sed hoc me beat saltem, quod perduelles vicit,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 15:

apponam urnam jam ego hanc in mediā viā. Sed autem, quid si hanc hinc abstulerit quispiam?

but then, id. Rud. 2, 5, 15 (cf. in the foll. II. A. 2.):

statim Luculli... eum domum suam receperunt. Sed enim hoc non solum ingenii ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae, etc.,

but indeed, Cic. Arch. 3, 5:

progeniem sed enim Trojano a sanguine duci Audierat,

Verg. A. 1, 19; 2, 164; 5, 395;

6, 28 et saep. (cf. also infra, II. A. 2.): sed enimvero, cum detestabilis altera res sit, quid ad deliberationem dubii superesse?

Liv. 45, 19, 14.—Very rarely with non (for nec tamen), introducing a qualification of a previous word:

Academici veteres beatum quidem esse etiam inter hos cruciatus fatentur, sed non ad perfectum,

Sen. Ep. 71, 18.

In partic.

Interrupting the discourse by transition to another subject or by ending the speech.

In a transition to another subject:

tristis sit (servus), si eri sint tristes: hilarus sit, si gaudeant. Set age, responde: jam vos redistis in gratiam?

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 7; cf. id. ib. 5, 1, 20;

5, 1, 26: non impedio, praesertim quoniam feriati sumus. Sed possumus audire aliquid, an serius venimus?

Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 20:

nunc reliquorum oratorum aetates et gradus persequamur. Curio fuit igitur ejusdem aetatis fere, etc.... Scripsit etiam alia nonnulla, etc.... Sed ecce in manibus vir praestantissimo ingenio... C. Gracchus,

id. Brut. 33, 125; cf.:

sed eccum Amphitruonem, etc.,

Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 22; id. Aul. 2, 1, 55; 3, 5, 62; id. Capt. 5, 3, 20; 5, 4, 8 al.:

sed quid ego cesso?

id. As. 1, 1, 112: sed ista mox;

nunc audiamus Philum, quem, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 20 fin. et saep.—In recurring to a previous subject:

sed ad instituta redeamus,

Cic. Brut. 61, 220:

sed redeamus rursus ad Hortensium,

id. ib. 84, 291:

sed jam ad id, unde degressi sumus, revertamur,

id. ib. 88, 300:

sed perge de Caesare et redde quae restant,

id. ib. 74, 258 et saep.—Hence, after parenthetic clauses, but, now, I say, etc.:

equidem cum audio socrum meam Laeliam (facilius enim mulieres incorruptam antiquitatem conservant, quod multorum sermonis expertes ea tenent semper quae prima didicerunt) sed eam sic audio, ut Plautum mihi aut Naevium videar audire,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45:

qui (Pompeius) ut peroravit (nam in eo sane fortis fuit: non est deterritus: dixit omnia, atque interdum etiam silentio, cum auctoritate semper), sed ut peroravit, surrexit Clodius,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2.—

In breaking off, discontinuing speech:

sed satis verborum est: cura quae jussi atque abi,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 16:

sed, si placet, in hunc diem hactenus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 44, 71:

sed haec hactenus,

id. Off. 1, 39, 140 al.: sed quid ego haec memoro? Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 318 Vahl.):

nec requievit enim, donec Calchante ministro—Sed quid ego haec autem nequicquam ingrata revolvo? Quidve moror?

Verg. A. 2, 101: sed enim, oikonomia (epistulae) si perturbatior est, tibi assignato: te enim sequor, schediazonta, but indeed, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 11; so,

sed enim,

Verg. A. 1, 19.—

After negative clauses, to limit the negative statement, i. e. to indicate either that the assertion does not hold good at all, but something else does instead; or else that it is not exclusively true, but something else holds good in addition, but, on the contrary; and in an ascending signif., but also, but even, but in fact, etc.

In a simple opposition: non cauponantes bellum, sed belligerantes, Ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus utrique, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 201 Vahl.); cf.: haud doctis dictis certantes, sed maledictis...Non ex jure manu consertum sed magi' ferro Rem repetunt, id. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 274 sq. Vahl.):

non ego erus tibi, sed servus sum,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 44:

quae (hominum vestigia) ille (Aristippus) non ex agri consiturā, sed ex doctrinae indiciis interpretabatur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 29:

nec leges imponit populo, quibus ipse non pareat, sed suam vitam, ut legem, praefert suis civibus,

id. ib. 1, 34, 52;

1, 13, 19: neque hac nos patria lege genuit, ut...sed ut, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 4, 8:

non quod...sed quod, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 18, 30.—With contra:

non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem afferre,

Liv. 4, 18 init. —

Several times repeated: non sibi se soli natum, sed patriae, sed suis,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 45 Madv. ad loc.:

quod non naturā exoriatur, sed judicio, sed opinione,

id. Tusc. 3, 34, 82:

sed publicam, sed ob frumentum decretam, sed a publicanis faenore acceptam,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169; id. Planc. 10, 24:

non eros nec dominos appellat eos...sed patriae custodes, sed patres et deos,

id. Rep. 1, 41, 64; Tib. 1, 7, 44 sq.: quam tibi non Perseus, verum si quaeris, ademit;

