-
1 dūrus
dūrus adj. with comp. and sup, hard (to the touch): silex, V.: ferrum, H.: bipennes, H.: cutis, O.: corpus, impenetrable, O.: dumeta, i. e. rough, O.: gallina, tough, H.—As subst n.: nil extra est in nuce duri, no shell, H.—Hard, harsh, of a taste: sapor Bacchi, V. — Of a sound, C. — Fig., rough, rude, uncultivated: oratione et moribus: poëta durissimus: durior ad haec studia: virtus, Ta.: gens duro robore nata, V.: componere versūs, H. — Hardy, vigorous, rough: Spartiatae: in armis genus, L.: vindemiator, H.: ilia messorum, H.: iuvenci, O. — Harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, pitiless, insensible, obstinate: pater, T.: se durum agrestemque praebere: durior Diogenes: iudex durior: duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur: nos dura aetas, H.: ōs, shameless, impudent, T.: ore durissimo esse: ferrum, cruel, V.: aures, V.: flectere (me) Mollibus Iam durum imperiis, H.—Of things, hard, severe, toilsome, oppressive, distressing, burdensome, adverse: provincia, T.: fortuna: hiemps: venatus, O.: durissimo tempore anni, inclement, Cs.: valetudo, H.: dolores, V.: iter, V.: proelia, V.: Durum: sed levius fit patientiā, etc., H.: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant, a difficulty, Cs.: si nihil esset durius, Cs.— Plur n. as subst, hardships, difficulties: Siccis omnia dura deus proposuit, H.: multa, V.: ego dura tuli, O.* * *dura -um, durior -or -us, durissimus -a -um ADJhard, stern; harsh, rough, vigorous; cruel, unfeeling, inflexible; durable -
2 asper
asper era, erum (poet., abl plur. aspris, V.), adj. with comp. and sup. [ab + spes], without hope, adverse, calamitous, troublesome, cruel, perilous: tempora: oppugnatio, Cs.: mala res, spes multo asperior, S.: venatus, V.: fata, V. — As subst: aspera multa pertulit, hardships, H. — Of nature and character, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, cruel: homo naturā: Iuno, V.: iuvenis monitoribus, H.: asperrimi ad condicionem pacis, L.: rebus non asper egenis, V.: cladibus asper, exasperated, O.: doctrina asperior: fores, i. e. of a cruel mistress, H.: Asperior tribulis (Galatea). more unfeeling, O. — Wild, savage, fierce: (anguis) siti, V.: tactu leo, H.: facetiae.—Of climate, harsh, severe: caelo Germania, Ta.: hiemps, S.: asperrimo hiemis, in the depth, Ta. — Of style, harsh: oratio. — Rough, uneven: regio: loca, Cs.: rura dumis, V.: rubus, prickly, V.: aequora ventis, H.: pocula signis, i. e. wrought in relief, V.: frons cornu, O.: capilli (i. e. hirsuti), H.: maria, stormy, V.: vinum, harsh, T.: pronuntiationis genus, rough: littera, i. e. the letter r, O.* * *Iaspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJrude/unrefined; cruel/violent/savage/raging/drastic; stern/severe/bitter; hard; rough/uneven/shaggy, coarse, harsh; embossed/encrusted; (mint condition coins); sharp/pointed, jagged/irregular, rugged/severe; sour, pungent, grating, keenIIaspra -um, asprior -or -us, asprissimus -a -um ADJrough/uneven, coarse/harsh; sharp/pointed; rude; savage; pungent; keen; bitter -
3 crūdēlis
crūdēlis e, adj. with comp. and sup. [crudus], rude, unfeeling, hard, unmerciful, hard - hearted, cruel, severe, fierce: mulier: in calamitate hominis: cenatus in conservandā patriā: in eos: in patriam: gratuito, S.: ecquid crudelius?: crudelior in nos Te, H.: tanto amori, Pr.: crudelissimi hostes: parricidae, S. — Of things, cruel, pitiless, harsh, bitter: bellum: res auditu: poena in cives: facinora, S.: arae, of blood, V.: verber, O.: crudele, suos addicere amores, O.: amor tauri, fierce, V.: crudelior mens, O.: manūs crudelissimae.* * *crudele, crudelior -or -us, crudelissimus -a -um ADJcruel/hardhearted/unmerciful/severe, bloodthirsty/savage/inhuman; harsh/bitter -
4 crūdus
crūdus adj. with comp. [CRV-], bloody, bleeding, trickling with blood: volnera, O.: exta, L.— With full stomach, stuffed with food, dyspeptic: qui de conviviis auferantur crudi: pilā ludere inimicum crudis, H.: (homo) crudior: bos, H.—Unripe, immature, crude, raw: poma: equa marito, H.: servitium, too new, Ta.—Fresh, vigorous: senectus, V., Ta.—Unprepared, immature, raw, crude: caestus, of raw hide, V.: rudis cortice crudo hasta, V.: pavo, undigested, Iu.: quia crudus fuerit, hoarse.—Fig., rough, unfeeling, cruel, merciless: ille precantem defodit Crudus humo, O.: ensis, V.: tyrannis, Iu.* * *cruda -um, crudior -or -us, crudissimus -a -um ADJraw; bloody/bleeding; crude, cruel, rough, merciless; fierce/savage; grievous; youthful/hardy/vigorous; fresh/green/immature; undigested; w/undigested food -
5 ferreus
ferreus adj. [ferrum], made of iron, iron: clavi, Cs.: manūs, Cs.: anulus, Ta.: imber, V.: ager, i. e. glistening with weapons, V.—Fig., hard, unfeeling, hard-hearted, cruel: virtus: quis tam fuit ferreus?: praecordia, O.: ōs, shameless: proles, i. e. the iron age, C. poët.— Firm, fixed, rigid, unyielding, immovable: in patientiā laboris corpus, L.: vox, V.: iura, V.: Somnus, i. e. death, V. decreta Sororum, O.* * *ferrea, ferreum ADJiron, made of iron; cruel, unyielding; (blue) -
6 immemor (in-m-)
immemor (in-m-) oris, abl. orī, adj., unmindful, not thinking, forgetful, regardless, negligent, heedless: ingenium: mens, Ct.: Instamus tamen inmemores, V.: rerum a me gestarum: benefici, T.: coniugis, H.: in testando nepotis, L.: herbarum (iuvenca), V.: pectus, unfeeling, Ct. -
7 māteria and māteriēs
