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seī

  • 1 sei

    (orig. and ante-class. form seī), conj. [from a pronominal stem = Gr. he; Sanscr. sva-, self; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 778; Curt. Gr. Etym. 396], a conditional particle, if.
    I.
    Prop.
    a.
    With indic.; so in gen., in conditions which are assumed to be true, with the verb in pres. or perf.; less freq. in imperf or pluperf.; and in conditions which may probably become true, with the verb in fut. or fut. perf. (Madv. Gram. § 332; Zumpt, Gram. § 517).
    (α).
    Pres.: SI IN IVS VOCAT, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25, and ap. Porphyr. Hor. S. 1, 9, 65: SI MORBVS AEVITASVE VITIVM ESCIT... SI NOLET, etc., id. ap. Gell. l. l.: spero, si speres quicquam prodesse potis sunt, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 333 Müll. (Ann. v. 410 Vahl.):

    si vis, dabo tibi testes,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

    si voltis,

    id. ib. 1, 28, 44:

    si placet,

    id. ib. 2, 44, 71;

    1, 21, 34: si tuo commodo fleri potest,

    id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

    si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 30:

    si populus plurimum potest,

    id. ib. 3, 14, 23:

    si Massilienses per delectos cives summā justitiā reguntur, inest tamen, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 27, 43; cf. id. Off. 3, 8, 35:

    quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si nec privata domus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia?

    id. Cat. 1, 3, 6:

    si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides, Mancinus haec attulit,

    id. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

    Si quaerimus, cur, etc.,

    id. Brut. 95, 325. —Strengthened by modo:

    magnifica quidem res, si modo est ulla,

    Cic. Div. 1, 1, 1:

    deliget populus, si modo salvus esse vult, optimum quemque,

    id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

    quae (virtus) est una, si modo est, maxime munifica,

    id. ib. 3, 8, 12; id. Tusc. 2, 4, 33; id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

    si quisquam est facilis, hic est,

    id. Att. 14, 1, 2:

    si ulla res est, quam tibi me petente faciendam putes, haec ea sit,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 11:

    SI AGNATVS NEC ESCIT, GENTILIS FAMILIAM NANCITOR, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Collat. Leg. Mos. et Rom. 16, 4: quae (libertas), si aequa non est, ne libertas quidem est,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 31, 47; 1, 32, 49:

    id si minus intellegitur, ex dissensionibus percipi potest,

    id. Lael. 7, 23: BACANALIA SEI QVA SVNT, EXSTRAD QVAM SEI QVID IBEI SACRI EST... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT, S. C. de Bacch. fin.:

    dicito, si quid vis, non nocebo,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 235:

    si qui sunt, qui philosophorum auctoritate moveantur,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

    si quid generis istiusmodi me delectat, pictura delectat,

    id. Fam. 7, 23, 3:

    si aliquid dandum est voluptati,

    id. Sen. 13, 44;

    four times repeated,

    id. ib. 11, 38.—So esp. after mirum est or miror, as expressing reality (= quod or cum; cf. Gr. ei):

    noli mirari, si hoc non impetras,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

    ecquid mirum est, si tam ab amico animo pacem petit? Curt 4, 11, 4: miraris, si superbiam tuam ferre non possumus?

    id. 8, 7, 14.—

    With a negative conclusion, to denote that, although the condition is true, or is conceded, a certain inference does not follow: nec, si omne enuntiatum aut verum aut falsum est, sequitur ilico esse causas, etc.,

    Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

    nec. si non obstatur, propterea etiam permittitur,

    id. Phil. 13, 6, 19:

    si veniam meretur qui inprudens nocuit, non meretur praemium qui inprudens profuit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 73:

    nec ideo ignis minus urere potest, si in materiam incidit inviolabilem flammis,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 5, 1.—
    (β).
    Imperf.:

    ea si erant, magnas habebas omnibus, dis gratias,

    Plaut. As. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

    si quis antea mirabatur, quid esset, quod, etc.,

    id. Sest. 1.—
    (γ).
    Perf.:

    SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. talio, p. 363 Müll.: si animum contulisti in istam rationem, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 23, 37:

    si Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

    quos (tyrannos) si boni oppresserunt, recreatur civitas: sin audaces, fit illa factio,

    id. ib. 1, 44, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 65:

    si ita sensit, ut loquitur,

    id. ib. 3, 21, 32;

    1, 27, 43: si modo hoc in Lycurgi potestate potuit esse,

    id. ib. 2, 12, 24:

    si modo in philosophiā aliquid profecimus,

    id. Off. 3, 8, 37: si quis eorum [p. 1689] (servorum) sub centone crepuit, nullum mihi vitium facit, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. prohibere, p. 234 sq. Müll.:

    si quid sceleste fecit,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 27:

    si quam opinionem jam vestris mentibus comprehendistis, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

    si quando regi justo vim populus attulit regnove eum spoliavit, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 42, 65; cf. id. ib. 1, 38, 59; id. Lael. 7, 24.—After mirum est or miror, to express a reality (cf. a, supra):

    minime mirum, si ista res adhuc nostrā linguā inlustrata non est,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 55; id. Deiot. 4, 12:

    quid mirum, si haec invitus amisi?

    Tac. A. 12, 37:

    miraris, si eo tempore matrona dicere potuit, escende?

    Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 1:

    minime est mirandum, si vita ejus fuit secura,

    Nep. Cim. 4, 4.—Very often followed by certe, profecto, etc., to express a conclusion, as certain as the unquestionable assumption:

    quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum, cum, etc., tum profecto fuit,

    Cic. Brut. 2, 7:

    si quisquam fuit umquam remotus ab inani laude, ego profecto is sum,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 13:

    etenim si nulla fuit umquam tam imbecillo mulier animo, quae, etc., certe nos, etc.,

    id. Fam. 5, 16, 6:

    si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, tum profecto, etc.,

    id. Att. 4, 2, 2; id. Mil. 2, 4; 7, 19.—Esp. with a negative conclusion (v. a fin. supra, and cf. quia, etsi):

    non, si tibi ante profuit, semper proderit,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 12:

    non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco te isti bonum civem putabunt,

    id. de Or. 2, 40, 170:

    neque enim, si tuae res gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco Pompeii memoriam amisimus,

    id. Deiot. 4, 12:

    nec, si capitis dolorem facit, inutilis hominibus sol est,

    Quint. 5, 10, 82.—
    (δ).
    Pluperf.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, etc., Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

    nec mirum, eos si orationes turbaverant,

    Liv. 32, 20, 2 (Trag. v. 156 Vahl.):

    si hoc ita fato datum erat, ut,

    Liv. 30, 30, 3.—So esp. in indef. clauses of repeated action:

    plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat,

    whenever, Cic. Sest. 49, 105:

    si quando nostri navem religaverant, hostes succurrebant,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

    si quando suis fortunis forte desperare coeperant,

    id. B. G. 3, 12.—
    (ε).
    Fut.: SI VOLET SVO VIVITO... SI VOLET PLVS DATO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf.: si voles advortere animum, comiter monstrabitur, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.); and:

    alte spectare si voles, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25:

    si jam eminebit foras,

    id. ib. 6, 26, 29:

    si me audietis,

    id. ib. 1, 19, 32:

    si mutuas non potero certum est sumam fenore,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95:

    id persequar, si potero, subtilius,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 42; cf. in the foll. z:

    nihil (offendet) si modo opus exstabit,

    id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

    si quid te volam, ubi eris?

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 96: si quod aliud oikeion reperies, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 3.—
    (ζ).
    Fut. perf.: si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.):

    si nostram rem publicam vobis et nascentem et crescentem ostendero,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 3:

    tum magis assentiere, si ad majora pervenero,

    id. ib. 1, 40, 62:

    expediri quae restant vix poterunt, si hoc incohatum reliqueris,

    id. ib. 1, 35, 55;

    1, 24, 38: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris,

    id. Lael. 4, 16:

    accommodabo ad eam (rem publicam), si potuero, omnem illam orationem, etc.... quod si tenere et consequi potuero, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 46, 70; so,

    si potuero,

    id. ib. 2, 30, 53; id. Brut. 5, 21:

    si potuerit,

    id. Off. 3, 23, 89:

    si modo id exprimere Latine potuero,

    id. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

    si modo interpretari potuero,

    id. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

    si ne ei caput exoculassitis,

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 26: si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis... Sed si quā per voluptatem nequiter feceritis, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4:

    de iis te, si qui me forte locus admonuerit, commonebo,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—
    b.
    With subj.; so in gen. of conditions assumed in statement, but implied not to be actual; the verb in pres. (rarely perf.) implies that the condition is still possible; in the imperf. and pluperf., that it is known to be unreal (Madv. Gram. § 347 sqq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 524).
    (α).
    Pres.:

    si habeat aurum,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12:

    abire hinc nullo pacto possim, si velim,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 2; so,

    si velim,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 10, 17:

    cum ipsi auxilium ferre, si cupiant, non queant,

    id. ib. 1, 5, 9:

    si singulos numeremus,

    id. ib. 3, 4, 7: si jus suum populi teneant, id. ib. 1, 32, 48:

    si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem,

    id. Lael. 3, 10:

    si ad verba rem deflectere velimus,

    id. Caecin. 18, 51:

    si quis varias gentes despicere possit, videat primum, etc.,

    id. Rep. 3, 9, 14.—In expressing a wish ( poet. for utinam), usu. with O:

    O si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc.,

    Hor. S. 2, 6, 8; 2, 6, 10:

    O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos,

    Verg. A. 8, 560;

    also alone: si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto!

    would that, yet if, if however, id. ib. 6, 187:

    si quā fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris,

    id. ib. 6, 882; cf. b, infra.—
    (β).
    Imperf.:

    qui si unus omnia consequi posset, nihil opus esset pluribus, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 52:

    quae descriptio si esset ignota vobis, explicaretur a me,

    id. ib. 2, 22, 39:

    si ullum probarem simplex rei publicae genus,

    id. ib. 2, 23, 43:

    quod non fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur,

    id. Lael. 4, 13; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 525: SEI QVES ESENT, QVEI SIBEI DEICERENT, S. C. de Bacch (twice). —Also with O, expressing a wish ( poet.):

    O si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset,

    Verg. A. 11, 415;

    and without O: si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa juventus,

    id. ib. 5, 398.—
    (γ).
    Perf.: SI INIVRIAM FAXIT ALTERI, VIGINTI QVINQVE AERIS POENAE SVNTO, Fragm. XII. Tabularum ap. Gell. 20, 1, 12: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.):

    perii, si me aspexerit!

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 164:

    victus sum, si dixeris,

    id. ib. 1, 1, 272:

    Romani si casu intervenerint,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 20, Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8.—
    (δ).
    Pluperf.:

    si aliter accidisset,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

    tum magis id diceres, si nuper in hortis Scipionis affuisses,

    id. Lael. 7, 25:

    mansisset eadem voluntas in eorum posteris, si regum similitudo permansisset,

    id. Rep. 1, 41, 64:

    si id fecisses,

    id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; 2, 15, 38; 2, 36, 90:

    si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.,

    id. Lael. 23, 88:

    si aliquid de summā gravitate Pompeius remisisset,

    id. Phil. 13, 1, 2.—
    c.
    Ellipt.
    (α).
    With pron. indef:

    istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent, ut acuant ingenia,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30:

    aut nemo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit,

    id. Lael. 2, 9; id. Or. 29, 103.—
    (β).
    In a negation, usu. si minus, si contra (= sin minus, sin aliter):

    plures haec tulit una civitas, si minus sapientes, at certe summā laude dignos,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

    educ tecum omnes tuos: si minus, quam plurimos,

    id. Cat. 1, 5, 10; id. de Or. 2, 16, 68, in this sense less freq. si non:

    utrum cetera nomina digesta habes an non? Si non... si etiam,

    id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

    si haec civitas est, civem esse me: si non, exsulem esse, etc.,

    id. Fam. 7, 3, 5; Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 104 sq.; id. Ps. 3, 2, 87; id. Poen. 5, 2, 24; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 66; 1, 6, 68; Liv. 28, 29, 4:

    hic venit in judicium, si nihil aliud, saltem ut, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152; so, si nihil aliud, Liv 22, 29; 30, 35; 45, 37 fin., Curt. 4, 6, 28:

    si aliud nihil,

    id. 2, 43.—
    (γ).
    With forte:

    intelleges esse nihil a me nisi orationis acerbitatem et, si forte, raro litterarum missarum indiligentiam reprehensam,

    perhaps, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7; cf.:

    vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et pauca quaedam verba et aliquem, si forte, motum,

    id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—
    2.
    With quod, and if, but if, if however, if:

    quod si in philosophiā tantum interest... quid tandem in causis existimandum est?

    Cic. Or. 16, 51:

    quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum... tum profecto fuit,

    id. Brut. 2, 7:

    quod si exemeris ex rerum naturā benevolentiae conjunctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit,

    id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

    quod si non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur: tamen, etc.,

    id. Arch. 7, 16; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; id. Rosc. Com. 18, 54.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    In subject or object-clauses, si with subj. sometimes takes the place of an inf.:

    apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent,

    Cic. Rep. 4, 3, 3: summa gloria constat ex tribus his;

    si diligit multitudo, si fidem habet, etc.,

    id. Off. 2, 9, 31:

    unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione factā extremum auxilium experirentur,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 5:

    illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc.,

    Liv. 28, 41, 1; Nep. Ages. 4, 3: infinitum est, si singulos velim persequi. Sen. Q. N. 5, 17, 5; id. Tranq. 16, 2 (cf. si after mirum est, I. a. fin. supra).—
    2.
    In subst. clauses, to denote a doubtful assumption or future event (cf. quod):

    dixerunt, in eo verti puellae salutem, si postero die vindex injuriae ad tempus praesto esset,

    Liv. 3, 46:

    adjecerunt, Scipionem in eo positam habuisse spem pacis, si Hannibal et Mago ex Italiā non revocarentur,

    id. 30, 23; 35, 18.—
    3.
    Si with a relative takes the place of a relative clause, to express a class the existence or extent of which is doubtful: mortem proposuit, non eis solum qui illam rem gesserunt, sed eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt, i. e. if such there were, whether few or many, Cic. Phil. 13, 18, 39; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

    dixit errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum proventus expectent,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 29:

    errat, si quis existimat facilem rem esse donare,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 1; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44; Liv. 42, 31.—
    4.
    In syllogistic reasonings:

    si oportet velle sapere, dare operam philosophiae convenit. Oportet autem velle sapere, etc.,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 36, 65:

    si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis oriente Caniculā natus est, in mari non morietur, illud quoque verum est: si Fabius oriente Canicula natus est, Fabius in mari non morietur,

    id. Fat. 6, 12.—
    5.
    = etiamsi, with foll. tamen, even if, although, albeit (class.):

    quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 38; cf.:

    quae si causa non esset, tamen, etc.,

    id. Mur. 4, 8; and:

    quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc.,

    Sall. J. 85, 48.—
    II.
    Transf., in dependent clauses expressing an interrogation or doubt, it is nearly = num, but forms a looser connection, if, whether, if perchance (class., but very rare in Cic.):

    ibo et visam huc ad eum, si forte est domi,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 7; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 118; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 3, 20:

    jam sciam, si quid titubatum est, ubi reliquias videro,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 33; cf. id. Merc. 1, 2, 44:

    fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter unam Esse velit urbem,

    Verg. A. 4, 110; Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 52:

    primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus in totidem dies, quot frumentum imposuissent,

    Liv. 29, 25; 39, 50:

    id modo quaeritur, si (lex) majori parti et in summam prodest,

    id. 34, 3; cf. id. 40, 49 fin.:

    jam dudum exspecto, si tuom officium scias,

    Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:

    hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 9; id. B. C. 2, 34; cf.:

    Pompeius eadem spectans, si itinere impeditos deprehendere posset,

    id. ib. 3, 75:

    non recusavit quo minus vel extremo spiritu, si quam opem rei publicae ferre posset, experiretur,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 85, 398:

    statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur,

    id. Fam. 15, 1, 2:

    Philopoemen quaesivit si Lycortas incolumis evasisset,

    Liv. 39, 50:

    expertique simul, si tela artusque sequantur,

    Val. Fl. 5, 562:

