sharp

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

battuo ( bāt-), ui, ĕre, v. a. and n. [cf. Engl. beat, bat; Fr. battre; Ital. battere], to strike, beat, hit (very rare): battuit katakoptei, Gloss.; Naev. ap. Fulg. 562, 33; * Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 60.—Of bruising in a mortar, Marc. Emp. Medic. c. 36.—Of pounding flesh before cooking it, Apic. 4, 2, 108; cf. Plin. 31, 9, 45, § 104.—

Neutr., of fencing (like the Germ. schlagen): battuebat pugnatoriis armis, he fenced with sharp weapons (not with the foil), Suet. Calig. 54; 32.—In mal. part., Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4.

cătus, a, um, adj. [root ka-; Sanscr. ça-, to whet, sharpen; cf. cos, cautes, cuneus; Sabine, = acutus, acc. to Varr. L. L. 7, § 46, p. 90 Bip.].

Sharp to the hearing, clear-sounding, shrill (cf. acutus, 2.): jam cata signa fere sonitum dare voce parabant, Enn. ap. Varr. l. l. (Ann. 447 Vahl.). —

Transf. to intellectual objects, in a good and bad sense.

In a good sense, clear-sighted, intelligent, sagacious, wise, opp. stultus (in prose probably never naturalized; hence Cic., in prose, adds ut ita dicam; v. the foll.): catus Aelius Sextus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18 (Ann. v. 335 Vahl.); Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 29; id. Ps. 2, 3, 15; Ter. And. 5, 2, 14 Don. and Ruhnk.; Hor. C. 1, 10, 3:

prudens et, ut ita dicam, catus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 16, 45.—Constr. with inf.:

jaculari,

Hor. C. 3, 12, 10.—With gen.:

legum,

Aus. Mos. 400.—Of abstract things:

dicta,

Enn. Ann. 519 Vahl.:

consilium,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 75.—

In a bad sense, sly, crafty, cunning, artful ( = callidus, astutus):

cata est et callida,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 71; so id. Poen. 5, 2, 147; id. Most. 5, 2, 21; id. Trin. 3, 2, 51; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 39.— Adv.: cătē, conform. to II. A.:

sapienter, docte et cordate et cate,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 3; id. Men. 2, 3, 61; Cic. Arat. 304.— Comp. and sup. not in use in the adj. or in the adv.

cătus, i, m., a male cat (post-class.), Pall. Mart. 9, 4; scanned, cātus, Poët. ap. Anth. Lat. 5, p. 162, 3 al.

centrum, i, n., = kentron (a prickle, sharp point).

Centrum circini, the stationary foot of the compasses, around which the other is carried in making a circle, Vitr. 3, 1; 9, 5.—Hence,

Meton.

The middle point of a circle, the centre, Vitr. 3, 1; 9, 1; Plin. 2, 15, 13, § 63; 2, 19, 17, § 81 et saep.—In plur.:

solis terraeque centra,

Plin. 18, 29, 69, § 281 (in Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40, used as a Greek word).—

A kernel, a hard knot in the interior of wood, precious stones, etc., Plin. 16, 39, 76, § 198; 37, 2, 10, § 28; 37, 9, 39, § 120 al.

di-stinguo, nxi, nctum, 3, v. a. [root in Sanscr. tegami, to be sharp; Gr. stizô, stigma; Lat. stimulus stilus, in-stigare, etc.]. —Prop., to separate by points; hence, in gen.,

To separate, divide, part.

Lit. (very rare, and almost exclusively poet.):

onus inclusum numero eodem,

Ov. M. 1, 47:

crinem docta manu,

i. e. to arrange, Sen. Troad. 884; cf.

meton.: caput acu,

Claud. Nupt. Hon. 284.—Of countries:

qui locus Bithyniam et Galatis,

Amm. 25, 10.—Far more freq. and class. (not in Caes.),

Trop., to distinguish, discriminate, = discernere.