Sed grave Nereïdum numen, sed corniger Hammon, Sed quae visceribus veniebat belua ponti Exsaturanda meis,

Ov. M. 5, 17 sq.:

sed Pompeium, sed Lepidum,

Tac. A. 1, 10; Sen. Const. 13, 4; id. Ben. 1, 1, 6; 1, 7, 3:

non praefectum ab iis, sed Germanicum ducem, sed Tiberium imperatorem violari,

Tac. A. 1, 38 et saep.—

In a climax. [p. 1658]

Non modo (solum, tantum, etc.)...sed or sed etiam (et, quoque), not only, not merely...but, but also, but even, but indeed (sed, standing alone, isolates the ascending idea, while an appended etiam, et, or quoque places it in closer connection with the first statement, and thus permits them to be viewed together):

non modo falsum illud esse, sed hoc verissimum,

Cic. Rep. 2, 44, 71:

quod non modo singulis hominibus, sed potentissimis populis saepe contingit,

id. ib. 5, 8, 11;

3, 10, 17: id ei perpetuā oratione contigit, non modo ut acclamatione, sed ut convitio et maledictis impediretur,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

unius viri consilio non solum ortum novum populum, sed adultum jam et paene puberem,

id. Rep. 2, 11, 21; cf.:

nec vero corpori soli subveniendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis,

id. Sen. 11, 36:

volo ut in scaenā, sic in foro non eos modo laudari, qui celeri motu utantur, sed eos etiam, quos statarios appellant,

id. Brut. 30, 116; id. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

omnia ejus non facta solum, sed etiam dicta meminisset,

id. ib. 6, 10, 10:

neque solum fictum, sed etiam imperite absurdeque fictum,

id. ib. 2, 15, 28; 1, 3, 4;

1, 34, 51: neque vero se populo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit, neque senatui modo, sed etiam publicis praesidiis et armis, neque his tantum, verum ejus potestati, cui, etc.,

id. Mil. 23, 61:

haec non delata solum, sed paene credita,

id. ib. 24, 64:

nec mihi soli versatur ante oculos, sed etiam posteris erit clara et insignis,

id. Lael. 27, 102:

illum non modo favisse sed et tantam illi pecuniam dedisse honoris mei causā,

id. Att. 11, 9, 2:

omnes civiles dissensiones, neque solum eas, quas audistis, sed et has, quas vosmet ipsi meministis et vidistis,

id. Cat. 3, 10, 24:

multiplicatusque terror non infimis solum, sed primoribus patrum,

Liv. 3, 36, 5:

non responsum solum benigne legatis est, sed Philippi quoque filius Demetrius ad patrem reducendus legatis datus est,

id. 36, 35 fin.:

conciti per haec non modo Cherusci, sed conterminae gentes,

Tac. A. 1, 60; 3, 44:

via non angusta modo, sed plerumque praerupta,

Curt. 3, 4, 12; 5, 1, 20 Mützell ad loc.—

Esp., in passing from the part to the whole, from the particular to the universal (usually followed by omnino, or by omnis, cunctus, totus, universus, etc.):

timebat non ea solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia,

Cic. Mil. 24, 66:

neglegere, quid de se quisque sentiat, non solum arrogantis est, sed etiam omnino dissoluti,

id. Off. 1, 28, 99:

nec sibi tantum, sed universis singulisque consulere,

Sen. Ben. 2, 5, 4:

non consuli modo, sed omnibus civibus enitendum,

Plin. Pan. 2, 1:

non initio tantum, sed continuo totius temporis successu,

Just. 1, 8, 14:

non modo Italiā, sed toto orbe terrarum,

Flor. 1, 16, 3.—Etiam is rarely added:

quotiens non modo ductores nostri, sed universi etiam exercitus ad mortem concurrerunt,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 37, 89; Curt. 5, 1, 24.—

Non modo (solum) non...sed, sed etiam; sed ne... quidem, not only not...but, but even, but indeed, but not even, etc.:

ut non modo a mente non deserar, sed id ipsum doleam, me, etc.,

Cic. Att. 3, 15, 2; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43:

judicetur non verbo, sed re non modo non consul, sed etiam hostis Antonius,

id. Phil. 3, 6, 14:

hoc non modo non laudari, sed ne concedi quidem potest,

id. Mur. 3, 8:

iis non modo non laudi, verum etiam vitio dandum puto,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71:

non modo non oppugnator, sed etiam defensor,

id. Planc. 31, 76:

ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil eorum fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed ne potuisse quidem facere,

id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79.—Also, without the second non in the first clause, and with ne quidem, doubly negative (only when both clauses have the same verb;

v. Zumpt, Gram. § 724 b): quod mihi non modo irasci, sed ne dolere quidem impune licet,

Cic. Att. 11, 24, 1:

ea est ratio instructarum navium, ut non modo plures, sed ne singuli quidem possint accedere,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133:

non modo aeternam, sed ne diuturnam quidem gloriam assequi possumus,

id. Rep. 6, 21, 23:

ea sunt demum non ferenda in mendacio, quae non solum facta esse, sed ne fieri quidem potuisse cernimus,

id. ib. 2, 15, 28:

quae non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

id. Lael. 24, 89: non modo facere, sed ne cogitare quidem quicquam audebit, id. Off. 2, 19, 77; cf. with vix:

verum haec genera virtutum non solum in moribus nostris, sed vix jam in libris reperiuntur,

id. Cael. 17, 40:

non modo ad expeditiones, sed vix ad quietas stationes viribus sufficiebant,

Liv. 3, 6.—After quisquam with ellipsis of non:

ut non modo praedandi causā quisquam ex agro Romano exiret, sed ultro Fidenates descenderent, etc.,

