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  • 61 Case, Jerome Increase

    [br]
    b. 1819 Williamstown, Oswego County, New York, USA
    d. 1891 USA
    [br]
    American manufacturer and founder of the Case company of agricultural engineers.
    [br]
    J.I.Case was the son of a former and began his working life operating the family's Groundhog threshing machine. He moved into contract threshing, and used the money he earned to pay his way through a business academy. He became the agent for the Groundhog thresher in his area and at the age of 23 decided to move west, taking six machines with him. He sold five of these to obtain working capital, and in 1842 moved from Williamstown, New York, to Rochester, Wisconsin, where he established his manufacturing company. He produced the first combined thresher-winnower in the US in 1843. Two years later he moved to Racine, on the shores of Lake Michigan in the same state. Within four years the Case company became Racine's biggest company and largest employer, a position it was to retain into the twentieth century. As early as 1860 Case was shipping threshing machines around the Horn to California.
    Apart from having practical expertise Case was also a skilled demonstrator, and it was this combination which resulted in the sure growth of his company. In 1869 he produced his first portable steam engine and in 1876 his first traction engine. By the mid 1870s he was selling a significant proportion of the machines in use in America. By 1878 Case threshing machines had penetrated the European market, and in 1885 sales to South America began. Case also became the world's largest manufacturer of steam engines.
    J.I.Case himself, whilst still actively involved with the company, also became involved in politics. He was Mayor of Racine for three terms and State Senator for two. He was also President of the Manufacturers' National Bank of Racine and Founder of the First National Bank of Burlington. He founded the Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters and was President of the Racine County Agricultural Society. He had time for sport and was owner of the world's all-time champion trotter-pacer.
    Continued expansion of the company after J.I. Case's death led eventually to its acquisition by Tenneco in 1967, and in 1985 the company took over International Harvester. As Case I.H. it continues to produce a full range of agricultural, earth-moving and heavy-transport equipment.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Despite the size and importance of the company he created, very little has been written about Case. On particular anniversaries the company has produced celebratory publications, and surprisingly these still seem to be the main source of information about him.
    R.B.Gray, 1975, The Agricultural Tractor 1855–1950, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (traces the history of power on the farm, in which Case and his machines played such an important role).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Case, Jerome Increase

  • 62 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, France
    d. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France
    [br]
    French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.
    [br]
    Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.
    By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.
    During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.
    Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.
    In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.
    Bibliography
    1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).
    The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.
    Further Reading
    "Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.
    L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

  • 63 Fairlie, Robert Francis

    [br]
    b. March 1831 Scotland
    d. 31 July 1885 Clapham, London, England
    [br]
    British engineer, designer of the double-bogie locomotive, advocate of narrow-gauge railways.
    [br]
    Fairlie worked on railways in Ireland and India, and established himself as a consulting engineer in London by the early 1860s. In 1864 he patented his design of locomotive: it was to be carried on two bogies and had a double boiler, the barrels extending in each direction from a central firebox. From smokeboxes at the outer ends, return tubes led to a single central chimney. At that time in British practice, locomotives of ever-increasing size were being carried on longer and longer rigid wheelbases, but often only one or two of their three or four pairs of wheels were powered. Bogies were little used and then only for carrying-wheels rather than driving-wheels: since their pivots were given no sideplay, they were of little value. Fairlie's design offered a powerful locomotive with a wheelbase which though long would be flexible; it would ride well and have all wheels driven and available for adhesion.
    The first five double Fairlie locomotives were built by James Cross \& Co. of St Helens during 1865–7. None was particularly successful: the single central chimney of the original design had been replaced by two chimneys, one at each end of the locomotive, but the single central firebox was retained, so that exhaust up one chimney tended to draw cold air down the other. In 1870 the next double Fairlie, Little Wonder, was built for the Festiniog Railway, on which C.E. Spooner was pioneering steam trains of very narrow gauge. The order had gone to George England, but the locomotive was completed by his successor in business, the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company, in which Fairlie and George England's son were the principal partners. Little Wonder was given two inner fireboxes separated by a water space and proved outstandingly successful. The spectacle of this locomotive hauling immensely long trains up grade, through the Festiniog Railway's sinuous curves, was demonstrated before engineers from many parts of the world and had lasting effect. Fairlie himself became a great protagonist of narrow-gauge railways and influenced their construction in many countries.
    Towards the end of the 1860s, Fairlie was designing steam carriages or, as they would now be called, railcars, but only one was built before the death of George England Jr precipitated closure of the works in 1870. Fairlie's business became a design agency and his patent locomotives were built in large numbers under licence by many noted locomotive builders, for narrow, standard and broad gauges. Few operated in Britain, but many did in other lands; they were particularly successful in Mexico and Russia.
    Many Fairlie locomotives were fitted with the radial valve gear invented by Egide Walschaert; Fairlie's role in the universal adoption of this valve gear was instrumental, for he introduced it to Britain in 1877 and fitted it to locomotives for New Zealand, whence it eventually spread worldwide. Earlier, in 1869, the Great Southern \& Western Railway of Ireland had built in its works the first "single Fairlie", a 0–4–4 tank engine carried on two bogies but with only one of them powered. This type, too, became popular during the last part of the nineteenth century. In the USA it was built in quantity by William Mason of Mason Machine Works, Taunton, Massachusetts, in preference to the double-ended type.
    Double Fairlies may still be seen in operation on the Festiniog Railway; some of Fairlie's ideas were far ahead of their time, and modern diesel and electric locomotives are of the powered-bogie, double-ended type.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1864, British patent no. 1,210 (Fairlie's master patent).
    1864, Locomotive Engines, What They Are and What They Ought to Be, London; reprinted 1969, Portmadoc: Festiniog Railway Co. (promoting his ideas for locomotives).
    1865, British patent no. 3,185 (single Fairlie).
    1867. British patent no. 3,221 (combined locomotive/carriage).
    1868. "Railways and their Management", Journal of the Society of Arts: 328. 1871. "On the Gauge for Railways of the Future", abstract in Report of the Fortieth
    Meeting of the British Association in 1870: 215. 1872. British patent no. 2,387 (taper boiler).
    1872, Railways or No Railways. "Narrow Gauge, Economy with Efficiency; or Broad Gauge, Costliness with Extravagance", London: Effingham Wilson; repr. 1990s Canton, Ohio: Railhead Publications (promoting the cause for narrow-gauge railways).
    Further Reading
    Fairlie and his patent locomotives are well described in: P.C.Dewhurst, 1962, "The Fairlie locomotive", Part 1, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34; 1966, Part 2, Transactions 39.
    R.A.S.Abbott, 1970, The Fairlie Locomotive, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Fairlie, Robert Francis

