solved

εὐαπό-λῠτος, ον,

A easy to be separated from,

ὀστέων Hp. Mochl.1

;

ἀπό τινος Id.Art. 14

: abs., Arist.HA 530a6; easily uprooted, Thphr.HP1.3.1.

II easily solved, of a question, Phld.Sign.11, Demetr.Lac.1055.23 F., A.D.Pron.30.13.

λύσιμος [ῠ], ον,

A able to loose or relieve,

μέλη A.Supp. 811

(lyr.).

II [voice] Pass., that can be redeemed, redeemable,

ἐνέχυρα Pl.Lg. 820e

.

2 that can be solved, refutable,

συλλογισμός Arist.APr. 70a31

.

3 τὰ λ. τῶν νόμων the legal texts read by fourth-year students ([etym.] λύται), AP 5.291 tit. (Agath.).

4 that can be melted,

κηρός Jul.Ep. 193

.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `destroy, weaken' (Il.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: One assumes a denominative from *ἀμαλδύς, which is further not known. The first question is whether the word has the same root as βλαδύς (q.v.). The ἀ- must then have been added after the privative formations (which always express some lack), but this is not very probable; influence of ἀμαλός is not very likely. - The form seems identical with Lat. mollis (\< *moldu̯is) `soft', Skt. mr̥dú- id. Arm. meɫk `weak, soft' shows no initial laryngeal for this group (Pok. 718). The absence of prothesis could point to substratal origin, but there are no other indications for this. - μέλδομαι `to smelt' is hardly cognate because of its meaning. However, it has a variant ἀμέλδειν showing the same problem as ἀμαλδύνω \/ βλαδύς. In this case we are certain of cognate forms with s-, OHG smelzan; does this point to h₂m-\/ sm-? The question has not been solved. - μαλθακός, μαλακός, ἀμαλός and ἀμβλύς differ too much to be useful. Not here βλέννα and μύλη.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `breath; scent' (Il.).

Compounds: νήυτμος \< *n̥-h₂sut-mo-.

Derivatives: Also ἀϋτμήν, - ένος m. (Ψ 765, γ 289).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [914] * h₂seut- `seethe'

Etymology: Fritz HS 106, 1993, 288 - 299 solved the problem by connecting OHG siodan `sieden', reconstructing * h₂seut-; ἀυτ- \< * h₂sut-; * h₂sout- in Goth. sauÞs `sacrifice'; disc. of the semantics. Not to ἄετμα φλόξ, ἀετμόν τὸ πνεῦμα H., nor to ἀτμός (s. v.).

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `warmth, heat of the sun' (Ar. Ve. 772 [v. l. ἕλη], Luc.),

Other forms: ( εἴλη, ἕλη), βέλα (= Ϝέλα) ἥλιος, καὶ αὑγή, ὑπὸ Λακώνων H. (idem to ἔλα); unclear γέλαν (= Ϝέλαν?) αὑγην ἡλίου, because of γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν H. perh. to γελάω, γαλήνη (s. vv.), but γελοδυτία ἡλιοδυσία H. belongs to Ϝέλα.

Compounds: As 1. member in εἱλη-θερής `warmed by the sun' (Hp., Gal.), ἐλαθερές ἡλιοθαλπές H., rather to θέρομαι then to θέρος (s. Schwyzer 513); from there εἱληθερέω, - έομαι `warm (oneself) in the sun' (Hp.); εἱλι-κρινής, εἱλό-πεδον, s. vv. As 2. member in πρός-ειλος `exposed to the heat of the sun, sunny' (A.), εὔ-ειλος `id.' (Ar.), ἄ-ειλος `sunless' (A. Fr. 334).

Derivatives: εἰλήϊον ἐν ἡλίῳ θερμανθέν H. (false explanation of Ίλήϊον Φ 558 ?); denomin. verb ἐλᾶται ἡλιοῦται, fut. βελ[λ]άσεται ἡλιωθήσεται H. εἰληθέντες `warmed in the sun', εἰλέω Eust.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1045] *su̯el(H)- `burn, singe'