In gen.:

ea (crimina) distinguere ac separare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 41; cf.

with dividere,

id. Pis. 28, 69:

servos numero,

id. Caecin. 20; so,

cadentes guttas intervallis,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

oratorum genera aetatibus,

id. Brut. 19:

status familiarum agnationibus,

id. Leg. 1, 7 fin.:

qua via ambigua distinguantur, ostendit,

id. Fin. 1, 7; id. Brut. 41, 152; id. Or. 4, 16; cf.

secernenda,

id. Top. 7, 31:

genera causarum,

Quint. 4, 2, 68 et saep.:

fortes ignavosque,

Tac. H. 3, 27:

veri similia ab incredibilibus dijudicare et distinguere,

Cic. Part. 40; cf.:

vera somnia a falsis,

id. Div. 2, 61:

Vargulam a Crasso,

id. de Or. 2, 60, 244:

artificem ab inscio,

id. Ac. 2, 7, 22:

voluntatem a facto,

Liv. 45, 24:

thesin a causa,

Quint. 3, 5, 11 et saep.:

vero falsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 29:

simiarum genera caudis inter se,

Plin. 8, 54, 80.— Pass. impers.:

quid inter naturam et rationem intersit, non distinguitur,

Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 26; cf.: malus arborem significet an hominem non bonum, apice distinguitur, Quint. 1, 7, 2:

nuntiatum Claudio perisse Messalinam, non distincto sua an aliena manu,

Tac. A. 11, 38.—

In partic.

In rhet. and gram., to mark the pauses in discourse, to punctuate:

puer ut sciat, quo loco versum distinguere debeat,

Quint. 1, 8, 1; cf.:

eam (orationem) distinguent atque concident,

id. 11, 2, 27; and:

incidit has (sc. voces) et distinxit in partes,

Cic. Rep. 3, 2 Mos.:

distinctio est silentii nota, etc.,

Diom. p. 432 P.—

To end, terminate:

contationem,

App. M. 2, p. 127 fin.

To set off, decorate, adorn (most freq. in the P. a.).

Lit.:

racemos purpureo colore,

Hor. C. 2, 5, 11; so,

poma vario colore,

Ov. Nux, 31:

aurum gemmarum nitor,

Sen. Med. 573; cf. Plin. 37, 10, 62, § 171.—

Trop.:

orationem variare et distinguere quasi quibusdam verborum sententiarumque insignibus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36;

so of discourse,

id. Inv. 2, 15, 49 (with illustrare); id. de Or. 2, 13; Liv. 9, 17:

voluptatem (with variare),

Cic. Fin. 1, 11, 38; cf.:

coenam comoedis,

Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 9.—Hence, distinctus, a, um, P. a.

(Acc. to I.) Separated, separate, distinct:

urbs delubris distincta spatiisque communibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26: Romana acies distinctior, ex pluribus partibus constans, Liv. 9, 19:

Hesiodus circa CXX. annos distinctus ab Homeri aetate,

Vell. 1, 7:

concentus ex distinctis sonis,

Cic. Rep. 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 6, 18:

distinctos dignitatis gradus non habebat (civitas),

id. ib. 1, 27 fin. —

Of discourse, properly divided:

oratio,

Quint. 11, 3, 35. —

(Acc. to II.) Decorated, adorned:

pocula gemmis distincta,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27:

distinctum et ornatum caelum astris,

id. N. D. 2, 37 fin.:

lyra gemmis et dentibus Indis,

Ov. M. 11, 167:

herbae innumeris floribus,

id. ib. 5, 266:

retia maculis,

id. H. 5, 19.—

Trop.:

oratio et ornata et artificio quodam et expolitione distincta,

id. de Or. 1, 12;

so of discourse,

Quint. 5, 14, 33; and transf., of the speaker himself: utroque genere creber et distinctus Cato, Cic. Brut. 17 fin.; cf. in comp., Tac. Or. 18.— Adv.: distincte.