    Helvetii nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 8 fin.; cf.:

    temptata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset,

    Liv. 1, 57.—
    B.
    With ellipsis of a verb or clause on which the condition depends (cf. I. c. supra): ei rei suam operam dat, si possiet illam invenire ( to see) whether he can, Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 37:

    L. Minucium cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris proficere possit,

    to see, to try, Caes. B. G. 6, 29 fin.:

    circumfunduntur hostes, si quem aditum reperire possent,

    id. ib. 6, 37:

    fame et inopiā adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti in agris reperire possent,

    id. ib. 7, 20, 10; cf. id. ib. 7, 55 fin.; 7, 89 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 8 fin.; 3, 56:

    pergit ad speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent,

    Liv. 1, 7:

    saxa volvebant, si quā Possent tectam aciem perrumpere,

    Verg. A. 9, 512:

    ad Gonnum castra movet, si potiri oppido posset,

    Liv. 42, 67, 6: haud aspernatus Tullius, tamen, si vana adferantur, in aciem educit ( that he might be ready) if, etc., id. 1, 23, 6:

    milites in praesidio erant, si quo operā eorum opus esset,

    id. 27, 28, 5:

    alii offerunt se, si quo usus operae sit,

    id. 26, 9, 9: ille postea, si comitia sua non fierent, urbi minari, i. e. ( that he would attack it) if, etc., Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

    Carthaginiensibus in Hasdrubale ita, si is movisset Syphacem, spes omnis erat,

    Liv. 29, 35, 9; 5, 8, 9:

    consul aedem Fortunae vovit, si eo die hostis fudisset,

    id. 29, 36, 8: erat Athenis reo damnato, si fraus capitalis non esset, quasi [p. 1690] poenae aestimatio, Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232: quattuor legiones Cornelio, si qui ex Etruriā novi motus nuntiarentur, relictae, to meet the case, that, to be ready, if, etc., Liv. 6, 22:

    is in armis tenuit militem, si opus foret auxilio,

    id. 5, 8:

    ut patricios indignatio, si cum his gerendus esset honos, deterreret,

    id. 4, 6, 10; 1, 40, 2; 24, 36.—
    B.
    Si... si, for sive... sive, whether... or:

    si deus si dea es,

    Cato, R. R. 139; cf.:

    hostiam si deo, si deae immolabant,

    Gell. 2, 28, 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > sei

  • 2 si

    (orig. and ante-class. form seī), conj. [from a pronominal stem = Gr. he; Sanscr. sva-, self; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 778; Curt. Gr. Etym. 396], a conditional particle, if.
    I.
    Prop.
    a.
    With indic.; so in gen., in conditions which are assumed to be true, with the verb in pres. or perf.; less freq. in imperf or pluperf.; and in conditions which may probably become true, with the verb in fut. or fut. perf. (Madv. Gram. § 332; Zumpt, Gram. § 517).
    (α).
    Pres.: SI IN IVS VOCAT, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25, and ap. Porphyr. Hor. S. 1, 9, 65: SI MORBVS AEVITASVE VITIVM ESCIT... SI NOLET, etc., id. ap. Gell. l. l.: spero, si speres quicquam prodesse potis sunt, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 333 Müll. (Ann. v. 410 Vahl.):

    si vis, dabo tibi testes,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

    si voltis,

    id. ib. 1, 28, 44:

    si placet,

    id. ib. 2, 44, 71;

    1, 21, 34: si tuo commodo fleri potest,

    id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

    si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 30:

    si populus plurimum potest,

    id. ib. 3, 14, 23:

    si Massilienses per delectos cives summā justitiā reguntur, inest tamen, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 27, 43; cf. id. Off. 3, 8, 35:

    quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si nec privata domus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia?

    id. Cat. 1, 3, 6:

    si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides, Mancinus haec attulit,

    id. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

    Si quaerimus, cur, etc.,

    id. Brut. 95, 325. —Strengthened by modo:

    magnifica quidem res, si modo est ulla,

    Cic. Div. 1, 1, 1:

    deliget populus, si modo salvus esse vult, optimum quemque,

    id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

    quae (virtus) est una, si modo est, maxime munifica,

    id. ib. 3, 8, 12; id. Tusc. 2, 4, 33; id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

    si quisquam est facilis, hic est,

    id. Att. 14, 1, 2:

    si ulla res est, quam tibi me petente faciendam putes, haec ea sit,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 11:

    SI AGNATVS NEC ESCIT, GENTILIS FAMILIAM NANCITOR, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Collat. Leg. Mos. et Rom. 16, 4: quae (libertas), si aequa non est, ne libertas quidem est,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 31, 47; 1, 32, 49:

    id si minus intellegitur, ex dissensionibus percipi potest,

    id. Lael. 7, 23: BACANALIA SEI QVA SVNT, EXSTRAD QVAM SEI QVID IBEI SACRI EST... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT, S. C. de Bacch. fin.:

    dicito, si quid vis, non nocebo,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 235:

    si qui sunt, qui philosophorum auctoritate moveantur,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

    si quid generis istiusmodi me delectat, pictura delectat,

    id. Fam. 7, 23, 3:

    si aliquid dandum est voluptati,

    id. Sen. 13, 44;

    four times repeated,

    id. ib. 11, 38.—So esp. after mirum est or miror, as expressing reality (= quod or cum; cf. Gr. ei):

    noli mirari, si hoc non impetras,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

    ecquid mirum est, si tam ab amico animo pacem petit? Curt 4, 11, 4: miraris, si superbiam tuam ferre non possumus?

    id. 8, 7, 14.—

    With a negative conclusion, to denote that, although the condition is true, or is conceded, a certain inference does not follow: nec, si omne enuntiatum aut verum aut falsum est, sequitur ilico esse causas, etc.,

    Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

    nec. si non obstatur, propterea etiam permittitur,

    id. Phil. 13, 6, 19:

    si veniam meretur qui inprudens nocuit, non meretur praemium qui inprudens profuit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 73:

    nec ideo ignis minus urere potest, si in materiam incidit inviolabilem flammis,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 5, 1.—
    (β).
    Imperf.:

    ea si erant, magnas habebas omnibus, dis gratias,

    Plaut. As. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

    si quis antea mirabatur, quid esset, quod, etc.,

    id. Sest. 1.—
    (γ).
    Perf.:

    SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. talio, p. 363 Müll.: si animum contulisti in istam rationem, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 23, 37:

    si Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

    quos (tyrannos) si boni oppresserunt, recreatur civitas: sin audaces, fit illa factio,

    id. ib. 1, 44, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 65:

    si ita sensit, ut loquitur,

    id. ib. 3, 21, 32;

    1, 27, 43: si modo hoc in Lycurgi potestate potuit esse,

    id. ib. 2, 12, 24:

    si modo in philosophiā aliquid profecimus,

    id. Off. 3, 8, 37: si quis eorum [p. 1689] (servorum) sub centone crepuit, nullum mihi vitium facit, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. prohibere, p. 234 sq. Müll.:

    si quid sceleste fecit,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 27:

    si quam opinionem jam vestris mentibus comprehendistis, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

    si quando regi justo vim populus attulit regnove eum spoliavit, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 42, 65; cf. id. ib. 1, 38, 59; id. Lael. 7, 24.—After mirum est or miror, to express a reality (cf. a, supra):

    minime mirum, si ista res adhuc nostrā linguā inlustrata non est,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 55; id. Deiot. 4, 12:

    quid mirum, si haec invitus amisi?

    Tac. A. 12, 37:

    miraris, si eo tempore matrona dicere potuit, escende?

    Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 1:

    minime est mirandum, si vita ejus fuit secura,

    Nep. Cim. 4, 4.—Very often followed by certe, profecto, etc., to express a conclusion, as certain as the unquestionable assumption:

    quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum, cum, etc., tum profecto fuit,

    Cic. Brut. 2, 7:

    si quisquam fuit umquam remotus ab inani laude, ego profecto is sum,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 13:

    etenim si nulla fuit umquam tam imbecillo mulier animo, quae, etc., certe nos, etc.,

    id. Fam. 5, 16, 6:

    si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, tum profecto, etc.,

    id. Att. 4, 2, 2; id. Mil. 2, 4; 7, 19.—Esp. with a negative conclusion (v. a fin. supra, and cf. quia, etsi):

    non, si tibi ante profuit, semper proderit,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 12:

    non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco te isti bonum civem putabunt,

    id. de Or. 2, 40, 170:

    neque enim, si tuae res gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco Pompeii memoriam amisimus,

    id. Deiot. 4, 12:

    nec, si capitis dolorem facit, inutilis hominibus sol est,

    Quint. 5, 10, 82.—
    (δ).
    Pluperf.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, etc., Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

    nec mirum, eos si orationes turbaverant,

    Liv. 32, 20, 2 (Trag. v. 156 Vahl.):

    si hoc ita fato datum erat, ut,

    Liv. 30, 30, 3.—So esp. in indef. clauses of repeated action:

    plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat,

    whenever, Cic. Sest. 49, 105:

    si quando nostri navem religaverant, hostes succurrebant,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

    si quando suis fortunis forte desperare coeperant,

    id. B. G. 3, 12.—
    (ε).
    Fut.: SI VOLET SVO VIVITO... SI VOLET PLVS DATO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf.: si voles advortere animum, comiter monstrabitur, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.); and:

    alte spectare si voles, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25:

    si jam eminebit foras,

    id. ib. 6, 26, 29:

    si me audietis,

    id. ib. 1, 19, 32:

    si mutuas non potero certum est sumam fenore,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95:

    id persequar, si potero, subtilius,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 42; cf. in the foll. z:

    nihil (offendet) si modo opus exstabit,

    id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

    si quid te volam, ubi eris?

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 96: si quod aliud oikeion reperies, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 3.—
    (ζ).
    Fut. perf.: si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.):

    si nostram rem publicam vobis et nascentem et crescentem ostendero,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 3:

    tum magis assentiere, si ad majora pervenero,

    id. ib. 1, 40, 62:

    expediri quae restant vix poterunt, si hoc incohatum reliqueris,

    id. ib. 1, 35, 55;

    1, 24, 38: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris,

    id. Lael. 4, 16:

    accommodabo ad eam (rem publicam), si potuero, omnem illam orationem, etc.... quod si tenere et consequi potuero, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 46, 70; so,

    si potuero,

    id. ib. 2, 30, 53; id. Brut. 5, 21:

    si potuerit,

    id. Off. 3, 23, 89:

    si modo id exprimere Latine potuero,

    id. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

    si modo interpretari potuero,

    id. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

    si ne ei caput exoculassitis,

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 26: si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis... Sed si quā per voluptatem nequiter feceritis, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4:

    de iis te, si qui me forte locus admonuerit, commonebo,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—
    b.
    With subj.; so in gen. of conditions assumed in statement, but implied not to be actual; the verb in pres. (rarely perf.) implies that the condition is still possible; in the imperf. and pluperf., that it is known to be unreal (Madv. Gram. § 347 sqq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 524).
    (α).
    Pres.:

    si habeat aurum,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12:

    abire hinc nullo pacto possim, si velim,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 2; so,

    si velim,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 10, 17:

    cum ipsi auxilium ferre, si cupiant, non queant,

    id. ib. 1, 5, 9:

    si singulos numeremus,

    id. ib. 3, 4, 7: si jus suum populi teneant, id. ib. 1, 32, 48:

    si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem,

    id. Lael. 3, 10:

    si ad verba rem deflectere velimus,

    id. Caecin. 18, 51:

    si quis varias gentes despicere possit, videat primum, etc.,

    id. Rep. 3, 9, 14.—In expressing a wish ( poet. for utinam), usu. with O:

    O si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc.,

    Hor. S. 2, 6, 8; 2, 6, 10:

    O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos,

    Verg. A. 8, 560;

    also alone: si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto!

    would that, yet if, if however, id. ib. 6, 187:

    si quā fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris,

    id. ib. 6, 882; cf. b, infra.—
    (β).
    Imperf.:

    qui si unus omnia consequi posset, nihil opus esset pluribus, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 52:

    quae descriptio si esset ignota vobis, explicaretur a me,

    id. ib. 2, 22, 39:

    si ullum probarem simplex rei publicae genus,

    id. ib. 2, 23, 43:

    quod non fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur,

    id. Lael. 4, 13; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 525: SEI QVES ESENT, QVEI SIBEI DEICERENT, S. C. de Bacch (twice). —Also with O, expressing a wish ( poet.):

    O si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset,

    Verg. A. 11, 415;

    and without O: si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa juventus,

    id. ib. 5, 398.—
    (γ).
    Perf.: SI INIVRIAM FAXIT ALTERI, VIGINTI QVINQVE AERIS POENAE SVNTO, Fragm. XII. Tabularum ap. Gell. 20, 1, 12: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.):

    perii, si me aspexerit!

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 164:

    victus sum, si dixeris,

    id. ib. 1, 1, 272:

    Romani si casu intervenerint,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 20, Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8.—
    (δ).
    Pluperf.:

    si aliter accidisset,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

    tum magis id diceres, si nuper in hortis Scipionis affuisses,

    id. Lael. 7, 25:

    mansisset eadem voluntas in eorum posteris, si regum similitudo permansisset,

    id. Rep. 1, 41, 64:

    si id fecisses,

    id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; 2, 15, 38; 2, 36, 90:

    si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.,

    id. Lael. 23, 88:

    si aliquid de summā gravitate Pompeius remisisset,

    id. Phil. 13, 1, 2.—
    c.
    Ellipt.
    (α).
    With pron. indef:

    istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent, ut acuant ingenia,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30:

    aut nemo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit,

    id. Lael. 2, 9; id. Or. 29, 103.—
    (β).
    In a negation, usu. si minus, si contra (= sin minus, sin aliter):

    plures haec tulit una civitas, si minus sapientes, at certe summā laude dignos,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

    educ tecum omnes tuos: si minus, quam plurimos,

    id. Cat. 1, 5, 10; id. de Or. 2, 16, 68, in this sense less freq. si non:

    utrum cetera nomina digesta habes an non? Si non... si etiam,

    id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

    si haec civitas est, civem esse me: si non, exsulem esse, etc.,

    id. Fam. 7, 3, 5; Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 104 sq.; id. Ps. 3, 2, 87; id. Poen. 5, 2, 24; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 66; 1, 6, 68; Liv. 28, 29, 4:

    hic venit in judicium, si nihil aliud, saltem ut, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152; so, si nihil aliud, Liv 22, 29; 30, 35; 45, 37 fin., Curt. 4, 6, 28:

    si aliud nihil,

    id. 2, 43.—
    (γ).
    With forte:

    intelleges esse nihil a me nisi orationis acerbitatem et, si forte, raro litterarum missarum indiligentiam reprehensam,

    perhaps, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7; cf.:

    vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et pauca quaedam verba et aliquem, si forte, motum,

    id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—
    2.
    With quod, and if, but if, if however, if:

    quod si in philosophiā tantum interest... quid tandem in causis existimandum est?

