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fear+greatly

  • 81 فزع

    فَزِعَ \ dread: to fear greatly (sth. that may or must happen): I dread the thought of having to leave home. She dreads going out in the dark. \ فَزِعَ إلى \ resort: to turn (to another, often bad means of getting sth. done): When words had no effect, they resorted to violence.

    Arabic-English dictionary > فزع

  • 82 maltrato

    m.
    1 ill-treatment.
    maltrato psicológico psychological abuse
    2 mistreatment, ill-treatment, abuse, abusiveness.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: maltratar.
    * * *
    1 mistreatment, ill-treatment
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=conducta) [al tratar mal] mistreatment, ill-treatment; [al pegar] battering
    2) [de cosas] rough handling
    3) (=insultos) abuse, insults pl
    * * *
    a) ( de persona) mistreatment, poor treatment
    b) ( de objeto) misuse, mistreatment
    * * *
    = ill-treatment, mistreatment, maltreatment.
    Ex. The aim is to help the child overcome emotional problems such as fear of divorce, fear of death and fear of ill-treatment by parents.
    Ex. Centuries of mistreatment and bad handling, together with the environmental conditions have contributed greatly to the poor condition of the manuscripts.
    Ex. Negligence and maltreatment of children is a phenomenon that hinders child development and causes damage to society.
    ----
    * maltrato a la mujer = wife beating, wife battering, wife abuse.
    * maltrato de mujeres = wife beating, wife battering, wife abuse.
    * maltrato físico = personal abuse.
    * * *
    a) ( de persona) mistreatment, poor treatment
    b) ( de objeto) misuse, mistreatment
    * * *
    = ill-treatment, mistreatment, maltreatment.

    Ex: The aim is to help the child overcome emotional problems such as fear of divorce, fear of death and fear of ill-treatment by parents.

    Ex: Centuries of mistreatment and bad handling, together with the environmental conditions have contributed greatly to the poor condition of the manuscripts.
    Ex: Negligence and maltreatment of children is a phenomenon that hinders child development and causes damage to society.
    * maltrato a la mujer = wife beating, wife battering, wife abuse.
    * maltrato de mujeres = wife beating, wife battering, wife abuse.
    * maltrato físico = personal abuse.

    * * *
    1 (de una persona) mistreatment, poor treatment
    Compuesto:
    bullying ( at school )
    2 (de un objeto) misuse, mistreatment
    * * *
    ill-treatment;
    sufrió maltratos cuando era un niño he was mistreated as a child
    maltrato familiar domestic violence;
    maltrato infantil child abuse o maltreatment;
    maltrato psicológico psychological abuse
    * * *
    m ill-treatment, mistreatment
    * * *
    : mistreatment, abuse

    Spanish-English dictionary > maltrato

  • 83 обзет

    seized, overcome
    обзет от гняв възторг/желание (да)/отчаяние seized/overcome with rage/enthusiasm/a desire (to)/discourage-ment
    обзет от вълнение greatly excited, caught up in excitement
    обзет от радост thrilled overcome with joy
    обзет от разкаяние overcome with remorse
    обзет от страх seized obsessed by fear
    обзет от съмнения possessed by doubt
    обзет от ужас seized/thrilled with terror
    обзет от дълбока скръб overcome with grief
    * * *
    обзѐт,
    мин. страд. прич. seized, overcome; \обзет от вълнение greatly excited, caught up in excitement; \обзет от радост thrilled/overcome with joy; \обзет от съмнения possessed by doubt.
    * * *
    1. seized, overcome 2. ОБЗЕТ от вълнение greatly excited, caught up in excitement 3. ОБЗЕТ от гняв възторг/ желание (да)/отчаяние seized/overcome with rage/enthusiasm/a desire (to)/discourage-ment 4. ОБЗЕТ от дълбока скръб overcome with grief 5. ОБЗЕТ от радост thrilled overcome with joy 6. ОБЗЕТ от разкаяние overcome with remorse 7. ОБЗЕТ от страх seized obsessed by fear 8. ОБЗЕТ от съмнения possessed by doubt 9. ОБЗЕТ от ужас seized/thrilled with terror