Etymology: PGr. *Ϝhέλᾱ (*hϜέλα; cf. Schwyzer 226f.), from where Ϝέλᾱ, ἕλᾱ beside which one assumed a form with prothetic vowel: *ἐ-Ϝhέλᾱ \> εἵλη, εἴλη, belongs as verbal noun IE *su̯elā to a verb `burn slowly, singe', which is still existent in Germanic and Baltic, e. g. OE swelan, NHG schwelen (full grade), Lith. svìlti (zero grade of a disyllabic root: *su̯elH-) `singe (intr.), burn without flame' with many derivatives. The Greek forms present εἱλ- beside ἑλ-, which cannot be explained. From a root *su̯el- a form h₁u̯el- is hardly possible. Unless there is an unknown phonetic development, the problem cannot be solved: analogical spread of εἱλ-? From Greek also here 1. ἀλέα ( ἁλ-) `heat of the sun', s. v. - On more cognates further away, e. g. OHG swelzan `burn', OE sweltan `die', ONord. svelta `hunger, die' from IE *su̯eld- (also Arm. k`aɫc`), the last certainly an independent root, s. WP. 2, 531f., esp. Solmsen Unt. 248ff. - S. also ἥλιος. On ἑλάνη `torch' s. v.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `evening' (Od.), adj. `of the evening, western', also substant. `evening-star' (Il.); ἑσπέρα, Ion. - ρη f. `evening, west' (Pi., Ion.-Att., like ἡμέρα).

Compounds: As 2. member in ἐφέσπερος `western' (S. OC 1059 [lyr.]), ἀκρ-έσπερος `on the edge of evening, at nightfall' (Arist., Theoc., Hp. etc., - ιος AP), ποθ-έσπερα adv. (Theoc.), προσ-εσπέριος (Arist.)

Derivatives: ἑσπέριος `of the evening, westerrn' (Φ 560), subst. Έσπερία `West, Hesperia' (Agathyll. ap. D. H. 1, 49), Ϝεσπάριοι name of the western Locrians (V^a), f. ἑσπερίς, esp. in plur. as PN `the Hesperides' (Hes.); later ἑσπερινός `id.' (X., LXX, Schwyzer 490); ἑσπερικός `id.' (Juba), ἑσπερίτης, - ῖτις ( χώρα; D. L.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 112). - Denomin. verb ἑσπερίζω `pass the night' (Doroth.; NGr. σπερίζω, cf. Kretschmer Glotta 11, 247) with ἑσπέρισμα (Lex. ap. Ath. 1, 11 d).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1173] *u̯e-kʷsp-er-os `to(wards) the night, evening'

Etymology: Inherited word, identical with Lat. vesper, -ī `evening'; further to Lith. vãkaras, OCS večerъ `evening', which go back to *u̯ekeros, and in Celtic, e. g. Welsh ucher, and Arm. gišer. See e.g. W.-Hofmann s. vesper. - This difficult puzzle has recently been solved. Armenian had *e which became ei \> i before š, ž. The š can go back to - k(ʷ)s- (cf. vec` \< *u̯eks beside veš-tasan); s. Beekes, FS Rasmussen 2004, 59-62. Combined with the -k- and - sp- reconstructed for the other languages (above), this gives a group - k(ʷ)sp-. This group has been identified with Skt. kṣap- `night', of which the zero grade has been found in Hitt. i-spant- `night'. Welsh ucher can continue *u̯e followed by ks(p) or sp. The first element is probably cognate with Lat. uē- as in uē-sanus. The meaning will have been `(what stretches) to(wards) the night'. For the - er- cf. words connected with time like Gr. νυκτερός.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `measure, the right, full measure, goal, length, size, syllable- or verse-measure' (Il.).

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σύμμετρος `with the same measure, maesured, becoming, symmetrical' with συμμετρ-ία `harmony, symmetry' a. o. (IA.); περί-μετρος `exceeding (the measure)' (Od.); but περί-μετρον (Hdt., Arist.), - ος (sc. γραμμή) f. `circumference, extent' after περίοδος a. o. with verbal association ( περι-μετρέω Luc.), s. Risch IF 59, 252.