    Cic. Or. 16, 51:

    quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum... tum profecto fuit,

    id. Brut. 2, 7:

    quod si exemeris ex rerum naturā benevolentiae conjunctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit,

    id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

    quod si non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur: tamen, etc.,

    id. Arch. 7, 16; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; id. Rosc. Com. 18, 54.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    In subject or object-clauses, si with subj. sometimes takes the place of an inf.:

    apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent,

    Cic. Rep. 4, 3, 3: summa gloria constat ex tribus his;

    si diligit multitudo, si fidem habet, etc.,

    id. Off. 2, 9, 31:

    unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione factā extremum auxilium experirentur,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 5:

    illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc.,

    Liv. 28, 41, 1; Nep. Ages. 4, 3: infinitum est, si singulos velim persequi. Sen. Q. N. 5, 17, 5; id. Tranq. 16, 2 (cf. si after mirum est, I. a. fin. supra).—
    2.
    In subst. clauses, to denote a doubtful assumption or future event (cf. quod):

    dixerunt, in eo verti puellae salutem, si postero die vindex injuriae ad tempus praesto esset,

    Liv. 3, 46:

    adjecerunt, Scipionem in eo positam habuisse spem pacis, si Hannibal et Mago ex Italiā non revocarentur,

    id. 30, 23; 35, 18.—
    3.
    Si with a relative takes the place of a relative clause, to express a class the existence or extent of which is doubtful: mortem proposuit, non eis solum qui illam rem gesserunt, sed eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt, i. e. if such there were, whether few or many, Cic. Phil. 13, 18, 39; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

    dixit errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum proventus expectent,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 29:

    errat, si quis existimat facilem rem esse donare,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 1; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44; Liv. 42, 31.—
    4.
    In syllogistic reasonings:

    si oportet velle sapere, dare operam philosophiae convenit. Oportet autem velle sapere, etc.,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 36, 65:

    si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis oriente Caniculā natus est, in mari non morietur, illud quoque verum est: si Fabius oriente Canicula natus est, Fabius in mari non morietur,

    id. Fat. 6, 12.—
    5.
    = etiamsi, with foll. tamen, even if, although, albeit (class.):

    quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 38; cf.:

    quae si causa non esset, tamen, etc.,

    id. Mur. 4, 8; and:

    quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc.,

    Sall. J. 85, 48.—
    II.
    Transf., in dependent clauses expressing an interrogation or doubt, it is nearly = num, but forms a looser connection, if, whether, if perchance (class., but very rare in Cic.):

    ibo et visam huc ad eum, si forte est domi,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 7; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 118; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 3, 20:

    jam sciam, si quid titubatum est, ubi reliquias videro,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 33; cf. id. Merc. 1, 2, 44:

    fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter unam Esse velit urbem,

    Verg. A. 4, 110; Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 52:

    primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus in totidem dies, quot frumentum imposuissent,

    Liv. 29, 25; 39, 50:

    id modo quaeritur, si (lex) majori parti et in summam prodest,

    id. 34, 3; cf. id. 40, 49 fin.:

    jam dudum exspecto, si tuom officium scias,

    Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:

    hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 9; id. B. C. 2, 34; cf.:

    Pompeius eadem spectans, si itinere impeditos deprehendere posset,

    id. ib. 3, 75:

    non recusavit quo minus vel extremo spiritu, si quam opem rei publicae ferre posset, experiretur,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 85, 398:

    statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur,

    id. Fam. 15, 1, 2:

    Philopoemen quaesivit si Lycortas incolumis evasisset,

    Liv. 39, 50:

    expertique simul, si tela artusque sequantur,

    Val. Fl. 5, 562:

    Helvetii nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 8 fin.; cf.:

    temptata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset,

    Liv. 1, 57.—
    B.
    With ellipsis of a verb or clause on which the condition depends (cf. I. c. supra): ei rei suam operam dat, si possiet illam invenire ( to see) whether he can, Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 37:

    L. Minucium cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris proficere possit,

    to see, to try, Caes. B. G. 6, 29 fin.:

    circumfunduntur hostes, si quem aditum reperire possent,

    id. ib. 6, 37:

    fame et inopiā adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti in agris reperire possent,

    id. ib. 7, 20, 10; cf. id. ib. 7, 55 fin.; 7, 89 fin.; id. B. C. 3, 8 fin.; 3, 56:

    pergit ad speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent,

    Liv. 1, 7:

    saxa volvebant, si quā Possent tectam aciem perrumpere,

    Verg. A. 9, 512:

    ad Gonnum castra movet, si potiri oppido posset,

    Liv. 42, 67, 6: haud aspernatus Tullius, tamen, si vana adferantur, in aciem educit ( that he might be ready) if, etc., id. 1, 23, 6:

    milites in praesidio erant, si quo operā eorum opus esset,

    id. 27, 28, 5:

    alii offerunt se, si quo usus operae sit,

    id. 26, 9, 9: ille postea, si comitia sua non fierent, urbi minari, i. e. ( that he would attack it) if, etc., Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

    Carthaginiensibus in Hasdrubale ita, si is movisset Syphacem, spes omnis erat,

    Liv. 29, 35, 9; 5, 8, 9:

    consul aedem Fortunae vovit, si eo die hostis fudisset,

    id. 29, 36, 8: erat Athenis reo damnato, si fraus capitalis non esset, quasi [p. 1690] poenae aestimatio, Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 232: quattuor legiones Cornelio, si qui ex Etruriā novi motus nuntiarentur, relictae, to meet the case, that, to be ready, if, etc., Liv. 6, 22:

    is in armis tenuit militem, si opus foret auxilio,

    id. 5, 8:

    ut patricios indignatio, si cum his gerendus esset honos, deterreret,

    id. 4, 6, 10; 1, 40, 2; 24, 36.—
    B.
    Si... si, for sive... sive, whether... or:

    si deus si dea es,

    Cato, R. R. 139; cf.:

    hostiam si deo, si deae immolabant,

    Gell. 2, 28, 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > si

  • 3 extra

    extrā (old form EXTRAD repeatedly in the S. C. de Bacchan.; v. below, and cf. the letter D.), adv. and praep. [contr. from exterā, sc. parte, from exter].
    I.
    Adv. ( comp. exterius, see below), on the outside, without (syn.: extrinsecus, foris; opp. intra, intus, in).
    A.
    Lit.:

    vitiles (alvos apium) fimo bubulo oblinunt intus et extra,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 16; cf.:

    cum extra et intus hostem haberent,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 69, 4; Cels. 6, 18, 7; 9:

    maceries levigatur extra intraque,

    Col. 8, 15, 2;

    for which without a copula: extra intra,

    Plin. 6, 32, 38, § 205; cf.:

    nil intra est oleam, nil extra est in nuce duri,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 31:

    et in corpore et extra esse quaedam bona,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68; cf.:

    aut in animis aut in corporibus aut extra esse possunt,

    id. Part. Or. 11, 37:

    ea, quae extra sunt,

    id. Rep. 6, 26; cf. id. N. D. 2, 59, 147; and: illa, quae sunt extra, outward goods (ta exô), id. Fin. 5, 23 fin.:

    sint extra licet usus belli,

    remain aloof, Quint. 1, 10, 48 Spald.—With verbs of motion:

    ut nulla pars hujusce generis excederet extra,

    Cic. Univ. 5:

    ubi jam nihil tale extra fertur,

    Cels. 7, 27:

    cum extra fulgorem spargunt,

    Plin. 37, 8, 37, § 117:

    ad causam extra arcessitum,

    Quint. 5, 12, 4; cf.:

    extra petita,

    id. 5, 11, 44.— Comp. in nearly the sense of the positive:

    Exteriusque sitae (urbes) bimari spectantur ab Isthmo,

    situated without, Ov. M. 6, 420:

    vasa intrinsecus et exterius crasse picari (jubebat),

    on the outside, externally, Col. 12, 44, 5.—
    B.
    Transf., to indicate that which, being beyond or outside of a thing, forms an exception or addition to it, except, besides.
    1.
    So freq. in the expression extra quam, in conditional sentences usually extra quam si, like praeterquam, except that, unless that, except in case (orig. in the civil law lang.; elsewh. rare): VTEI. EA. BACANALIA. SEI. QVA. SVNT. EXTRAD. QVAM. SEI. QVID. IBEI. SACRI. EST, etc., S. C. de Bacch. fin.; cf.

    respecting this senatusconsultum in Livy: ut omnia Bacchanalia diruerent: extra quam si qua ibi vetusta ara aut signum consecratum esset,

    Liv. 39, 18, 7:

    si addat exceptionem hanc: extra quam si quis, etc.,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 33, 56; cf. id. Att. 6, 1, 15; Liv. 38, 38, 9; Dig. 43, 12, 1, § 16:

    extra quam qui, etc.,

    Liv. 26, 34, 6:

    postulat is, quicum agitur, a praetore exceptionem: extra quam in reum capitis praejudicium fiat,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59.—
    b.
    Beyond the technical lang.:

    negant, sapientem suscepturum ullam rei publicae partem, extra quam si eum tempus et necessitas coëgerit?

    unless. Cic. Rep. 1, 6: extra quam si nolint fame perire, id. Inv. 2, 57, 172.—
    * 2.
    Additional, for the more usual praeterea, besides, extra, additional:

    quaedam, inquit, pluris sunt quam venierunt, et ob hoc aliquid mihi extra pro illis, quamvis empta sint, debes,

    Sen. Ben. 6, 15, 2.
    II.
    Praep. with acc. (rarely following its case:

    urbem extra,

    Tac. A. 13, 47; in late Lat. sometimes also with abl., as extra fano, extra sanctuario, Hyg. de Lim.; cf. Salmas. ad Capitol. Ver. 9, p. 431), outside of, without, beyond.
    A.
    Lit.: aut intra muros aut extra, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P. (Ann. v. 391 ed. Vahl.);

    imitated by Horace: Iliacos intra muros peccatur et extra,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 16: quid sic te extra aedes exanimata eliminas? Enn. ap. Non. 39, 4 (Trag. v. 290 ed. Vahl.):

    NEVE EXTRAD VRBEM SACRA QVISQVAM FECISE VELET, S. C. de Bacchan.: extra portam Collinam,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 23, 58:

    extra Peloponnesum,

    id. Rep. 2, 4:

    extra provinciam,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:

    extra ostium limenque carceris,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 5, 13; so,

    extra limen Apuliae,

    Hor. C. 3, 4, 10 et saep.—With abstract substantives:

    esse extra noxiam,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 57:

    extra noxiam,

    id. Hec. 2, 3, 3:

    extra noxam, extra famam noxae,

    Liv. 34, 61, 9; cf.:

    ut extra ruinam sint eam, quae impendet,

    beyond, apart from, Cic. Att. 11, 24, 2:

    extra causam esse,

    id. Caecin. 32, 94; so,

    extra hanc contentionem certamenque nostrum,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 37:

    extra ordinem,

    id. Prov. Cons. 8, 19; id. Clu. 31, 85; id. Fam. 6, 5, 6:

    extra quotidianam consuetudinem,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 85, 3:

    extra numerum,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 1; Cic. Par. 3, 2, 26; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 59:

    extra modum,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 11, 41:

    extra jocum,

    joking apart, seriously, id. Fam. 7, 16, 2 et saep.: ne quo ad cenam exiret extra consilium meum, without my advice, Titin. ap. Non. 95, 2; cf.:

    ipsi medium ingenium, magis extra vitia quam cum virtutibus,

    Tac. H. 1, 49:

    extra honorem,

    Suet. Claud. 14; Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 150. —With verbs of motion:

    imperatores in medium exeunt extra turbam ordinum,

    beyond, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 68:

    extra portam deducere,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 78; cf.:

    extra portam perire,

    id. Mil. 2, 4, 7:

    fines terminique, extra quos egredi non possim,

    Cic. Quint. 10, 35; cf.:

    extra cancellos egredi,

    id. ib. §

    36: extra modum sumptu et magnificentia prodire,

    id. Off. 1, 39, 140:

    ut extra tabulam non emineat,

    Cels. 6, 7, 9 et saep.—
    B.
    Transf. (acc. to I. B.), in indicating an exception or addition (= praeter).
    1.
    Excepting, except: optumam progeniem Priamo peperisti extra me (= me exceptā), Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66 (Trag. v. 83 ed. Vahl.):

    extra unum te,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 203; cf.:

    extra unum Palaestrionem,

    id. Mil. 2, 2, 6:

    extra unam aniculam,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 48:

    extra ducem paucosque praeterea reliqui primum in ipso bello rapaces, deinde, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

    vacationem militiae esse extra tumultum Gallicum,

    id. Phil. 5, 19, 53:

    ad haec, quae interrogatus es, responde: extra ea cave vocem mittas,

    Liv. 8, 32, 8.—
    * 2.
    Besides, in addition to:

    quod Cato si voluit, extra familiam debuit dicere vilicum et vilicam,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 18, 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > extra

  • 4

        (old, sei), conj.    [SOVO]-, as a conditional particle.—With indic., in conditions assumed as true, or (with fut.) which will probably be fulfilled, if, when, inasmuch as, since: si vis, dabo tibi testīs: si voluntas mea, si industria, si aures patent omnibus: magnifica quaedam res, si modo est ulia: si quisquam est facilis, hic est: si aliquid dandum est voluptati: istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent ut acuent ingenia: educ tecum omnīs tuos; si minus, quam plurimos: auferat omnia oblivio, si potest; si non, utrumque silentium tegat, L.: ignosce, Caesar, si rex cessit, etc.: non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco, etc.: aut nemo, aut si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit: si Athenienses, sublato Areopago, nihil nisi populi scitis ac decretis agebant, etc.: si vis erat, si fraus, si metus: si neglegentiam dices, mirabimur: di persequar, si potero, subtilius: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris.—Esp. with pluperf., in indef. clauses of repeated action: plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat, whenever: si quando forte suis fortunis desperare coeperant, Cs.—With subj praes. or perf., in conditions assumed as possible, if, even if, though: satis facere rei p. videmur, si istius furorem vitemus: si ad verba rem deflectere velimus: rem facias, rem, Si possis, recte; si non, quocumque modo rem, H.: innocens, si accusatus sit, absolvi potest.— With subj imperf. or pluperf., implying that the condition is contrary to fact, if: servi mei, si me isto pacto metuerent, domum meum relinquendam putarem: quod ne fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur: Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa iuventus, V.— Followed by tamen, even if, although, albeit: quas si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.: quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc., S.: si aliter accidisset: si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.—In the parenthetic phrase, si forte, perhaps, perchance: vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et aliquem, si forte, motum.—With subj. (rarely indic.), in place of an inf, if, when, that: apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent (i. e. amatores non habere): illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc., L.—In dependent questions, if, whether, if perchance: ut illum quaeram, Idque adeo visam, si domist, T.: fatis incerta feror, si Iuppiter unam Esse velit urbem, V.: primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus... imposuissent, L.: statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur.—In expressing a wish (poet. for utinam), usu. with O, if only, would that, O that: o si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc., H.: Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto! would that, V.—With a relat., to express a class vaguely or doubtfully, if there be any such, whoever they may be: mortem proponit... eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt: dimissis, si qui parum idonei essent, L.—In clauses of purpose, if, in order to, to try whether, to see if, that if possible: Minucium cum omni equitatu praemittit, si quid celeritate itineris proficere possit, to see whether, Cs.: neque ullum munus despiciens, si in Caesaris complexum venire posset, Cs.: pergit ad speluncam, si forte eo vestigia ferrent, L.—In clauses of contingency, against the case that: haud aspernatus Tullius, tamen, si vana adferantur, in aciem educit, in order to be ready, if, etc., L.: ille postea, si comitia sua non fierent, urbi minari, i. e. threatened an attack if, etc.: erat reo damnato, si fraus capitalis non esset, quasi poenae aestimatio: quattuor legiones Cornelio, si qui ex Etruriā novi motūs nuntiarentur, relictae, to be ready, in case, etc., L.
    * * *
    if, if only; whether

    quod si -- but if; si quis/quid -- if anyone/anything

    Latin-English dictionary >

  • 5 seius

    I
    Seius; (Roman gens name); fictitious name in law

    M. Seius -- ally of Caesar

    II
    Seia, Seium ADJ
    Seius; (Roman gens); fictitious name in law

    M. Seius -- supporter of Caesar

    Latin-English dictionary > seius

  • 6 adoro

    ăd-ōro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.
    I.
    In the earliest per., to speak to or accost one, to address; hence, also, to treat of or negotiate a matter with one:

    adorare veteribus est alloqui,

    Serv. ad Verg. A. 10, 677:

    immo cum gemitu populum sic adorat,

    App. Met. 2, p. 127; 3, p. 130: adorare apud antiquos significabat agere: unde et legati oratores dicuntur, quia mandata populi agunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 19 Müll.; cf. oro and orator.— Hence, also, in judicial lang., to bring an accusation, to accuse; so in the Fragm. of the XII. Tab. lex viii.: SEI (Si) ADORAT FVRTO QVOD NEC MANIFESTVM ERIT, Fest. S. V. NEC, p. 162 Müll.—
    II.
    In the class. per., to speak to one in order to obtain something of him; to ask or entreat one, esp. a deity, to pray earnestly, to beseech, supplicate, implore; constr. with acc., ut, or the simple subj.:

    quos adorent, ad quos precentur et supplicent,

    Liv. 38, 43:

    affaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat,

    Verg. A. 2, 700:

    in rupes, in saxa (volens vos Turnus adoro) Ferte ratem,

    id. ib. 10, 677:

    Junonis prece numen,

    id. ib. 3, 437:

    prece superos,

    Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 41:

    non te per meritum adoro,

    id. H. 10, 141.—With the thing asked for in the acc. (like rogo, peto, postulo):

    cum hostiā caesā pacem deūm adorāsset,

    Liv. 6, 12 Drak.—With ut:

    adoravi deos, ut, etc.,

    Liv. 7, 40; Juv. 3, 300:

    adorati di, ut bene ac feliciter eveniret,

    Liv. 21, 17:

    Hanc ego, non ut me defendere temptet, adoro,

    Ov. P. 2, 2, 55.—With the subj. without ut, poet.:

    maneat sic semper adoro,

    I pray, Prop. 1, 4, 27.—
    III.
    Hence,
    A.
    Dropping the idea of asking, entreating, to reverence, honor, adore, worship the gods or objects of nature regarded as gods; more emphatic than venerari, and denoting the highest degree of reverence (Gr. proskunein); the habitus adorantium was to put the right hand to the mouth and turn about the entire body to the right (dextratio, q. v.); cf. Plin. 28, 2, 5, § 25; Liv. 5, 21; App. M. 4, 28. —Constr. with acc., dat., with prepp. or absol.
    (α).
    With acc.:

    Auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat,

    Ov. M. 3, 18:

    Janus adorandus,

    id. F. 3, 881:

    in delubra non nisi adoraturus intras,

    Plin. Pan. 52:

    large deos adorare,

    Plin. 12, 14, 32, § 62:

    nil praeter nubes et caeli numen adorat,

    Juv. 14, 97:

    adorare crocodilon,

    id. 15, 2.—

    In eccl. Lat. of the worship of the true God: adoravit Israel Deum,

    Vulg. Gen. 47, 31:

    Dominum Deum tuum adorabis,

    ib. Matt. 4, 10:

    Deum adora,

    ib. Apoc. 22, 9;

    so of Christ: videntes eum adoraverunt,

    ib. Matt. 28, 17;

    adorent eum omnes angeli Dei,

    ib. Heb. 1, 6.—
    (β).
    With dat. (eccl.): adorato ( imperat.) Domino Deo tuo, Vulg. Deut. 26, 10:

    nec adorabis deo alieno,

    id. Ital. Ps. 80, 10 Mai (deum alienum, Vulg.):

    qui adorant sculptibus,

    ib. ib. 96, 7 Mai (sculptilia, Vulg.).—
    (γ).
    With prepp. (eccl.):

    si adoraveris coram me,

    Vulg. Luc. 4, 7:

    adorabunt in conspectu tuo,

    ib. Apoc. 15, 4:

    adorent ante pedes tuos,

    ib. ib. 3, 9; 22, 8.—
    (δ).
    Absol. (eccl.):

    Patres nostri in hoc monte adoraverunt,

    Vulg. Joan. 4, 20 bis.; ib. Act. 24, 11.—And,
    B.
    The notion of religious regard being dropped, to reverence, admire, esteem highly:

    adorare priscorum in inveniendo curam,

    Plin. 27, 1, 1, § 1:

    Ennium sicut sacros vetustate lucos adoremus,

    Quint. 10, 1, 88:

    veteris qui tollunt grandia templi pocula adorandae rubiginis,

    Juv. 13, 148:

    nec tu divinam Aeneida tenta, Sed longe sequere et vestigia semper adora,

    Stat. Th. 12, 816.—
    C.
    Under the emperors the Oriental custom being introduced of worshipping the Cæsars with divine ceremony, to worship, to reverence:

    C. Caesarem adorari ut deum constituit, cum reversus ex Syria, non aliter adire ausus esset quam capite velato circumvertensque se, deinde procumbens,

    Suet. Vit. 2; App. M. 4, 28; Min. Fel. 2, 5:

    non salutari, sed adorari se jubet (Alexander),

    Just. 12, 7:

    adorare Caesarum imagines,

    Suet. Calig. 14: coronam a judicibus ad se delatam adoravit, did obeisance before, id. Ner. 12:

    adorare purpuram principis,

    i. e. touched his purple robe and brought it to the mouth in reverence, Amm. 21, 9.—Of adulation to the rabble, to pay court to:

    nec deerat Otho protendens manus, adorare volgum,

    Tac. H. 1, 36.
    This word does not occur in Cic.
    ; for in Arch. 11, 28, where adoravi was given by Mai in Fragm. p. 124, Halm reads adhortatus sum, and B. and K. adornavi.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > adoro

  • 7 aliuta

    ălĭūta, adv. (orig. acc. plur. of aliutum, a lengthened form for aliud; like actutum, astutus, etc.; cf. Sanscr. anyathā, aliter), in another manner, otherwise: aliuta antiqui dicebant pro aliter.... Hinc est aliud in legibus Numae Pompilii: SEI. QVIS. ALIVTA. FAXIT., Paul. ex Fest. p. 6 Müll. (ad Plaut. Rud. prol. 10, v. Fleck.).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > aliuta

  • 8 at

    at or ast, conj. [Curtius connects the Sanscr. ati, ultra, nimis, the Gr. eti, the Lat. et, and at in atavus; Vanicek connects with these at, atque, and atqui. Thus the original idea of addition is prominent in eti, et, and atque; and the idea of opposition in at and atqui, which agree with at-ar in meaning as well as in form. After the same analogy, the Gr. pleon, more, has become plên, but; and the Lat. magis has passed into the same meaning in the Fr. mais and the Ital. mai. The confusion in MSS. between at, ac, and et, and between atque and atqui, was prob. caused as much by their connection in idea as in form] (it was sometimes, for the sake of euphony, written ad; cf. Quint. 12, 10; 12, 32; 1, 7, 5; Charis. p. 203 P., where, instead of at conjunctionem esse, ad vero praepositionem, the reading should be, ad conjunctionem esse, at vero praepositionem, Fr.; v. the pass. in its connection; cf. also Vel. Long. p. 2230 P.; Cassiod. p. 2287 P.; Mar. Vict. p. 2458 P. The form ast is found in the old laws; it occurs once in Trag. Rel., but never in Com. Rel. nor in Lucil.; at is found in Plautus about 280 times, and ast about 10 times; in Ter. at about 100 times, and ast once; in Hor. at 60 times, ast 3 times; in Verg. at 168 times, ast 16; in Juv. at 17 times, ast 7; Catull., Tibull., and Prop. use only at, and Pers. (Jahn) only ast; in prose, Cic. uses [p. 186] ast in his epistles. It joins to a previous thought a new one, either antithetical or simply different, and especially an objection; while sed denotes a direct opposition; and autem marks a transition, and denotes at once a connection and an opposition).
    I.
    In adding a diff., but not entirely opp. thought, a qualification, restriction, etc., moreover, but, yet; sometimes an emphasized (but never merely copulative) and.
    A.
    In gen.: SEI PARENTEM PVER VERBERIT AST OLE PLORASSIT PVER DIVEIS PARENTOM SACER ESTO, if the son strike his father, and the father complain, let the son, etc., Lex Serv. Tullii ap. Fest. s. v. plorare, p. 230 Müll.; Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 24: Philosophari est mihi necesse, at paucis, but only in a few words, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 65 Rib.:

    DIVOS ET EOS QVI CAELESTES, SEMPER HABITI COLVNTO... AST OLLA PROPTER QVAE etc.,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19; 3, 4, 11: hinc Remus auspicio se devovet atque secundam Solus avem servat. At Romulus pulcer in alto Quaerit Aventino, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 83 Vahl.); Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 22:

    si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit,

    id. ib. 3, 5, 25:

    paret Amor dictis carae genetricis. At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem Inrigat,

    Verg. A. 1, 691:

    (Aeneas) finem dedit ore loquendi. At, Phoebi nondum patiens, immanis in antro Bacchatur vates,

    id. ib. 6, 77; 11, 709 sq.: quo (odore) totum nati corpus perduxit;

    at illi Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,

    id. G. 4, 416; so id. ib. 4, 460; 4, 513; id. A. 3, 259; 3, 675; 7, 81; 8, 241; 9, 793; Prop. 4, 4, 15; 4, 7, 11; Luc. 3, 664; 4, 36 al.—Also in prose (chiefly post-Aug.):

    una (navis) cum Nasidianis profugit: at ex reliquis una praemissa Massiliam, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 7:

    ubi facta sunt, in unum omnia miscentur. At pastilli haec ratio est, etc.,

    Cels. 5, 17; 6, 18:

    quamquam insideret urbem proprius miles, tres urbanae, novem praetoriae cohortes Etruriā ferme Umbriāque delectae aut vetere Latio et coloniis antiquitus Romanis. At apud idonea provinciarum sociae triremes etc.,

    Tac. A. 4, 5; 4, 6:

    negavit aliā se condicione adlecturum, quam si pateretur ascribi albo, extortum sibi a matre. At illa commota etc.,

    Suet. Tib. 51; id. Calig. 15; 44; id. Vesp. 5; id. Dom. 4; id. Galb. 7 al.—In the enumeration of particulars:

    Cum alio cantat, at tamen alii suo dat digito litteras, Naev., Com. Rel. p. 20 Rib.: dant alios aliae (silvae) fetus: dant utile lignum Navigiis pinos... At myrtus validis hastilibus et bona bello Cornus,

    Verg. G. 2, 447:

    Nam neque tum stellis acies obtunsa videtur... At nebulae magis etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 401; 3, 87; id. A. 7, 691:

    Hic altā Sicyone, ast hic Amydone relictā, Hic Andro, etc.,

    Juv. 3, 69.— The Vulg. often uses at as a mere continuative, where even et or atque might stand: sciscitabur ab iis ubi Christus nasceretur. At illi dixerunt ei: In etc., Matt. 2, 5; 4, 20; 8, 32; 14, 29; 15, 34 et persaep.—In transition,
    B.
    Esp.,
    1.
    To a new narration, like the Gr. de; so the commencement of the fourth book of the Æneid: At regina gravi jam dudum saucia curā, etc. (the third book closes with the narrative of Æneas); so the beginning of the third book of the Thebaid of Statius: At non Aoniae moderator perfidus aulae, etc.; Verg. A. 4, 504; 5, 35; 5, 545; 5, 700; 5, 779; 6, 679; 7, 5; 8, 370; 8, 608; 9, 503; 10, 689; 11, 597; 12, 134 et saep.—Also in the postAug. histt. and other prose writers; so after speaking of the Ubii etc., Tac. says: At in Chaucis coeptavere seditionem praesidium agitantes etc., A. 1, 38; so ib. 4, 13; 12, 62; 14, 23 et saep.—
    2.
    To a wonderful, terrible, unexpected, or exciting occurrence or circumstance:

    clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit, etc.... At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones Effugiunt,

    Verg. A. 2, 225; 3, 225:

    Lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilicis umbrae, Et facta agresti lignea falce Pales etc. At quā Velabri regio patet etc.,

    Tib. 2, 5, 33; Verg. G. 4, 471:

    consurgit Turnus in ensem et ferit. Exclamant Troes trepidique Latini, Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis Frangitur in medio,

    id. A. 12, 731; 10, 763:

    adusque Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victūs Opprimeret metuebat. At hunc liberta securi divisit medium,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 99: Magnus quanto mucrone minatur Noctibus hibernis et sidera terret Orion. At sonipes habitus etc., Stat. S. 1, 1, 46.—
    3.
    To a passionate appeal, etc., in which case the antecedent clause is not expressed, but must be considered as existing in the mind of the speaker; cf. in Gr. alla su, su de.
    a.
    In passing to an interrogation, exhortation, request:

    At, scelesta, viden ut ne id quidem me dignum esse existumat?

    Plaut. As. 1, 2, 23; id. Aul. 1, 1, 8:

    At qui nummos tristis inuncat?

    Lucil. 15, 21 Müll.: Me. Sauream non novi. Li. At nosce sane, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 58: Ca. Non adest. Ps. At tu cita, id. Ps. 1, 1, 30:

    satis habeo, at quaeso hercle etiam vide,

    id. Merc. 5, 4, 53 (Ritschl, sat habeo. Sed):

    at unum hoc quaeso... Ut, etc.,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 89:

    at tu, qui laetus rides mala nostra caveto Mox tibi,

    Tib. 1, 2, 87:

    Hunc ut Peleus vidit, At inferias, juvenum gratissime Crantor, Accipe, ait,

    Ov. M. 12, 367:

    at tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae Ossibus et capiti inhumato Particulam dare,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 23.—In prose:

    at vide quid succenseat,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 24, 2:

    itaque pulsus ego civitate non sum, quae nulla erat: at vide, quam ista tui latrocinii tela contempserim,

    id. Part. Or. 4, 1, 28; id. Dom. 44; App. M. 6, p. 179, 18.—
    b.
    In expressions of passion, astonishment, indignation, pain, etc.:

    At ut scelesta sola secum murmurat,

    Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 13: Sc. Nunc quidem domi certost: certa res est Nunc nostrum opservare ostium, [ubi] ubist. Pa. At, Sceledre, quaeso, Ut etc., id. Mil. 2, 4, 46:

    At o deorum quidquid in caelo regit Terras et humanum genus, Quid iste fert tumultus?

    Hor. Epod. 5, 1:

    At tibi quanta domus rutila testudine fulgens, etc.,

    Stat. S. 2, 4, 11.—In prose:

    horum omnium studium una mater oppugnat: at quae mater?

    Cic. Clu. 70; id. Verr. 2, 2, 45:

    at per deos immortales! quid est, quod de hoc dici possit,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 46:

    institui senatores, qui omnia indicum responsa perscriberent. At quos viros!

    id. Sull. 42; id. Deiot. 19, 33:

    tangit et ira deos: at non impune feremus,

    Ov. M. 8, 279; 10, 724:

    at tibi Colchorum, memini, regina vacavi,

    id. H. 12, 1.—
    c.
    In indignant imprecations:

    At te di omnes cum consilio, Calve, mactāssint malo! Pomp., Com. Rel. p. 245 Rib.: At te Juppiter diique omnes perdant!

    Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 37:

    At te di deaeque faxint cum isto odio, Laches,

    Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 59:

    At te di perdant,

    id. Eun. 3, 1, 41:

    At tibi di dignum factis exitium duint,

    id. And. 4, 1, 42:

    At vobis male sit,

    Cat. 3, 13:

    At tibi, pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis Di... persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

    Verg. A. 2, 535.—In prose:

    At vos, ait, devota capita, respiciant di perjuriorum vindices,

    Just. 14, 4, 10.—
    d.
    Rarely of friendly inclination, disposition:

    At tibi di bene faciant omnes,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 18:

    At tibi di semper, adulescens, quisquis es, faciant bene,

    id. Men. 5, 7, 32:

    At tu, Catulle, destinatus obdura,

    Cat. 8, 19.—
    e.
    In entreaty:

    At vos, o superi, miserescite regis,

    Verg. A. 8, 572:

    at tu, pater deūm hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes,

    Liv. 1, 12.—
    II.
    In adding an entirely opposite thought, but, but indeed, but on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. (the strictly class. signif. of the word).
    A.
    In gen.: at differentiam rerum significat: ut cum dicimus, Scipio est bellator, at M. Cato orator, Paul. ex Fest. p. 11 Müll.: splendet saepe, ast idem nimbis interdum nigret, Att., Trag. Rel. p. 170 Rib.: So. Mentire nunc. Me. At jam faciam, ut verum dicas dicere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 189: So. Per Jovem juro med etc. Me. At ego per Mercurium juro, tibi etc., id. ib. 1, 1, 280:

    Atque oppido hercle bene velle illud visus sum, Ast non habere quoi commendarem caprum,

    id. Merc. 2, 1, 22:

    fecit idem Themistocles... at idem Pericles non fecit,

    Cic. Att. 7, 11, 3:

    non placet M. Antonio consulatus meus, at placuit P. Servilio,

    id. Phil. 2, 5, 12:

    majores nostri Tusculanos Aequos... in civitatem etiam acceperunt, at Karthaginem et Numantiam funditus sustulerunt,

    id. Off. 1, 11, 35: brevis a naturā nobis vita data est;

    at memoria bene redditae vitae sempiterna,

    id. Phil. 14, 12, 32; id. Cat. 2, 2, 3; id. Leg. 2, 18:

    crebras a nobis litteras exspecta, ast plures etiam ipse mittito,

    id. Att. 1, 16 fin.: Rejectis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani phalange factā impetus gladiorum exceperunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 52:

    Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie adsentiebantur. At M. Porcius Cato hujusce modi orationem habuit,

    Sall. C. 52, 1:

    hac iter Elysium nobis, at laeva... ad impia Tartara mittit,

    Verg. A. 6, 542: T. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi... M. At nos hinc alii sitientīs ibimus Afros, id. E. 1, 65: Dam. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella... Men. At mihi sese offert ultro meus ignis Amyntas, id. ib. 3, 66; 7, 35; 7, 55; id. G. 1, 219; 1, 242; 1, 370; 2, 151; 2, 184; 3, 331; 4, 18; 4, 180; id. A. 2, 35; 2, 687; 3, 424; 5, 264;

    6, 489: Ast ego nutrici non mando vota,

    Pers. 2, 39:

    ast illi tremat etc.,

    id. 6, 74:

    Ast vocat officium,

    id. 6, 27:

    At Jesus audiens ait,

    Vulg. Matt. 9, 12; 9, 22; 12, 3; 12, 48 et persaep.—
    a.
    In order to strengthen a contrast, sometimes (esp. in Plaut. and Ter.) with contra, e contrario, potius, etiam, vero.
    (α).
    With contra:

    Summis nitere opibus, at ego contra ut dissimilis siem,

    Lucil. 26, 19 Müll.:

    Ergo quod magnumst aeque leviusque videtur... At contra gravius etc.,

    Lucr. 1, 366; so id. 1, 570; 1, 1087; 2, 235: L. Opimius ejectus est e patriā: At contra bis Catilina absolutus est, Cic. Pis. 95; id. Verr. 5, 66; id. Sex. Rosc. 131; id. Quinct. 75:

    At tibi contra Evenit, etc.,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 27:

    (Cornutus) taedio curarum mortem in se festinavit: at contra reus nihil infracto animo, etc.,

    Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    With e contrario: apud nos mercenarii scribae existimantur;

    at apud illos e contrario nemo ad id officium admittitur, nisi, etc.,

    Nep. Eum. 1, 5:

    in locis siccis partibus sulcorum imis disponenda sunt semina, ut tamquam in alveolis maneant. At uliginosis e contrario in summo porcae dorso collocanda, etc.,

    Col. 11, 3, 44.—
    (γ).
    With potius:

    at satius fuerat eam viro dare nuptum potius,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 44:

    at potius serves nostram, tua munera, vitam,

    Ov. H. 3, 149.—
    (δ).
    With etiam: At etiam, furcifer, Male loqui mi audes? but do you even? etc., Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 31; id. Trin. 4, 2, 151; id. Rud. 3, 4, 6:

    At etiam cubat cuculus. Surge, amator, i domum,

    but he is yet abed, id. As. 5, 2, 73; so id. Capt. 2, 3, 98; id. Mil. 4, 4, 6:

    Exi foras, sceleste. At etiam restitas, Fugitive!

    Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 1; 5, 6, 10: Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, etc.... at etiam sunt, Quirites, qui dicant, a me in exsilium ejectum esse Catilinam, on the contrary, there are indeed people who say. etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12; id. Phil. 2, 30, 76; id. Quinct. 56; id. Verr. 5, 77; id. Dom. 70 al.—
    (ε).
    With vero, but certainly:

    At vero aut honoribus aucti aut etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Off. 2, 20, 70; 2, 23, 80; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 17 al.—
    (ζ).
    With certe:

    Numquam ego te, vitā frater amabilior, Aspiciam posthac. At certe semper amabo,

    Cat. 65, 11; 66, 25. —
    (η).
    So, quidem—at (very rare) = quidem —autem, Cic. Off. 1, 22, 75.—
    b.
    Ironically: Th. Quid valeam? Ly. At tu aegrota, si lubet, per me aetatem quidem, Plaut. Curc. 4, 3, 22:

    at, credo, mea numina tandem Fessa jacent,

    Verg. A. 7, 297; 7, 363; Ov. H. 1, 44.—
    B.
    Very freq. in adding an objection, from one's own mind or another's, against an assertion previously made, but, on the contrary, in opposition to this; sometimes, but one may say, it may be objected, and the like:

    Piscium magnam atque altilium vim interfecisti. At nego,

    Lucil. 28, 43 Müll.:

    Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publicā perniciosos cives morte multārunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe etc.,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

    Appellandi tempus non erat? At tecum plus annum vixit. In Galliā agi non potuit? At et in provinciā jus dicebatur et etc.,

    id. Quinct. 41:

    Male judicavit populus. At judicavit. Non debuit. At potuit. Non fero. At multi clarissimi cives tulerunt,

    id. Planc. 11:

    sunt, quos signa, quos caelatum argentum delectant. At sumus, inquiunt, civitatis principes,

    id. Part. Or. 5, 2, 36; id. Fin. 4, 25, 71; id. Verr. 2, 2 fin.:

    quid porro quaerendum est? Factumne sit? At constat: A quo? At patet,

    id. Mil. 6, 15; id. Phil. 2, 9: convivium vicinorum cotidie compleo, quod ad multam noctem, quam maxime possumus, vario sermone producimus. At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Credo: sed ne desideratio quidem, [p. 187] id. Sen. 14, 47:

    multo magnus orator praestat minutis imperatoribus. At prodest plus imperator. Quis negat?

    id. Brut. 73, 256; id. Div. 2, 29, 62; 2, 31, 67; 2, 32, 69 al.:

    Maxime Juppiter! At in se Pro quaestu sumptum facit hic,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 18 al. — In this case freq. strengthened,
    a.
    By pol, edepol, hercule: At pol ego neque florem neque flocces volo mihi, Caecil., Com. Rel. p. 67 Rib.: So. Non edepol volo profecto. Me. At pol profecto ingratiis, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 215; so id. As. 2, 2, 34; 4, 2, 14; id. Capt. 3, 4, 64; id. Cas. 2, 3, 15; id. Cist. 4, 2, 70; id. Trin. 2, 4, 73: Ha. Gaudio ero vobis. Ad. At edepol nos voluptati tibi, id. Poen. 5, 4, 61; 3, 1, 68:

    At hercule aliquot annos populus Romanus maximā parte imperii caruit,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 54; id. Sex. Rosc. 50:

    at hercle in eā controversiā, quae de Argis est, superior sum,

    Liv. 34, 31:

    At, Hercule, reliquis omnibus etc.,

    Plin. 7, 50, 51, § 169:

    At, hercules, Diodorus et in morbo etc.,

    id. 29, 6, 39, § 142:

    At hercule Germanicum Druso ortum etc.,

    Tac. A. 1, 3; 1, 17; 1, 26;

    3, 54: At, hercules, si conscius fuissem etc.,

    Curt. 6, 10, 20 al. —
    b.
    By enim, which introduces a reason for the objection implied in at, but certainly, but surely, but indeed, etc., alla gar: At enim tu nimis spisse incedis, Naev., Com. Rel. p. 16 Rib.; Turp. id. p. 93: at enim nimis hic longo sermone utimur;

    Diem conficimus,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 78:

    At enim istoc nil est magis etc.,

    Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 21:

    At enim vereor, inquit Crassus, ne haec etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 188:

    cum dixisset Sophocles, O puerum pulchrum, Pericle. At enim praetorem, Sophocle, decet non solum manus, sed etiam oculos abstinentes habere, etc.,

    id. Off. 1, 40, 144 Beier; so id. Mur. 35, 74; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52 al.:

    at enim inter hos ipsos existunt graves controversiae,

    id. Quinct. 1; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51; 20, 60; id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; id. Ac. 2, 17, 52:

    At enim cur a me potissimum hoc praesidium petiverunt?

    id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 15:

    At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei publicae decretum erit?

    Sall. C. 51, 25 Kritz:

    At enim quid ita solus ego circum curam ago?

    Liv. 6, 15; 34, 32:

    At enim eo foedere, quod etc.,

    id. 21, 18; 34, 31; 39, 37: At enim nova nobis in fratrum filias conjugia;

    sed etc.,

    Tac. A. 12, 6.—
    c.
    By tamen: Jam id peccatum primum magnum, magnum, at humanum tamen, Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 53: Hi secretis sermonibus... conveniunt;

    nam publice civitas talibus inceptis abhorrebat. At tamen interfuere quidam etc.,

    Tac. H. 4, 55:

    At certe tamen, inquiunt, quod etc.,

    Cat. 10, 14.—
    C.
    With a preced. negative, sometimes no antithesis is appended by at, but it is indicated that if what has been said is not true, yet at least something else is true, but yet; sometimes with tamen, but yet; or certe, but at least, yet at least:

    Nolo victumas: at minimis me extis placare volo,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 95:

    Si tibi non cordi fuerant conubia nostra,... At tamen in vostras potuisti ducere sedes,

    Cat. 64, 158 sq.:

    Non cognoscebantur foris, at domi: non ab alienis, at a suis,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 11, 56:

    Liceat haec nobis, si oblivisci non possumus, at tacere,

    id. Fl. 25, 61:

    Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi,

    Verg. A. 1, 543; so id. ib. 4, 615, and 6, 406. —With certe:

    Haec erant... quorum cognitio studiosis juvenibus si non magnam utilitatem adferet, at certe, quod magis petimus, bonam voluntatem,

    Quint. 12, 11, 31; Cels. 2, 15; Suet. Calig. 12, al.—
    D.
    The antithesis is sometimes not so much in the clause appended by at, as in the persons or things introduced in it; so,
    (α).
    Esp. freq. in conditional clauses with si, si non, si minus, etiam si, etc.; cf. Herm. ad Viger. 241: Si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit; At erit mi hoc factum mortuo memorabile, if I perish here, but he does not return, yet etc., Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 26; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 131:

    si ego digna hac contumeliā Sum maxime, at tu indignus qui faceres tamen,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 25:

    Si tu oblitus es, at di meminerunt,

    Cat. 30, 11:

    si non eo die, at postridie,

    Cato, R. R. 2, 1:

    si non paulo, at aliquanto (post petīsses),

    Cic. Quinct. 40; 97; id. Mil. 93 al.:

    quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,

    id. Cat. 1, 22; id. Verr. 5, 69; id. Clu. 15: qui non possit, etiam si sine ullā suspitione, at non sine argumento male dicere, id. Cael. 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With etsi:

    ei, etsi nequāquam parem illius ingenio, at pro nostro tamen studio meritam gratiam referamus,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14; Tac. Or. 19.—
    (γ).
    With quod si:

    Quod si nihil cum potentiore juris humani relinquitur inopi, at ego ad deos confugiam,

    Liv. 9, 1; Tac. A. 1, 67.—
    E.
    At, like autem and de, sometimes serves simply to introduce an explanation: cum Sic mutilus miniteris. At illi foeda cicatrix etc., now an ugly scar etc., Hor. S. 1, 5, 60. —
    F.
    And also like de in Hom. and Hdt., it sometimes introduces an apodosis,
    a.
    With si: Bellona, si hobie nobis victoriam duis, ast ego templum tibi voveo, if to-day thou bestow victory, then I etc., ean—de, Liv. 10, 19.—
    b.
    With quoniam: Nunc, quoniam tuum insanabile ingenium est, at tu tuo supplicio doce etc., since your disposition is past cure, at least etc., epei—de, Liv. 1, 28.
    A.
    At is sometimes repeated at the beginning of several clauses,
    a.
    In opposition each to the preceding clause: Soph. Tu quidem haut etiam octoginta's pondo. Paegn. At confidentiā Militia illa militatur multo magis quam pondere. At ego hanc operam perdo, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 47 sq.:

    Si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit: At erit mi hoc factum mortuo memorabile,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 25 sq.; id. As. 5, 2, 6 sqq. (Cic., in Quir. 7 and 10, opposes at to sed, and Tac., in A. 12, 6, sed to at).—
    b.
    In opposition to some common clause preceding:

    At etiam asto? At etiam cesso foribus facere hisce assulas?

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 20: Quid tum esse existimas judicatum? Certe gratīs judicāsse. At condemnārat; at causam totam non audierat;

    at in contionibus etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 113:

    Sit flagitiorum omnium princeps: at est bonus imperator, at felix,

    id. Verr. 5, 4; id. Sest. 47; id. Fragm. B. 16, 5 B. and K.: Nefarius Hippias Pisistrati filius arma contra patriam ferens;

    at Sulla, at Marius, at Cinna recte, imo jure fortasse,

    id. Att. 9, 10, 3: At non formosa est, at non bene culta puella;

    At, puto, non votis saepe petita meis?

    Ov. Am. 3, 7, 1 sq. Merk.:

    At quam sunt similes, at quam formosus uterque!

    id. F. 2, 395: rideri possit eo quod Rusticius tonso toga defluit: at est bonus ut melior vir Non alius quisquam; at tibi amicus;

    at ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpore,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 30 sqq. (cf. sed—

    sed,

    Cat. 64, 141; Juv. 5, 61; 8, 149; and a similar use of alla in Hellenistic Greek, as alla—alla, 2 Cor. 2, 17: alla—alla —alla, 1 Cor. 6, 11).—
    B.
    Though regularly occupying the first place in its clause or sentence, it sometimes stands second (cf. atque fin.):

    Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas,

    Verg. E. 7, 67; id. G. 3, 331:

    Tutior at quanto merx est in classe secundā,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 47:

    Mentior at si quid, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 8, 37:

    Gramineis ast inde toris discumbitur,

    Val. Fl. 8, 255:

    Major at inde etc.,

    Stat. Th. 4, 116.—See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 417-451; Wagner, Quaest. XXXVII. ad Verg. IV. pp. 581- 585.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > at

  • 9 calumnia

    călumnĭa (old form kălumnĭa; v. the letter K), ae, f. [perh. for calvomnia, from calvor; cf. incīlo], trickery, artifice, chicanery, cunning device.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.:

    per obtrectatores Lentuli calumniā extracta res est,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 3:

    (Lucullus) inimicorum calumniā triennio tardius quam debuerat triumphavit,

    id. Ac. 2, 1, 3:

    inpediti ne triumpharent calumniā paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat,

    Sall. C. 30, 4:

    Metellus calumniā dicendi tempus exemit,

    Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

    cum omni morā, ludificatione, calumniā senatūs auctoritas impediretur,

    id. Sest. 35, 75.— Plur.:

    res ab adversariis nostris extracta est variis calumniis,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    A pretence, evasion, subterfuge:

    juris judicium cum erit et aequitatis, cave in istā tam frigidā, tam jejunā calumniā delitescas,

    Cic. Caecin. 21, 61:

    senatus religionis calumniam non religione, sed malevolentiā... comprobat,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 1:

    Carneades... itaque premebat alio modo nec ullam adhibebat calumniam,

    id. Fat. 14, 31:

    calumniam stultitiamque ejus obtrivit ac contudit,

    id. Caecin. 7, 18:

    illud in primis, ne qua calumnia, ne qua fraus, ne quis dolus adhibeatur,

    id. Dom. 14, 36:

    quae major calumnia est, quam venire imberbum adulescentulum... dicere se filium senatorem sibi velle adoptare?

    id. ib. 14, 37.—
    2.
    In discourse, etc., a misrepresentation, false statement, fallacy, cavil (cf.:

    cavillatio, perfugium): haec cum uberius disputantur et fusius, facilius effugiunt Academicorum calumniam,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20:

    (Carneades) saepe optimas causas ingenii calumniā ludificari solet,

    id. Rep. 3, 5, 9:

    nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

    id. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

    si in minimis rebus pertinacia reprehenditur, calumnia etiam coërcetur,

    id. ib. 2, 20, 65:

    altera est calumnia, nullam artem falsis adsentiri opinionibus,

    Quint. 2, 17, 18:

    si quis tamen... ad necessaria aliquid melius adjecerit, non erit hac calumniā reprendendus,

    id. 12, 10, 43.—
    3.
    A false accusation, malicious charge, esp. a false or malicious information, or action at law, a perversion of justice ( = sukophantia):

    jam de deorum inmortalium templis spoliatis qualem calumniam ad pontifices adtulerit?

    false report, Liv. 39, 4, 11:

    Scythae... cum confecto jam bello supervenissent, et calumniā tardius lati auxilii, mercede fraudarentur,

    an unjust charge, Just. 42, 1, 2:

    quamquam illa fuit ad calumniam singulari consilio reperta ratio... Quae res cum ad pactiones iniquissimas magnam vim habuit, tum vero ad calumnias in quas omnes inciderent, quos vellent Apronius,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 38:

    causam calumniae reperire,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8, §

    21: (Heraclius), a quo HS. C. milia per calumniam malitiamque petita sunt,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 27, §

    66: mirari improbitatem calumniae,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 15, §

    37: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumniā quādam et nimis callidā juris interpretatione,

    id. Off. 1, 10, 33:

    iste amplam occasionem calumniae nactus,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 61:

    quem iste in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni calumniā praecursorem habere solebat et emissarium,

    id. ib. 2, 5, 41, § 108; 2, 2, 9, §

    25: ad rapinas convertit animum, vario et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum et vectigalium genere,

    Suet. Calig. 38 init.; cf.

    the context: calumniā litium alienos fundos petere,

    Cic. Mil. 27, 74:

    adeo illis odium Romanorum incussit rapacitas proconsulum, sectio publicanorum, calumniae litium,

    Just. 38, 7, 8:

    calumniarum metum inicere alicui,

    Suet. Caes. 20:

    principes confiscatos ob tam leve ac tam inpudens calumniarum genus, ut, etc.,

    id. Tib. 49:

    calumniis rapinisque intendit animum,

    id. Ner. 32:

    creditorum turbam... nonnisi terrore calumniarum amovit,

    id. Vit. 7:

    fiscales calumnias magna calumniantium repressit,

    id. Dom. 9 fin.Plur.:

    istae calumniae,

    App. Mag. 1, p. 273, 9; cf.:

    calumnia magiae,

    id. ib. 2, p. 274, 10.—
    4.
    Hence, jurid. t. t., the bringing of an action, whether civil or criminal, in bad faith:

    actoris calumnia quoque coërcetur,

    litigiousness on the part of the plaintiff, Just. Inst. 4, 16, 1 Sandars ad loc.; Gai Inst. 4, 174: vetus calumniae actio, a prosecution for blackmail or malicious prosecution, id. ib.: calumniam jurare, to take the oath that the action is brought or defence offered in good faith, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 3: sei juraverit calumniae causā non postulare, Lex Acil. Repetund. 19; Dig. 39, 2, 7; cf.: praeter jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā infitias ire, Gai Inst. 4, 172:

    jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā agere,

    id. ib. 4, 176.—Hence:

    nec satis habere bello vicisse Hannibalem, nisi velut accusatores calumniam in eum jurarent ac nomen deferrent,

    Liv. 33, 37, 5 Weissenb. ad loc; so,

    de calumniā jurare,

    Dig. 39, 2, 13, § 3: jusjurandum de calumniā, Gai Inst. 4, 179; Dig. 12, 3, 34 al.: et quidem calumniae judicium adversus omnes actiones locum habet, a conviction in a cross-action for malicious prosecution, Gai Inst. 4, 175:

    turpissimam personam calumniae honestae civitati inponere,

    to fasten the vile character of a malicious prosecutor upon, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 43:

    sine ignominiā calumniae accusationem relinquere non posse,

    id. Clu. 31, 86.— The person convicted of this charge was branded on the forehead with the letter K; v. calumniator.—
    II.
    Transf., a conviction for malicious prosecution ( = calumniae judicium, v. I. A. 4. supra):

    hic illo privato judicio, mihi credite, calumniam non effugiet,

    Cic. Clu. 59, 163: scito C. Sempronium Rufum, mel ac delicias tuas, calumniam maximo plausu tulisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 1:

    accusare alienae dominationis scelerisque socius propter calumniae metum non est ausus,

    Cic. Dom. 19, 49:

    perinde poenā teneri ac si publico judicio calumniae condemnatus,

    Tac. A. 14, 41:

    calumniam fictis eludere jocis,

    Phaedr. 3, prol. 37.—
    III.
    Trop.
    A.
    Of abstr. things: in hac igitur calumniā timoris et caecae suspitionis tormento, cum plurima ad alieni sensūs conjecturam, non ad suum judicium scribantur, i. e. when the writer ' s mind is made the fool of his fears, Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4. —
    B.
    Contra se, a mistaken severity towards one ' s self:

    inveni qui Ciceroni crederent, eum (Calvum) nimiā contra se calumniā verum sanguinem perdidisse,

    Quint. 10, 1, 115 (referring to Cic. Brut. 82, 283: nimium inquirens in se atque ipse sese observans, metuensque ne vitiosum colligeret, etiam verum sanguinem deperdebat).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > calumnia

  • 10 D

    D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).
    II.
    As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.
    III.
    The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—
    1.
    An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—
    2.
    An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—
    3.
    An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—
    4.
    An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —
    5.
    A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.
    IV.
    In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).
    2.
    D final was also anciently found—
    a.
    In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —
    b.
    In the imperative mood;

    as estod,

    Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—
    c.
    In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).
    V.
    As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.
    The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > D

  • 11 d

    D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).
    II.
    As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.
    III.
    The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—
    1.
    An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—
    2.
    An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—
    3.
    An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—
    4.
    An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —
    5.
    A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.
    IV.
    In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).
    2.
    D final was also anciently found—
    a.
    In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —
    b.
    In the imperative mood;

    as estod,

    Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—
    c.
    In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).
    V.
    As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.
    The Romans denoted the number 500 by D; but the character was then regarded, not as a letter, but as half of the original Tuscan numeral (or CI[C ]) for 1000.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > d

  • 12 dimoveo

    dī-mŏvĕo, ōvi, ōtum (DISMOTUM, v. infra), 2, v. a. (in MSS. and edd. often confounded with demoveo, q. v.; not freq. before the Aug. per.; not in Caes. and Quint.; perh. not in Cic., where demovere appears everywhere to be the better reading).
    I.
    To move asunder, to part, put asunder, separate, divide:

    terram aratro,

    Verg. G. 2, 513; cf.:

    glebas aratro,

    Ov. M. 5, 341:

    aera (c. c. dispellere umbras),

    Verg. A. 5, 839; cf.

    auras,

    id. ib. 9, 645:

    cinerem foco,

    Ov. M. 8, 642:

    undas,

    Lucr. 6, 891; Ov. M. 4, 708; cf.

    aquas,

    id. H. 18, 80; 19, 48:

    rubum,

    Hor. C. 1, 23, 7.— Poet.:

    ubi sol radiis terram dimovit abortus (preceded by: ubi roriferis terram nox obruit umbris),

    cleaves the earth, lays it open, Lucr. 6, 869.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    Of a multitude of persons or things, to separate from each other, to scatter, disperse, drive away, dismiss:

    humentem umbram polo,

    Verg. A. 3, 589; 4, 7; cf.:

    gelidam umbram caelo,

    id. ib. 11, 210:

    obstantes propinquos,

    Hor. C. 3, 5, 51:

    turbam,

    Tac. H. 3, 31; 80; Suet. Galb. 19; cf.:

    dimotis omnibus,

    Tac. H. 2, 49; cf.: VTEI EA BACANALIA SEI QVA SVNT... DISMOTA SIENT, i. e. be dissolved, abolished, S. C. de Bacchan. fin.
    2.
    To separate from something, to remove.
    a.
    Lit.:

    quos (equites) spes societatis a plebe dimoverat,

    Sall. J. 42, 1; Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23:

    dimovit perfregitque custodias Poena,

    Plin. Pan. 49:

    parietes (al. demotis),

    Tac. A. 6, 24:

    plagulas (lecticae),

    Suet. Tit. 10 al. —
    b.
    Trop.: gaudentem patrios findere sarculo Numquam dimoveas, ut, etc., thou canst never entice away, in order to, etc., Hor. C. 1, 1, 13 (al. demo-).—
    II.
    To move to and fro, to put in motion (cf. dimitto, no. I.—so perh. only in Celsus):

    superiores partes,

    Cels. 3, 27, 3:

    manus,

    id. 2, 14 fin.:

    se inambulatione levi,

    id. 4, 24 al.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > dimoveo

  • 13 kalumnia

    călumnĭa (old form kălumnĭa; v. the letter K), ae, f. [perh. for calvomnia, from calvor; cf. incīlo], trickery, artifice, chicanery, cunning device.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.:

    per obtrectatores Lentuli calumniā extracta res est,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 3:

    (Lucullus) inimicorum calumniā triennio tardius quam debuerat triumphavit,

    id. Ac. 2, 1, 3:

    inpediti ne triumpharent calumniā paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat,

    Sall. C. 30, 4:

    Metellus calumniā dicendi tempus exemit,

    Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3:

    cum omni morā, ludificatione, calumniā senatūs auctoritas impediretur,

    id. Sest. 35, 75.— Plur.:

    res ab adversariis nostris extracta est variis calumniis,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    A pretence, evasion, subterfuge:

    juris judicium cum erit et aequitatis, cave in istā tam frigidā, tam jejunā calumniā delitescas,

    Cic. Caecin. 21, 61:

    senatus religionis calumniam non religione, sed malevolentiā... comprobat,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 1:

    Carneades... itaque premebat alio modo nec ullam adhibebat calumniam,

    id. Fat. 14, 31:

    calumniam stultitiamque ejus obtrivit ac contudit,

    id. Caecin. 7, 18:

    illud in primis, ne qua calumnia, ne qua fraus, ne quis dolus adhibeatur,

    id. Dom. 14, 36:

    quae major calumnia est, quam venire imberbum adulescentulum... dicere se filium senatorem sibi velle adoptare?

    id. ib. 14, 37.—
    2.
    In discourse, etc., a misrepresentation, false statement, fallacy, cavil (cf.:

    cavillatio, perfugium): haec cum uberius disputantur et fusius, facilius effugiunt Academicorum calumniam,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20:

    (Carneades) saepe optimas causas ingenii calumniā ludificari solet,

    id. Rep. 3, 5, 9:

    nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

    id. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

    si in minimis rebus pertinacia reprehenditur, calumnia etiam coërcetur,

    id. ib. 2, 20, 65:

    altera est calumnia, nullam artem falsis adsentiri opinionibus,

    Quint. 2, 17, 18:

    si quis tamen... ad necessaria aliquid melius adjecerit, non erit hac calumniā reprendendus,

    id. 12, 10, 43.—
    3.
    A false accusation, malicious charge, esp. a false or malicious information, or action at law, a perversion of justice ( = sukophantia):

    jam de deorum inmortalium templis spoliatis qualem calumniam ad pontifices adtulerit?

    false report, Liv. 39, 4, 11:

    Scythae... cum confecto jam bello supervenissent, et calumniā tardius lati auxilii, mercede fraudarentur,

    an unjust charge, Just. 42, 1, 2:

    quamquam illa fuit ad calumniam singulari consilio reperta ratio... Quae res cum ad pactiones iniquissimas magnam vim habuit, tum vero ad calumnias in quas omnes inciderent, quos vellent Apronius,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 38:

    causam calumniae reperire,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8, §

    21: (Heraclius), a quo HS. C. milia per calumniam malitiamque petita sunt,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 27, §

    66: mirari improbitatem calumniae,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 15, §

    37: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumniā quādam et nimis callidā juris interpretatione,

    id. Off. 1, 10, 33:

    iste amplam occasionem calumniae nactus,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 61:

    quem iste in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni calumniā praecursorem habere solebat et emissarium,

    id. ib. 2, 5, 41, § 108; 2, 2, 9, §

    25: ad rapinas convertit animum, vario et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum et vectigalium genere,

    Suet. Calig. 38 init.; cf.

    the context: calumniā litium alienos fundos petere,

    Cic. Mil. 27, 74:

    adeo illis odium Romanorum incussit rapacitas proconsulum, sectio publicanorum, calumniae litium,

    Just. 38, 7, 8:

    calumniarum metum inicere alicui,

    Suet. Caes. 20:

    principes confiscatos ob tam leve ac tam inpudens calumniarum genus, ut, etc.,

    id. Tib. 49:

    calumniis rapinisque intendit animum,

    id. Ner. 32:

    creditorum turbam... nonnisi terrore calumniarum amovit,

    id. Vit. 7:

    fiscales calumnias magna calumniantium repressit,

    id. Dom. 9 fin.Plur.:

    istae calumniae,

    App. Mag. 1, p. 273, 9; cf.:

    calumnia magiae,

    id. ib. 2, p. 274, 10.—
    4.
    Hence, jurid. t. t., the bringing of an action, whether civil or criminal, in bad faith:

    actoris calumnia quoque coërcetur,

    litigiousness on the part of the plaintiff, Just. Inst. 4, 16, 1 Sandars ad loc.; Gai Inst. 4, 174: vetus calumniae actio, a prosecution for blackmail or malicious prosecution, id. ib.: calumniam jurare, to take the oath that the action is brought or defence offered in good faith, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 3: sei juraverit calumniae causā non postulare, Lex Acil. Repetund. 19; Dig. 39, 2, 7; cf.: praeter jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā infitias ire, Gai Inst. 4, 172:

    jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā agere,

    id. ib. 4, 176.—Hence:

    nec satis habere bello vicisse Hannibalem, nisi velut accusatores calumniam in eum jurarent ac nomen deferrent,

    Liv. 33, 37, 5 Weissenb. ad loc; so,

    de calumniā jurare,

    Dig. 39, 2, 13, § 3: jusjurandum de calumniā, Gai Inst. 4, 179; Dig. 12, 3, 34 al.: et quidem calumniae judicium adversus omnes actiones locum habet, a conviction in a cross-action for malicious prosecution, Gai Inst. 4, 175:

    turpissimam personam calumniae honestae civitati inponere,

    to fasten the vile character of a malicious prosecutor upon, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 43:

    sine ignominiā calumniae accusationem relinquere non posse,

    id. Clu. 31, 86.— The person convicted of this charge was branded on the forehead with the letter K; v. calumniator.—
    II.
    Transf., a conviction for malicious prosecution ( = calumniae judicium, v. I. A. 4. supra):

    hic illo privato judicio, mihi credite, calumniam non effugiet,

    Cic. Clu. 59, 163: scito C. Sempronium Rufum, mel ac delicias tuas, calumniam maximo plausu tulisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 1:

    accusare alienae dominationis scelerisque socius propter calumniae metum non est ausus,

    Cic. Dom. 19, 49:

    perinde poenā teneri ac si publico judicio calumniae condemnatus,

    Tac. A. 14, 41:

    calumniam fictis eludere jocis,

    Phaedr. 3, prol. 37.—
    III.
    Trop.
    A.
    Of abstr. things: in hac igitur calumniā timoris et caecae suspitionis tormento, cum plurima ad alieni sensūs conjecturam, non ad suum judicium scribantur, i. e. when the writer ' s mind is made the fool of his fears, Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4. —
    B.
    Contra se, a mistaken severity towards one ' s self:

    inveni qui Ciceroni crederent, eum (Calvum) nimiā contra se calumniā verum sanguinem perdidisse,

    Quint. 10, 1, 115 (referring to Cic. Brut. 82, 283: nimium inquirens in se atque ipse sese observans, metuensque ne vitiosum colligeret, etiam verum sanguinem deperdebat).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > kalumnia

  • 14 lugeo

    lūgĕo, xi, ctum, 2 (luxti for luxisti, Cat. 66, 21; dep. lugeri, Prisc. 1251), v. n. and a. [akin to Gr. lugros, loigos; Sanscr. root lū, to cut; cf. lues], to mourn, lament, bewail, deplore (syn. ploro).
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Neutr.:

    luget senatus, maeret equester ordo,

    Cic. Mil. 8, 20:

    annum feminis ad lugendum constituere majores,

    Sen. Ep. 63, 13; id. Cons. ad Helv. 16, 1:

    hos pro me lugere,

    Cic. Planc. 42, 101.— Impers. pass.:

    sei ad pii rogum fili lugetur. etc.,

    Cat. 39, 4.—
    B.
    Act.: lugere mortem Trebonii, Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 25:

    quid ego nunc lugeam vitam hominum?