(Acc. to I.) Distinctly, clearly:

articulatim distincteque dicere,

Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Or. 28 fin.:

scribere,

id. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

designare,

Plin. Pan. 88, 6.—In the comp.:

enuntiare,

id. Ep. 7, 13.— Sup.:

distinctissime persuadere,

Cassiod. Complex ad Ephes. 3.—

(Acc. to II.) Elegantly, handsomely:

qui distincte, qui explicate, qui abundanter, qui illuminate et rebus et verbis dicunt,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 53; cf. id. Off. 1, 1, 2:

distinctius,

Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 1.

dŏlo, āvi, ātum, 1 (access. form of the part. pass. dolītus, Varr. ap. Non. 99, 17, and 436, 15), v. a. [cf. Sanscr. dar-, dal-, to tear apart; whence doleo; Lat. dolium], to chip with an axe, to hew.

Lit.:

materiem,

Cato R. R. 31 fin.:

taleas,

Cat. 45:

robur,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86: scyphum caelo, Varr. ap. Non. 99, 18:

perticas in quadrum,

Col. 8, 3, 7:

stipes falce dolatus,

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 59:

dolato confisus ligno,

Juv. 12, 57; cf.:

non est e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

de lapidibus dolatis,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 6, 7.—

Transf.:

fuste,

i. e. to cudgel soundly, belabor, drub, Hor. S. 1, 5, 23.—In mal. part.: uxorem, Pompon. ap. Non. 166, 1. Cf. dedolo.—

Trop., to shape, construct:

(historiam) sicut potuit, dolavit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 54.—And in an alliteration:

hodie hunc dolum dolamus,

i. e. to fashion, contrive, devise, Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 64.

† dŏlo or dŏlon, ōnis, m., = dolôn, a staff with a short sharp iron point; a pike, sword-stick (cf.: lancea, spiculum, gaesum, hastile, sarissa, sparus): ingens contus cum ferro brevissimo, Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 7, 664. So Verg. l. l.; Sil. 3, 250.—

A small sword-cane, hidden dagger, Suet. Claud. 13; id. Dom. 17; Dig. 9, 2, 52; cf. Isid. Orig. 18, 9, 4; Serv. Verg. l. l.—

Transf., of a fly's sting, Phaedr. 3, 6, 3.—

The fore-topsail, Liv. 36, 44; 45; 37, 30; cf. Isid. Orig. 19, 3, 3.

Dŏlo, ōnis, m. nom. propr., = Dolôn.

A spy of the Trojans in the Trojan war, Ov. M. 13, 98, Verg. A. 12, 347 Serv, Macr S. 5, 16 al.—

A son of Priam, Hyg. Fab 90.

dŏlo, āvi, ātum, 1 (access. form of the part. pass. dolītus, Varr. ap. Non. 99, 17, and 436, 15), v. a. [cf. Sanscr. dar-, dal-, to tear apart; whence doleo; Lat. dolium], to chip with an axe, to hew.

Lit.:

materiem,

Cato R. R. 31 fin.:

taleas,

Cat. 45:

robur,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86: scyphum caelo, Varr. ap. Non. 99, 18:

perticas in quadrum,

Col. 8, 3, 7:

stipes falce dolatus,

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 59:

dolato confisus ligno,

Juv. 12, 57; cf.:

non est e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

de lapidibus dolatis,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 6, 7.—

Transf.:

fuste,

i. e. to cudgel soundly, belabor, drub, Hor. S. 1, 5, 23.—In mal. part.: uxorem, Pompon. ap. Non. 166, 1. Cf. dedolo.—

Trop., to shape, construct:

(historiam) sicut potuit, dolavit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 54.—And in an alliteration:

hodie hunc dolum dolamus,

i. e. to fashion, contrive, devise, Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 64.