  • 64 Koenig, Friedrich

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 17 April 1774 Eisleben, Thuringia, Germany
    d. 17 January 1833 Oberzell, near Würzburg, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of the machine printing press.
    [br]
    Koenig became a printer and bookseller. Around 1800 he was among those who conceived the idea of mechanizing the hand printing press, which apart from minor details had survived virtually unchanged through the first three and a half centuries of printing. In 1803, in Sühl, Saxony, he designed a press in which the flat forme, carrying the type, was mechanically inked and passed to and from the platen. Whether this ma-chine was ever constructed is not known, but Koenig found little support for his ideas because of lack of technical and financial resources. So, in 1806, he went to England and was introduced to Thomas Bensley, a book printer off Fleet Street in London. Bensley agreed to support Koenig and brought in two other printers to help finance Koenig's experiments. Another German, Andreas Bauer, an engineer, assisted Koenig and became largely responsible for the practical execution of Koenig's plans.
    In 1810 they patented a press which was steam-driven but still used a platen. It was set to work in Bensley's office the following year but did not prove to be satisfactory. Koenig redesigned it, and in October 1811 he obtained a patent for a steam-driven press on an entirely new principle. In place of the platen, the paper was fixed around a hollow rotating cylinder, which impressed the paper on to the inked forme. In Bensley's office it was used for book printing, but its increased speed over the hand press appealed to newspaper proprietors and John Walter II of The Times asked Koenig to make a double-cylinder machine, so that the return stroke of the forme would be productive. A further patent was taken out in 1813 and the new machine was made ready to print the 29 November 1814 issue—in secrecy, behind closed doors, to forestall opposition from the pressmen working the hand presses. An important feature of the machine was that the inking rollers were not of the traditional leather or skin but a composite material made from glue, molasses and some soda. The inking could not have been achieved satisfactorily with the old materials. The editorial of that historic issue proclaimed, 'Our Journal of this day presents to the public the practical result of the greatest improvement connected with printing, since the discovery of the art itself Koenig's machine press could make 1,200 impressions an hour compared to 200 with the hand press; further improvements raised this figure to 1,500–2,000. Koenig's last English patent was in 1814 for an improved cylinder machine and a perfecting machine, which printed both sides of the paper. The steam-driven perfecting press was printing books in Bensley's office in February 1816. Koenig and Bauer wanted by that time to manufacture machine presses for other customers, but Bensley, now the principal shareholder, insisted that they should make machines for his benefit only. Finding this restriction intolerable, Koenig and Bauer returned to Germany: they became partners in a factory at Oberzell, near Würzburg, in 1817 and the firm of Koenig and Bauer flourishes there to this day.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Koenig, Friedrich

  • 65 McCoy, Elijah

    [br]
    b. 1843 Colchester, Ontario, Canada
    d. 1929 Detroit, Michigan (?), USA
    [br]
    African-American inventor of steam-engine lubricators.
    [br]
    McCoy was born into a community of escaped African-American slaves. As a youth he went to Scotland and served an apprenticeship in Edinburgh in mechanical engineering. He returned to North America and ended up in Ypsilanti, Michigan, seeking employment at the headquarters of the Michigan Central Railroad Company. In spite of his training, the only job McCoy could obtain was that of locomotive fireman. Still, that enabled him to study at close quarters the problem of lubricating adequately the moving parts of a steam locomotive. Inefficient lubrication led to overheating, delays and even damage. In 1872 McCoy patented the first of his lubricating devices, applicable particularly to stationary engines. He assigned his patent rights to W. and S.C.Hamlin of Ypsilanti, from which he derived enough financial resources to develop his invention. A year later he patented an improved hydrostatic lubricator, which could be used for both stationary and locomotive engines, and went on to make further improvements. McCoy's lubricators were widely taken up by other railroads and his employers promoted him from the footplate to the task of giving instruction in the use of his lubricating equipment. Many others had been attempting to achieve the same result and many rival products were on the market, but none was superior to McCoy's, which came to be known as "the Real McCoy", a term that has since acquired a wider application than to engine lubricators. McCoy moved to Detroit, Michigan, as a patent consultant in the railroad business. Altogether, he took out over fifty patents for various inventions, so that he became one of the most prolific of nineteenth-century black inventors, whose activities had been so greatly stimulated by the freedoms they acquired after the American Civil War. His more valuable patents were assigned to investors, who formed the Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company. McCoy himself, however, was not a major shareholder, so he seems not to have derived the benefit that was due to him.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: African-American Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 73–5.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > McCoy, Elijah

  • 66 Coffey, Aeneas

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 1779/80 England
    d. 26 November 1852 Bromley, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the Coffey still for fractional distillation.
    [br]
    As Surveyor and Inspector General of Excise in Ireland, Coffey was responsible for the suppression of the illicit distilling of alcohol. In 1818 he published a pamphlet refuting charges of oppression and brutality brought against him by Irish revenue officers. He seems to have hunted with the hounds, for as a distiller himself in Dublin, he patented in 1831 the improved form of still that bears his name. The still was quickly adopted by the whisky industry as it accomplished in a single operation what had previously required several stages using the old pot stills. It is still used in the making of potable spirits, and consists of two adjacent columns, an analyser and a rectifier. Steam is passed through the liquor in the analyser, which removes the volatile fraction, and is then fractionally condensed in the rectifier column; almost pure alcohol could be produced by this means.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    E.J.Rothery, 1968, Annals of Science 24:53.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Coffey, Aeneas

  • 67 water

    'wo:tə
    1. noun
    (a colourless, transparent liquid compound of hydrogen and oxygen, having no taste or smell, which turns to steam when boiled and to ice when frozen: She drank two glasses of water; `Are you going swimming in the sea?' `No, the water's too cold'; Each bedroom in the hotel is supplied with hot and cold running water; (also adjective) The plumber had to turn off the water supply in order to repair the pipe; transport by land and water.) agua

    2. verb
    1) (to supply with water: He watered the plants.) regar; (animales) abrevar
    2) ((of the mouth) to produce saliva: His mouth watered at the sight of all the food.) hacerse la boca agua
    3) ((of the eyes) to fill with tears: The dense smoke made his eyes water.) llorar
    •
    - watery
    - wateriness
    - waterborne
    - water-closet
    - water-colour
    - watercress
    - waterfall
    - waterfowl
    - waterfront
    - waterhole
    - watering-can
    - water level
    - waterlily
    - waterlogged
    - water main
    - water-melon
    - waterproof
    3. noun
    (a coat made of waterproof material: She was wearing a waterproof.) impermeable

    4. verb
    (to make (material) waterproof.) impermeabilizar
    - water-skiing
    - water-ski
    - watertight
    - water vapour
    - waterway
    - waterwheel
    - waterworks
    - hold water
    - into deep water
    - in deep water
    - water down
    water1 n agua
    water2 vb regar
    have you watered the plants? ¿has regado las plantas?

    wáter /'(g)water/ or (Esp) /'bater/ sustantivo masculino
    b) ( cuarto) bathroom (esp AmE), toilet (BrE)