    id. Tusc. 1, 34, 83:

    occasum atque interitum rei publicae,

    id. Pis. 8, 18:

    ut ager lugere dominum videretur,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

    matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

    Liv. 2, 7.—In pass.:

    lugebere nobis, Lugebisque alios,

    Ov. M. 10, 141:

    parentes et filii majores X annis anno lugendi sunt,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 13:

    servus matronis lugendus,

    Juv. 8, 267.—With acc. and inf.:

    urbem e suis faucibus ereptam esse,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 2: in dominos vanas luget abisse minas, Claud. ap. Eutr. 2, 4 prooem.—
    (β).
    With gen.:

    lugere formae,

    Sil. 3, 424.—
    II.
    Transf., to be in mourning, to wear mourning apparel (v. luctus):

    nec lugentibus id facere fas est,

    Liv. 22, 56:

    qui luget, abstinere debet a conviviis, ornamentis et albā veste,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 14:

    pullo lugentes vellere lanas,

    fit for mourning, Mart. 14, 157.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > lugeo

  • 15 perbonus

    per-bŏnus, a, um, adj., very good:

    prandium,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 3:

    eam sei curabeis, perbona'st,

    id. Merc. 3, 1, 28:

    ager,

    Cic. Fl. 29, 71:

    toreumata,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 38:

    perbono loco res erat,

    id. Att. 6, 1, 3.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > perbonus

  • 16 quasi

    quăsĭ (old form QVĂSEI, Tab. Bantin. lin. 10; Inscr. Orell. 2488), adv. [quamsi].
    I.
    Lit., as if, just as, as it were (cf.: veluti, sicuti, tamquam): modo introii. Si. Quasi ego, quam dudum, rogem, as if I asked, Ter. And. 5, 2, 9:

    quasi vero venire debuerint,

    just as though they ought to have come, Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 3:

    quasi vero ille factum id esse defendat,

    id. Off. 3, 9, 39:

    philosophia laudatarum artium omnium quasi parens,

    id. de Or. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

    quasi decursus temporis,

    id. Fam. 3, 2, 2.— After the comparative particles, sic, ita, perinde, proinde, item, itidem, prorsus, quippe, etc.:

    Graecas litteras sic avide arripui, quasi diuturnam sitim explere cupiens,

    as if, Cic. Sen. 8, 26:

    qui, quasi sua res aut honos agatur, ita diligenter, etc.,

    id. Quint. 2, 9:

    atque haec perinde loquor, quasi debueris,

    id. ib. 26, 83:

    proinde quasi nostram ipsam mentem videre et sentire possimus,

    id. Mil. 31, 84:

    item quasi salsa muriatica esse autumantur,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 31:

    itidem quasi occisam suem,

    id. Rud. 3, 2, 46:

    prorsus quasi silentium damnum pulchritudinis esset,

    Just. 1, 7, 16:

    quippe quasi minus perjurii contra haberent,

    id. 3, 7, 15.—

    For sic... quasi, in late Lat., aeque... quasi occurs,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3, § 1.—After assimulare, to make or act as if:

    assimulabo, quasi nunc exeam,

    will pretend to be just going out, Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 8.— Sometimes pleon. quasi si: QVASEI SEI, Tab. Bantin. lin. 10; Inscr. Orell. 2488:

    quasi si esset ex se nata,

    Plaut. Cas. prol. 45.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    About, nearly, almost (cf.:

    circiter, fere): quasi una aetas erat,

    Plaut. Capt. prol. 20 Brix ad loc.:

    quasi talenta ad quindecim Coëgi,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

    quasi in extremā paginā,

    Cic. Or. 13, 41; id. Verr. 1, 8, 22; Suet. Calig. 58; Sall. J. 50, 3; 48, 3; id. H. 3, 26; 4, 41.—
    B.
    Quasi... quasi, partly... partly:

    qui cum diceret quasi joco, quasi serio, etc.,

    Spart. Get. 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > quasi

  • 17 quei

    1.
    qui, quae, quod (old forms: nom. quei; gen. quojus; dat. quoi, and in inscrr. QVOEI, QVOIEI, and QVEI; abl. qui; plur. ques or queis; fem. QVAI; neutr. qua; dat. and abl. queis and quĭs.—Joined with cum: quocum, quācum, quicum, quibuscum;

    rarely cum quo,

    Liv. 7, 33:

    cum quibus,

    id. 4, 5. — Placed also before other prepositions: quas contra, quem propter, etc.; v. h. praepp.), pron.
    I.
    Interrog., who? which? what? what kind or sort of a? (adjectively; while quis, quid is used substantively; qui, of persons, asks for the character, quis usu. for the name).
    A.
    In direct questions: quae haec daps est? qui festus dies? what sort of a feast? what kind of a festival? Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 752 P. (a transl. of Hom. Od. 1, 225: tis daïs, tis de homilos hod epleto; cf. Herm. Doctr. Metr. p. 619): Th. Quis fuit igitur? Py. Iste Chaerea. Th. Qui Chaerea? what Chærea? Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 8:

    qui color, nitor, vestitus?

    id. ib. 2, 2, 11:

    qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? qui actor in imitandā veritate jucundior?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 34:

    virgo, quae patria est tua?

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 88:

    occiso Sex. Roscio, qui primus Ameriam nuntiat?

    what sort of a person? Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96.—
    B.
    In indirect discourse:

    scribis te velle scire, qui sit rei publicae status,

    what is the state of the country, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 10:

    quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo Sit pecori... Hinc canere incipiam,

    Verg. G. 1, 3:

    iste deus qui sit da, Tityre, nobis,

    id. E. 1, 18; 2, 19; 3, 8; id. A. 3, 608:

    nescimus qui sis,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 20:

    qui sit, qui socium fraudarit, consideremus,

    id. Rosc. Com. 6, 17.—
    II.
    Rel., who, which, what, that, referring to a substantive or pronoun as antecedent.
    A.
    As a simple rel.
    1.
    With antecedent expressed:

    habebat ducem Gabinium, quīcum quidvis rectissime facere posset,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    ille vir, cui patriae salus dulcior fuit,

    id. Balb. 5, 11:

    vir acer, cui, etc.,

    id. Brut. 35, 135:

    vir optimus, qui, etc.,

    id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

    Priscus, vir cujus, etc.,

    Liv. 4, 46, 10; 23, 7, 4:

    quod ego fui ad Trasimenum, id tu hodie es,

    id. 30, 30, 12:

    collaria, quae vocantur maelium,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 15:

    coloniam, quam Fregellas appellent,

    Liv. 8, 23:

    sucus, quem opobalsamum vocant,

    Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 116:

    sidere, quod Caniculam appellavimus,

    id. 18, 28, 68, § 272. —
    2.
    With pronom. antecedent understood: QVI IN IVS VOCABIT, IVMENTVM DATO, Lex XII. Tabularum: SI ADORAT FVRTO, QVOD NEC MANIFESTVM ESCIT, ib. tab. 2, 1. 8:

    novistine hominem? ridicule rogitas, quīcum una cibum capere soleo,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 60:

    beati, quīs contigit, etc.,

    Verg. A. 1, 95:

    fac, qui ego sum, esse te,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1. —
    3.
    The rel. freq. agrees with the foll. word:

    est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur,

    Sall. C. 55, 3:

    ealoca, quae Numidia appellatur,

    id. J. 18, 11:

    exstat ejus peroratio, qui epilogus dicitur,

    Cic. Brut. 33, 127:

    justa gloria, qui est fructus virtutis,

    id. Pis. 24, 57:

    domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus,

    id. Sest. 42, 91. —
    4.
    Sometimes it agrees with the logical, not the grammatical antecedent:

    ne tu me arbitrare beluam, qui non novisse possim, quīcum aetatem exegerim,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 112:

    ubi est scelus qui me perdidit?

    Ter. And. 3, 5, 1:

    hoc libro circumcisis rebus, quae non arbitror pertinere ad agriculturam,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 11:

    abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt,

    Sall. J. 41, 1; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2:

    illa furia muliebrium relligionum, qui, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 9, 15: alteram alam mittit, qui satagentibus occurrerent, Auct. B. Afr. 78. —
    5.
    Relating to a remote subject:

    annis ferme DX post Romam conditam Livius fabulam dedit... anno ante natum Ennium: qui (sc. Livius) fuit major natu quam Plautus et Naevius,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 3; v. the commentators ad loc.; Liv. 21, 26, 2; 31, 38, 10; 37, 14, 2; cf. Krehl ad Prisc. 2, 9, § 48, p. 91.—
    6.
    The antecedent is sometimes repeated after the rel.:

    erant itinera duo, quibus itineribus, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 6. —
    7.
    In a question, with ne affixed: sed ubi Artotrogus hic est? Art. Stat propter virum fortem... Mil. Quemne ego servavi in campis Curculioniis? whom I saved? Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 9:

    quemne ego vidi?

    whom I saw? Ter. And. 4, 4, 29.—
    B.
    With an accessory signif., causal or final, joined to the subj.
    1.
    As, because, seeing that, since:

    Actio maluimus iter facere pedibus, qui incommodissime navigassemus,

    Cic. Att. 5, 9, 1:

    hospes, qui nihil suspicaretur,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 25, § 64;

    ingrata es, ore quae caput nostro Incolume abstuleris,

    Phaedr. 1, 8, 11.—
    2.
    Qui, with the subj., also follows dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus, etc., answering the question, to or for what? dignus est, qui imperet, i. e. to, Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5:

    dignum esse dicunt, quīcum in tenebris mices,

    id. Off. 3, 19, 77:

    socios haud indignos judicas, quos in fidem receptos tuearis,

    Liv. 23, 43:

    idoneus nemo fuit quem imitarere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 41.—
    3.
    Also after demonstrr. or clauses expressing or implying a quality or degree which is defined or explained in the rel.-clause:

    qui potest temperantiam laudare is, qui ponat summum bonum in voluptate?

    Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:

    nullo modo videre potest quicquam esse utile, quod non honestum sit,

    id. ib. 3, 19, 77:

    non sumus ii, quibus nihil verum esse videatur,

    id. N. D. 1, 5, 12:

    nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat,

    id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:

    quis potest esse tam mente captus, qui neget?

    as that, that, to, id. Cat. 3, 9.—
    4.
    To express a purpose, design, in order that, to:

    sunt autem multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur,

    Cic. Off. 1, 14, 43:

    Caesar equitatum praemisit, qui viderent,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

    domi creant decem praetores, qui exercitui praeessent,

    Nep. Milt. 1, 4. —
    C.
    The rel. serves as a connective, instead of is, ea, id, with a conj.:

    res loquitur ipsa, quae semper valet plurimum,

    and this, Cic. Mil. 20, 53:

    ratio docet esse deos, quo concesso, confitendum est, etc.,

    id. N. D. 2, 30, 75.—
    D.
    The rel. sometimes means, by virtue of, according to, such:

    quae tua natura est,

    according to your disposition, Cic. Fam. 13, 78, 2:

    qui meus amor in te est,

    such is my love, id. ib. 7, 2, 1.—
    E.
    In neutr. sing.
    a.
    Quod signifies,
    1.
    As much as, as far as, what, = quantum:

    adjutabo quod potero,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 7:

    cura, quod potes, ut valeas,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 6:

    quae tibi mandavi, velim ut cures, quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris,

    id. Att. 1, 5, 7:

    tu tamen, quod poteris, nos consiliis juvabis,

    id. ib. 10, 2, 2; 11, 2, 2; 11, 12, 4; id. Fam. 3, 2, 2:

    nihil cuiquam, quod suum dici vellet,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 36:

    (Epicurus) se unus, quod sciam, sapientem profiteri est ausus,

    id. Fin. 2, 3, 7:

    quod tuo commodo fiat,

    id. Fam 4, 2, 4: quod litteris exstet, [p. 1511] id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38:

    quod sciam,

    Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 14:

    quod ad me attinet,

    as far as depends on me, for my part, Cic. Rosc. Am. 42, 122.— With ellips. of attinet: quod ad Caesarem crebri et non belli de eo rumores, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7; Varr. L. L. 5, § 57 Müll.—With gen.:

    quod operae,

    so much trouble, Cic. Off. 1, 6, 19:

    quod aeris,

    Liv. 8, 20. —
    2.
    Wherein:

    si quid est, Quod mea opera opus sit vobis,

    Ter. And. 4, 3, 23.—
    b.
    Quo, abl. neutr., with compp. (with or without hoc, eo, or tanto): quo... eo, by how much, by so much, the... the:

    quo difficilius, hoc praeclarius,

    Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64.—
    III.
    Indef., any one, any; with si, num, ne, v. quis:

    quaeritur, num quod officium aliud alio majus sit,

    Cic. Off. 1, 3, 7:

    si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo deciderat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

    nisi si qui publice ad eam rem constitutus esset,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 65:

    (BACANALIA) SEI QVA SVNT, S. C. de Bacchan.: ne qui forte putet,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 8.
    2.
    quī, adv. interrog., rel. and indef. [old abl. of 1. qui].
    I.
    Interrog., in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why?
    A.
    In direct questions:

    quī minus eadem histrioni sit lex quae summo viro?

    Plaut. Am. prol. 76:

    Quī, amabo?

    id. Bacch. 1, 1, 19:

    quī scire possum?

    id. ib. 2, 2, 13:

    Quī in mentem venit tibi istuc facinus facere?

    id. ib. 4, 4, 31:

    Quī non?

    id. ib. 5, 2, 44:

    quī vero dupliciter?

    id. Mil. 2, 3, 25:

    quī vero?

    id. Merc. 2, 3, 60:

    quī scis?

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 2:

    quī istuc facere potuit?

    id. Eun. 4, 3, 15:

    quī potui melius?

    id. Ad. 2, 2, 7:

    sed nos deum nisi sempiternum intellegere quī possumus?

    Cic. N. D. 1, 10, 25:

    quī potest esse in ejusmodi trunco sapientia?

    id. ib. 1, 30, 84:

    quī potest?

    id. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

    quī ego minus in Africam traicerem,

    Liv. 28, 43, 18.—
    B.
    In indirect questions:

    nimis demiror, quī illaec me donatum esse aureā paterā sciat,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 133:

    quī istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:

    nec quī hoc mihi eveniat scio,

    id. Hec. 2, 3, 6:

    neque videre, quī conveniat,

    Liv. 42, 50. —
    C.
    In curses (cf. Gr. pôs, and Lat. utinam), how, would that, if but: quī illum di deaeque magno mactassint malo, Enn. ap. Non. 342, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 377 Vahl.):

    quī te Juppiter dique omnes perduint!

    Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 31:

    quī istum di perdant!

    id. Trin. 4, 2, 78:

    quī te di omnes perdant!

    id. ib. 4, 2, 155; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 73.—Ellipt.:

    quī illi di irati!