    Български-английски речник > обзет

  • 84 Metus

    mĕtus, ūs, m. ( fem.: nulla in me est metus, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 123 Müll.: metus ulla, id. ap. Non. 214, 11; cf. Ann. v. 537, and Trag. v. 179 Vahl.; dat. metu, Tac. A. 11, 32; 15, 69), fear, dread, apprehension, anxiety; constr. with gen. object., with ne, with acc. and inf.
    I.
    Lit.:

    est metus futurae aegritudinis sollicita exspectatio,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 18, 52; cf. id. ib. 4, 30, 64:

    metum excitari vel propriis vel communibus periculis,

    Mart. Cap. 5, § 505:

    in metu esse,

    to be in fear, be fearful, Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    est et in metu peregrinantium, ut, etc.,

    they are also afraid, Plin. 31, 6, 37, § 71:

    mihi etiam unum de malis in metu est, fratris miseri negotium,

    a subject of fear, Cic. Att. 3, 9, 3:

    metum habere,

    to entertain fear, be afraid, id. Fam. 8, 10, 1:

    metum concipere,

    to become afraid, Ov. F. 1, 485:

    capere,

    Liv. 33, 27:

    accipere,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 96: metum facere alicui, to make afraid, put in fear, frighten, Ov. Tr. [p. 1142] 5, 10, 28:

    metum inicere,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 19: incutere, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 2:

    inferre,

    Liv. 26, 20:

    affere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 135:

    offerre,

    id. Fam. 15, 1, 5:

    obicere,

    id. Tusc. 2, 4, 10:

    intentare,

    Tac. A. 15, 54:

    metu territare,

    to alarm greatly, fill with fear, Caes. B. G. 5, 6:

    metum pati,

    Quint. 6, 2, 21:

    alicui adimere,

    to take away, remove, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 100:

    metu exonerare,

    to relieve from fear, Liv. 2, 2:

    removere metum,

    to take away, remove, id. ib.:

    levare alicui,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 59:

    alicui deicere,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 130:

    solvere,

    to remove, dismiss, Verg. A. 1, 463: civitati metum, formidinem oblivionem inicere, Ser. Samm. ap. Macr. S. 3, 9, 7:

    metu et impressione alicujus terroris mentiri,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 1, 4:

    metu mortis furem occidere, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 7, 3, 3: quis metus aut pudor est umquam properantis avari?

    Juv. 14, 178:

    reddere metu, non moribus,

    id. 13, 204.— Poet. in plur., Hor. C. 1, 26, 1.—
    (β).
    With gen. object.:

    vulnerum metus,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 59:

    ne reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi,

    Sall. J. 35, 9:

    id bellum excitabat metus Pompei victoris Hiempsalem in regnum restituentis,

    Sall. H. 1, 39; v. Gell. 9, 2, 14; Non. p. 96: propter metum alicujus, for fear of:

    Judaeorum,

    Vulg. Johan. 7, 13; 19, 38.—
    (γ).
    With ne:

    quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, senatui metum injecit, ne, etc.,

    Liv. 5, 7, 4:

    ne lassescat fortuna, metus est,

    Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 130.—
    (δ).
    With acc. and inf.:

    quantus metus est mihi, venire huc salvum nunc patruum!

    Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 18.—
    (ε).
    With ab:

    metus a praetore Romano,

    Liv. 2, 24, 3; 23, 15, 7; 25, 33, 5; cf.:

    metus poenae a Romanis,

    id. 32, 23, 9; 45, 26, 7.—
    (ζ).
    With pro:

    metus pro universā republicā,

    Liv. 2, 24, 4.—
    (η).
    With ex:

    metus ex imperatore,

    Tac. A. 11, 20.—
    B.
    Poet., religious awe, holy dread:

    laurus Sacra comam multosque metu servata per annos,

    Verg. A. 7, 60.— Poetic awe:

    evoe! recenti mens trepidat metu,

    Hor. C. 2, 19, 5.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Conor., a cause of fear, a terror ( poet.):

    metus Libyci,

    i. e. the head of Medusa, Stat. Th. 12, 606:

    nulli nocte metus,

    alarms, Juv. 3, 198.—
    B.
    Personified: Mĕtus, the god of fear or terror, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; Verg. G. 3, 552; id. A. 6, 276.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Metus