māteria and māteriēs ae, acc. am and em, f [mater], stuff, matter, material, timber, substance: earum (navium) materiā ad reliquas reficiendas uti, Cs.: rerum, ex quā et in quā sunt omnia: materiam superabat opus, O.: si nihil valet materies: consumpserat omnem Materiam, means of subsistence, O.—Fig., a subject, matter, subject-matter, topic, ground, theme: artis: bella ad iocandum: materies crescit mihi, the subject grows on me: aequa Viribus, suited to your powers, H.— A cause, occasion, source, opportunity: gloriae suae: seditionis: ratio cui et fortuna ipsa prae<*> buit materiam, L.: criminandi, L.: materiam invidiae dare: iocorum, Iu.— A resource, store: consumpserat omnem Materiam ficti, O.— Naturai abilities, capacity, disposition: fac, fuisse in isto Catonis materiem: ingentis publice privatimque decoris, L.: ad cupiditatem, L.: materiā digna perire tuā, unfeeling disposition, O. -
8 piger
piger gra, grum, adj. with comp. pigrior, and sup. pigerrimus [PAC-], unwilling, reluctant, averse, backward: gens pigerrima ad militaria opera, L.: pigriores ad cetera munia exequenda, Cu.— Slow, dull, lazy, indolent, sluggish, inactive: senectus, O.: (apes) frigore, V.: taurus ipsā mole, Iu.: mare, sluggish, Ta.: annus, H.: bellum, tedious, O.: campus, unfruitful, H.: sopor, benumbing, Ct.: frigus, Tb.: dolabra, lazily handled, Iu.: in re militari: militiae, H.: scribendi ferre laborem, H. — Dull, unfeeling: pigro perire situ, O.* * *pigra, pigrum ADJlazy, slow, dull -
9 inhumanus
inhumana -um, inhumanior -or -us, inhumanissimus -a -um ADJrude, discourteous, churlish; unfeeling, inhuman; uncultured; superhuman -
10 calleo
callĕo, ēre, v. n. and a. [callum].I.Neutr.A.Lit., to be callous, to be thickskinned (rare):B.plagis costae callent,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 4; Caecil. ap. Non. p. 258, 10:callent rure manus,
Auct. Aetn. 260; Plin. 11, 37, 84, § 211.—Trop.* 1.To be hardened, insensible, unfeeling: in illis rebus exercitatus animus callere jam debet atque omnia minoris existimare, Serv. Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 2; cf. callisco.—2.To be practised, to be wise by experience, to be skilful, versed in; in a pun on the literal sense A. supra:II.callum aprugnum callere aeque non sinam,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 2; cf. id. ib. v. 1; so id. Pers. 2, 5, 4:omnes homines ad suum quaestum callent,
id. Truc. 5, 40 (cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 62: callidus ad quaestum); Amm. 15, 2, 4: melius quam viri callent mulieres, Att. ap. Non. p. 257, 31 (Trag. Rel. v. 28 Rib.):satin' astu et fallendo callet?
id. ib. p. 258, 6 (Trag. Rel. v. 475 ib.):quod periti sumus in vitā atque usu callemus magis,
id. ib. 258, 5:si in re navali, cujus esset ignarus, offendisset, eo plus in ea, quorum usu calleret, spei nactus,
Liv. 35, 26, 10:cottidiano usu ejus (negotii) callebant,
Val. Max. 8, 12, 1; Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 91; 9, 29, 46, § 86:augurandi studio Galli praeter caeteros callent,
Just. 24, 4, 3: arte, Ser. ap. Non. p. 258, 2; Sol. 8:bellis callere,
by military experience, Sil. 6, 90 sq.: fidibus, App. Flor. n. 18.—Act., to know by experience or practice, to know, have the knowledge of, understand (freq., esp. in the poets;(β).in Cic. very rare): memini et scio et calleo et commemini,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 1, 8; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 52; id. Poen. 3, 1, 71:cuncta perdocte callet,
id. Most. 1, 3, 122:alicujus sensum,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 17: istaec malitiosa non tam calleo, Afran. ap. Non. p. 482, 10 (Com. Rel. v. 124 Rib.):in colubras callet cantiunculam,
Pompon. ib. 482, 9 (Com. Rel. v. 118 ib.):jura,
Cic. Balb. 14, 32; Gell. 16, 10, 3:urbanas rusticasque res pariter,
Liv. 39, 40, 4:artem,
Tac. A. 13, 3:legitimum sonum digitis callemus et aure,
Hor. A. P. 274 al. —With inf. as object: multaque de rerum mixturā dicere callent, * Lucr. 2, 978; Hor. C. 4, 9, 49; Juv. 4, 142; Pers. 5, 105.—(γ).With acc. and inf.: quem Marcellini consiliarium fuisse callebant, Sisenn. ap. Non. p. 258, 8.—(δ).With rel.-clause:quo pacto id fieri soleat, calleo,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 37.—Hence, callens, entis, P. a., acquainted with, versed in, skilful, expert (very rare):qui sunt vaticinandi callentes,
Plin. 21, 31, 105, § 182:utriusque linguae,
Gell. 17, 5, 3:bellandi,
Amm. 16, 12, 32.— -
11 crudele
crūdēlis, e, adj. [cf. Gr. kruos; Lat. crudus, cruor, caro], morally rude or unfeeling, with exclusive reference to conduct towards persons or things, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).I.Of living subjects.(α).With in and abl.: crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris, Lucr. 3, 72; cf.:(β).crudelis in calamitate hominis consularis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 198:cui nimis videtur senatus in conservandā patriā fuisse crudelis,
id. Pis. 8, 17.—With in and acc.:(γ).cum in eos, quos numquam viderat, tam crudelis fuisset,
Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22:in liberos atque in sanguinem suum,
id. Fin. 1, 10, 34:in quos Sulla crudelis hoc socio fuisset,
id. Att. 9, 14, 2:in patriam,
id. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Liv. 2, 56, 7.—Absol.:II.crudelem Castorem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium!