    Cic. Att. 4, 7, 1.—
    II.
    Rel., wherewith, whereby, wherefrom, how (referring to all genders and both numbers).
    1.
    In gen.: date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 30 (Trag. Rel. v. 233 Vahl.):

    patera, quī Pterela potitare rex est solitus,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 104; 1, 3, 37:

    sucophantia, quī admutiletur miles,

    id. Mil. 3, 1, 172; id. Capt. 1, 1, 33; 3, 4, 24:

    mihi dari... vehicla quī vehar,

    id. Aul. 3, 5, 28:

    multa concurrunt simul, Quī conjecturam hanc facio,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 32:

    in tantā paupertate decessit, ut quī efferretur, vix reliquerit,

    Nep. Arist. 3, 2.—
    2.
    Esp., of price, at what price, for how much, = quanti:

    indica minumo daturus quī sis, quī duci queat,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 41:

    quī datur, tanti indica,

    id. ib. 4, 4, 109:

    ut quantum possit quīque liceat veneant,

    id. Men. 3, 3, 25.—
    B.
    Transf., that, in order that: Ca. Restim volo mihi emere. Ps. Quam ob rem? Ca. Quī me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87:

    ut det, quī fiamus liberi,

    id. Aul. 2, 4, 31:

    facite, fingite, invenite, efficite, quī detur tibi: Ego id agam, mihi quī ne detur,

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 34 sq. —
    C.
    Indef. (only with particles of emphasis and assurance; cf. Gr. pôs, and v. Fleck. Krit. Misc. p. 28; Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 811; Brix ad Plaut. Capt. 550), in some way, somehow, surely (ante-class.); with hercle:

    hercle quī, ut tu praedicas, Cavendumst me aps te irato,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 58:

    hercle quī multo improbiores sunt, quam a primo credidi,

    id. Most. 3, 2, 139:

    hercle quī aequom postulabat senex,

    id. Stich. 4, 1, 53; id. Men. 2, 3, 74.—With edepol:

    edepol quī te de isto multi cupiunt nunc mentirier,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 184:

    edepol quī quom hanc magis contemplo, magis placet,

    id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; id. Am. 2, 2, 144.—With at (cf. atquī), and yet, but somehow: Gr. Non audio. Tr. At pol quī audies, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 9; id. Am. 2, 2, 73.— With quippe: horum tibi istic nihil eveniet, quippe quī ubi quod subripias nihil est, Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 22:

    ea nimiast ratio, quippe quī certo scio, etc.,

    id. Truc. 1, 1, 49:

    quippe quī Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 27.—With ut:

    an id est sapere, ut quī beneficium a benevolente repudies?

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 11:

    et eum morbum mi esse, ut quī med opus sit insputarier?

    id. Capt. 3, 4, 21; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > quei

  • 18 qui

    1.
    qui, quae, quod (old forms: nom. quei; gen. quojus; dat. quoi, and in inscrr. QVOEI, QVOIEI, and QVEI; abl. qui; plur. ques or queis; fem. QVAI; neutr. qua; dat. and abl. queis and quĭs.—Joined with cum: quocum, quācum, quicum, quibuscum;

    rarely cum quo,

    Liv. 7, 33:

    cum quibus,

    id. 4, 5. — Placed also before other prepositions: quas contra, quem propter, etc.; v. h. praepp.), pron.
    I.
    Interrog., who? which? what? what kind or sort of a? (adjectively; while quis, quid is used substantively; qui, of persons, asks for the character, quis usu. for the name).
    A.
    In direct questions: quae haec daps est? qui festus dies? what sort of a feast? what kind of a festival? Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 752 P. (a transl. of Hom. Od. 1, 225: tis daïs, tis de homilos hod epleto; cf. Herm. Doctr. Metr. p. 619): Th. Quis fuit igitur? Py. Iste Chaerea. Th. Qui Chaerea? what Chærea? Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 8:

    qui color, nitor, vestitus?

    id. ib. 2, 2, 11:

    qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? qui actor in imitandā veritate jucundior?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 34:

    virgo, quae patria est tua?

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 88:

    occiso Sex. Roscio, qui primus Ameriam nuntiat?

    what sort of a person? Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96.—
    B.
    In indirect discourse:

    scribis te velle scire, qui sit rei publicae status,

    what is the state of the country, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 10:

    quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo Sit pecori... Hinc canere incipiam,

    Verg. G. 1, 3:

    iste deus qui sit da, Tityre, nobis,

    id. E. 1, 18; 2, 19; 3, 8; id. A. 3, 608:

    nescimus qui sis,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 20:

    qui sit, qui socium fraudarit, consideremus,

    id. Rosc. Com. 6, 17.—
    II.
    Rel., who, which, what, that, referring to a substantive or pronoun as antecedent.
    A.
    As a simple rel.
    1.
    With antecedent expressed:

    habebat ducem Gabinium, quīcum quidvis rectissime facere posset,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    ille vir, cui patriae salus dulcior fuit,

    id. Balb. 5, 11:

    vir acer, cui, etc.,

    id. Brut. 35, 135:

    vir optimus, qui, etc.,

    id. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

    Priscus, vir cujus, etc.,

    Liv. 4, 46, 10; 23, 7, 4:

    quod ego fui ad Trasimenum, id tu hodie es,

    id. 30, 30, 12:

    collaria, quae vocantur maelium,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 9, 15:

    coloniam, quam Fregellas appellent,

    Liv. 8, 23:

    sucus, quem opobalsamum vocant,

    Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 116:

    sidere, quod Caniculam appellavimus,

    id. 18, 28, 68, § 272. —
    2.
    With pronom. antecedent understood: QVI IN IVS VOCABIT, IVMENTVM DATO, Lex XII. Tabularum: SI ADORAT FVRTO, QVOD NEC MANIFESTVM ESCIT, ib. tab. 2, 1. 8:

    novistine hominem? ridicule rogitas, quīcum una cibum capere soleo,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 60:

    beati, quīs contigit, etc.,

    Verg. A. 1, 95:

    fac, qui ego sum, esse te,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1. —
    3.
    The rel. freq. agrees with the foll. word:

    est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur,

    Sall. C. 55, 3:

    ealoca, quae Numidia appellatur,

    id. J. 18, 11:

    exstat ejus peroratio, qui epilogus dicitur,

    Cic. Brut. 33, 127:

    justa gloria, qui est fructus virtutis,

    id. Pis. 24, 57:

    domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus,

    id. Sest. 42, 91. —
    4.
    Sometimes it agrees with the logical, not the grammatical antecedent:

    ne tu me arbitrare beluam, qui non novisse possim, quīcum aetatem exegerim,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 112:

    ubi est scelus qui me perdidit?

    Ter. And. 3, 5, 1:

    hoc libro circumcisis rebus, quae non arbitror pertinere ad agriculturam,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 11:

    abundantia earum rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt,

    Sall. J. 41, 1; Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 2:

    illa furia muliebrium relligionum, qui, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 9, 15: alteram alam mittit, qui satagentibus occurrerent, Auct. B. Afr. 78. —
    5.
    Relating to a remote subject:

    annis ferme DX post Romam conditam Livius fabulam dedit... anno ante natum Ennium: qui (sc. Livius) fuit major natu quam Plautus et Naevius,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 3; v. the commentators ad loc.; Liv. 21, 26, 2; 31, 38, 10; 37, 14, 2; cf. Krehl ad Prisc. 2, 9, § 48, p. 91.—
    6.
    The antecedent is sometimes repeated after the rel.:

    erant itinera duo, quibus itineribus, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 6. —
    7.
    In a question, with ne affixed: sed ubi Artotrogus hic est? Art. Stat propter virum fortem... Mil. Quemne ego servavi in campis Curculioniis? whom I saved? Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 9:

    quemne ego vidi?

    whom I saw? Ter. And. 4, 4, 29.—
    B.
    With an accessory signif., causal or final, joined to the subj.
    1.
    As, because, seeing that, since:

    Actio maluimus iter facere pedibus, qui incommodissime navigassemus,

    Cic. Att. 5, 9, 1:

    hospes, qui nihil suspicaretur,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 25, § 64;

    ingrata es, ore quae caput nostro Incolume abstuleris,

    Phaedr. 1, 8, 11.—
    2.
    Qui, with the subj., also follows dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus, etc., answering the question, to or for what? dignus est, qui imperet, i. e. to, Cic. Leg. 3, 2, 5:

    dignum esse dicunt, quīcum in tenebris mices,

    id. Off. 3, 19, 77:

    socios haud indignos judicas, quos in fidem receptos tuearis,

    Liv. 23, 43:

    idoneus nemo fuit quem imitarere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 41.—
    3.
    Also after demonstrr. or clauses expressing or implying a quality or degree which is defined or explained in the rel.-clause:

    qui potest temperantiam laudare is, qui ponat summum bonum in voluptate?

    Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117:

    nullo modo videre potest quicquam esse utile, quod non honestum sit,

    id. ib. 3, 19, 77:

    non sumus ii, quibus nihil verum esse videatur,

    id. N. D. 1, 5, 12:

    nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat,

    id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:

    quis potest esse tam mente captus, qui neget?

    as that, that, to, id. Cat. 3, 9.—
    4.
    To express a purpose, design, in order that, to:

    sunt autem multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur,

    Cic. Off. 1, 14, 43:

    Caesar equitatum praemisit, qui viderent,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

    domi creant decem praetores, qui exercitui praeessent,

    Nep. Milt. 1, 4. —
    C.
    The rel. serves as a connective, instead of is, ea, id, with a conj.:

    res loquitur ipsa, quae semper valet plurimum,

    and this, Cic. Mil. 20, 53:

    ratio docet esse deos, quo concesso, confitendum est, etc.,

    id. N. D. 2, 30, 75.—
    D.
    The rel. sometimes means, by virtue of, according to, such:

    quae tua natura est,

    according to your disposition, Cic. Fam. 13, 78, 2:

    qui meus amor in te est,

    such is my love, id. ib. 7, 2, 1.—
    E.
    In neutr. sing.
    a.
    Quod signifies,
    1.
    As much as, as far as, what, = quantum:

    adjutabo quod potero,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 7:

    cura, quod potes, ut valeas,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 6:

    quae tibi mandavi, velim ut cures, quod sine molestiā tuā facere poteris,

    id. Att. 1, 5, 7:

    tu tamen, quod poteris, nos consiliis juvabis,

    id. ib. 10, 2, 2; 11, 2, 2; 11, 12, 4; id. Fam. 3, 2, 2:

    nihil cuiquam, quod suum dici vellet,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 16, § 36:

    (Epicurus) se unus, quod sciam, sapientem profiteri est ausus,

    id. Fin. 2, 3, 7:

    quod tuo commodo fiat,

    id. Fam 4, 2, 4: quod litteris exstet, [p. 1511] id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38:

    quod sciam,

    Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 14:

    quod ad me attinet,

    as far as depends on me, for my part, Cic. Rosc. Am. 42, 122.— With ellips. of attinet: quod ad Caesarem crebri et non belli de eo rumores, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7; Varr. L. L. 5, § 57 Müll.—With gen.:

    quod operae,

    so much trouble, Cic. Off. 1, 6, 19:

    quod aeris,

    Liv. 8, 20. —
    2.
    Wherein:

    si quid est, Quod mea opera opus sit vobis,

    Ter. And. 4, 3, 23.—
    b.
    Quo, abl. neutr., with compp. (with or without hoc, eo, or tanto): quo... eo, by how much, by so much, the... the:

    quo difficilius, hoc praeclarius,

    Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64.—
    III.
    Indef., any one, any; with si, num, ne, v. quis:

    quaeritur, num quod officium aliud alio majus sit,

    Cic. Off. 1, 3, 7:

    si qui graviore vulnere accepto equo deciderat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

    nisi si qui publice ad eam rem constitutus esset,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 26, 65:

    (BACANALIA) SEI QVA SVNT, S. C. de Bacchan.: ne qui forte putet,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 8.
    2.
    quī, adv. interrog., rel. and indef. [old abl. of 1. qui].
    I.
    Interrog., in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why?
    A.
    In direct questions:

    quī minus eadem histrioni sit lex quae summo viro?

    Plaut. Am. prol. 76:

    Quī, amabo?

    id. Bacch. 1, 1, 19:

    quī scire possum?

    id. ib. 2, 2, 13:

    Quī in mentem venit tibi istuc facinus facere?

    id. ib. 4, 4, 31:

    Quī non?

    id. ib. 5, 2, 44:

    quī vero dupliciter?

    id. Mil. 2, 3, 25:

    quī vero?

    id. Merc. 2, 3, 60:

    quī scis?

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 2:

    quī istuc facere potuit?

    id. Eun. 4, 3, 15:

    quī potui melius?

    id. Ad. 2, 2, 7:

    sed nos deum nisi sempiternum intellegere quī possumus?

    Cic. N. D. 1, 10, 25:

    quī potest esse in ejusmodi trunco sapientia?

    id. ib. 1, 30, 84:

    quī potest?

    id. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

    quī ego minus in Africam traicerem,

    Liv. 28, 43, 18.—
    B.
    In indirect questions:

    nimis demiror, quī illaec me donatum esse aureā paterā sciat,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 133:

    quī istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:

    nec quī hoc mihi eveniat scio,

    id. Hec. 2, 3, 6:

    neque videre, quī conveniat,

    Liv. 42, 50. —
    C.
    In curses (cf. Gr. pôs, and Lat. utinam), how, would that, if but: quī illum di deaeque magno mactassint malo, Enn. ap. Non. 342, 14 (Trag. Rel. v. 377 Vahl.):

    quī te Juppiter dique omnes perduint!

    Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 31:

    quī istum di perdant!

    id. Trin. 4, 2, 78:

    quī te di omnes perdant!

    id. ib. 4, 2, 155; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 73.—Ellipt.:

    quī illi di irati!

    Cic. Att. 4, 7, 1.—
    II.
    Rel., wherewith, whereby, wherefrom, how (referring to all genders and both numbers).
    1.
    In gen.: date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 30 (Trag. Rel. v. 233 Vahl.):

    patera, quī Pterela potitare rex est solitus,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 104; 1, 3, 37:

    sucophantia, quī admutiletur miles,

    id. Mil. 3, 1, 172; id. Capt. 1, 1, 33; 3, 4, 24:

    mihi dari... vehicla quī vehar,

    id. Aul. 3, 5, 28:

    multa concurrunt simul, Quī conjecturam hanc facio,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 32:

    in tantā paupertate decessit, ut quī efferretur, vix reliquerit,

    Nep. Arist. 3, 2.—
    2.
    Esp., of price, at what price, for how much, = quanti:

    indica minumo daturus quī sis, quī duci queat,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 41:

    quī datur, tanti indica,

    id. ib. 4, 4, 109:

    ut quantum possit quīque liceat veneant,

    id. Men. 3, 3, 25.—
    B.
    Transf., that, in order that: Ca. Restim volo mihi emere. Ps. Quam ob rem? Ca. Quī me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87:

    ut det, quī fiamus liberi,

    id. Aul. 2, 4, 31:

    facite, fingite, invenite, efficite, quī detur tibi: Ego id agam, mihi quī ne detur,

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 34 sq. —
    C.
    Indef. (only with particles of emphasis and assurance; cf. Gr. pôs, and v. Fleck. Krit. Misc. p. 28; Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 811; Brix ad Plaut. Capt. 550), in some way, somehow, surely (ante-class.); with hercle:

    hercle quī, ut tu praedicas, Cavendumst me aps te irato,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 58:

    hercle quī multo improbiores sunt, quam a primo credidi,

    id. Most. 3, 2, 139:

    hercle quī aequom postulabat senex,

    id. Stich. 4, 1, 53; id. Men. 2, 3, 74.—With edepol:

    edepol quī te de isto multi cupiunt nunc mentirier,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 184:

    edepol quī quom hanc magis contemplo, magis placet,

    id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; id. Am. 2, 2, 144.—With at (cf. atquī), and yet, but somehow: Gr. Non audio. Tr. At pol quī audies, Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 9; id. Am. 2, 2, 73.— With quippe: horum tibi istic nihil eveniet, quippe quī ubi quod subripias nihil est, Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 22:

    ea nimiast ratio, quippe quī certo scio, etc.,

    id. Truc. 1, 1, 49:

    quippe quī Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 27.—With ut:

    an id est sapere, ut quī beneficium a benevolente repudies?

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 11:

    et eum morbum mi esse, ut quī med opus sit insputarier?

    id. Capt. 3, 4, 21; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 49.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > qui

  • 19 S

    S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.
    I.
    The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

    in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

    Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—
    II.
    As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

    and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

    Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—
    III.
    As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—
    IV.
    As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—
    V.
    S is interchanged,
    A.
    Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—
    B.
    With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—
    C.
    With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—
    D.
    With x; v. that letter.—
    VI.
    S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —
    VII.
    As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > S

  • 20 s

    S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.
    I.
    The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

    in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

    Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—
    II.
    As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

    and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

    Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—
    III.
    As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—
    IV.
    As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—
    V.
    S is interchanged,
    A.
    Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—
    B.
    With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—
    C.
    With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—
    D.
    With x; v. that letter.—
    VI.
    S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —
    VII.
    As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > s

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