  • 85 metus

    mĕtus, ūs, m. ( fem.: nulla in me est metus, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 123 Müll.: metus ulla, id. ap. Non. 214, 11; cf. Ann. v. 537, and Trag. v. 179 Vahl.; dat. metu, Tac. A. 11, 32; 15, 69), fear, dread, apprehension, anxiety; constr. with gen. object., with ne, with acc. and inf.
    I.
    Lit.:

    est metus futurae aegritudinis sollicita exspectatio,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 18, 52; cf. id. ib. 4, 30, 64:

    metum excitari vel propriis vel communibus periculis,

    Mart. Cap. 5, § 505:

    in metu esse,

    to be in fear, be fearful, Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    est et in metu peregrinantium, ut, etc.,

    they are also afraid, Plin. 31, 6, 37, § 71:

    mihi etiam unum de malis in metu est, fratris miseri negotium,

    a subject of fear, Cic. Att. 3, 9, 3:

    metum habere,

    to entertain fear, be afraid, id. Fam. 8, 10, 1:

    metum concipere,

    to become afraid, Ov. F. 1, 485:

    capere,

    Liv. 33, 27:

    accipere,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 96: metum facere alicui, to make afraid, put in fear, frighten, Ov. Tr. [p. 1142] 5, 10, 28:

    metum inicere,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 19: incutere, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 4, 2:

    inferre,

    Liv. 26, 20:

    affere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 54, § 135:

    offerre,

    id. Fam. 15, 1, 5:

    obicere,

    id. Tusc. 2, 4, 10:

    intentare,

    Tac. A. 15, 54:

    metu territare,

    to alarm greatly, fill with fear, Caes. B. G. 5, 6:

    metum pati,

    Quint. 6, 2, 21:

    alicui adimere,

    to take away, remove, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 100:

    metu exonerare,

    to relieve from fear, Liv. 2, 2:

    removere metum,

    to take away, remove, id. ib.:

    levare alicui,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 59:

    alicui deicere,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 130:

    solvere,

    to remove, dismiss, Verg. A. 1, 463: civitati metum, formidinem oblivionem inicere, Ser. Samm. ap. Macr. S. 3, 9, 7:

    metu et impressione alicujus terroris mentiri,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 1, 4:

    metu mortis furem occidere, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 7, 3, 3: quis metus aut pudor est umquam properantis avari?

    Juv. 14, 178:

    reddere metu, non moribus,

    id. 13, 204.— Poet. in plur., Hor. C. 1, 26, 1.—
    (β).
    With gen. object.:

    vulnerum metus,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 59:

    ne reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi,

    Sall. J. 35, 9:

    id bellum excitabat metus Pompei victoris Hiempsalem in regnum restituentis,

    Sall. H. 1, 39; v. Gell. 9, 2, 14; Non. p. 96: propter metum alicujus, for fear of:

    Judaeorum,

    Vulg. Johan. 7, 13; 19, 38.—
    (γ).
    With ne:

    quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, senatui metum injecit, ne, etc.,

    Liv. 5, 7, 4:

    ne lassescat fortuna, metus est,

    Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 130.—
    (δ).
    With acc. and inf.:

    quantus metus est mihi, venire huc salvum nunc patruum!

    Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 18.—
    (ε).
    With ab:

    metus a praetore Romano,

    Liv. 2, 24, 3; 23, 15, 7; 25, 33, 5; cf.:

    metus poenae a Romanis,

    id. 32, 23, 9; 45, 26, 7.—
    (ζ).
    With pro:

    metus pro universā republicā,

    Liv. 2, 24, 4.—
    (η).
    With ex:

    metus ex imperatore,

    Tac. A. 11, 20.—
    B.
    Poet., religious awe, holy dread:

    laurus Sacra comam multosque metu servata per annos,

    Verg. A. 7, 60.— Poetic awe:

    evoe! recenti mens trepidat metu,

    Hor. C. 2, 19, 5.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Conor., a cause of fear, a terror ( poet.):

    metus Libyci,

    i. e. the head of Medusa, Stat. Th. 12, 606:

    nulli nocte metus,

    alarms, Juv. 3, 198.—
    B.
    Personified: Mĕtus, the god of fear or terror, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; Verg. G. 3, 552; id. A. 6, 276.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > metus

  • 86 metus

        metus ūs (old gen. metuis, T., C.; dat. metu, V., Ta.), m    fear, dread, apprehension, anxiety: animus commotust metu, T.: in metu esse, be fearful: mihi unum de malis in metu est, a subject of fear: metum habere, be afraid: concipere, O.: in futurum metum ceperunt, L.: facit Graecis turba metum, puts in fear, O.: Germanis metum inicere, Cs.: metu territare, alarm greatly, Cs.: metus omnīs invadit, S.: ademptus tibi, removed, T.: hunc remove metum... exonera civitatem metu, take away... relieve, L.: metum Siciliae deicere: metūs Tradam ventis, H.: Solve metūs, away with, V.: praesentis exiti: dictatoris: ne popularīs metus invaderet parendi sibi, S.: Caesaris rerum, for Caesar's fortune, H.: quod senatui metum iniecit, ne, etc., L.: Quantum metuist mihi, videre, etc., T.: metus ab cive, L.: poenae a Romanis, L.: pro universā re p., L.: laurus multos metu servata per annos, awe, V.: mens trepidat metu, H.—A terror, alarm, cause of fear: loca plena metūs, O.: nihil metūs in voltu, Ta.: nulli nocte metūs, Iu.—Person., the god of fear, V.
    * * *
    fear, anxiety; dread, awe; object of awe/dread

    Latin-English dictionary > metus

  • 87 sehr

    Adv.
    1. vor Adj. und Adv.: very; (höchst) most, extremely; sehr gut (Note) etwa A; sehr viel vor Adj. und Adv.: very much, a great deal; vor Subst.: a great deal of; wir haben nicht sehr viel Zeit we don’t have very much time; sehr gern with great pleasure; etw. sehr gern tun like doing s.th. very much; ich würde sehr gern mitkommen, aber... I’d really like to come ( oder love to come), but...; noch eine Tasse Kaffee? - ja, sehr gern another cup of coffee? - yes please(, I’d love one); ich bin sehr dafür / dagegen I am very much in favo(u)r (of it) / against it; wohl2 2
    2. mit Verb: very much; sehr vermissen auch miss badly ( oder a lot); so sehr, dass... so much that...; wie sehr auch however much, much as; ich freue mich sehr I’m very glad ( oder pleased); sich sehr anstrengen make a great effort; schneit / regnet es sehr? is it snowing / raining heavily?; tut es weh? - nicht sehr does it hurt? - not too much ( oder too badly); es war nicht so sehr der Schmerz, sondern der Schreck it wasn’t so much the pain as the fear; danke sehr! thanks very much!, many thanks!; bitte sehr! you’re very welcome
    * * *
    like hell; jolly; much; very much; very
    * * *
    [seːɐ]
    adv comp (noch) mehr
    [meːɐ] superl am meisten ['maistn]
    1) (mit adj, adv) very

    séhr verbunden! (dated form) — much obliged

    er ist séhr dafür — he is very much in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of it, he is all for it

    er ist séhr dagegen — he is very much against it

    hat er séhr viel getrunken? — did he drink very much?

    er hat séhr viel getrunken — he drank a lot

    séhr zu meiner Überraschung — very much to my surprise

    es geht ihm séhr viel besser — he is very much better

    wir haben séhr viel Zeit/Geld — we have plenty of time/money, we have a lot of time/money, we have lots of time/money

    wir haben nicht séhr viel Zeit/Geld — we don't have very much time/money

    2) (mit vb) very much, a lot

    so séhr — so much

    jdn so séhr schlagen/zusammenschlagen, dass... — to hit sb so hard that/to beat sb up so much or so badly that...