    wáter m fam toilet ' wáter' also found in these entries: Spanish: abastecimiento - acrecentar - actuar - acuática - acuático - agua - aguar - aguatera - aguatero - amarar - amaraje - apercibirse - bautizar - bomba - bucear - buscar - calar - caliza - calizo - cantimplora - chorro - concienciar - conducción - consistente - corte - descenso - dimanar - dulce - echar - esquí - estancarse - flotación - ir - gallina - gorgotear - gorgoteo - gotera - granulada - granulado - hidroeléctrica - hidroeléctrico - hidrosoluble - irrigar - jarro - juntura - llave - llover - manar - masa - método English: board - bring - coastguard - conserve - contaminate - cress - dilute - distil - distill - drinking - expanse - fish - flounder - forced - garden - gush - head - hot - hot water - hot-water bottle - little - lukewarm - meter - mineral water - mist - mixture - mouth - murky - nightstand - none - of - outflow - plant - prefer - proof - quench - quinine water - repellent - revive - rose water - run - running - rupture - sea-water - shortage - splash about - spout - temperature - toilet-water - tread
    tr['wɔːtəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (gen) agua
    ■ can I have a drink of water? ¿puedo beber un vaso de agua?
    ■ the water's lovely! ¡el agua está buenísima!
    2 (tide) marea
    ■ high/low water marea alta/baja
    1 (plant, river) regar
    2 (animals) abrevar
    1 (eyes) llorar, lagrimear; (mouth) hacerse la boca agua
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    by water en barco
    to spend money like water gastar el dinero como si fuera agua
    to be in deep water estar con el agua al cuello
    to be water off a duck's back ser como quien oye llover
    to get into hot water meterse en un buen lío
    to hold water estar bien fundado,-a, ser coherente
    not to hold water caer por su propio peso
    to keep one's head above water mantenerse a flote
    to take the waters tomar las aguas
    under water (flooded) inundado,-a 2 (submerged) sumergido,-a
    hot water bottle bolsa de agua caliente
    water biscuit galleta seca
    water bottle (flask) cantimplora
    water buffalo búfalo acuático
    water cannon tanqueta antidisturbios
    water chestnut castaña de agua
    water cycle ciclo del agua
    water hole charca
    water level (in reservoir) nivel del agua 2 (of ship) línea de flotación
    water line línea de flotación
    water main conducción nombre femenino del agua
    water nymph ondina
    water on the brain SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL hidrocefalia
    water on the knee SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL derrame nombre masculino sinovial
    water pipe cañería
    water pistol pistola de agua
    water polo waterpolo
    water power energía hidráulica
    water rat rata de agua
    water rate tarifa del agua
    water ski (equipment) esquí acuático
    water softener ablandador nombre masculino del agua
    water supply abastecimiento de agua, suministro de agua
    water table nivel nombre masculino freático
    water tank depósito de agua
    water tower depósito de agua
    water wheel (for power) rueda hidráulica 2 (for irrigation) noria
    water wings manguitos
    water ['wɔt̬ər, 'wɑ-] vt
    1) : regar (el jardín, etc.)
    2)
    to water down dilute: diluir, aguar
    water vi
    : lagrimar (dícese de los ojos), hacérsele agua la boca a uno
    my mouth is watering: se me hace agua la boca
    : agua f
    v.
    • abrevar v.
    • hacerse agua v.
    • regar v.
    adj.
    • acuático, -a adj.
    • de agua adj.
    • para agua adj.
    n.
    • agua s.f.
    'wɔːtər, 'wɔːtə(r)
    I
    mass noun
    1) agua f‡

    drinking/running water — agua potable/corriente

    to be/lie under water — estar*/quedar inundado

    high/low water — marea f alta/baja

    to go across o over the water — cruzar* a la otra orilla, cruzar* el charco (fam)

    to spend money like water — gastar a manos llenas

    like water off a duck's back — como quien oye llover

    to be in/get into hot water — estar*/meterse en una buena (fam)

    to hold water — tenerse* en pie

    that theory just doesn't hold water — esa teoría hace agua por todos lados

    to pour o throw cold water over something — ponerle* trabas a algo

    to test the water — tantear el terreno

    water under the bridge: that's all water under the bridge eso ya es agua pasada; (before n) <bird, plant> acuático; water heater calentador m (de agua); water power energía f hidráulica; water pump bomba f hidráulica; water sports — deportes mpl acuáticos

    2)
    a) ( urine) (frml & euph)

    to pass o make water — orinar, hacer* aguas (menores) (euf), hacer* de las aguas (Méx euf)

    b) ( Med)

    water on the knee — derrame m sinovial

    3) waters pl
    a) (of sea, river) aguas fpl

    to muddy the waters — enmarañar or enredar las cosas

    still waters run deep — del agua mansa líbreme Dios, que de la brava me libro yo

    b) ( at spa)
    c) ( amniotic fluid) aguas fpl

    the/her waters broke — rompió aguas, rompió la bolsa de aguas


    II
    1.

    her eyes began to water — empezaron a llorarle los ojos or a saltársele las lágrimas

    his mouth watered — se le hizo la boca agua, se le hizo agua la boca (AmL)


    2.
    vt
    a) \<\<plant/garden/land\>\> regar*
    b) \<\<horse/cattle\>\> dar* de beber a, abrevar
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ['wɔːtǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) agua f

    • to back water — ciar

    • bottled water — agua f mineral

    • by water — por mar

    • fresh water — agua f dulce

    • hard water — agua f dura

    • high water — marea f alta

    • on land and water — por tierra y por mar

    • low water — marea f baja

    • salt water — agua f salada

    • soft water — agua f blanda

    • to turn on the water, turn the water on — (at main) hacer correr el agua; (at tap) abrir el grifo

    • under water, the High Street is under water — la Calle Mayor está inundada

    to swim under water — nadar bajo el agua, bucear

    - pour cold water on an idea
    - be in hot water
    - get into hot water
    - spend money like water
    - test the waters
    drinking 2., running 1., 1), still I, 1., 1)
    2) waters (at spa, of sea, river) aguas fpl

    to drink or take the waters at Harrogate — tomar las aguas en Harrogate

    3) (=urine) aguas fpl menores, orina f

    • to make or pass water — orinar, hacer aguas (menores)

    4) (Med)

    • water on the brain — hidrocefalia f

    • her waters broke — rompió aguas

    • water on the knee — derrame m sinovial

    5) (=essence)

    lavender/rose water — agua f de lavanda/rosa

    6)
    2.
    VT [+ garden, plant] regar; [+ horses, cattle] abrevar, dar de beber a; [+ wine] aguar, diluir, bautizar * hum

    the river waters the provinces of... — el río riega las provincias de...

    3.
    VI
    (Physiol)
    4.
    CPD

    water bed N — cama f de agua

    water bird N — ave f acuática

    water biscuit N — galleta f de agua

    water bomb N — bomba f de agua

    water bottle N — (for drinking) cantimplora f; (also: hot-water bottle) bolsa f de agua caliente, guatona f (Chile)

    water buffalo N — búfalo m de agua, carabao m

    water butt N — (Brit) tina f para recoger el agua de la lluvia

    water cannon N — cañón m de agua

    water cart N — cuba f de riego, carro m aljibe; (motorized) camión m de agua

    water chestnut N — castaña f de agua

    water closet N — frm wáter m, baño m

    water cooler N — enfriadora f de agua

    water cooling N — refrigeración f por agua

    water divining N — arte m del zahorí

    water feature N — fuente f ornamental

    water heater N — calentador m de agua

    water ice N — (Brit) sorbete m, helado m de agua (LAm)

    water inlet N — entrada f de agua

    water jacket N — camisa f de agua

    water jump N — foso m (de agua)

    water level N — nivel m del agua; (Naut) línea f de agua

    water line N — línea f de flotación

    water main N — cañería f principal

    water meadow N — (esp Brit) vega f, ribera f

    water meter N — contador m de agua

    water metering N — control del agua mediante instalación de un contador de agua

    water mill N — molino m de agua

    water park N — parque m acuático

    water pipe N — caño m de agua

    water pistol N — pistola f de agua

    water plant N — planta f acuática

    water polo N — waterpolo m, polo m acuático

    water power N — energía f hidráulica

    water pressure N — presión f del agua

    water pump N — bomba f de agua

    water purification plant N — estación f depuradora de aguas residuales

    water rat N — rata f de agua

    water rate N — (Brit) tarifa f de agua

    water snake N — culebra f de agua

    water softener N — ablandador m de agua

    water sports NPL — deportes mpl acuáticos

    water supply N — abastecimiento m de agua

    water table N — capa f freática, nivel m freático

    water tank N — (for village, in house) depósito m de agua; (on lorry) cisterna f

    water tower N — depósito f de agua

    water vapour, water vapor (US) N — vapor m de agua

    water vole N — rata f de agua

    water wagon N — (US) vagón-cisterna m

    water wheel N — rueda f hidráulica; (Agr) noria f

    water wings NPL — manguitos mpl, flotadores mpl para los brazos

    * * *
    ['wɔːtər, 'wɔːtə(r)]
    I
    mass noun
    1) agua f‡

    drinking/running water — agua potable/corriente

    to be/lie under water — estar*/quedar inundado

    high/low water — marea f alta/baja

    to go across o over the water — cruzar* a la otra orilla, cruzar* el charco (fam)