Liv. 4, 21, 6 (where Weissenb. supplies non in brackets before exiret); cf.:

antiqui non solum erant urbes contenti cingere muris, verum etiam loca aspera et confragosa saxis eligebant,

Hyg. Grom. Limit. p. 197.—

As sed, after non modo, acquires an idea of ascent or climax, from the fact that non modo represents a thing as existing (only not existing alone), and thus includes an affirmation, so, too, after purely affirmative clauses, sed sometimes serves as an ascending adjunct, but, but in fact, but also:

ego te hodie reddam madidum, sed vino, probe,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 37:

odore canibus anum, sed multo, replent,

Phaedr. 4, 17, 19: Dae. Curriculo affer Duas clavas. La. Clavas? Dae. Sed probas:

propera cito,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 5, 19.—In good prose usually joined with etiam (or et):

hic mihi primum meum consilium defuit, sed etiam obfuit,

Cic. Att. 3, 15, 5; cf. id. ib. 4, 16, c, 10;

10, 16, 6: Q. Volusium, certum hominem, sed mirifice etiam abstinentem, misi in Cyprum,

id. ib. 5, 21, 6:

hoc in genere si eum adjuveris, apud ipsum praeclarissime posueris, sed mihi etiam gratissimum feceris,

id. Fam. 13, 64, 2:

ex testamento Tiberii, sed et Liviae Augustae,

Suet. Calig. 16; 20.

sēd = sine, v. sine init. and 2. se.

sēd = se; cf. the letter D.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

centŭrĭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [centuria], to divide into centuries (acc. to centuria, I.).

Of land:

agrum,

Hyg. Lim. p. 195 Goes.; cf. Fest. p. 53 Müll.—

Of the army (only of infantry; cf. decurio), to arrange in centuries, assign to companies:

cum homines in tribunali Aurelio palam conscribi centuriarique vidissem,

Cic. Red. Quir. 5, 13: rem gerit palam (Octavius); centuriat Capuae;

dinumerat. Jam jamque vides bellum,

id. Att. 16, 9 fin.:

juventutem,

Liv. 25, 15, 9:

seniores quoque,

id. 6, 2, 6; 29, 1, 2:

equites decuriati, centuriati pedites,

id. 22, 38, 3; so id. 10, 21, 4:

Juventus Romana... equis delapsa se ipsam centuriavit,

i. e. reduced to infantry, Val. Max. 3, 2, n. 8: mulus centuriatus, for carrying provisions, Aur. ap. Vop. Aur. 7, 7.—

Facetiously:

eripiam ego hodie concubinam militi, Si centuriati bene sunt maniplares mei,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 3; cf. id. Curc. 4, 4, 29.—

Of the people in the meeting of the council, only part. perf.: comitia centuriata, in which all the Roman people voted according to centuries (this was done in the choice of higher magistrates, in decisions in respect to war and peace, and, until Sulla's time, in questions affecting life or citizenship; cf. Messala ap. Gell. 13, 15, 4; Lael. Felix ib. 15, 27, 4; Cic. Red. Sen. 11, 27), Cic. Leg. 3, 19, 44:

quod ad populum centuriatis comitiis tulit,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 19; Liv. 3, 55, 3; 8, 12, 15.—Facetiously:

Pseudolus mihi centuriata capitis habuit comitia,

i. e. has sentenced me to death, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 134 Lorenz ad loc.—Hence, P. a.: centŭrĭā-tus, a, um, of or belonging to the comitia centuriata: Centuriata lex, advised in the comitia centuriata, Cic. Agr. 2, 11, 26.

centŭrĭo (in many inscriptions before the time of Quintilian erroneously aspirated chenturio, like ch oronae, prae ch ones, etc., Quint. 1, 5, 20; cf. the letter C), ōnis, m. (access. form centŭrĭōnus, like curionus and decurionus, acc. to Fest. p. 49 Müll.) [centuria, II.], the commander of a century, a captain, centurion, occupying a station below the tribunus, Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 25; 6, 39; Cic. Balb. 15, 34; Sall. J. 59, 3; Liv. 2, 27, 6; 7, 41, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 73; cf. Dict. of Antiq.

centŭrĭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [centuria], to divide into centuries (acc. to centuria, I.).