† dŏlo or dŏlon, ōnis, m., = dolôn, a staff with a short sharp iron point; a pike, sword-stick (cf.: lancea, spiculum, gaesum, hastile, sarissa, sparus): ingens contus cum ferro brevissimo, Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 7, 664. So Verg. l. l.; Sil. 3, 250.—

A small sword-cane, hidden dagger, Suet. Claud. 13; id. Dom. 17; Dig. 9, 2, 52; cf. Isid. Orig. 18, 9, 4; Serv. Verg. l. l.—

Transf., of a fly's sting, Phaedr. 3, 6, 3.—

The fore-topsail, Liv. 36, 44; 45; 37, 30; cf. Isid. Orig. 19, 3, 3.

Dŏlo, ōnis, m. nom. propr., = Dolôn.

A spy of the Trojans in the Trojan war, Ov. M. 13, 98, Verg. A. 12, 347 Serv, Macr S. 5, 16 al.—

A son of Priam, Hyg. Fab 90.

dŏlo, āvi, ātum, 1 (access. form of the part. pass. dolītus, Varr. ap. Non. 99, 17, and 436, 15), v. a. [cf. Sanscr. dar-, dal-, to tear apart; whence doleo; Lat. dolium], to chip with an axe, to hew.

Lit.:

materiem,

Cato R. R. 31 fin.:

taleas,

Cat. 45:

robur,

Cic. Div. 2, 41, 86: scyphum caelo, Varr. ap. Non. 99, 18:

perticas in quadrum,

Col. 8, 3, 7:

stipes falce dolatus,

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 59:

dolato confisus ligno,

Juv. 12, 57; cf.:

non est e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

de lapidibus dolatis,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 6, 7.—

Transf.:

fuste,

i. e. to cudgel soundly, belabor, drub, Hor. S. 1, 5, 23.—In mal. part.: uxorem, Pompon. ap. Non. 166, 1. Cf. dedolo.—

Trop., to shape, construct:

(historiam) sicut potuit, dolavit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 54.—And in an alliteration:

hodie hunc dolum dolamus,

i. e. to fashion, contrive, devise, Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 64.

† dŏlo or dŏlon, ōnis, m., = dolôn, a staff with a short sharp iron point; a pike, sword-stick (cf.: lancea, spiculum, gaesum, hastile, sarissa, sparus): ingens contus cum ferro brevissimo, Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 7, 664. So Verg. l. l.; Sil. 3, 250.—

A small sword-cane, hidden dagger, Suet. Claud. 13; id. Dom. 17; Dig. 9, 2, 52; cf. Isid. Orig. 18, 9, 4; Serv. Verg. l. l.—

Transf., of a fly's sting, Phaedr. 3, 6, 3.—

The fore-topsail, Liv. 36, 44; 45; 37, 30; cf. Isid. Orig. 19, 3, 3.

Dŏlo, ōnis, m. nom. propr., = Dolôn.

A spy of the Trojans in the Trojan war, Ov. M. 13, 98, Verg. A. 12, 347 Serv, Macr S. 5, 16 al.—

A son of Priam, Hyg. Fab 90.

ĕquus, i ( gen. plur. equūm, Verg. G. 2, 542; Stat. Th. 4, 409 al.), m. [Sanscr. acvas; Gr. hippos (ikkos); cf. Epŏna; root, ak-, to be sharp or swift; cf. Gr. akros, ôkus; Lat. acus, ocior], a horse, steed, charger.

Prop.

In gen. (cf.:

caballus, canterius, mannus),

Varr. R. R. 2, 7; Col. 6, 27 sq.; Plin. 8, 42, 64, § 154 sq.; Pall. Mart. 13; Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 5, 14 (Ann. v. 441 ed. Vahlen); Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 39; id. Men. 5, 2, 109; Cic. Rep. 1, 43; 1, 7, 9 et saep.:

equus = equa,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 11.—Offered as a sacrifice to Mars, Paul. ex Fest. p. 81, 16, and p. 178, 24 sq. Müll.; cf. Prop. 4 (5), 1, 20; and v. October: EQVO PVBLICO ORNATVS, EXORNATVS, HONORATVS, etc.; or, ellipt., EQVO PVBLICO, very often [p. 654] in inscriptions; v. Inscr. Momms. 73; 459; 445; 1952; 2456;

2865 al.—In another sense: equi publici,

post-horses, Amm. 14, 6.—Equo vehi, advehi, ire, desilire, equum conscendere, flectere, in equum ascendere, equo citato, concitato, etc., see under these verbs.—

In partic.