Derivatives: Adj. 1. μέτριος `moderate, suitable' (Hes.) with μετρι-ότης `moderation' (IA.), - οσύνη `poverty' (pap. VI<sup>p</sup>), - ακός `moderate' (pap. VI^p), - άζω `be moderate' (Att. hell.) with - ασμός (Suid.); μετριεύεται H. s. λαγαρίτ-τεται. 2. μετρικός `metrical, acc. to measure' (Arist.). 3. Adv. μετρηδόν `in metrical form' (Nonn.). 4. Verb: μετρέω, very often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, δια-, ἐπι-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-, συν-, `measure, measure (off), estimate etc.' (Hom.); from this (often with prefix) μέτρ-ησις `measurement' (IA.)., - ημα `measure' (E., hell.), - ητής m. "measurer", name of a measure, `metretes' (Att.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 233), - ητίς f. `id.' (Amorgos IV^a), - ητιαῖος `sticking to a μ.' (Karyanda), - ητικός `regarding measurement' (Pl.). As 2. member in several verbal cornpp., e.g. γεω-μέτρης m. `land-, fieldmeasurer, geometrist' (Pl., X.) with γεωμετρ-ία, Ion. - ίη (Hdt., Ar.; also compound of γῆν μετρεῖν?), - ικός (Democr., Pl.), - έω (Att.), βου-μέτρης "cowmeasurer" = ὁ ἐπι θυσιῶν τεταγμένος παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς H.; cf. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 86. -- Backformations like διάμετρος (sc. γραμμή) f. `diameter, diagonal etc.' (Pl., Arist.), ἐπίμετρον `excess, addition' (hell.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [703] * meh₁- `measure'

Etymology: Beside μέτρον we have with the same suffix but diff. ablaut μήτρα f. `landmeasure etc.' (Cilicia), ἐρεσι-μήτρην την γεωμετρίαν H. (s. ἔρα), which agrees exactly with Skt. mā́trā f. `measure' and goes back on an athematic present, Skt. mā́-ti `measure' (\< IE * meh₁-ti). The shortness of the ε in μέτρον as opposed to Skt. mā́tram n. `id.' finds however no agreement outside Greek; one might think of a thematic vowel after zero grade root μ-έ-τρον (Brugmann, e.g. Grundr.² II: 1, 342); a reduced grade of IE * meh₁-- (as θέ-(σις) from θη-) is difficult: it would require * mh₁tr- to become (*) μετρ- and not rather *m̥h₁tr- \> μητρ-; in the latter case Prakr. mettam n. `measure' from Skt. * mitram (innovated after mi-ta-?) would give a direct parallel (note that mh₁etr- might rather have givem *m̥h₁etr- \> *αμετρ-); the question has not been solved yet, Beekes Laryngeals 183. I now think that at the beginning of the word the *m- could have remained consonantal. A derivation IE *méd-tro-m from * med- `measure' (not here μέδιμνος, s.v., with de Saussure MSL 6, 246ff.) would have given *μέστρον. -- An other derivation of the same verb is μῆτις, s. v.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `deal out, dispense, distribute (among themselves, possess, inhabit, manage, pasture, consume, devour'.

Other forms: - ομαι, aor. νεῖμαι (Il.), - ασθαι, pass. νεμηθῆναι, fut. νεμῶ, - οῦμαι (Ion. - έομαι, late - ήσω, - ήσομαι), perf. νενέμηκα,- ημαι (Att. etc.).

Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, κατα-, προσ-.