Cic. Deiot. 1, 2:crudelis atque importuna mulier,
id. Clu. 63, 177:malus atque crudelis,
Sall. C. 16, 3:o crudelis adhuc, etc.,
Hor. C. 4, 10, 1:Neptunus tanto amori,
Prop. 2 (3), 26, 45 et saep.— Comp.:ecquid acerbius? ecquid crudelius?
Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2:magis timeo ne in eum exsistam crudelior,
id. ib. 10, 11, 3:heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus?
Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.— Sup.:parricidae,
Sall. C. 52, 31.—Of inanimate subjects:a.crudele et exitiosum bellum,
Cic. Att. 9, 6, 7:o rem cum auditu crudelem tum visu nefariam,
id. Planc. 41, 99:poena in cives crudelis,
id. Phil. 11, 1, 1:in tam crudelem necessitatem incidere,
id. Tusc. 3, 25, 60:facinora (with foeda),
Sall. C. 11, 4:crudele intolerandumque imperium (opp. justissimum atque optimum),
id. ib. 10, 6:sententia,
id. ib. 51, 17:consilia,
Cat. 64, 175; cf. id. 64, 136:pestes,
id. 69, 9; cf. id. 64, 76:venenum vitae nostrae,
id. 77, 5:ferrum,
Prop. 2 (3), 15, 43:verber,
Ov. F. 2, 695:poena,
id. M. 2, 612; Verg. A. 6, 585:egestas,
Val. Fl. 4, 459 et saep.:quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,
Ov. M. 1, 617.— Comp.:ignis,
Cat. 62, 20:janua,
Prop. 1, 16, 17:mens,
Ov. M. 11, 701:quid crudelius, quam? etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 85. — Sup.:nomen tyranni,
Nep. Dion, 1, 4:manus,
Petr. 105:caedes,
Suet. Calig. 30.— Hence, advv.crūdēlĕ (prop. neutr. sing. of adj.), cruelly, etc., Stat. Th. 3, 211; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 340; id. in Eutr. 2, 108. —b.crūdēlĭter, cruelly, in a cruel manner (very freq.), Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; id. Off. 1, 24, 82; Caes. B. G. 7, 38; Nep. Paus. 3, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 9; Suet. Tib. 61 al.— Comp., Liv. 31, 29, 11; Cat. 62, 24; Ov. M. 3, 442.— Sup., Cic. Sull. 27, 75; id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 2 fin.; Nep. Eum. 6, 3 et saep. -
12 crudelis
crūdēlis, e, adj. [cf. Gr. kruos; Lat. crudus, cruor, caro], morally rude or unfeeling, with exclusive reference to conduct towards persons or things, hard, unmerciful, hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce (freq. and class. in prose and poetry).I.Of living subjects.(α).With in and abl.: crudeles gaudent in tristi funere fratris, Lucr. 3, 72; cf.:(β).crudelis in calamitate hominis consularis,
Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 198:cui nimis videtur senatus in conservandā patriā fuisse crudelis,
id. Pis. 8, 17.—With in and acc.:(γ).cum in eos, quos numquam viderat, tam crudelis fuisset,
Cic. Phil. 5, 8, 22:in liberos atque in sanguinem suum,
id. Fin. 1, 10, 34:in quos Sulla crudelis hoc socio fuisset,
id. Att. 9, 14, 2:in patriam,
id. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Liv. 2, 56, 7.—Absol.:II.crudelem Castorem, ne dicam sceleratum et impium!
Cic. Deiot. 1, 2:crudelis atque importuna mulier,
id. Clu. 63, 177:malus atque crudelis,
Sall. C. 16, 3:o crudelis adhuc, etc.,
Hor. C. 4, 10, 1:Neptunus tanto amori,
Prop. 2 (3), 26, 45 et saep.— Comp.:ecquid acerbius? ecquid crudelius?
Cic. Att. 9, 14, 2:magis timeo ne in eum exsistam crudelior,
id. ib. 10, 11, 3:heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos Te deus?