Of land:

agrum,

Hyg. Lim. p. 195 Goes.; cf. Fest. p. 53 Müll.—

Of the army (only of infantry; cf. decurio), to arrange in centuries, assign to companies:

cum homines in tribunali Aurelio palam conscribi centuriarique vidissem,

Cic. Red. Quir. 5, 13: rem gerit palam (Octavius); centuriat Capuae;

dinumerat. Jam jamque vides bellum,

id. Att. 16, 9 fin.:

juventutem,

Liv. 25, 15, 9:

seniores quoque,

id. 6, 2, 6; 29, 1, 2:

equites decuriati, centuriati pedites,

id. 22, 38, 3; so id. 10, 21, 4:

Juventus Romana... equis delapsa se ipsam centuriavit,

i. e. reduced to infantry, Val. Max. 3, 2, n. 8: mulus centuriatus, for carrying provisions, Aur. ap. Vop. Aur. 7, 7.—

Facetiously:

eripiam ego hodie concubinam militi, Si centuriati bene sunt maniplares mei,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 3; cf. id. Curc. 4, 4, 29.—

Of the people in the meeting of the council, only part. perf.: comitia centuriata, in which all the Roman people voted according to centuries (this was done in the choice of higher magistrates, in decisions in respect to war and peace, and, until Sulla's time, in questions affecting life or citizenship; cf. Messala ap. Gell. 13, 15, 4; Lael. Felix ib. 15, 27, 4; Cic. Red. Sen. 11, 27), Cic. Leg. 3, 19, 44:

quod ad populum centuriatis comitiis tulit,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 19; Liv. 3, 55, 3; 8, 12, 15.—Facetiously:

Pseudolus mihi centuriata capitis habuit comitia,

i. e. has sentenced me to death, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 134 Lorenz ad loc.—Hence, P. a.: centŭrĭā-tus, a, um, of or belonging to the comitia centuriata: Centuriata lex, advised in the comitia centuriata, Cic. Agr. 2, 11, 26.

centŭrĭo (in many inscriptions before the time of Quintilian erroneously aspirated chenturio, like ch oronae, prae ch ones, etc., Quint. 1, 5, 20; cf. the letter C), ōnis, m. (access. form centŭrĭōnus, like curionus and decurionus, acc. to Fest. p. 49 Müll.) [centuria, II.], the commander of a century, a captain, centurion, occupying a station below the tribunus, Caes. B. G. 1, 40; 2, 25; 6, 39; Cic. Balb. 15, 34; Sall. J. 59, 3; Liv. 2, 27, 6; 7, 41, 5; Hor. S. 1, 6, 73; cf. Dict. of Antiq.

dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.

Lit.

Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

silex,

Verg. A. 6, 471:

ferrum,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

cautes,

Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

bipennes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

ligones,

id. Epod. 5, 30:

aratrum,

id. S. 1, 1, 28:

compes,

id. Epod. 4, 4:

pellis,

Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

arva,

id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

cutis,

Ov. M. 8, 805:

alvus,

Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

muria,

saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

dumeta,

i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

gallina,

tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

ladanum durissimum tactu,

Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

Transf.

As affecting the sense of taste:

vinum, opp. suavis,

hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

sapor Bacchi,

Verg. G. 4, 102:

acetum,

Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

As affecting the ear:

vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 62:

consonantes,

id. 11, 3, 35:

syllabae,

id. 12, 10, 30:

verba,

id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

compositio,

id. 9, 4, 142.

Trop.

Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

Attilius poëta durissimus,

id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

pictor durus in coloribus,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

fortes et duri Spartiatae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

Ligures, durum in armis genus,

Liv. 27, 48:

durum genus experiensque laborum,

hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

unde homines nati, durum genus,

Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

gens dura atque aspera cultu,

a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

Lucr. 5, 926:

Dardanidae,

Verg. A. 3, 94:

Hannibal,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

vindemiator,

id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

ilia messorum,

id. Epod. 3, 4:

juvenci,

Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

id. Arch. 8:

neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

id. Lael. 13 fin.;

ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

satis pater durus fui,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

ōs durum,

shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

cor,

Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

lex,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

condicio,

Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

provincia,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

partes,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

dolor,

Lucr. 3, 460:

labor,

id. 5, 1272:

subvectiones,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

venatus,

Ov. M. 4, 307:

dura cultu et aspera plaga,

Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

durissimo tempore anni,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

morbum acrem ac durum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

valetudo,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

dolores,

Verg. A. 5, 5:

frigus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

fames,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

pauperies,

id. C. 4, 9, 49:

causa,

Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

nomen (opp. molle),

Cic. Off. 1, 12:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

propositio,

Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

ego dura tuli,

Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

durius,

Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —

(Acc. to II. A.-C.)

Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

membra moventes Duriter,

Lucr. 5, 1401:

duriter,

Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

dure,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

Harshly, roughly, sternly:

quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

duriter,

Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

durius cadentibus rebus,

Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.

Lit.

Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

silex,

Verg. A. 6, 471:

ferrum,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

cautes,

Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

bipennes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

ligones,

id. Epod. 5, 30:

aratrum,

id. S. 1, 1, 28:

compes,

id. Epod. 4, 4:

pellis,

Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

arva,

id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

cutis,

Ov. M. 8, 805:

alvus,

Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

muria,

saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

dumeta,

i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

gallina,

tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

ladanum durissimum tactu,

Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

Transf.

As affecting the sense of taste:

vinum, opp. suavis,

hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

sapor Bacchi,

Verg. G. 4, 102:

acetum,

Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

As affecting the ear:

vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 62:

consonantes,

id. 11, 3, 35:

syllabae,

id. 12, 10, 30:

verba,

id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

compositio,

id. 9, 4, 142.

Trop.

Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

Attilius poëta durissimus,

id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

pictor durus in coloribus,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

fortes et duri Spartiatae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

Ligures, durum in armis genus,

Liv. 27, 48:

durum genus experiensque laborum,

hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

unde homines nati, durum genus,

Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

gens dura atque aspera cultu,

a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

Lucr. 5, 926:

Dardanidae,

Verg. A. 3, 94:

Hannibal,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

vindemiator,

id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

ilia messorum,

id. Epod. 3, 4:

juvenci,

Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

id. Arch. 8:

neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

id. Lael. 13 fin.;

ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

satis pater durus fui,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

ōs durum,

shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

cor,

Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

lex,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

condicio,

Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

provincia,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

partes,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

dolor,

Lucr. 3, 460:

labor,

id. 5, 1272:

subvectiones,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

venatus,

Ov. M. 4, 307:

dura cultu et aspera plaga,

Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

durissimo tempore anni,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

morbum acrem ac durum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

valetudo,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

dolores,

Verg. A. 5, 5:

frigus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

fames,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

pauperies,

id. C. 4, 9, 49:

causa,

Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

nomen (opp. molle),

Cic. Off. 1, 12:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

propositio,

Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

ego dura tuli,

Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

durius,

Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —

(Acc. to II. A.-C.)

Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

membra moventes Duriter,

Lucr. 5, 1401:

duriter,

Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

dure,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

Harshly, roughly, sternly:

quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

duriter,

Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

durius cadentibus rebus,

Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.

Lit.

Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

silex,

Verg. A. 6, 471:

ferrum,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

cautes,

Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

bipennes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

ligones,

id. Epod. 5, 30:

aratrum,

id. S. 1, 1, 28:

compes,

id. Epod. 4, 4:

pellis,

Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

arva,

id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

cutis,

Ov. M. 8, 805:

alvus,

Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

muria,

saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

dumeta,

i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

gallina,

tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

ladanum durissimum tactu,

Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

Transf.

As affecting the sense of taste:

vinum, opp. suavis,

hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

sapor Bacchi,

Verg. G. 4, 102:

acetum,

Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

As affecting the ear:

vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 62:

consonantes,

id. 11, 3, 35:

syllabae,

id. 12, 10, 30:

verba,

id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

compositio,

id. 9, 4, 142.

Trop.

Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

Attilius poëta durissimus,

id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

pictor durus in coloribus,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

fortes et duri Spartiatae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

Ligures, durum in armis genus,

Liv. 27, 48:

durum genus experiensque laborum,

hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

unde homines nati, durum genus,

Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

gens dura atque aspera cultu,

a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

Lucr. 5, 926:

Dardanidae,

Verg. A. 3, 94:

Hannibal,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

vindemiator,

id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

ilia messorum,

id. Epod. 3, 4:

juvenci,

Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

id. Arch. 8:

neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

id. Lael. 13 fin.;

ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

satis pater durus fui,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

ōs durum,

shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

cor,

Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

lex,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

condicio,

Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

provincia,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

partes,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

dolor,

Lucr. 3, 460:

labor,

id. 5, 1272:

subvectiones,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

venatus,

Ov. M. 4, 307:

dura cultu et aspera plaga,

Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

durissimo tempore anni,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

morbum acrem ac durum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

valetudo,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

dolores,

Verg. A. 5, 5:

frigus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

fames,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

pauperies,

id. C. 4, 9, 49:

causa,

Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

nomen (opp. molle),

Cic. Off. 1, 12:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

propositio,

Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

ego dura tuli,

Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

durius,

Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —

(Acc. to II. A.-C.)

Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

membra moventes Duriter,

Lucr. 5, 1401:

duriter,

Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

dure,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

Harshly, roughly, sternly:

quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

duriter,

Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

durius cadentibus rebus,

Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

extrā (old form EXTRAD repeatedly in the S. C. de Bacchan.; v. below, and cf. the letter D.), adv. and praep. [contr. from exterā, sc. parte, from exter].

Adv. ( comp. exterius, see below), on the outside, without (syn.: extrinsecus, foris; opp. intra, intus, in).

Lit.:

vitiles (alvos apium) fimo bubulo oblinunt intus et extra,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 16; cf.:

cum extra et intus hostem haberent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 69, 4; Cels. 6, 18, 7; 9:

maceries levigatur extra intraque,

Col. 8, 15, 2;

for which without a copula: extra intra,

Plin. 6, 32, 38, § 205; cf.:

nil intra est oleam, nil extra est in nuce duri,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 31:

et in corpore et extra esse quaedam bona,

Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68; cf.:

aut in animis aut in corporibus aut extra esse possunt,

id. Part. Or. 11, 37:

ea, quae extra sunt,

id. Rep. 6, 26; cf. id. N. D. 2, 59, 147; and: illa, quae sunt extra, outward goods (ta exô), id. Fin. 5, 23 fin.:

sint extra licet usus belli,

remain aloof, Quint. 1, 10, 48 Spald.—With verbs of motion:

ut nulla pars hujusce generis excederet extra,

Cic. Univ. 5:

ubi jam nihil tale extra fertur,

Cels. 7, 27:

cum extra fulgorem spargunt,

Plin. 37, 8, 37, § 117:

ad causam extra arcessitum,

Quint. 5, 12, 4; cf.:

extra petita,

id. 5, 11, 44.— Comp. in nearly the sense of the positive:

Exteriusque sitae (urbes) bimari spectantur ab Isthmo,

situated without, Ov. M. 6, 420:

vasa intrinsecus et exterius crasse picari (jubebat),

on the outside, externally, Col. 12, 44, 5.—

Transf., to indicate that which, being beyond or outside of a thing, forms an exception or addition to it, except, besides.