    to spend money like water — gastar a manos llenas

    like water off a duck's back — como quien oye llover

    to be in/get into hot water — estar*/meterse en una buena (fam)

    to hold water — tenerse* en pie

    that theory just doesn't hold water — esa teoría hace agua por todos lados

    to pour o throw cold water over something — ponerle* trabas a algo

    to test the water — tantear el terreno

    water under the bridge: that's all water under the bridge eso ya es agua pasada; (before n) <bird, plant> acuático; water heater calentador m (de agua); water power energía f hidráulica; water pump bomba f hidráulica; water sports — deportes mpl acuáticos

    2)
    a) ( urine) (frml & euph)

    to pass o make water — orinar, hacer* aguas (menores) (euf), hacer* de las aguas (Méx euf)

    b) ( Med)

    water on the knee — derrame m sinovial

    3) waters pl
    a) (of sea, river) aguas fpl

    to muddy the waters — enmarañar or enredar las cosas

    still waters run deep — del agua mansa líbreme Dios, que de la brava me libro yo

    b) ( at spa)
    c) ( amniotic fluid) aguas fpl

    the/her waters broke — rompió aguas, rompió la bolsa de aguas


    II
    1.

    her eyes began to water — empezaron a llorarle los ojos or a saltársele las lágrimas

    his mouth watered — se le hizo la boca agua, se le hizo agua la boca (AmL)


    2.
    vt
    a) \<\<plant/garden/land\>\> regar*
    b) \<\<horse/cattle\>\> dar* de beber a, abrevar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > water

  • 68 Napier, Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 18 June 1791 Dumbarton, Scotland
    d. 23 June 1876 Shandon, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish shipbuilder one of the greatest shipbuilders of all time, known as the "father" of Clyde shipbuilding.
    [br]
    Educated at Dumbarton Grammar School, Robert Napier had been destined for the Church but persuaded his father to let him serve an apprenticeship as a blacksmith under him. For a while he worked in Edinburgh, but then in 1815 he commenced business in Glasgow, the city that he served for the rest of his life. Initially his workshop was in Camlachie, but it was moved in 1836 to a riverside factory site at Lancefield in the heart of the City and again in 1841 to the Old Shipyard in the Burgh of Govan (then independent of the City of Glasgow). The business expanded through his preparedness to build steam machinery, beginning in 1823 with the engines for the paddle steamer Leven, still to be seen a few hundred metres from Napier's grave in Dumbarton. His name assured owners of quality, and business expanded after two key orders: one in 1836 for the Honourable East India Company; and the second two years later for the Royal Navy, hitherto the preserve of the Royal Dockyards and of the shipbuilders of south-east England. Napier's shipyard and engine shops, then known as Robert Napier and Sons, were to be awarded sixty Admiralty contracts in his lifetime, with a profound influence on ship and engine procurement for the Navy and on foreign governments, which for the first time placed substantial work in the United Kingdom.
    Having had problems with hull subcontractors and also with the installation of machinery in wooden hulls, in 1843 Napier ventured into shipbuilding with the paddle steamer Vanguard, which was built of iron. The following year the Royal Navy took delivery of the iron-hulled Jackall, enabling Napier to secure the contract for the Black Prince, Britain's second ironclad and sister ship to HMS Warrior now preserved at Portsmouth. With so much work in iron Napier instigated studies into metallurgy, and the published work of David Kirkaldy bears witness to his open-handedness in assisting the industry. This service to industry was even more apparent in 1866 when the company laid out the Skelmorlie Measured Mile on the Firth of Clyde for ship testing, a mile still in use by ships of all nations.
    The greatest legacy of Robert Napier was his training of young engineers, shipbuilders and naval architects. Almost every major Scottish shipyard, and some English too, was influenced by him and many of his early foremen left to set up rival establishments along the banks of the River Clyde. His close association with Samuel Cunard led to the setting up of the company now known as the Cunard Line. Napier designed and engined the first four ships, subcontracting the hulls of this historic quartet to other shipbuilders on the river. While he contributed only 2 per cent to the equity of the shipping line, they came back to him for many more vessels, including the magnificent paddle ship Persia, of 1855.
    It is an old tradition on the Clyde that the smokestacks of ships are made by the enginebuilders. The Cunard Line still uses red funnels with black bands, Napier's trademark, in honour of the engineer who set them going.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knight Commander of the Dannebrog (Denmark). President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1864. Honorary Member of the Glasgow Society of Engineers 1869.
    Further Reading
    James Napier, 1904, The Life of Robert Napier, Edinburgh, Blackwood.
    J.M.Halliday, 1980–1, "Robert Napier. The father of Clyde shipbuilding", Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 124.
    Fred M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Napier, Robert