Derivatives: Several derivv: A. νομή f. `pasture', metaph. `spreading', e.g. of an ulcer, `distribution' (IA.), `possession, possessio' (hell.). With ἐπι-, προ-νομή etc. from ἐπι-, προ-νέμειν, - εσθαι etc. Also νομός m. `*place of) pasture' (Il.), `habitation' (Pi., Hdt., S.), `province' (Hdt., D. S., Str.). From νομή or νομός (not always with certainty to be distinguished): 1. νομάς, - άδος `roaming the pasture', subst. pl. `pastoral people, nomads' (IA.), as PN `Numidians' (Plb.); from this νομαδ-ικός `roaming, belonging to pastoral peoples, Numidian' (Arist.), - ίτης `id.' (Suid.), - ίαι f. pl. `pasture' with - ιαῖος (Peripl. M. Rubr.). -- 2. νομεύς m. `herdsman' (II.), also `distributor' (Pl.), pl. `ribs of a ship' (Hdt.); from this (or from νομός?) νομεύω `pasture' (Il.) with νόμευ-μα n. `herd' (A.), - τικός `belonging to pasturage' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 135 u. 137); διανομ-εύς (: διανομή), προνομ-εύω (: προ-νομή) etc. -- 3. νόμιος `regarding the pasture', also as adjunct of several gods (Pi., Ar., Call.); cf. on νόμος; νομαῖος `id.' (Nic., Call.); νομώδης `spreading', of an ulcer (medic.). -- 4. νομάζω, - ομαι `pasture' (Nic.). -- B. νόμος m. `custom, usage, law, composition' (since Hes.) with several compp., e.g. Ἔννομος PN (Il.), εὔ-νομος `with good laws' (Pi.) with εὑνομ-ίη, - ία `good laws' (since ρ 487; on the meaning Andrewes Class Quart. 32, 89 ff.). From νόμος: 1. adj. νόμιμος `usual, lawful' (IA.; extens. Arbenz 72ff.) with νομιμότης f. (Iamb.); νομικός `regarding the laws, forensic, lawyer' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 132); νόμαιος = νόμιμος (Ion. a. late); νόμιος `id.' (Locris; cf. on νομός). -- 2. Verb νομίζω, rarely w. prefix, e.g. συν-, κατα-, `use customarily, use to, recognize, believe' (IA., Dor.; Fournier Les verbes "dire" passim) with νόμισις f. `belief' (Th.), νόμισμα n. `use, recognized belief, (valid) coin' (IA.), - άτιον dimin. (Poll.); νομιστός `generally recognized' with νομιστεύομαι `be generally valid' (Plb.), also νομιτεύομαι `id., use' (hell. a. late inscr.; cf. θεμι(σ)-τεύω). -- C. νεμέτωρ, - ορος m. `dispensor (of justice), avenger' (A. Th. 485); νέμησις f., also ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι- etc. from ἀπο-νέμω etc., `distribution' (Is., Arist.); νεμ-ητής = νεμέτωρ (Poll.) with - ήτρια f. (inscr. Rom, IV<sup>p</sup>); uncertain Νεμήϊος surname of Zeus (Archyt. ap. Stob.); perh. for Νέμειος (from Νεμέα). On νέμεσις s. v. -- D. Deverbatives: νεμέθω, - ομαι `pasture' (Λ 635, Nic.); νωμάω, - ῆσαι also with ἐπι-, ἀμφι-, προσ-, `distribute, maintain, observe' (Il., Hdt.; Schwyzer 719, Risch Gnomon 24, 82) with νώμ-ησις (Pl. Cra. 41 1d), - ήτωρ `distributor, maintainer etc.' (Man., Nonn.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [763] * nem- `dispense, distribute; take'

Etymology: The whole Greek system including ablauting νομή, νόμος, νομός is built on the present νέμω. The full grade νεμέ-τωρ, νέμε-σις, νέμη-σις a.o. follow wellknown patterns ( γενέ-τωρ γένε-σις u.a.; but these are disyllabic roots); an agreeing zero grade fails. There never existed a "disyllabic root" e.g. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 11). -- The widespread meanings of νέμω plus derivations provide a problem, which has hardly been definitely solved; Benveniste Noms d'agent 79 rightly stresses the idea of lawfull, regular, which characterizes the verb νέμω ("partager légalement, faire une attribution régulière"). Further lit.: E. Laroche Histoire de la racine nem- en grec ancien (Paris 1949; Études et Comm.VI); on νόμος esp. Stier Phil. 83, 224ff., Pohlenz Phil. 97, 135ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 260, Bolelli Stud. itfilcl. N.S.24, 110f.; on νομή, - ός Wilhelm Glotta 24, 133ff. (ἐν χειρῶν νομῳ̃, - αῖς). -- Of non-Greek words, that are interesting for the etymology, the Germanic verb for `take' agrees best to νέμω, Goth. niman etc.; further Latv. ńęmu, ńem̂t `take' (with secondary palatalisation of the anlaut). One might mention several nouns, which tell nothing for Greek: Av. nǝmah- n. `loan', Lat. numerus `number etc.', OIr. nem f. `gift' (cf. Gift: geben; also δόσις), Lith. nùoma f. `rent' (vowel as in νω-μάω). -- The with νέμω also formally identical verb Skt. námati `bow, bend' can only be combined with uncontrollable hypotheses. After Laroche (s. above) p. 263 νέμω would prop be. `faire le geste de se pencher en tendant la main'. -- Lit. and further details in WP. 2, 330f., Pok. 763 f., W.-Hofmann s. numerus and nummus (from νόμιμος?), also emō, Fraenkel Wb. s. núoma(s), and nãmas, Mayrhofer s. námati. Cf. also νέμος.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to suspect, to expect, to think, to believe, to deem' (Od.); new presents: ὑπ-οίζεσθαι ὑπονοεῖν H., ὑπερ-οιάζομαι `to be arrogant, to be smug' (Phot., Suid.; also H.?).