So freq. in the expression extra quam, in conditional sentences usually extra quam si, like praeterquam, except that, unless that, except in case (orig. in the civil law lang.; elsewh. rare): VTEI. EA. BACANALIA. SEI. QVA. SVNT. EXTRAD. QVAM. SEI. QVID. IBEI. SACRI. EST, etc., S. C. de Bacch. fin.; cf.

respecting this senatusconsultum in Livy: ut omnia Bacchanalia diruerent: extra quam si qua ibi vetusta ara aut signum consecratum esset,

Liv. 39, 18, 7:

si addat exceptionem hanc: extra quam si quis, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 1, 33, 56; cf. id. Att. 6, 1, 15; Liv. 38, 38, 9; Dig. 43, 12, 1, § 16:

extra quam qui, etc.,

Liv. 26, 34, 6:

postulat is, quicum agitur, a praetore exceptionem: extra quam in reum capitis praejudicium fiat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59.—

Beyond the technical lang.:

negant, sapientem suscepturum ullam rei publicae partem, extra quam si eum tempus et necessitas coëgerit?

unless. Cic. Rep. 1, 6: extra quam si nolint fame perire, id. Inv. 2, 57, 172.—

Additional, for the more usual praeterea, besides, extra, additional:

quaedam, inquit, pluris sunt quam venierunt, et ob hoc aliquid mihi extra pro illis, quamvis empta sint, debes,

Sen. Ben. 6, 15, 2.

Praep. with acc. (rarely following its case:

urbem extra,

Tac. A. 13, 47; in late Lat. sometimes also with abl., as extra fano, extra sanctuario, Hyg. de Lim.; cf. Salmas. ad Capitol. Ver. 9, p. 431), outside of, without, beyond.

Lit.: aut intra muros aut extra, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P. (Ann. v. 391 ed. Vahl.);

imitated by Horace: Iliacos intra muros peccatur et extra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 16: quid sic te extra aedes exanimata eliminas? Enn. ap. Non. 39, 4 (Trag. v. 290 ed. Vahl.):

NEVE EXTRAD VRBEM SACRA QVISQVAM FECISE VELET, S. C. de Bacchan.: extra portam Collinam,

Cic. Leg. 2, 23, 58:

extra Peloponnesum,

id. Rep. 2, 4:

extra provinciam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:

extra ostium limenque carceris,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 5, 13; so,

extra limen Apuliae,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 10 et saep.—With abstract substantives:

esse extra noxiam,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 57:

extra noxiam,

id. Hec. 2, 3, 3:

extra noxam, extra famam noxae,

Liv. 34, 61, 9; cf.:

ut extra ruinam sint eam, quae impendet,

beyond, apart from, Cic. Att. 11, 24, 2:

extra causam esse,

id. Caecin. 32, 94; so,

extra hanc contentionem certamenque nostrum,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 37:

extra ordinem,

id. Prov. Cons. 8, 19; id. Clu. 31, 85; id. Fam. 6, 5, 6:

extra quotidianam consuetudinem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 85, 3:

extra numerum,

Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 1; Cic. Par. 3, 2, 26; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 59:

extra modum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 11, 41:

extra jocum,

joking apart, seriously, id. Fam. 7, 16, 2 et saep.: ne quo ad cenam exiret extra consilium meum, without my advice, Titin. ap. Non. 95, 2; cf.:

ipsi medium ingenium, magis extra vitia quam cum virtutibus,

Tac. H. 1, 49:

extra honorem,

Suet. Claud. 14; Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 150. —With verbs of motion:

imperatores in medium exeunt extra turbam ordinum,

beyond, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 68:

extra portam deducere,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 78; cf.:

extra portam perire,

id. Mil. 2, 4, 7:

fines terminique, extra quos egredi non possim,

Cic. Quint. 10, 35; cf.:

extra cancellos egredi,

id. ib. §

36: extra modum sumptu et magnificentia prodire,

id. Off. 1, 39, 140:

ut extra tabulam non emineat,

Cels. 6, 7, 9 et saep.—

Transf. (acc. to I. B.), in indicating an exception or addition (= praeter).

Excepting, except: optumam progeniem Priamo peperisti extra me (= me exceptā), Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66 (Trag. v. 83 ed. Vahl.):

extra unum te,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 203; cf.:

extra unum Palaestrionem,

id. Mil. 2, 2, 6:

extra unam aniculam,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 48:

extra ducem paucosque praeterea reliqui primum in ipso bello rapaces, deinde, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

vacationem militiae esse extra tumultum Gallicum,

id. Phil. 5, 19, 53:

ad haec, quae interrogatus es, responde: extra ea cave vocem mittas,

Liv. 8, 32, 8.—

Besides, in addition to:

quod Cato si voluit, extra familiam debuit dicere vilicum et vilicam,

Varr. R. R. 1, 18, 3.