Hor. S. 2, 8, 61.— Sup.:parricidae,
Sall. C. 52, 31.—Of inanimate subjects:a.crudele et exitiosum bellum,
Cic. Att. 9, 6, 7:o rem cum auditu crudelem tum visu nefariam,
id. Planc. 41, 99:poena in cives crudelis,
id. Phil. 11, 1, 1:in tam crudelem necessitatem incidere,
id. Tusc. 3, 25, 60:facinora (with foeda),
Sall. C. 11, 4:crudele intolerandumque imperium (opp. justissimum atque optimum),
id. ib. 10, 6:sententia,
id. ib. 51, 17:consilia,
Cat. 64, 175; cf. id. 64, 136:pestes,
id. 69, 9; cf. id. 64, 76:venenum vitae nostrae,
id. 77, 5:ferrum,
Prop. 2 (3), 15, 43:verber,
Ov. F. 2, 695:poena,
id. M. 2, 612; Verg. A. 6, 585:egestas,
Val. Fl. 4, 459 et saep.:quid faciat? crudele, suos addicere amores,
Ov. M. 1, 617.— Comp.:ignis,
Cat. 62, 20:janua,
Prop. 1, 16, 17:mens,
Ov. M. 11, 701:quid crudelius, quam? etc.,
Quint. 11, 1, 85. — Sup.:nomen tyranni,
Nep. Dion, 1, 4:manus,
Petr. 105:caedes,
Suet. Calig. 30.— Hence, advv.crūdēlĕ (prop. neutr. sing. of adj.), cruelly, etc., Stat. Th. 3, 211; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 340; id. in Eutr. 2, 108. —b.crūdēlĭter, cruelly, in a cruel manner (very freq.), Cic. Cat. 1, 12, 30; id. Off. 1, 24, 82; Caes. B. G. 7, 38; Nep. Paus. 3, 3; Quint. 1, 5, 9; Suet. Tib. 61 al.— Comp., Liv. 31, 29, 11; Cat. 62, 24; Ov. M. 3, 442.— Sup., Cic. Sull. 27, 75; id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 2 fin.; Nep. Eum. 6, 3 et saep. -
13 crudus
crūdus, a, um, adj. [root kru-, of Gr. kruos; cf. cruor, crudelis], bloody, bleeding, trickling with blood, etc.I.Prop. (so rare):II.vulnus,
Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 11:vulnera,
Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 19; id. P. 1, 3, 16.—Transf.A.Of food, raw, not cooked: quid tu curas, utrum [p. 485] crudum an coctum edim? Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:B.exta,
Liv. 29, 27, 5:carnem mandere,
Suet. Ner. 37.—So also of undigested food:pavo,
Juv. 1, 143; cf.trop.: lectio non cruda sed multā iteratione mollita et velut confecta,
Quint. 10, 1, 19;and, alvus,
Cato, R. R. 125:qui crudum ructat,
i. e. when undigested food rises in the stomach, Cels. 1, 2; v. ructo.— Transf., of persons suffering from indigestion, etc., Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 23; Quint. 11, 3, 27; Hor. S. 1, 5, 49; id. Ep. 1, 6, 61:crudior,
Cic. Clu. 60, 168; cf. cruditas; so,bos,
Hor. Epod. 8, 6 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, in a pun, Mart. 3, 13, 3 sq.—In gen., of all physical or moral crudeness, immaturity, roughness, etc.1.Lit.a.Unripe, immature, crude:(β).poma ex arboribus, cruda si sunt, vix evelluntur, si matura et cocta, decidunt,
Cic. Sen. 19, 71:pruna (opp. maturissima),
Col. 12, 10, 3:muria (opp. matura),
id. 12, 6, 2 al.:palmes,
Luc. 4, 317 (viridis, Schol.);of an abscess,
not mature, Cels. 5, 28, 11:puella,
Mart. 8, 64, 11; cf. Hor. C. 3, 11, 12:funera nepotis,
premature, early, Stat. Th. 9, 391; cf. id. Achill. 1, 478:amor,
yet young, fresh, id. Th. 2, 341; cf.:crudum adhuc servitium,
Tac. A. 1, 8 fin.:adhuc studia,
Petr. 4:crudi sine viribus anni,
Sil. 12, 348:juventus,
not yet armed, id. 3, 302; Claud. Cons. Hon. 3, 42.—Opp. to age, and the weakness arising from age, fresh, vigorous:b.jam senior, sed cruda deo viridisque senectus,
Verg. A. 6, 304;imitated by Tac.: quibus cruda ac viridis senectus,
Tac. Agr. 29: cf.meus,
Sil. 5, 569.—Unprepared, immature, raw, crude:2.crudum et immotum solum,
Col. 2, 2, 25; cf. Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 179:pix,
Col. 12, 20, 6:corium,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 116 Müll.; for which, poet., taurus, Val. Fl. 4, 250;and, caestus,
made of raw hide, undressed leather, Verg. A. 5, 69:rudis cortice crudo hasta,
id. ib. 9, 743.—Of verses, unpolished, rude:junctura addita crudis (numeris),
Pers. 1, 92 (cf.:si forte aliquid decoctius audis,
id. 1, 125).—Of the voice, rough, hoarse:quia crudus fuerit,
Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 125.—Trop.a.Raw, not prepared or matured:b.ut cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus, quo facilius digerantur, ita lectio non cruda, sed multā iteratione mollita et velut confecta memoriae tradatur,
Quint. 10, 1, 19.—Rough, unfeeling, cruel, merciless ( poet.).(α).Of personal subjects:(β).dicat me Crudum virum esse,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 8, 14; id. Poen. 5, 2, 148; Ov. M. 4, 240:Getae,
id. Tr. 5, 3, 8:cena, crude Thyesta, tua,
Mart. 4, 49, 4:crudus et leti artifex,
Sen. Hippol. 1220.—More freq.,Of things as subjects:bella,
Ov. Am. 3, 8, 58:ensis,
Verg. A. 10, 682; cf. Sil. 7, 113; Stat. Th. 10, 342:tyrannis,
Juv. 8, 223: crudissimum pistrinum, most rude, uncultivated, Cassius ap. Suet. Aug. 4.— Adv. not in use. -
14 dura
dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.I.Lit.A.Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:(α).et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,
Lucr. 2, 449; so,silex,
Verg. A. 6, 471:ferrum,
Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:cautes,
Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:bipennes,
Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:ligones,
id. Epod. 5, 30:aratrum,
id. S. 1, 1, 28:compes,
id. Epod. 4, 4:pellis,
Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:arva,
id. ib. 2, 341; cf.cutis,
Ov. M. 8, 805:alvus,
Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.muria,
saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:dumeta,
i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:gallina,
tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,
Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:ladanum durissimum tactu,
Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,
Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—(β).Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—B.Transf.1.As affecting the sense of taste:2.vinum, opp. suavis,
hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:sapor Bacchi,
Verg. G. 4, 102:acetum,
Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—As affecting the ear:II.vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,
Quint. 8, 6, 62:consonantes,
id. 11, 3, 35:syllabae,
id. 12, 10, 30:verba,
id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:compositio,
id. 9, 4, 142.Trop.A.Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:2.Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,
Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:Attilius poëta durissimus,
id. Att. 14, 20, 3:C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,
id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:pictor durus in coloribus,
Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,