Other forms: ὀΐομαι (Hom.), οἶμαι (trag., Att.; cf. below), also act. 1. sg. ὀΐω, οἴω (Hom.), οἰῶ (Lac. in Ar. a.o., Bechtel Dial. 2, 351), aor. ὀΐσ(σ)ασθαι, ὀϊσθῆναι (ep.), οἰη-θῆναι (ion. att.), - σασθαι (Arat.; Wackernagel Unt. 183 n. 1), fut. οἰή-σομαι (Att.), - θήσομαι (Gal.).

Compounds: Sometimes w. prefix, e.g. συν-.

Derivatives: οἴη-σις f. (IA.), - μα n. (Plu., D. C.) `conceit, smugness, belief, opinion' with - ματίας m. `prig' (Ptol., H., Suid.), - τικός `arrogant' (Ph.); ἀν-ώϊσ-τος `unimagined, unthought-of' (ep. Φ 39), - τί adv. (δ 92).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [not] *h₃u̯is- `suppose, assume, have the opinion'

Etymology: As original forms can be considered ὀΐομαι (ῑ), ὀΐω (ῑ and ῐ), with οἴομαι, οἴω as sentence-phonetic variants. From there arose in unstressed position the esp. as parenthetic form used οἶμαι with ipf. ᾤμην (Ar.) beside ᾠόμην (Schwyzer 280 a. 679 n. 7 with J. Schmidt KZ 38, 33; diff. Wackernagel KZ 30, 315 f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 678f., Brugmann IF 29, 229ff.). From ὀϊσθῆναι, ἀν-ώϊστος appears as basic form prob. *ὀϜίσ-ι̯ομαι, from where ὀ(Ϝ)ίομαι, *ὄ(Ϝ)ι̯ομαι \> οἴομαι (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 29; 371f.; 405, 407). -- Further unclear. By Kretschmer KZ 31, 455 a.o. (s. Bq and W.-Hofmann s. ōmen) as *ὀϜίσ-ι̯ομαι connected with Lat. ōmen `portent' (OLat. osmen) from *ou̯is-men. As however the nouns in - men are primary verbal derivations, this etymology is possible only on condition, that the disyllabic ou̯is-, which cannot be considered as verbal root, contains a prefix o-; this can be solved by assuming *h₃u̯is-, Beekes, Devel. 58. (Diff. on ōmen Porzig IF 42, 266). Thus Brugmann l. c. assumes a prefixal *ὀ-ίσ-ι̯ομαι, to Skt. ís-yati `set in quick movement' (s. on οἶμα); prop. meaning "come on something with my thinking", semantically rather uncertain. Similarly (to IE * eis- `move violently, push', but without prefix) Krogmann KZ 63, 131. -- An uncertain supposition on original impersonal use ( ὀΐεται μοι τ 312) in Debrunner Mus. Helv. 1, 43. On the middle form Schwyzer-Debrunner 234, Balmori Emer. 1, 42 ff.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: ὀλισθηρόν, λεῖον, ἐπισφαλές H. besides ὠλίβραξαν ὤλισθον and, without ρ, ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισθεῖν H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [663] * s(h₃)lib-ro- `slippery, smooth'

Etymology: Can be identical with OE slipor, OHG sleffar `slippery, smooth' (with Norw. slipra `glide') from IE * slib-ro- (ὀ- prothetic; laryngal-explanation by Austin Lang. 17, 87). Here the primary verb OHG slīfan, MLG slīpen `glide, schleifen' [= grind, sharpen]' a.o. Further closer or farther cognates (w. lit.) in Bq, WP. 2, 391 f., Pok. 663 u. 960, W.-Hofmann s. lībō. S. also λίμβος and ὀλισθάνω. - The problem of s- beside prothetic vowel has not been solved; s. Beekes Devel. 82-87. One might assume * sh₃-.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `psychical drive, propensity, character, (strong) emotion, passion, wrath' (h. Cer. 205, Hes. Op.304; on the meaning Marg Charakter 13 f., cf. Diller Gnomon 15, 597).

Compounds: As 2. member in ἄν-, δύσ-, εὔ-οργος (Cratin., S.), analog. enlarged in ἀν-, δυσ-, εὑ-όργ-ητος (Hp., Gorg., Th.; cf. ἄνο-ος: ἀνό-ητος a.o.) with - ησία f. (Hp., E.), with transference to the σ-stems e.g. περι-οργής (Th.).