    so séhr ärgern/freuen, dass... — to be so (very) annoyed/pleased about sth that...

    séhr verwurzelt sein — to be very deeply rooted

    wie séhr — how much

    wie séhr er sich auch... — however much he...

    sich séhr vorsehen — to be very careful, to be very much on the lookout

    etw séhr überlegen — to consider sth very carefully

    sich séhr anstrengen — to try very hard

    es lohnt sich séhr — it's very or well worthwhile

    séhr weinen — to cry a lot or a great deal

    hat sie séhr geweint? — did she cry very much or a lot?

    es regnet séhr — it's raining hard or heavily

    regnet es séhr? — is it raining very much?, is it raining a lot?

    freust du dich? – ja, séhr! — are you pleased? – yes, very

    freust du dich darauf? – ja, séhr — are you looking forward to it? – yes, very much

    tut es weh? – ja, séhr/nein, nicht séhr — does it hurt? – yes, a lot/no, not very much or not a lot

    séhr sogar! — yes, very much so (in fact)

    zu séhr — too much

    man sollte sich nicht zu séhr ärgern — one shouldn't get too annoyed

    * * *
    2) (to the full extent; completely: The car turned hard right.) hard
    3) (very: Taste this - it's jolly good!) jolly
    4) (to a great extent or degree: He will be much missed; We don't see her much ; I thanked her very much; much too late; I've much too much to do; The accident was as much my fault as his. Much to my dismay, she began to cry.) much
    5) (very: I'll be only too pleased to come.) only too
    6) (to a great degree: He's very clever; You came very quickly; I'm not feeling very well.) very
    * * *
    <[noch] mehr, am meisten>
    [ˈze:ɐ̯]
    1. vor vb (in hohem Maße) very much, a lot
    danke \sehr! thanks a lot
    bitte \sehr, bedienen Sie sich go ahead and help yourself
    das will ich doch \sehr hoffen I very much hope so
    das freut/ärgert mich [aber] \sehr I'm very pleased/annoyed about that
    2. vor adj, adv (besonders) very
    jdm \sehr dankbar sein to be very grateful to sb
    das ist aber \sehr schade that's a real shame; s.a. nicht, so, wie, zu
    * * *
    1) mit Adj. u. Adv. very

    ich bin sehr dafür/dagegen — I'm very much in favour/against

    jemanden sehr gern haben — like somebody a lot (coll.) or a great deal

    2) mit Verben very much; greatly

    danke sehr! — thank you or thanks [very much]

    bitte sehr, Ihr Schnitzel! — here's your steak, sir/madam

    ja, sehr! — yes, very much!

    nein, nicht sehr! — no, not much!

    * * *
    sehr adv
    1. vor adj und adv: very; (höchst) most, extremely;
    sehr viel vor adj und adv: very much, a great deal; vor subst: a great deal of;
    wir haben nicht sehr viel Zeit we don’t have very much time;
    sehr gern with great pleasure;
    etwas sehr gern tun like doing sth very much;
    ich würde sehr gern mitkommen, aber … I’d really like to come ( oder love to come), but …;
    noch eine Tasse Kaffee? - ja, sehr gern another cup of coffee? - yes please(, I’d love one);
    ich bin sehr dafür/dagegen I am very much in favo(u)r (of it)/against it; → wohl2 2
    2. mit Verb: very much;
    sehr vermissen auch miss badly ( oder a lot);
    so sehr, dass … so much that …;
    wie sehr auch however much, much as;
    ich freue mich sehr I’m very glad ( oder pleased);
    sich sehr anstrengen make a great effort;
    schneit/regnet es sehr? is it snowing/raining heavily?;
    tut es weh? - nicht sehr does it hurt? - not too much ( oder too badly);
    es war nicht so sehr der Schmerz, sondern der Schreck it wasn’t so much the pain as the fear;
    danke sehr! thanks very much!, many thanks!;
    bitte sehr! you’re very welcome
    * * *
    1) mit Adj. u. Adv. very

    ich bin sehr dafür/dagegen — I'm very much in favour/against

    jemanden sehr gern haben — like somebody a lot (coll.) or a great deal

    2) mit Verben very much; greatly

    danke sehr! — thank you or thanks [very much]

    bitte sehr, Ihr Schnitzel! — here's your steak, sir/madam

    ja, sehr! — yes, very much!

    nein, nicht sehr! — no, not much!