id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):B.fortes et duri Spartiatae,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:Ligures, durum in armis genus,
Liv. 27, 48:durum genus experiensque laborum,
hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:unde homines nati, durum genus,
Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):gens dura atque aspera cultu,
a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,
Lucr. 5, 926:Dardanidae,
Verg. A. 3, 94:Hannibal,
Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:Iberia,
id. ib. 4, 14, 50:vindemiator,
id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:ilia messorum,
id. Epod. 3, 4:juvenci,
Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:C.quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,
Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,
id. Arch. 8:neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,
id. Lael. 13 fin.;ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,
Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:satis pater durus fui,
id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:Varius qui est habitus judex durior,
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,
Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,
Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:quid nos dura refugimus aetas?
id. ib. 1, 35, 34:ōs durum,
shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:cor,
Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:A.opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,servitus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.lex,
Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:condicio,
Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:provincia,
Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.partes,
id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:dolor,
Lucr. 3, 460:labor,
id. 5, 1272:subvectiones,
Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:venatus,
Ov. M. 4, 307:dura cultu et aspera plaga,
Liv. 45, 30 fin.:durissimo tempore anni,
Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:morbum acrem ac durum,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.valetudo,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:dolores,
Verg. A. 5, 5:frigus,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:fames,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:pauperies,
id. C. 4, 9, 49:causa,
Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:nomen (opp. molle),
Cic. Off. 1, 12:verbum,
id. Brut. 79, 274:propositio,
Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,
Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,
Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:ego dura tuli,
Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,
if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:B.juga premunt duriter colla (boum),
Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:durius,
Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —(Acc. to II. A.-C.)1.Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:b.membra moventes Duriter,
Lucr. 5, 1401:duriter,
Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:dure,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—Hardily, rigorously, austerely:2.vitam parce ac duriter agebat,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—Harshly, roughly, sternly:3.quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,
Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:duriter,
Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.— -
15 durum
dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.I.Lit.A.Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:(α).et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,
Lucr. 2, 449; so,silex,
Verg. A. 6, 471:ferrum,
Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:cautes,
Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:bipennes,
Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:ligones,
id. Epod. 5, 30:aratrum,
id. S. 1, 1, 28:compes,
id. Epod. 4, 4:pellis,
Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:arva,
id. ib. 2, 341; cf.cutis,
Ov. M. 8, 805:alvus,
Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.muria,
saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:dumeta,
i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:gallina,
tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,
Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:ladanum durissimum tactu,
Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,
Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—(β).Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—B.Transf.1.As affecting the sense of taste:2.vinum, opp. suavis,
hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:sapor Bacchi,
Verg. G. 4, 102:acetum,
Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—As affecting the ear:II.vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,
Quint. 8, 6, 62:consonantes,
id. 11, 3, 35:syllabae,
id. 12, 10, 30:verba,
id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:compositio,
id. 9, 4, 142.Trop.A.Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:2.Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,
Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:Attilius poëta durissimus,
id. Att. 14, 20, 3:C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,
id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:pictor durus in coloribus,
Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,
id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):B.fortes et duri Spartiatae,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:Ligures, durum in armis genus,
Liv. 27, 48:durum genus experiensque laborum,
hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:unde homines nati, durum genus,
Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):gens dura atque aspera cultu,
a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,
Lucr. 5, 926:Dardanidae,
Verg. A. 3, 94:Hannibal,
Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:Iberia,
id. ib. 4, 14, 50:vindemiator,
id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:ilia messorum,
id. Epod. 3, 4:juvenci,
Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:C.quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,
Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,
id. Arch. 8:neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,
id. Lael. 13 fin.;ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,
Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:satis pater durus fui,
id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:Varius qui est habitus judex durior,
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,
Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,
Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:quid nos dura refugimus aetas?