Derivatives: ὀργ-ίλος `irascible' (Hp., X., D., Arist.) with - ιλότης f. (Arist., Plu.). -- Besides, prob. as denomin., ὀργάω, rarely w. ἐξ- a.o., mostly pres. `to bristle, swell with nourishing liquids and juice' (of the earth and of fruits), `to bristle with, to be full of lust and desire' (of men), `to desire strongly' (IA.) with derivv.: 1. νέ-οργος `freshened' (γῆ, Thphr.; backformation); 2. ἐξόργησις f. `stong desire' (Herm. in Phdr.); 3. ὀργητύς ὀργή H.; 4. ὀργασμός f. `orgasm' (sch. Hp.), after σπασμός a.o. -- Further from ὀργή in the sense of `wrath': 1. ὀργίζομαι `to be angry', also - ίζω `to make angry', not seldom w. prefix, e.g. συν-, δι-, ἐξ-, παρ-, περι-, (Att.) with παροργ-ισμός m., - ισμα n. `provocation, wrath' (LXX, Ep. Eph.); 2. ὀργαίνω `to make, to be wrathful' (S., E.). -- From ὀργάω (if not from ὀργή or an older root-noun, s.bel.) also ὀργάς, - άδος f. `luxuriously fertile (earth, marsh)' (Att.); on the formation Schwyzer 508, Chantraine Form. 351 a. 356.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1169] *u̯e\/or(H)ǵ- `swell of juice, strength, anger'

Etymology: With ὀργή agrees formally exactly Skt. ūrjā́ f. `nourishment, strength' (on the phonetics Schwyzer 363), which however was enlarged from older ū́rj- `id.' (Wack.-Debrunner II: 2, 260f.); the formal identity of ὀργή and ūrjā́ is therefore secondary. Semantically ūrj(ā́) fits much better to ὀργάω, which preserved the original concrete meaning. The same transference to the psychological area as ὀργή shows OIr. ferc f. `rage' (IE *e). WP. 1, 289 w. lit., Pok. 1169, Mayrhofer 1,116, Dehò Ist. Lomb. 91, 372f.; older lit. also in Bq. The Skt. form seems to require *u̯rHg-, but this has not been definitely solved. -- After Specht KZ 59, 80 "first to ἔρδω"; for semantic influence of ἔργον on ὀργή (S. Ant. 355) and ὀργάς etc. Tovar Emer. 10, 228ff.

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Βοανηργές (var. other spellings are found in the mss., e.g. Βοανεργές, which is also used by Just.) of Aram. composition Boanerges=Hebr. בְּנֵי רֶגֶשׁ Mk 3:17, transl. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Sons of thunder (cp. Diod S 8, 11, 2 of a house that had been struck by lightning: ὀνομάζεται Ἐμβρονταῖον=House of Thunder); surname given by Jesus to the sons of Zebedee (s. Lk 9:54). See EKautzsch, Gramm. d. Bibl. Aram. 1884, 9; Dalman, Gramm.² 144, Worte 33; 39, 4, Jesus 11; RHarris, Exp. 7th ser. III 1907, 146–52, ET 36, 1925, 139; JBoehmer, StKr 85, 1912, 458–64; EPreuschen, ZNW 18, 1918, 141–44 (s. Fischer, ibid. 23, 1924, 310f); FSchulthess, D. Problem d. Sprache Jesu 1917, 52f, ZNW 21, 1922, 243–47; GBardy, RSR 15, 1925, 167f; 18, 1928, 344; PJoüon, ibid. 438ff; AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 13, ’34, 40: ‘thunderstrokes’; JMontgomery, JBL 56, ’37, 51f; B-D-F §162, 6. (The difficulty pert. to the vowels of Boa is not yet solved; s. ThNöldeke, GGA 1884, 1022f. Nor is it certain that rges=רֶגֶשׁ; Kautzsch points to רְגַז wrath, which would make the word mean the hot-tempered. Wlh.² ad loc. draws attention to the name Ragasbal. Schulthess first cj. benē reḥēm=fratres uterini, full brothers, then benē regeš=partisans, adherents. JRook, JBL 100, ’81, 94f attributes the problem to a transliteration technique involving an ayin/gamma change.—Pairs of brothers or sisters known by a special name: AKrappe: Amicitiae Corolla 133–46.)

Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (ὁ πέτρος=‘stone’ Hom.+; Jos., Bell. 3, 240, Ant. 7, 142.—Π. as a name can scarcely be pre-Christian, as AMerx, D. vier kanon. Ev. II/1, 1902, 160ff, referring to Jos., Ant. 18, 156 [Niese did not accept the v.l. Πέτρος for Πρῶτος], would have it. But s. ADell [πέτρα 1b] esp. 14–17. Fr. the beginning it was prob. thought of as the Gk. equivalent of the Aram. כֵּיפָא= Κηφᾶς: J 1:42; cp. Mt 16:18 and JWackernagel, Syntax II² 1928, 14f, perh. formed on the analogy of the Gk. male proper name Πέτρων: UPZ 149, 8 [III B.C.]; 135 [78 B.C.]; Plut., Mor. 422d.—A gentile named Πέτρος in Damasc., Vi. Isid. 170. S. also the Praeses Arabiae of 278/79 A.D. Aurelius P.: Publ. Princeton Univ. Arch. Expedition to Syria III A, 1913, 4 no. 546) Peter, surname of the head of the circle of Twelve Disciples, whose name was orig. Simon. His father was a certain John (s. Ἰωάννης 4) or Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2). Acc. to J 1:44 he himself was from Bethsaida, but, at any rate, when he met Jesus he lived in Capernaum (Mk 1:21, 29). Fr. that city he and his brother Andrew made their living as fishers (Mk 1:16). He was married (Mk 1:30; cp. 1 Cor 9:5), but left his home and occupation, when Jesus called, to follow him (Mk 1:18; 10:28). He belonged to the three or four most intimate of the Master’s companions (Mk 5:37; 9:2; 13:3; 14:33). He stands at the head of the lists of the apostles (Mt 10:2; Mk 3:16; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13). Not all the problems connected w. the conferring of the name Cephas-Peter upon Simon (s. Σίμων 1) have yet been solved (the giving of a new name and the reason for it: Plato [s. ὀνομάζω 1] and Theophrastus [Vi. Platonis 2 ln. 21 in Biog. p. 388 W.= Prolegom. 1 in CHermann, Pla. VI 196 Θεόφραστος, Τύρταμος καλούμενος πάλαι, διὰ τὸ θεῖον τῆς φράσεως Θ. μετεκλήθη]; CRoth, Simon-Peter HTR 54, ’61, 91–97). He was at least not always a model of rock-like (πέτρος is a symbol of imperturbability Soph., Oed. Rex 334; Eur., Med. 28 al.) firmness (note Gethsemane, the denial, the unsuccessful attempt at walking on water; his conduct at Antioch Gal 2:11ff which, though, is fr. time to time referred to another Cephas; s. KLake, HTR 14, 1921, 95ff; AVöllmecke, Jahrbuch d. Missionshauses St. Gabriel 2, 1925, 69–104; 3, 1926, 31–75; DRiddle, JBL 59, ’40, 169–80; NHuffman, ibid. 64, ’45, 205f; PGaechter, ZKT 72, ’50, 177–212; but s. HBetz, Gal [Hermeneia] p. 105f w. n. 442). Despite all this he was the leader of Jesus’ disciples, was spokesman for the Twelve (e.g. Mt 18:21; 19:27; Mk 8:27ff; Lk 12:41; 18:28) and for the three who were closest to Jesus (Mk 9:5); he was recognized as leader even by those on the outside (Mt 17:24). He is especially prominent in the pronouncement made Mt 16:18. Only in the Fourth Gospel does Peter have a place less prominent than another, in this case the ‘disciple whom Jesus loved’ (s. Hdb. exc. on J 13:23). In connection w. the miraculous events after Jesus’ death (on this ELohmeyer, Galiläa u. Jerusalem ’36; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen d. Auferstanden-en ’44; MWerner, D. ntl. Berichte üb. d. Erscheinungen d. Auferstandenen: Schweiz. Theol. Umschau ’44) Pt. played a unique role: 1 Cor 15:5; Lk 24:34; Mk 16:7. He was one of the pillars of the early church (Gal 2:9 [Κηφᾶς]). Three years after Paul was converted, on his first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, he established a significant contact w. Peter: Gal 1:18. At least until the time described in Gal 2:1–10 (cp. Ac 15:7) he was prob. the head of the early Christian community/church. He was also active as a missionary to Israel Gal 2:8; cp. 1 Cor 9:5 (Κηφᾶς).