  • 69 box

    1) ящик; коробка || упаковывать в ящик или коробку
    2) втулка; гнездо
    3) кожух; корпус
    5) камера; шкаф; бокс
    6) метал. короб; мульда
    7) будка (напр. телефонная)
    8) метр. (измерительный) магазин
    15) электрон., вчт. блок
    18) полигр. рамка
    19) ж.-д. букса
    21) с.-х. стойло
    •
    to box up — обшивать досками
    -
    accessory box
    -
    accumulator box
    -
    acoustically insulated box
    -
    anechoic box
    -
    annealing box
    -
    ash box
    -
    attenuation box
    -
    axle box
    -
    balance box
    -
    ballast box
    -
    band box
    -
    base box
    -
    battery box
    -
    bellows style box
    -
    black box
    -
    bliss box
    -
    book box
    -
    branch box
    -
    brush box
    -
    Buffalo box
    -
    built-up molding box
    -
    cable box
    -
    call box
    -
    cam box
    -
    camera box
    -
    capacitance box
    -
    carburizing box
    -
    cardboard box
    -
    casting box
    -
    center special slotting box
    -
    centrifugal box
    -
    cess box
    -
    charging box
    -
    chill box
    -
    circular box
    -
    cleanout box
    -
    cleated fiberboard box
    -
    cleated plywood box
    -
    cleated wood box
    -
    coking box
    -
    cold box
    -
    cold storage box
    -
    collapsible box
    -
    common antenna distribution box
    -
    compression box
    -
    condenser box
    -
    connecting box
    -
    control box
    -
    core box
    -
    coupling box
    -
    crimp box
    -
    culvert box
    -
    curb-stop box
    -
    curb box
    -
    curved plane box
    -
    decade box
    -
    decision box
    -
    dehydration box
    -
    delivery box
    -
    descaling box
    -
    dialogue box
    -
    die box
    -
    discharge box
    -
    display outer box
    -
    distribution box
    -
    dividing box
    -
    division box
    -
    double cover box
    -
    double-cutting planer tool box
    -
    drawing box
    -
    drop-end box
    -
    dry box
    -
    dry hot box
    -
    drying box
    -
    dump box
    -
    dusting box
    -
    dustproof box
    -
    echo box
    -
    effects box
    -
    ejector box
    -
    end signal box
    -
    engine oil pressure test box
    -
    exhaust box
    -
    extracting box
    -
    fancy box
    -
    feed box
    -
    feeder box
    -
    feeding box
    -
    film box
    -
    folding box
    -
    free-water knockoutbox
    -
    freezer box
    -
    full-flap slotted box
    -
    functional box
    -
    function box
    -
    fuse box
    -
    gear box
    -
    germinating box
    -
    gland box
    -
    glove box
    -
    graded-scrap box
    -
    gravel box
    -
    half-part molding box
    -
    half-slotted box
    -
    hand-held box
    -
    haulage box
    -
    Hogness box
    -
    horizontal locking box
    -
    hot box
    -
    hydrant street box
    -
    inductance box
    -
    inlet box
    -
    interlocking double cover box
    -
    interlocking signal box
    -
    jack box
    -
    j-box
    -
    jig box
    -
    joint box
    -
    journal box
    -
    junction box
    -
    key box
    -
    knife box
    -
    knock-down box
    -
    knockout box
    -
    label box
    -
    light-tight box
    -
    load box
    -
    lock bottom box
    -
    lock corner box
    -
    locking box
    -
    mail box
    -
    mailing box
    -
    matte box
    -
    measuring box
    -
    miter box
    -
    mixing box
    -
    mold box
    -
    molding box
    -
    monitor box
    -
    mud box
    -
    multiple core box
    -
    numbering box
    -
    oil distributing box
    -
    overlap slotted box
    -
    packer box
    -
    pallet box
    -
    pedestal journal box
    -
    phase segregated terminal box
    -
    phase separated terminal box
    -
    pouring box
    -
    power box
    -
    pressing box
    -
    Pribnow box
    -
    proof box
    -
    public-call box
    -
    pull-through box
    -
    receiving box
    -
    recessed end box
    -
    refrigerator box
    -
    relay box
    -
    resistance box
    -
    reverse box
    -
    rose box
    -
    rotor gear box
    -
    run-down box
    -
    runner box
    -
    salt-spray box
    -
    sand box
    -
    sealing box
    -
    sediment box
    -
    separator box
    -
    service box
    -
    settling box
    -
    set-up box
    -
    shell-and-slide box
    -
    shielded box
    -
    shunt box
    -
    shuttle box
    -
    side tool box
    -
    sieve box
    -
    signal box
    -
    single-cavity core box
    -
    skid box
    -
    slide box
    -
    smoke box
    -
    soap box
    -
    speed-change box
    -
    speed box
    -
    spinning box
    -
    splice box
    -
    spreading box
    -
    starting box
    -
    steam box
    -
    steam cooking box
    -
    steering box
    -
    stern tube stuffing box
    -
    still cheese box
    -
    stilling box
    -
    stone-filled box
    -
    storage box
    -
    straining box
    -
    stripping box
    -
    strum box
    -
    stuffing box
    -
    stunt box
    -
    switch box
    -
    telescope box
    -
    terminal box
    -
    tolerance box
    -
    tool box
    -
    tool joint box
    -
    top molding box
    -
    Topham box
    -
    torque box
    -
    tote-box
    -
    totebox
    -
    track box
    -
    traction gear box
    -
    traffic controlling box
    -
    transfer box
    -
    twin-cell bulk box
    -
    type box
    -
    underwater box
    -
    vertical locking box
    -
    video tape box
    -
    voltage control box
    -
    voltage-ratio box
    -
    walk-in box
    -
    water box
    -
    weighing box
    -
    weight box
    -
    weir box
    -
    wide-angle matte box
    -
    wind box
    -
    wire-bound wooden box
    -
    wire-stitched cardboard box
    -
    wood-reinforced fiberboard box

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > box

  • 70 автоклав

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > автоклав

  • 71 fog

    noun
    Nebel, der

    be in a [complete] fog — (fig.) [völlig] verunsichert sein

    * * *
    [foɡ] 1. noun
    (a thick cloud of moisture or water vapour in the air which makes it difficult to see: I had to drive very slowly because of the fog.) der Nebel
    2. verb
    ((usually with up) to cover with fog: Her glasses were fogged up with steam.) beschlagen
    - academic.ru/28520/foggy">foggy
    - fog-bound
    - fog-horn
    * * *
    [fɒg, AM fɑ:g]
    I. n
    1. (mist) Nebel m
    thick \fog dichter Nebel
    2. no pl (complexity) of details Schleier m
    a \fog of conditions verworrene Zustände
    to be wrapped in the \fog of history in den Nebel der Geschichte gehüllt sein
    3.
    ▶ in a \fog ( fam) ratlos
    I felt in a \fog about what to do next ich war ratlos, was ich als Nächstes tun sollte
    II. vt
    <- gg->
    ▪ to \fog sth etw verschleiern
    alcohol \fogs his brain Alkohol benebelt sein Gehirn
    * * *
    [fɒg]
    1. n
    1) Nebel m
    2) (PHOT) (Grau)schleier m
    2. vt
    1) mirror, glasses beschlagen
    2) (PHOT) verschleiern
    3) (fig)

    to fog the issue — die Sache vernebeln

    3. vi
    1) ( mirror, glasses) beschlagen
    2) (PHOT negative) einen Grauschleier bekommen
    * * *
    fog1 [fɒɡ; US auch fɑɡ]
    A s
    1. (dichter) Nebel:
    there are often bad fogs in this area in dieser Gegend herrscht oft dichter Nebel
    2. a) Trübheit f, Dunkelheit f
    b) Dunst m
    3. fig
    a) Nebel m, Verschwommenheit f
    b) Verwirrung f, Ratlosigkeit f:
    be in a fog sich im Unklaren sein ( about über akk), im Dunkeln tappen
    4. TECH Nebel m
    5. FOTO Schleier m
    B v/t
    1. in Nebel hüllen, umnebeln, einnebeln ( auch TECH)
    2. verdunkeln
    3. fig
    a) benommen machen, trüben
    b) eine Sache verworren oder unklar machen
    c) jemanden ratlos machen:
    fogged ratlos
    4. FOTO verschleiern
    5. ein-, besprühen ( beide:
    with mit)
    6. the steam has fogged my glasses durch den Dampf hat sich meine Brille beschlagen
    C v/i
    1. neb(e)lig werden
    2. undeutlich werden, verschwimmen
    3. auch fog up (sich) beschlagen (Glas)
    4. FOTO schleiern
    fog2 [fɒɡ; US auch fɑɡ]
    A s
    1. Spätheu n, Grum(me)t n
    2. Wintergras n
    3. schott Moos n
    B v/t
    1. Wintergras stehen lassen auf (dat)
    2. mit Wintergras füttern
    * * *
    noun
    Nebel, der

    be in a [complete] fog — (fig.) [völlig] verunsichert sein

    * * *
    n.
    Nebel -- m. v.
    benebeln v.
    umnebeln v.
    verschleiern v.