id. ib. 1, 35, 34:ōs durum,
shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:cor,
Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:A.opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,servitus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.lex,
Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:condicio,
Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:provincia,
Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.partes,
id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:dolor,
Lucr. 3, 460:labor,
id. 5, 1272:subvectiones,
Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:venatus,
Ov. M. 4, 307:dura cultu et aspera plaga,
Liv. 45, 30 fin.:durissimo tempore anni,
Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:morbum acrem ac durum,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.valetudo,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:dolores,
Verg. A. 5, 5:frigus,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:fames,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:pauperies,
id. C. 4, 9, 49:causa,
Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:nomen (opp. molle),
Cic. Off. 1, 12:verbum,
id. Brut. 79, 274:propositio,
Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,
Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,
Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:ego dura tuli,
Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,
if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:B.juga premunt duriter colla (boum),
Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:durius,
Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —(Acc. to II. A.-C.)1.Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:b.membra moventes Duriter,
Lucr. 5, 1401:duriter,
Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:dure,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—Hardily, rigorously, austerely:2.vitam parce ac duriter agebat,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—Harshly, roughly, sternly:3.quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,
Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:duriter,
Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.— -
16 durus
dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.I.Lit.A.Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:(α).et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,
Lucr. 2, 449; so,silex,
Verg. A. 6, 471:ferrum,
Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:cautes,
Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:bipennes,
Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:ligones,
id. Epod. 5, 30:aratrum,
id. S. 1, 1, 28:compes,
id. Epod. 4, 4:pellis,
Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:arva,
id. ib. 2, 341; cf.cutis,
Ov. M. 8, 805:alvus,
Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.muria,
saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:dumeta,
i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:gallina,
tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,
Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:ladanum durissimum tactu,
Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,
Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—(β).Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—B.Transf.1.As affecting the sense of taste:2.vinum, opp. suavis,
hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:sapor Bacchi,
Verg. G. 4, 102:acetum,
Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—As affecting the ear:II.vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,
Quint. 8, 6, 62:consonantes,
id. 11, 3, 35:syllabae,
id. 12, 10, 30:verba,
id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:compositio,
id. 9, 4, 142.Trop.A.Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:2.Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,
Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:Attilius poëta durissimus,
id. Att. 14, 20, 3:C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,
id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:pictor durus in coloribus,
Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,
id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):B.fortes et duri Spartiatae,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:Ligures, durum in armis genus,
Liv. 27, 48:durum genus experiensque laborum,
hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:unde homines nati, durum genus,
Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):gens dura atque aspera cultu,
a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,
Lucr. 5, 926:Dardanidae,
Verg. A. 3, 94:Hannibal,
Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:Iberia,
id. ib. 4, 14, 50:vindemiator,
id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:ilia messorum,
id. Epod. 3, 4:juvenci,
Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:C.quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,
Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,
id. Arch. 8:neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,
id. Lael. 13 fin.;ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,
Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:satis pater durus fui,
id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:Varius qui est habitus judex durior,
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,
Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,
Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:quid nos dura refugimus aetas?
id. ib. 1, 35, 34:ōs durum,
shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:cor,
Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:A.opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,servitus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.lex,
Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:condicio,
Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:provincia,
Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.partes,
id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:dolor,
Lucr. 3, 460:labor,
id. 5, 1272:subvectiones,
Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:venatus,
Ov. M. 4, 307:dura cultu et aspera plaga,
Liv. 45, 30 fin.:durissimo tempore anni,
Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:morbum acrem ac durum,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.valetudo,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:dolores,
Verg. A. 5, 5:frigus,
Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:fames,
Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:pauperies,
id. C. 4, 9, 49:causa,
Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:nomen (opp. molle),
Cic. Off. 1, 12:verbum,
id. Brut. 79, 274:propositio,
Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,
Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,
Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:ego dura tuli,
Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,
if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:B.juga premunt duriter colla (boum),
Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:durius,
Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —(Acc. to II. A.-C.)1.Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:b.membra moventes Duriter,
Lucr. 5, 1401:duriter,
Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:dure,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—Hardily, rigorously, austerely:2.vitam parce ac duriter agebat,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—Harshly, roughly, sternly:3.quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,
Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:duriter,
Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.— -
17 ferreus
I.Lit.:B.Britanni utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis... pro nummo,
Caes. B. G. 5, 12, 4:vomer,
Lucr. 1, 314:ensis,
id. 5, 1293:furcae,
Varr. R. R. 1, 22, 3; for which absol.:ferreae,
Cato, R. R. 10, 3:clavi,
Caes. B. G. 3, 13, 4:hami,
id. ib. 7, 73 fin.:manus,
id. B. C. 1, 57, 2; 1, 58, 4; 2, 6, 2:clathri,
Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 21:fibula,
Quint. 6, 3, 58:anulus,
id. 7, 6, 8; cf. Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 9; Suet. Aug. 100:litterae imagunculae,
id. ib. 7:Hercules,
an iron statue of Hercules, Plin. 34, 14, 40, § 141.— Poet.: hastati spargunt hastas, fit ferreus imber, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 287 ed. Vahl.);imitated: imber,
Verg. A. 12, 284; cf.:seges telorum,
id. ib. 3, 45:ager,
i. e. glistening with weapons, id. ib. 11, 601.—Transf., like or pertaining to iron:II.color,
iron-color, Plin. 37, 10, 61, § 170:fabrica,
the art of working iron, id. 7, 56, 57, § 198.—Trop.A.Hard, unfeeling, hard-hearted, cruel:B.qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt (opp. tenera atque tractabilis),
Cic. Lael. 13, 48; cf.:quis tam fuit durus et ferreus, quis tam inhumanus, qui? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121; and:ferreus essem, si te non amarem,
id. Fam. 15, 21, 4:ferus et ferreus,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 3:ferus et vere ferreus,
Tib. 1, 10, 2:quis tam esset ferreus, qui, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 23, 87:o te ferreum, qui illius periculis non moveris!