Of cavalry, in the phrase, equis virisque (viri = pedites; cf. eques and vir), adverb., with horse and foot, i. e. with might and main, with tooth and nail, Liv. 5, 37; Flor. 2, 7, 8;

also: equis, viris,

Cic. Phil. 8, 7, 21; id. Fam. 9, 7; cf. Nep. Hamilc. 4;

and in the order, viris equisque,

Cic. Off. 3, 33.—

Transf., of race-horses:

ego cursu corrigam tarditatem tum equis, tum vero, quoniam scribis poëma ab eo nostrum probari, quadrigis poeticis,

i. e. in prose and poetry, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 15, a (see the passage in connection).—

Transf.

In plur. (like hippoi in Homer), a chariot, Verg. A. 9, 777.—

The wind, Cat. 66, 54; Val. Fl. 1, 611.—

In mal. part., Hor. S. 2, 7, 50; Petr. 24, 4; App. M. 2, p. 122; Mart. 11, 104, 14.—

Prov.: equi donati dentes non inspiciuntur, we don't look a gift horse in the mouth, Hier. Ep. ad Ephes. prooem.—

Meton.

Equus bipes, a sea-horse, Verg. G. 4, 389;

Auct. Pervig. Ven. 10: fluviatilis,

a river-horse, hippopotamus, Plin. 8, 21, 30, § 73.—

Equus ligneus, like the Homeric halos hippos, a ship, Plaut. Rud. 1, 5, 10.—

The Trojan horse, Verg. A. 2, 112 sq.; Hyg. Fab. 108; Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 12; Prop. 3 (4), 1, 25; Hor. C. 4, 6, 13 al.—

Trop., of a secret conspiracy, Cic. Mur. 37, 78.—

A battering-ram, because shaped like a horse;

afterwards called aries,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 202.—

The constellation Pegasus, Cic. N. D. 2, 43, 111 sq.; Col. 11, 2, 31; Hyg. Astr. 2, 18; 3, 17.—

Equus Trojanus, the title of a play of Livius Andronicus, Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 2 al.

ērĭcĭus, ii, m. [er], a hedgehog, urchin.

Prop., Varr. ap. Non. 49, 10, and 106, 18; cf. Isid. Orig. 12, 3, 7; Vulg. Isa. 14, 23; 34, 11 (as translation of Heb. kipōd, which was probably a bird—perh. the bittern. But the LXX. and Gesenius, Thes. Heb. s. v., sustain the Vulgate).—

Transf., in milit. lang., a beam armed with sharp spikes to keep off assailants, Caes. B. C. 3, 67, 5 and 6; Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. 555, 2.

ex-ăcŭo, ŭi, ūtum, 3, v. a., to make very sharp, to sharpen, make pointed (class.).

Lit.:

ferramenta cote,

Plin. 28, 4, 12, § 47; 34, 14, 41, § 146:

ridicas,

Col. 11, 2, 12:

vallos furcasque bicornes,

Verg. G. 1, 264:

spicula,

id. ib. 4, 74:

dentes,

id. ib. 3, 255:

metas in angustissimas vertices,

Col. 2, 18, 2:

cornua in leve fastigium,

Plin. 11, 37, 45, § 124 et saep.—

Transf., of taste:

aceto exacuendo,

for making pungent, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 93;

of the sight: aciem oculorum,

id. 24, 11, 59, § 99; cf.

visum,

id. 29, 6, 38, § 132.—

Trop.