—MGoguel, L’apôtre Pierre a-t-il joué un role personnel dans les crises de Grèce et de Galatie?: RHPR 14, ’34, 461–500.—In 1 Pt 1:1 and 2 Pt 1:1 he appears as author of an epistle. On Paul’s journey to Rome: Ἀρτέμων ὁ κυβερνήτης τοῦ πλοίου ἦν λελουμένος ὑπὸ Πέτρου Artemon, the ship’s captain, was baptized by Peter AcPl Ha 7, 20. It is probable that he died at Rome under Nero, about 64 A.D..—In the NT he is somet. called Σίμων (q.v. 1; in Ac 15:14 and 2 Pt 1:1 more exactly Συμεών=שִׁמְעוֹן); except for Gal 2:7f Paul always calls him Κηφᾶς (q.v.). Both names Σίμων Π. Mt 16:16; Lk 5:8; J 1:40; 6:8, 68; 13:6, 9, 24, 36; 18:10, 15, 25; 20:2, 6; 21:2f, 7b, 11, 15. Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Π. Mt 4:18; 10:2. Σίμων ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Π. Ac 10:18; 11:13. Σίμων ὸ̔ς ἐπικαλεῖται Π. 10:5, 32.—Outside the NT it is found in our lit. GEb 34, 59; GPt 14:60 (Σίμων Πέτρος); ApcPt Rainer; GMary 463 (2 times); AcPt Ox 849 (4 times); 1 Cl 5:4 (Paul follows in 5:5); 2 Cl 5:3f (a piece fr. an apocr. gosp.); IRo 4:3 (Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος); ISm 3:2=GHb 356, 39; Papias (2:4, w. other disciples; 15, w. Mark as his ἑρμηνευτής).—Zahn, Einl. II §38–44; KErbes, Petrus nicht in Rom, sondern in Jerusalem gestorben: ZKG 22, 1901, 1ff; 161ff (against him AKneller, ZKT 26, 1902, 33ff; 225ff; 351ff); PSchmiedel, War der Ap. Petrus in Rom?: PM 13, 1909, 59–81; HLietzmann, Petrus u. Pls in Rom² 1927; GEsser, Der hl. Ap. Petrus 1902; CGuignebert, La primauté de St. Pierre et la venue de Pierre à Rome 1909; FFoakes-Jackson, Peter, Prince of Apostles 1927; HDannenbauer, D. röm. Pt-Legende: Hist. Ztschr. 146, ’32, 239–62; 159, ’38, 81–88; KHeussi, War Pt. in Rom? ’36, War Pt. wirklich röm. Märtyrer? ’37, Neues z. Pt.-frage ’39, TLZ 77, ’52, 67–72; HLietzmann, Pt. röm. Märt.: SBBerlAk ’36, XXIX; DRobinson, JBL 64, ’45, 255–67; HSchmutz, Pt. war dennoch in Rom: Benedikt. Monatsschr. 22, ’46, 128–41.—On Mt 16:17–19 s., in addition to the lit. on κλείς 1 and πέτρα 1b: JSchnitzer, Hat Jesus das Papsttum gestiftet? 1910, Das Papsttum eine Stiftung Jesu? 1910; FTillmann, Jesus u. das Papsttum 1910; AKneller, ZKT 44, 1920, 147–69; OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche ’32, 157–83; KPieper, Jes. u. d. Kirche ’32; AEhrhard, Urkirche u. Frühkatholizismus I 1, ’36.—JMunck, Pt. u. Pls in der Offenb. Joh. ’50 (Rv 11:3–13).—OCullmann, Petrus², ’60 (Eng. tr. Peter, FFilson², ’62), L’apôtre Pierre: NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.), ’59, 94–105; OKarrer, Peter and the Church: an examination of the Cullmann thesis, ’63; RO’Callaghan, Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter: BA 16, ’53, 70–87; AvGerkan, D. Forschung nach dem Grab Petri, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 196–205, Zu den Problemen des Petrusgrabes: JAC ’58, 79–93; GSnyder, BA 32, ’69, 2–24; JGwynGriffiths, Hibbert Journal 55, ’56/57, 140–49; TBarnes, JTS 21, ’70, 175–79; GSchulze-Kadelbach, D. Stellung des P. in der Urchristenheit: TLZ 81, ’56, 1–18 (lit.); PGaechter, Petrus u. seine Zeit, ’58; EKirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (transl. JMurray) ’59; EHaenchen, Petrus-Probleme, NTS 7, ’60/61, 187–97; SAgourides, Πέτρος καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐαγγελίῳ, Thessalonike, ’66; DGewalt, Petrus, diss. Hdlbg, ’66; RBrown, KDonfried, JReumann edd., Peter in the NT, ’73; CCaragounis, Peter and the Rock (BZNW 58) ’89.—Pauly-W. XIX ’38, 1335–61; Kl. Pauly IV 674–76; BHHW III 1430f. LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.