id. Att. 13, 30, 2:illa (carmina) tamen numquam ferrea dixit Amo,
Prop. 2, 8, 12; Tib. 2, 3, 2; 3, 2, 2:praecordia,
Ov. H. 12, 183:bella,
id. ib. 13, 64:sors vitae (with difficilis),
id. Tr. 5, 3, 28:os ferreum,
shameless, impudent, Cic. Pis. 26, 63: ferrea tum vero proles exorta repente est, i. e. the iron age, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 63, 159; cf.saecula,
Tib. 2, 3, 35.—With the idea of firmness, fixedness predominating, firm, fixed, rigid, unyielding, immovable:(Cato) in parsimonia, in patientia laboris periculique, ferrei prope corporis animique,
Liv. 39, 40, 11:vox,
Verg. G. 2, 44; id. A. 6, 626; cf.: scriptor (Atilius), Licin. poët. ap. Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 5:jura,
Verg. G. 2, 501: olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget Somnus, ironsleep, i. e. death (a transl. of the Homeric chalkeos hupnos), Verg. A. 10, 745; 12, 309:decreta Sororum,
Ov. M. 15, 781. -
18 immemor
immĕmor ( inm-), ŏris (ante-class. in the nom. sing. immemoris, Caecil. ap. Prisc. pp. 699 and 772 P.; Com. Fragm. v. 31 Rib.; abl. immemori, Sen. Ben. 7, 3, 2; Cat. 64, 123; 248;I.al. immemore,
Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 3), adj. [in-memor], unmindful, not thinking, forgetful, regardless, negligent of a thing.Lit. (freq. and class.); constr. usually with gen.; less freq. absol. or with an inf.(α).With gen.:(β).adeone immemor rerum a me gestarum esse videor?
Cic. Sull. 30, 83:hesternorum immemores, acta pueritiae recordari,
Quint. 11, 2, 6:beneficii,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 17:ne me immemorem mandati tui putares,
Cic. Att. 5, 16, 1:istius mandati tui,
id. ib. 4, 6, 3:hujus rei,
id. Phil. 2, 22, 54:nec erat (L. Gellius) Romanarum rerum immemor,
i. e. he was not ignorant of Roman history, id. Brut. 47, 174:venator tenerae conjugis immemor,
Hor. C. 1, 1, 26:immemor in testando nepotis,
Liv. 1, 34, 3:omnium immemor difficultatum,
id. 9, 31, 14:praedae,
Tac. A. 14, 36:sepulcri,
Hor. C. 2, 18, 18:herbarum (juvenca),
Verg. E. 8, 2:graminis (cervus),
Hor. C. 1, 15, 30; cf.:qua cibi qua quietis inmemor nox traducta est,
Liv. 9, 3, 4:salutis immemores,
Curt. 7, 9.—Absol.:(γ).magna haec immemoris ingenii signa,
Cic. Brut. 60, 218:immemori discedens pectore conjux,
unfeeling, Cat. 64, 123:mente,
id. ib. 249:possimne ingratus et immemor esse?
Ov. M. 14, 173; 10, 682; 15, 122; Cat. 30, 1.—With inf.:II.nihili est, suum Qui officium facere immemor est, nisi adeo monitus,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 3; and with acc. and inf.:immemor, Chaeream Cassium nominari,
never thinking, not considering, Suet. Calig. 57.—Transf., that causes forgetfulness, a poet. epithet of Lethe, Stat. S. 5, 2, 96; Sil. 16, 478; Sen. Herc. Oet. 936. -
19 inmemor
immĕmor ( inm-), ŏris (ante-class. in the nom. sing. immemoris, Caecil. ap. Prisc. pp. 699 and 772 P.; Com. Fragm. v. 31 Rib.; abl. immemori, Sen. Ben. 7, 3, 2; Cat. 64, 123; 248;I.al. immemore,
Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 3, 3), adj. [in-memor], unmindful, not thinking, forgetful, regardless, negligent of a thing.Lit. (freq. and class.); constr. usually with gen.; less freq. absol. or with an inf.(α).With gen.:(β).adeone immemor rerum a me gestarum esse videor?
Cic. Sull. 30, 83:hesternorum immemores, acta pueritiae recordari,
Quint. 11, 2, 6:beneficii,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 17:ne me immemorem mandati tui putares,
Cic. Att. 5, 16, 1:istius mandati tui,
id. ib. 4, 6, 3:hujus rei,
id. Phil. 2, 22, 54:nec erat (L. Gellius) Romanarum rerum immemor,
i. e. he was not ignorant of Roman history, id. Brut. 47, 174:venator tenerae conjugis immemor,
Hor. C. 1, 1, 26:immemor in testando nepotis,
Liv. 1, 34, 3:omnium immemor difficultatum,
id. 9, 31, 14:praedae,
Tac. A. 14, 36:sepulcri,
Hor. C. 2, 18, 18:herbarum (juvenca),
Verg. E. 8, 2:graminis (cervus),
Hor. C. 1, 15, 30; cf.:qua cibi qua quietis inmemor nox traducta est,
Liv. 9, 3, 4:salutis immemores,
Curt. 7, 9.—Absol.:(γ).magna haec immemoris ingenii signa,
Cic. Brut. 60, 218:immemori discedens pectore conjux,
unfeeling, Cat. 64, 123:mente,
id. ib. 249:possimne ingratus et immemor esse?