In gen.:

nisi mucronem aliquem tribunitium exacuisset in nos,

Cic. Leg. 3, 9, 21:

(cum animus) exacuerit illam ut oculorum sic ingenii aciem ad bona diligenda,

id. ib. 1, 23, 60; cf.

animum,

Plin. 20, 13, 50, § 127: morbos, i. e. to aggravate, Col. poët. 10, 392.—

In partic., to sharpen or quicken mentally, to incite, encourage, stimulate, inflame:

velim cohortere et exacuas Cluatium,

Cic. Att. 12, 36 fin.:

aliquem (opp. deterrere),

id. de Or. 1, 29:

aliquem irā,

Nep. Phoc. 4:

se ad amorem immortalitatis,

Plin. Ep. 3, 7 fin.:

animos in bella,

Hor. A P. 403:

mentem varia ad conamina,

Sil. 7, 142.— Poet.:

palatum (sapor),

Ov. Pont. 1, 10, 13.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

hĕbes, ĕtis ( acc. sing. hebem, Enn. and Caecil. ap. Charis. p. 107 P.; abl. hebeti;

but hebete,

Cels. 7, 3), adj. [hebeo], blunt, dull, in opp. to pointed or sharp (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. sense).

Lit.: cujus (lunae) et nascentis et insenescentis alias hebetiora alias acutiora videntur cornua, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 122, 1:

tela leviora atque hebetiora,

id. Har. Resp. 1, 2:

quo latiora (ossa) quaque parte sunt, hoc hebetiora,

Cels. 8, 1, 66:

ponite jam gladios hebetes, pugnetur acutis,

Ov. A. A. 3, 589:

machaera,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 53; cf.:

hebeti mucrone,

Lucr. 5, 1274, and hebeti ictu, which does not penetrate, Ov. M. 12, 85:

oryx hebeti ferro caeditur,

Juv. 11, 140:

secures,

id. 8, 137:

angulus,

obtuse, Front. de Form. Agr. p. 32 Goes.—As subst.: hĕbĕtĭa, ium, n., blunt tools, Quint. 2, 12, 18.—

Transf., of sight, hearing, smell, taste, dull, dim, faint:

utroque oculo natura hebete,

Plin. 9, 15, 20:

color,

Ov. F. 5, 365; cf.:

(orbem solis) adhuc hebetem vicina nocte,

Stat. Ach. 2, 289:

carbunculi hebetiores,

Plin. 37, 7, 26, § 98:

postea quam sensi populi Romani aures hebetiores, oculos autem esse acres atque acutos,

Cic. Planc. 27, 66; cf. id. Rep. 6, 18:

uva gustu hebes,

tasteless, insipid, Col. 3, 2, 24: genus croci, without smell (opp. odoratum), Plin. 21, 11, 39, § 67:

os hebes est, positaeque movent fastidia mensae,

without appetite, Ov. P. 1, 10, 7:

caro,

without feeling, dead, Cels. 7, 6, 8; 7, 13, 1:

ossa gingivarum,

id. 6, 15, 17:

qui torpet hebes locus ille,

Ov. A. A. 3, 799. —

Trop., dull, obtuse, sluggish, heavy, doltish, stupid (syn.:

bardus, stupidus, ineptus, absurdus, stultus, fatuus, stolidus, brutus, etc.): sensus omnes hebetes et tardos esse arbitrabantur,

Cic. Ac. 1, 8, 31:

puer incessu tardus, sensu hebes,

Plin. 7, 16, 17, § 76:

tanta solertia animalium hebetissimis quoque est,

id. 9, 30, 48:

Epicurus, quem hebetem et rudem dicere solent Stoici,

Cic. Div. 2, 50, 103; cf.:

omnium ceterarum rerum oratio ludus est homini non hebeti neque inexercitato neque communium litterarum et politioris humanitatis experti,

id. de Or. 2, 17, 71:

memoria,

id. ib. 2, 87, 357:

me hebetem molestiae reddiderunt,

id. Att. 9, 17, 2:

nisi qui sit plane hebes,

Quint. 7, 1, 48:

nisi forte tam hebes futurus est judex, ut, etc.,

id. 4, 2, 66: hebes ad aliquid, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 13, 1; cf.:

quis adeo hebes inveniretur, ut crederet? etc.,

Tac. A. 14, 11: exercitus hebes infirmusque, raw, undisciplined,=rudis, Sall. J. 54, 3: hebes ad sustinendum laborem [p. 844] miles, sluggish, slow, tardy, Tac. H. 2, 99; Ov. M. 13, 135:

adulescentia bruta et hebes,

Sen. Ben. 3, 37, 3:

spondeus quod est e longis duabus, hebetior videtur et tardior,

Cic. Or. 64, 216: sed hac rhetorica philosophorum, non nostra illa forensi, quam necesse est, cum populariter loquatur, esse interdum paulo hebetiorem, i. e. more superficial, common (opp. to philosophical acuteness, nicety), id. Fin. 2, 6, 17:

dolor,

id. Att. 8, 3, 4:

hoc Pansa aut non videt (hebeti enim ingenio est) aut negligit,

id. Phil. 10, 8, 17; cf.:

hebetiora hominum ingenia,

id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

ratio,

Plin. 2, 47, 46, § 119:

quaedam hebes, sordida, jejuna oratio,

Quint. 8, 3, 49:

quasdam (litteras) velut acriores parum efficimus et aliis non dissimilibus sed quasi hebetioribus permutamus,

id. 1, 11, 4.—Of a speaker: hebes lingua, magis malus quam callidus ingenio, Ps.-Sall. de Rep. 2, 9, 1.

hĕbes, ĕtis ( acc. sing. hebem, Enn. and Caecil. ap. Charis. p. 107 P.; abl. hebeti;

but hebete,

Cels. 7, 3), adj. [hebeo], blunt, dull, in opp. to pointed or sharp (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. sense).

Lit.: cujus (lunae) et nascentis et insenescentis alias hebetiora alias acutiora videntur cornua, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 122, 1:

tela leviora atque hebetiora,

id. Har. Resp. 1, 2:

quo latiora (ossa) quaque parte sunt, hoc hebetiora,

Cels. 8, 1, 66:

ponite jam gladios hebetes, pugnetur acutis,

Ov. A. A. 3, 589:

machaera,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 53; cf.:

hebeti mucrone,

Lucr. 5, 1274, and hebeti ictu, which does not penetrate, Ov. M. 12, 85:

oryx hebeti ferro caeditur,

Juv. 11, 140:

secures,

id. 8, 137:

angulus,

obtuse, Front. de Form. Agr. p. 32 Goes.—As subst.: hĕbĕtĭa, ium, n., blunt tools, Quint. 2, 12, 18.—

Transf., of sight, hearing, smell, taste, dull, dim, faint:

utroque oculo natura hebete,

Plin. 9, 15, 20:

color,

Ov. F. 5, 365; cf.:

(orbem solis) adhuc hebetem vicina nocte,

Stat. Ach. 2, 289:

carbunculi hebetiores,

Plin. 37, 7, 26, § 98:

postea quam sensi populi Romani aures hebetiores, oculos autem esse acres atque acutos,

Cic. Planc. 27, 66; cf. id. Rep. 6, 18:

uva gustu hebes,

tasteless, insipid, Col. 3, 2, 24: genus croci, without smell (opp. odoratum), Plin. 21, 11, 39, § 67:

os hebes est, positaeque movent fastidia mensae,

without appetite, Ov. P. 1, 10, 7:

caro,

without feeling, dead, Cels. 7, 6, 8; 7, 13, 1:

ossa gingivarum,

id. 6, 15, 17:

qui torpet hebes locus ille,

Ov. A. A. 3, 799. —

Trop., dull, obtuse, sluggish, heavy, doltish, stupid (syn.:

bardus, stupidus, ineptus, absurdus, stultus, fatuus, stolidus, brutus, etc.): sensus omnes hebetes et tardos esse arbitrabantur,