    English-german dictionary > fog

  • 72 Cartwright, Revd Edmund

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, England
    d. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.
    Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.
    In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.
    Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.
    From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Board of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).
    Bibliography
    1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).
    1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).
    1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).
    1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).
    1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).
    Further Reading
    M.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).
    Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of the
    Newcomen Society 6.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund

  • 73 Churchward, George Jackson

    [br]
    b. 31 January 1857 Stoke Gabriel, Devon, England
    d. 19 December 1933 Swindon, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer who developed for the Great Western Railway a range of steam locomotives of the most advanced design of its time.
    [br]
    Churchward was articled to the Locomotive Superintendent of the South Devon Railway in 1873, and when the South Devon was absorbed by the Great Western Railway in 1876 he moved to the latter's Swindon works. There he rose by successive promotions to become Works Manager in 1896, and in 1897 Chief Assistant to William Dean, who was Locomotive Carriage and Wagon Superintendent, in which capacity Churchward was allowed extensive freedom of action. Churchward eventually succeeded Dean in 1902: his title changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1916.
    In locomotive design, Churchward adopted the flat-topped firebox invented by A.J.Belpaire of the Belgian State Railways and added a tapered barrel to improve circulation of water between the barrel and the firebox legs. He designed valves with a longer stroke and a greater lap than usual, to achieve full opening to exhaust. Passenger-train weights had been increasing rapidly, and Churchward produced his first 4–6– 0 express locomotive in 1902. However, he was still developing the details—he had a flair for selecting good engineering practices—and to aid his development work Churchward installed at Swindon in 1904 a stationary testing plant for locomotives. This was the first of its kind in Britain and was based on the work of Professor W.F.M.Goss, who had installed the first such plant at Purdue University, USA, in 1891. For comparison with his own locomotives Churchward obtained from France three 4–4–2 compound locomotives of the type developed by A. de Glehn and G. du Bousquet. He decided against compounding, but he did perpetuate many of the details of the French locomotives, notably the divided drive between the first and second pairs of driving wheels, when he introduced his four-cylinder 4–6–0 (the Star class) in 1907. He built a lone 4–6–2, the Great Bear, in 1908: the wheel arrangement enabled it to have a wide firebox, but the type was not perpetuated because Welsh coal suited narrow grates and 4–6–0 locomotives were adequate for the traffic. After Churchward retired in 1921 his successor, C.B.Collett, was to enlarge the Star class into the Castle class and then the King class, both 4–6–0s, which lasted almost as long as steam locomotives survived in service. In Church ward's time, however, the Great Western Railway was the first in Britain to adopt six-coupled locomotives on a large scale for passenger trains in place of four-coupled locomotives. The 4–6–0 classes, however, were but the most celebrated of a whole range of standard locomotives of advanced design for all types of traffic and shared between them many standardized components, particularly boilers, cylinders and valve gear.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.B.Rogers, 1975, G.J.Churchward. A Locomotive Biography, London: George Allen \& Unwin (a full-length account of Churchward and his locomotives, and their influence on subsequent locomotive development).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 20 (a good brief account).
    Sir William Stanier, 1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the Newcomen
    Society 30 (a unique insight into Churchward and his work, from the informed viewpoint of his former subordinate who had risen to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland \& Scottish Railway).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Churchward, George Jackson

  • 74 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 75 Hero of Alexandria

    [br]
    fl. c.62 AD Alexandria
    [br]
    Alexandrian mathematician and mechanician.
    [br]
    Nothing is known of Hero, or Heron, apart from what can be gleaned from the books he wrote. Their scope and style suggest that he was a teacher at the museum or the university of Alexandria, writing textbooks for his students. The longest book, and the one with the greatest technological interest, is Pneumatics. Some of its material is derived from the works of the earlier writers Ctesibius of Alexandria and Philo of Byzantium, but many of the devices described were invented by Hero himself. The introduction recognizes that the air is a body and demonstrates the effects of air pressure, as when air must be allowed to escape from a closed vessel before water can enter. There follow clear descriptions of a variety of mechanical contrivances depending on the effects of either air pressure or heated gases. Most of the devices seem trivial, but such toys or gadgets were popular at the time and Hero is concerned to show how they work. Inventions with a more serious purpose are a fire pump and a water organ. One celebrated gadget is a sphere that is set spinning by jets of steam—an early illustration of the reaction principle on which modern jet propulsion depends.
    M echanics, known only in an Arabic version, is a textbook expounding the theory and practical skills required by the architect. It deals with a variety of questions of mechanics, such as the statics of a horizontal beam resting on vertical posts, the theory of the centre of gravity and equilibrium, largely derived from Archimedes, and the five ways of applying a relatively small force to exert a much larger one: the lever, winch, pulley, wedge and screw. Practical devices described include sledges for transporting heavy loads, cranes and a screw cutter.
    Hero's Dioptra describes instruments used in surveying, together with an odometer or device to indicate the distance travelled by a wheeled vehicle. Catoptrics, known only in Latin, deals with the principles of mirrors, plane and curved, enunciating that the angle of incidence is equal to that of reflection. Automata describes two forms of puppet theatre, operated by strings and drums driven by a falling lead weight attached to a rope wound round an axle. Hero's mathematical work lies in the tradition of practical mathematics stretching from the Babylonians through Islam to Renaissance Europe. It is seen most clearly in his Metrica, a treatise on mensuration.
    Of all his works, Pneumatics was the best known and most influential. It was one of the works of Greek science and technology assimilated by the Arabs, notably Banu Musa ibn Shakir, and was transmitted to medieval Western Europe.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    All Hero's works have been printed with a German translation in Heronis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt omnia, 1899–1914, 5 vols, Leipzig. The book on pneumatics has been published as The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, 1851, trans. and ed. Bennet Wood-croft, London (facs. repr. 1971, introd. Marie Boas Hall, London and New York).
    Further Reading
    A.G.Drachmann, 1948, "Ktesibios, Philon and Heron: A Study in Ancient Pneumatics", Acta Hist. Sci. Nat. Med. 4, Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
    T.L.Heath, 1921, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford (still useful for his mathematical work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Hero of Alexandria

  • 76 Kennedy, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 4 July 1769 Knocknalling, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland
    d. 30 October 1855 Ardwick Hall, Manchester, England
    [br]
    Scottish cotton spinner and textile machine maker.
    [br]
    Kennedy was the third son of his father, Robert, and went to the village school in Dalry. On his father's death, he was sent at the age of 14 to Chowbent, Lancashire, where he was apprenticed to William Cannan, a maker of textile machines such as carding frames, Hargreaves's jennies and Arkwright's waterframes. On completion of his apprenticeship in 1791, he moved to Manchester and entered into partnership with Benjamin and William Sandford and James M'Connel, textile machine makers and mule spinners. In 1795 this partnership was terminated and one was made with James M'Connel to form the firm M'Connel \& Kennedy, cotton spinners.
    Kennedy introduced improvements for spinning fine yarns and the firm of M'Connel \& Kennedy became famous for the quality of these products, which were in great demand. He made the spindles turn faster during the second part of the mule carriage's outward draw, and from 1793 onwards he experimented with driving mules by steam engines. Like William Kelly at New Lanark, he succeeded in making the spinning sequences power-operated by 1800, although the spinner had to take over the winding on. This made the mule into a factory machine, but it still required skilled operators. He was also involved with Henry Houldsworth, Junior, in the improvement of the roving frame. In 1803 Kennedy joined the Manchester Literary \& Philosophical Society, to which he presented several papers, including one in 1830 on "A memoir of Samuel Crompton". He retired from the spinning business in 1826, but continued his technical and mechanical pursuits. He was consulted about whether the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway should have moving or stationary steam engines and was an umpire at the Rainhill Trials in 1829.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of National Biography.
    W.Fairbairn, obituary, Manchester Memoirs, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.
    C.H.Lee, 1972, A Cotton Enterprise 1795–1840. A History of M'Connel \& Kennedy, Fine
    Cotton Spinners, Manchester (an account of Kennedy's spinning business). R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides details of Kennedy's inventions on the mule).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Kennedy, John