Fūrĭus (archaic Fūsius, Quint. 1, 4, 13; Liv. 3, 4 init.; cf. the letter R), a, a Roman family name.

M. Furius Camillus, the deliverer of Rome from the Gauls, Liv. 5, 19 sq.; Cic. Rep. 1, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 37, 90.—

M. Furius Bibaculus, a Roman poet of Cremona, a contemporary of Cicero. —

A. Furius Antias, a poet, the friend of Q. Lutatius Catulus the elder, Cic. Brut. 35, 132.—

L. Furius Philus, consul in the year 618 A.U.C., who is introduced as a speaker in Cicero's Republic al.—

Derivv.

Fūrĭus ( Fūsius), a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Furius (Fusius), Furian (Fusian):

data fato quodam Furiae genti Gallica bella, Liv 31, 48, 12: cedo mihi leges Atinias, Furias, Fusias (al. Fufias),

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 109; so,

lex Furia (testamentaria),

Gai. Inst. 2, 225; 4, 23 sq.:

lex Furia Caninia (de manumissionibus),

id. ib. 1, 42;

for which: lex Fusia Caninia,

Cod. Just. 7, 3.—

Fūrĭānus a, um, adj., Furian:

poëmata,

i. e. of the poet A. Furius Antias, Gell. 18, 11, 4.— Subst.: Fūrĭāni, ōrum, m., the soldiers of M. Furius Camillus, the Furians, Liv. 6, 9, 11.

Fūrĭus (archaic Fūsius, Quint. 1, 4, 13; Liv. 3, 4 init.; cf. the letter R), a, a Roman family name.

M. Furius Camillus, the deliverer of Rome from the Gauls, Liv. 5, 19 sq.; Cic. Rep. 1, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 37, 90.—

M. Furius Bibaculus, a Roman poet of Cremona, a contemporary of Cicero. —

A. Furius Antias, a poet, the friend of Q. Lutatius Catulus the elder, Cic. Brut. 35, 132.—

L. Furius Philus, consul in the year 618 A.U.C., who is introduced as a speaker in Cicero's Republic al.—

Derivv.

Fūrĭus ( Fūsius), a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Furius (Fusius), Furian (Fusian):

data fato quodam Furiae genti Gallica bella, Liv 31, 48, 12: cedo mihi leges Atinias, Furias, Fusias (al. Fufias),

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 109; so,

lex Furia (testamentaria),

Gai. Inst. 2, 225; 4, 23 sq.:

lex Furia Caninia (de manumissionibus),

id. ib. 1, 42;

for which: lex Fusia Caninia,

Cod. Just. 7, 3.—

Fūrĭānus a, um, adj., Furian:

poëmata,

i. e. of the poet A. Furius Antias, Gell. 18, 11, 4.— Subst.: Fūrĭāni, ōrum, m., the soldiers of M. Furius Camillus, the Furians, Liv. 6, 9, 11.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

Gāĭus (less correctly Cāĭus;

trisyl.,

Cat. 10, 30; Mart. 9, 22, 12; 11, 36, 8); gen. Gāi (voc. Gāi, Mart. 10, 16, 1), m., and Gāĭa, ae, f. [for Gavius; from gaudeo], a Roman prœnomen, usu. written C.; v. the letter G. Gaia was written O, Quint. 1, 7, 28; Vel. Long. p. 2218; P. prol. p. 1502.— At marriage festivals it was customary to call the bridegroom and bride Gaius and Gaia, Fest. s. v. Gaia, p. 71; Quint. l. l.; Cic. Mur. 12 fin. —

In partic.

An eminent jurist who lived about A.D. 110-180, author of the Institutionum Commentarii IV., which contain a systematic summary of the Roman law of family relations, of private property, and of actions; and which for generations was a standard educational work on the subject. This work was known, however, to modern scholars only by the fragments preserved in the Pandects, etc., until in 1816 Niebuhr discovered in the Chapter House of Verona a nearly complete MS. of the original work of Gaius, over which works of St. Jerome had been written. Teuffel, Gesch. d. Röm. Lit. p. 812 sqq.—

In post-Aug. historians, esp., the emperor Gaius Caligula; hence, Gāiānus or Cāiānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Caligula:

custodia,

Sen. Tranq. 11:

clades,

id. ib. 14 fin.:

expeditiones,

Tac. 4, 15:

nex,

Suet. Tit. 1:

as (because lowered in value by him),

Stat. Sil. 4, 9, 22.

lingua (ante-class. form dingua, like dagrima for lacrima, Mar. Victorin. p. 2457 and 2470 P.; cf. the letter D), ae, f. [Sanscr. jihvā; original Lat. form. dingua; A. -S. tunga; Germ. Zunge; Engl. tongue. Not from the root lih, lich, v. lingo], the tongue.