Cic. Ac. 1, 8, 31:

puer incessu tardus, sensu hebes,

Plin. 7, 16, 17, § 76:

tanta solertia animalium hebetissimis quoque est,

id. 9, 30, 48:

Epicurus, quem hebetem et rudem dicere solent Stoici,

Cic. Div. 2, 50, 103; cf.:

omnium ceterarum rerum oratio ludus est homini non hebeti neque inexercitato neque communium litterarum et politioris humanitatis experti,

id. de Or. 2, 17, 71:

memoria,

id. ib. 2, 87, 357:

me hebetem molestiae reddiderunt,

id. Att. 9, 17, 2:

nisi qui sit plane hebes,

Quint. 7, 1, 48:

nisi forte tam hebes futurus est judex, ut, etc.,

id. 4, 2, 66: hebes ad aliquid, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 13, 1; cf.:

quis adeo hebes inveniretur, ut crederet? etc.,

Tac. A. 14, 11: exercitus hebes infirmusque, raw, undisciplined,=rudis, Sall. J. 54, 3: hebes ad sustinendum laborem [p. 844] miles, sluggish, slow, tardy, Tac. H. 2, 99; Ov. M. 13, 135:

adulescentia bruta et hebes,

Sen. Ben. 3, 37, 3:

spondeus quod est e longis duabus, hebetior videtur et tardior,

Cic. Or. 64, 216: sed hac rhetorica philosophorum, non nostra illa forensi, quam necesse est, cum populariter loquatur, esse interdum paulo hebetiorem, i. e. more superficial, common (opp. to philosophical acuteness, nicety), id. Fin. 2, 6, 17:

dolor,

id. Att. 8, 3, 4:

hoc Pansa aut non videt (hebeti enim ingenio est) aut negligit,

id. Phil. 10, 8, 17; cf.:

hebetiora hominum ingenia,

id. N. D. 2, 6, 17:

ratio,

Plin. 2, 47, 46, § 119:

quaedam hebes, sordida, jejuna oratio,

Quint. 8, 3, 49:

quasdam (litteras) velut acriores parum efficimus et aliis non dissimilibus sed quasi hebetioribus permutamus,

id. 1, 11, 4.—Of a speaker: hebes lingua, magis malus quam callidus ingenio, Ps.-Sall. de Rep. 2, 9, 1.

ĭn-horresco, 3, v. inch. n., to send forth sharp points, to rise erect, to bristle up.

Lit.:

gallinae inhorrescunt edito ovo excutiuntque sese,

Plin. 10, 41, 57, § 116: inhorrescit mare, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24 (Trag. Rel. v. 411 Rib.): mobilibus veris inhorruit Adventus foliis ( poet. for folia inhorrescunt, varie agitantur auris vernis), Hor. C. 1, 23, 5, v. Orell. ad h. l.:

frigorum impatientia papiliones villis inhorrescunt,

Plin. 11, 23, 27, § 77:

trifolium inhorrescere et folia contra tempestatem subrigere,

id. 18, 35, 89, § 365:

Atlas nemoribus inhorrescit,

Sol. 24.—

Transf., to tremble, shake, shiver.

With fever, Cels. 3, 12 med.:

frigida potio inutilis est iis qui facile inhorrescunt,

id. 1, 3.—With cold:

aër nivibus et glacie inhorrescit,

App. de Mund. p. 58, 33:

cum tristis hiems aquilonis inhorruit alis,

Ov. Ib. 199.—

To quake, shudder, with fear, horror, App. M. 5, p. 172, 22:

solitudo inhorrescit vacuis,

Tac. H. 3. 85; id. A. 11, 28.—Rarely with acc.:

adeo rebus accommodanda compositio, ut asperis asperos etiam numeros adhiberi oporteat, et cum dicente aeque audientem inhorrescere,

Quint. 9, 4, 126.— Transf., to shudder at:

severitatis vim,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 24.