  • 77 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph

    [br]
    b. 26 January 1885 London, England
    d. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.
    [br]
    Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.
    Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.
    Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.
    Bibliography
    1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.
    Further Reading
    Sir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph

  • 78 Stanier, Sir William Arthur

    [br]
    b. 27 May 1876 Swindon, England
    d. 27 September 1965 London, England
    [br]
    English Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London Midland \& Scottish Railway, the locomotive stock of which he modernized most effectively.
    [br]
    Stanier's career started when he was Office Boy at the Great Western Railway's Swindon works. He was taken on as a pupil in 1892 and steady promotion elevated him to Works Manager in 1920, under Chief Mechanical Engineer George Churchward. In 1923 he became Principal Assistant to Churchward's successor, C.B.Collett. In 1932, at the age of 56 and after some forty years' service with the Great Western Railway (GWR), W.A.Stanier was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London Midland \& Scottish Railway (LMS). This, the largest British railway, had been formed by the amalgamation in 1923 of several long-established railways, including the London \& North Western and the Midland, that had strong and disparate traditions in locomotive design. A coherent and comprehensive policy had still to emerge; Stanier did, however, inherit a policy of reducing the number of types of locomotives, in the interest of economy, by the withdrawal and replacement of small classes, which had originated with constituent companies.
    Initially as replacements, Stanier brought in to the LMS a series of highly successful standard locomotives; this practice may be considered a development of that of G.J.Churchward on the GWR. Notably, these new locomotives included: the class 5, mixed-traffic 4–6–0; the 8F heavy-freight 2–8–0; and the "Duchess" 4–6–2 for express passenger trains. Stanier also built, in 1935, a steam-turbine-driven 4–6–2, which became the only steam-turbine locomotive in Britain to have an extended career in regular service, although the economies it provided were insufficient for more of the type to be built. From 1932–3 onwards, and initially as part of a programme to economize on shunting costs by producing a single-manned locomotive, the LMS started to develop diesel shunting locomotives. Stanier delegated much of the responsibility for these to C.E.Fairburn. From 1939 diesel-electric shunting locomotives were being built in quantity for the LMS: this was the first instance of adoption of diesel power on a large scale by a British main-line railway. In a remarkably short time, Stanier transformed LMS locomotive stock, formerly the most backward of the principal British railways, to the point at which it was second to none. He was seconded to the Government as Scientific Advisor to the Ministry of Production in 1942, and retired two years later.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1943. FRS 1944. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1941.
    Bibliography
    1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 30 (Stanier provides a unique view of the life and work of his former chief).
    Further Reading
    O.S.Nock, 1964, Sir William Stanier, An Engineering Biography, Shepperton: Ian Allan (a full-length biography).
    John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, 1976, Oresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute, London: HMSO (a comparative account).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1970, London Midland \& Scottish, Shepperton: Ian Allan.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stanier, Sir William Arthur

  • 79 Thompson, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 11 April 1779 Eccleshall, Yorkshire, England
    d. 19 April 1867 Gateshead, England
    [br]
    English coal owner and railway engineer, inventor of reciprocal cable haulage.
    [br]
    After being educated at Sheffield Grammar School, Thompson and his elder brother established Aberdare Iron Works, South Wales, where he gained experience in mine engineering from the coal-and ironstone-mines with which the works were connected. In 1811 he moved to the North of England as Managing Partner in Bewicke's Main Colliery, County Durham, which was replaced in 1814 by a new colliery at nearby Ouston. Coal from this was carried to the Tyne over the Pelew Main Wagonway, which included a 1,992 yd (1,821 m) section where horses had to haul loaded wagons between the top of one cable-worked incline and the foot of the next. Both inclines were worked by stationary steam engines, and by installing a rope with a record length of nearly 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km), in 1821 Thompson arranged for the engine of the upper incline to haul the loaded wagons along the intervening section also. To their rear was attached the rope from the engine of the lower incline, to be used in due course to haul the empties back again.
    He subsequently installed this system of "reciprocal working" elsewhere, in particular in 1826 over five miles (8 km) of the Brunton \& Shields Railroad, a colliery line north of the Tyne, where trains were hauled at an average speed of 6 mph (10 km/h) including rope changes. This performance was better than that of contemporary locomotives. The directors of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway, which was then being built, considered installing reciprocal cable haulage on their line, and then decided to stage a competition to establish whether an improved steam locomotive could do better still. This competition became the Rainhill Trials of 1829 and was decisively won by Rocket, which had been built for the purpose.
    Thompson meanwhile had become prominent in the promotion of the Newcastle \& Carlisle Railway, which, when it received its Act in 1829, was the longest railway so far authorized in Britain.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1821, British patent no. 4602 (reciprocal working).
    1847, Inventions, Improvements and Practice of Benjamin Thompson, Newcastle upon Tyne: Lambert.
    Further Reading
    W.W.Tomlinson, 1914, The North Eastern Railway, Newcastle upon Tyne: Andrew Reid (includes a description of Thompson and his work).
    R.Welford, 1895, Men of Mark twixt Tyne and Tweed, Vol. 3, 506–6.
    C.R.Warn, 1976, Waggonways and Early Railways of Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.
    ——c. 1981, Rails between Wear \& Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Thompson, Benjamin