Ov. M. 14, 173; 10, 682; 15, 122; Cat. 30, 1.—With inf.:II.nihili est, suum Qui officium facere immemor est, nisi adeo monitus,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 3; and with acc. and inf.:immemor, Chaeream Cassium nominari,
never thinking, not considering, Suet. Calig. 57.—Transf., that causes forgetfulness, a poet. epithet of Lethe, Stat. S. 5, 2, 96; Sil. 16, 478; Sen. Herc. Oet. 936. -
20 materia
mātĕrĭa, ae ( gen. materiāi, Lucr. 1, 1051), and mātĕrĭes, ēi (only in nom. and acc. sing., and once gen. plur. materierum, Lact. 2, 12, 1; v. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 383), f. [from same root with mater, q. v.], stuff, matter, materials of which any thing is composed; so the wood of a tree, vine, etc., timber for building (opp. lignum, wood for fuel); nutritive matter or substance for food (class.).I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.materia rerum, ex qua et in qua sunt omnia,
Cic. N. D. 3, 39, 92; cf. id. Ac. 1, 6, 7:materiam superabat opus,
Ov. M. 2, 5:materiae apparatio,
Vitr. 2, 8, 7:rudis,
i. e. chaos, Luc. 2, 8; cf.: omnis fere materia nondum formata rudis appellatur, Cinc. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 265 Müll.:(arbor) inter corticem et materiem,
Col. 5, 11, 4:crispa,
Plin. 16, 28, 51, § 119:materiae longitudo,
Col. 4, 24, 3:vitis in materiam, frondemque effunditur,
id. 4, 21, 2:si nihil valet materies,
Cic. de Or. 2, 21, 88:in eam insulam materiam, calcem, caementa, atque arma convexit,
id. Mil. 27, 74:caesa,
Col. 11, 2, 11; cf. Caes. B. G. 4, 17; 5, 39:cornus non potest videri materies propter exilitatem, sed lignum,
Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 206:materiae, lignorum aggestus,
Tac. A. 1, 35:videndum est ut materies suppetat scutariis,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 35:proba materies est, si probum adhibes fabrum,
id. Poen. 4, 2, 93: imprimebatur sculptura materiae anuli, sive ex ferro sive ex auro foret, Macr. S. 7, 13, 11. — Plur.:deūm imagines mortalibus materiis in species hominum effingere,
Tac. H. 5, 5.—Of food:imbecillissimam materiam esse omnem caulem oleris,
Cels. 2, 18, 39 sqq.; cf. of the means of subsistence:consumere omnem materiam,
Ov. M. 8, 876; matter, in gen.:materies aliqua mala erat,
Aug. Conf. 7, 5, 2.—In abstract, matter, the material universe:Deus ex materia ortus est, aut materia ex Deo,
Lact. 2, 8.—Esp., matter of suppuration, pus, Cels. 3, 27, 4.—II.Transf., a stock, race, breed:III.quod ex vetere materia nascitur, plerumque congeneratum parentis senium refert,
Col. 7, 3, 15:generosa (equorum),
id. 6, 27 init. —Trop.A.The matter, subjectmatter, subject, topic, ground, theme of any exertion of the mental powers, as of an art or science, an oration, etc.: materiam artis eam dicimus in qua omnis ars et facultas, quae conficitur ex arte, versatur. Ut si medicinae materiam dicamus morbos ac vulnera, quod in his omnis medicina versetur;B.item quibus in rebus versatur ars et facultas oratoria, eas res materiam artis rhetoricae nominamus,
Cic. Inv. 1, 5, 17:quasi materia, quam tractet, et in qua versetur, subjecta est veritas,
id. Off. 1, 5, 16:est enim deformitatis et corporis vitiorum satis bella materies ad jocandum,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 239; 1, 11, 49; id. Rosc. Com. 32, 89; id. Div. 2, 4, 12:sermonum,
id. Q. Fr 1, 2, 1: materies crescit mihi, my matter (for writing about) increases, id. Att. 2, 12, 3: rei. id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 1:aequa viribus,
a subject suited to your powers, Hor. A. P. 38:infames,
Gell. 17, 12, 1:extra materiam juris,
the province, Gai. Inst. 2, 191.—A cause, occasion, source, opportunity (cf. mater, II.):C.quid enim odisset Clodium Milo segetem ac materiam suae gloriae?
Cic. Mil. 13, 35 (for which shortly before:fons perennis gloriae suae): materies ingentis decoris,
Liv. 1, 39, 3:non praebiturum se illi eo die materiam,
id. 3, 46, 3:major orationis,
id. 35, 12, 10:criminandi,
id. 3, 31, 4:omnium malorum,
Sall. C. 10:materiam invidiae dare,
Cic. Phil. 11, 9, 21:materiam bonitati dare,
id. de Or. 2, 84, 342:scelerum,
Just. 3, 2, 12:seditionis,
id. 11, 5, 3:laudis,
Luc. 8, 16:benefaciendi,
Plin. Pan. 38:ne quid materiae praeberet Neroni,
occasion of jealousy, Suet. Galb. 9:epistolae, quae materiam sermonibus praebuere,
Tac. H. 4, 4:praebere materiam causasque jocorum,
Juv. 3, 147:materiamque sibi ducis indulgentia quaerit,
id. 7, 21.—Natural abilities, talents, genius, disposition:D.fac, fuisse in isto C. Laelii, M. Catonis materiem atque indolem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 68, § 160:in animis humanis,
id. Inv. 1, 2, 2:materiam ingentis publice privatimade decoris omni indulgentia nostra nutriamus,
Liv. 1, 39, 3:ad cupiditatem,
id. 1, 46; Quint. 2, 4, 7.—Hence, one's nature, natural character:non sum materia digna perire tua,
thy unfeeling disposition, Ov. H. 4, 86.—A subject, argument, course of thought, topic (post-Aug.):tertium diem esse, quod omni labore materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium,
Quint. 10, 3, 14:argumentum plura significat... omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari,
id. 5, 10, 9:video non futurum finem in ista materia ullum, nisi quem ipse mihi fecero,
Sen. Ep. 87, 11:pulcritudinem materiae considerare,
Plin. Ep. 3, 13, 2; 2, 5, 5:materiam ex titulo cognosces,
id. ib. 5, 13, 3 al. (materies animi est, materia arboris;et materies qualitas ingenii, materia fabris apta,
Front. II. p. 481 Mai.; but this distinction is not observed by class. writers).
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