Lit.:

fac proserpentem bestiam me duplicem ut habeam linguam (of a kiss in which the tongues touched each other),

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 105:

lingua haeret metu,

Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 7:

in ore sita lingua est, finita dentibus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149:

linguā haesitantes,

id. de Or. 1, 25, 115:

linguā properanti legere,

Ov. P. 3, 5, 9:

linguā titubante loqui,

id. Tr. 3, 1, 21:

quo facilius verba ore libero exprimeret, calculos lingua volvens dicere domi solebat (Demosthenes),

Quint. 11, 3, 54: linguam exserere, to thrust out the tongue, in token of derision or contempt, Liv. 7, 10: so,

lingua ejecta,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266:

lingua minor,

the epiglottis, Plin. 11, 37, 66, § 175.—Comically, as mock term of endearment:

hujus voluptas, te opsecro, hujus mel, hujus cor, hujus labellum, hujus lingua,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 178; cf. v. 175.—In mal. part.: homo malae linguae, a fellow with a bad tongue, i. q. fellator, Mart. 3, 80, 2; Min. Fel. Oct. 28.—

Transf.

Since the tongue is an organ of speech, a tongue, utterance, speech, language:

largus opum, lingua melior,

Verg. A. 11, 338:

facilem benevolumque lingua tua jam tibi me reddidit,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 35:

non tu tibi istam praetruncari linguam largiloquam jubes?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 47:

Latium beare divite linguā,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 120:

lingua quasi flabello seditionis contionem ventilare,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54:

linguam continere,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13:

tenere,

Ov. F. 2, 602:

moderari,

Sall. J. 84:

linguae solutio,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:

linguam solvere ad jurgia,

Ov. M. 3, 261:

quidam operarii linguā celeri et exercitatā,

Cic. de Or. 1, 18, 83:

ut vitemus linguas hominum,

id. Fam. 9, 2, 2:

Aetolorum linguas retundere,

to check their tongues, bring them to silence, Liv. 33, 3; cf.:

claudente noxarum conscientiā linguam,

Amm. 16, 12, 61:

si mihi lingua foret,

Ov. H. 21, 205:

ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro,

Verg. E. 7, 28: favete linguis, i. e. give attention, " be silent that you may hear," Hor. C. 3, 1, 2; Ov. F. 1, 71:

linguis animisque faventes,

Juv. 12, 83:

nam lingua mali pars pessima servi,

id. 9, 121:

mercedem imponere linguae,

i. e. to speak for pay, id. 7, 149:

usum linguae reciperare,

Amm. 17, 12, 10:

linguā debili esse,

to stammer, Gell. 1, 12, 2.—Comically: os habeat, linguam, perfidiam, tongue, i. e. readiness in speech, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 33. —

The tongue or language of a people:

lingua Latina, Graeca,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10:

Graeca et Latina lingua,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 6:

(Massilia) tam procul a Graecorum regionibus, disciplinis linguāque divisa,

Cic. Fl. 26, 63:

quod quidem Latina lingua sic observat, ut, etc.,

id. Or. 44, 150:

Gallicae linguae scientiam habere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 47:

qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli, appellantur,

id. ib. 1, 1:

dissimili linguā,

Sall. C. 6, 2:

linguā utrāque,

i. e. Greek and Latin, Hor. S. 1, 10, 23; so, auctores utriusque linguae, Quint. prooem. 1;

1, 1, 14: Mithridates, cui duas et viginti linguas notas fuisse,

id. 11, 2, 50:

haud rudis Graecae linguae,

Curt. 5, 11, 4; 5, 4, 4; Nep. Milt. 3, 2:

Syrus in Tiberim Orontes et linguam et mores vexit,

Juv. 3, 63.—

Dialect, idiom, mode of speech (post-Aug.): illis non verborum modo, sed. linguarum etiam se inter differentium copia est. Quint. 12, 10, 34:

Crassus quinque Graeci sermonis differentias sic tenuit, ut, qua quisque apud eum linguā postulasset, eadem jus sibi redditum ferret,

id. 11, 2, 50:

utar enim historicā linguā,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 13, 3:

si philosophorum linguā uti voluissem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 4.—

Poet. of animals. the voice, note, song, bark, etc.:

linguae volucrum,

Verg. A. 3, 361; 10, 177:

linguam praecludere (canis),

Phaedr. 1, 22, 5.—

An utterance, expression:

lingua secretior,

a dark saying, Quint. 1, 1, 35.—

Of tongue-shaped things.

A plant, also called lingulaca, Plin. 24, 19, 108, § 170.—

Lingua bubula, a plant, oxtongue, bugloss, Cato, R. R. 40; Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 112.—

Lingua canina, Cels. 5, 27, 18 init.;

and lingua canis,

App. Herb. 96, the plant hound's-tongue, also called cynoglossos; q. v.—

A tongue of land: id promontorium, Cujus lingua in altum proicit, Pac. ap. Gell. 4, 17 fin.:

lingua in altum mille passuum excurrens,

Liv. 37, 31, 9; Weissenb. ad Liv. 25, 15, 12:

eminet in altum lingua, in qua urbs sita est,

Liv. 44, 11:

tenuem producit in aequora linguam,

Luc. 2, 614; cf.: lingua dicitur promontorii genus non excellentis sed molliter in planum devexi, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.—

A spoonful, as a measure, Plin. 26, 11, 73, § 119 (al. lingulis).—

The tongue or reed of a flute, Plin. 10, 29, 43, § 84.—

The short arm of a lever:

vectis lingua sub onus subdita,

Vitr. 10, 8 (cf. ligula, VII.).