  • 80 live

    ̈ɪlɪv I гл.
    1) жить, существовать, быть живым Was he still living when the doctor arrived? ≈ Он был еще жив, когда приехал врач?
    2) поддерживать существование, жить, кормиться How can anyone live on that salary? ≈ Как можно жить на такое жалование? Syn: subsist
    3) жить;
    существовать;
    обитать to live in a small way ≈ жить скромно to live within (above, beyond) one's income/means ≈ жить (не) по средствам to live on one's salary ≈ жить на жалованье to live on bread and water ≈ питаться хлебом и водой to live on others ≈ жить на чужие средства to live to be old (seventy, eighty, etc.) ≈ дожить до старости (до семидесяти, восьмидесяти и т. д.) to live to see smth. ≈ дожить до чего-л. live down live in live in misery live in poverty live off live on live out live through live up to Syn: dwell
    4) а) пережить( что-л.) б) остаться в памяти, жить
    5) сожительствовать;
    жить в браке Syn: cohabit ∙ as I live by bread! as I live and breathe! ≈ честное слово! live and learn! ≈ век живи, век учись! to live on air ≈ не иметь средств к существованию to live it up ≈ кутить, прожигать жизнь II прил.
    1) живой to conduct experiments with a dozen live rats ≈ проводить эксперименты с дюжиной живых крыс Syn: living, alive, quick, animate
    2) деятельный, энергичный, полный сил
    3) а) жизненный;
    реальный;
    животрепещущий live issue б) радио;
    тлв. передающийся непосредственно с места действия (без предварительной записи на пленку или киноленту) a live program ≈ репортаж с места событий ∙ Syn: pertinent
    1., prevalent, prevailing;
    current
    2.
    4) горящий;
    догорающий, непогасший Use tongs to handle those live embers. ≈ Воспользуйся щипцами, чтобы достать догорающие угли. Syn: burning
    2., afire
    1., fiery, blazing, ablaze
    2., aflame, flaming
    5) действующий;
    невзорвавшийся, боевой( о патроне и т. п.) Syn: unkindled, unexploded
    6) а) нетронутый, чистый, неразрабатываемый( о месторождениях, горных породах и т.д.) Syn: unwrought б) чистый (о воздухе)
    7) яркий, нетусклый ( о цвете)
    8) переменный, меняющийся( о нагрузке)
    9) электр. под напряжением ∙ live wire ≈ энергичный человек, огонь live weight жить;
    существовать - to * to be old /to a great age/ дожить до (глубокой) старости - to * to see smth. дожить до чего-л. - to * in the past жить в прошлом /прошлым/ - he still *s он еще жив - doctors don't think the patient will * врачи думают, что больной не выживет вести какой-л. образ жизни - to * within one's means жить по средствам - to * up to one's income не выходить из бюджета - to * beyond /above/ one's means жить не по средствам - to * happily /a happy life/ жить счастливо - to * in a small way жить скромно /тихо/ - to * to oneself жить замкнуто /уединенно, мало общаясь с другими/ - to * together сожительствовать жить, проживать - to * in England жить в Англии - to * with one's parents-in-law жить с родителями жены /мужа/ выдерживать, не погибать, не портиться - no boat could * in such a storm никакая лодка не могла бы выдержать такого шторма (through) перенести, пережить ( что-л.) - he has *d through three wars он пережил три войны - she *d through a lot of trouble ей пришлось много вынести( в жизни) жить, оставаться в веках, в памяти и т. п. (часто тж. to * on) - his memory will always * память о нем будет жить вечно - his name will * on имя его не умрет (on, upon) питаться (чем-л) ;
    жить (на какие-л. средства) - to * on fruit питаться фруктами - to * on one's salary жить на свое жалованье - to have very little to * on иметь очень мало средств на жизнь - to * on air /on nothing/ жить неизвестно чем, питаться воздухом - to * on /by/ one's wits изворачиваться кое-как;
    добывать средства на жизнь не совсем честно - to * on one's name /one's reputation/ жить за счет былых заслуг (off) жить на чей-л. счет;
    жить с чего-л., за счет чего-л. - to * off one's parents быть на иждивении родителей - to * off the land жить с земли, с огорода и т. п.;
    питаться овощами, травами и т. п. (возвышенно) осуществлять, воплощать - he *d his beliefs он жил в соответствии со своими убеждениями - he *d a lie он лгал всю жизнь (with) жить (с кем-л.) ;
    сожительствовать;
    мириться( с чем-л.) ;
    терпеть - he had to * with an unpleasant situation ему пришлось мириться с неприятной ситуацией /приспосабливаться к неловкому положению/ - I don't enjoy the pain but I can * with it боль меня беспокоит, но терпеть ее можно > to * and let * жить и давать жить другим > * and learn! век живи - век учись! > to * it up прожигать жизнь живой - * cattle живой скот - * glacier (геология) живой ледник;
    ледник, дающий айсберги - * target( военное) живая цель - * abatis( военное) живая засека, завал - * weight( сельскохозяйственное) живой вес( о скоте) горящий, непогасший - * coals горящие угли - a * cigar burnt a hole in the carpet непогашенная сигара прожгла дыру в ковре действующий;
    неиспользованный;
    не взорвавшийся;
    заряженный - * match неиспользованная спичка - * shell( военное) снаряженный снаряд - * ammunition( военное) боевые патроны или снаряды - * round( военное) боевой патрон (электротехника) находящийся под напряжением - * circuit цепь под напряжением - * rail контактный рельс живой, энергичный, деятельный, полный сил актуальный, жизненный, важный - * question животрепещущий вопрос настоящий, реальный, невыдуманный - a real * burglar настоящий живой вор-взломщик - * steam-engine настоящий /всамделишный, неигрушечный/ паровоз проточный( о воде) чистый (о воздухе) яркий, нетусклый (о цвете) - * colours живые /сочные/ тона (полиграфия) подлежащий набору - * copy рукопись в набор преим. (горное) естественный, нетронутый;
    натуральный - * ore рудное месторождение( не разработанное) ;
    рудная порода (спортивное) находящийся в игре (о мяче) (радиотехника) (телевидение) (театроведение) передающийся непосредственно в эфир;
    транслируемый с места действия (о концерте, спектакле и т. п.) ;
    прямой( о передаче) - * broadcast прямой репортаж;
    прямая передача - * coverage прямая телепередача( конференции, матча и т. п.) - * recording запись по трансляции - * theatre настоящий театр, сцена( в противоп. кино- и телефильмам) - to perform before a * audience играть спектакль перед публикой (в противоп. кино- или фотокамере) непосредственно, прямо - to broadcast the game * транслировать игру с поля( без записи на пленку и т. п.) - the contest is brought to you * from... вы смотрите состязание, которое мы передаем прямо из... ~ up to жить согласно( принципам и т. п.) ;
    быть достойным( чего-л.) ;
    as I live by bread!, as I live and breathe! честное слово! ~ up to жить согласно (принципам и т. п.) ;
    быть достойным (чего-л.) ;
    as I live by bread!, as I live and breathe! честное слово! live горящий, непогасший;
    live coals горящие угли ~ готовый к печати ~ действующий;
    невзорвавшийся, боевой (о патроне и т. п.) ~ живой, деятельный, энергичный, полный сил ~ живой ~ жизненный;
    реальный;
    животрепещущий;
    live issue актуальный вопрос ~ жить ~ жить;
    существовать;
    обитать;
    to live in a small way жить скромно ~ радио, тлв. передающийся непосредственно с места действия (без предварительной записи на пленку или киноленту) ~ переменный, меняющийся (о нагрузке) ~ эл. под напряжением ~ существовать ~ энергичный ~ яркий, нетусклый (о цвете) to ~ it up прожигать жизнь;
    live and learn! = век живи, век учись! live горящий, непогасший;
    live coals горящие угли ~ down загладить, искупить (своим поведением, образом жизни) ~ in иметь квартиру по месту службы ~ жить;
    существовать;
    обитать;
    to live in a small way жить скромно ~ жизненный;
    реальный;
    животрепещущий;
    live issue актуальный вопрос to ~ it up прожигать жизнь;
    live and learn! = век живи, век учись! ~ off жить за счет (чего-л.;
    кого-л.) ;
    to live off the soil жить на доходы с земли ~ off жить за счет (чего-л.;
    кого-л.) ;
    to live off the soil жить на доходы с земли to ~ on air не иметь средств к существованию to ~ on one's salary жить на жалованье;
    to live on bread and water питаться хлебом и водой to ~ on one's salary жить на жалованье;
    to live on bread and water питаться хлебом и водой to ~ on others жить на чужие средства ~ out иметь квартиру отдельно от места службы ~ out пережить ~ out прожить, протянуть( о больном) a ~ program репортаж с места событий ~ through пережить to ~ to be old (seventy, eighty, etc.) дожить до старости (до семидесяти, восьмидесяти и т. д) to ~ to see (smth.) дожить (до чего-л.) ~ up to быть достойным ~ up to жить согласно (принципам и т. п.) ;
    быть достойным (чего-л.) ;
    as I live by bread!, as I live and breathe! честное слово! ~ up to жить согласно принципам ~ weight живой вес ~ wire энергичный человек, огонь to ~ within (above, beyond) one's income (или means) жить (не) по средствам

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > live

Страницы

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