    * * *
    adj.
    right adj.
    very adj. adv.
    much n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > sehr

  • 88 smite

    smaɪt
    1. гл.
    1) ударять, бить Syn: strike I
    1., knock
    2.
    2) а) редк. хлопать;
    шлепать Syn: smack II
    2., slap
    2. б) ударить ногой поэт. коснуться струн (напр., арфы)
    3) а) карать;
    наказывать Syn: punish, chastise б) поразить, сразить (напр., мечом) в) поразить, убить, уничтожить Syn: kill
    1., slay I
    4) поражать( о болезни)
    5) обыкн. прич. прош. вр. охватывать, поражать ( страстью и т.п.) ∙ smite off smite on smite upon
    2. сущ.;
    разг.
    1) а) (сильный) удар Syn: stroke
    1., blow I б) звук удара
    2) амер. и диал. малое количество;
    частица, крупица Syn: particle удар (спортивное) сильный удар (разговорное) попытка, поползновение - to have a * at smth. попытаться сделать что-либо ударять, бить - to * one's hands together хлопать в ладоши - to * the drum бить в барабан - a blinding glare smote our eyes яркий свет ударил нам в глаза (on, upon) биться, бить (обо что-либо) ;
    ударяться - the waves * upon the cliff волны бьются об утес убить, сразить насмерть разбить наголову - to * hip and thigh разбить( врага) наголову поражать (о болезни, эпидемии и т. п.) - to be smitten with blindness внезапно ослепнуть - the town was smitten with plague город был охвачен (поражен) чумой - he was smitten with paralysis его хватил паралич поражать, сражать - to be smitten with amazement( with passion) быть охваченным удивлением (страстью) - an idea smote him его осенила идея мучить, терзать - my conscience *s me меня мучают угрызения совести охватить страстью;
    внушить любовь - to be smitten with a girl влюбиться в девушку - he was deeply( greatly) smitten with her beauty ее красота поразила его he seems to be quite smitten with her он, кажется, без памяти влюблен в нее;
    an idea smote her ее осенило he seems to be quite smitten with her он, кажется, без памяти влюблен в нее;
    an idea smote her ее осенило smite карать;
    наказывать;
    his conscience smote him он почувствовал угрызения совести, совесть мучила его smite карать;
    наказывать;
    his conscience smote him он почувствовал угрызения совести, совесть мучила его ~ (обыкн. p. p.) охватывать, поражать;
    smitten with palsy разбитый параличом;
    smitten with fear охваченный страхом ~ разг. попытка ~ разбивать;
    разрушать;
    to smite (enemies) hip and thigh беспощадно бить (врагов), разбить (врага) наголову ~ разг. сильный удар ~ (smote;
    smitten) поэт., шутл. ударять ~ разбивать;
    разрушать;
    to smite (enemies) hip and thigh беспощадно бить (врагов), разбить (врага) наголову ~ (обыкн. p. p.) охватывать, поражать;
    smitten with palsy разбитый параличом;
    smitten with fear охваченный страхом ~ (обыкн. p. p.) охватывать, поражать;
    smitten with palsy разбитый параличом;
    smitten with fear охваченный страхом

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > smite

  • 89 respeto

    m.
    respect.
    el respeto a los derechos humanos respect for human rights
    trata a sus profesores con mucho respeto he shows a great deal of respect toward his teachers, he is very respectful toward his teachers
    es una falta de respeto it shows a lack of respect
    faltar al respeto a alguien to be disrespectful to somebody
    dentro de la iglesia hay que guardar respeto you must be respectful inside the church
    por respeto a out of consideration for
    presentar uno sus respetos a alguien to pay one's respects to somebody
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: respetar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) respect
    1 respects
    \
    campar por sus respetos to do as one pleases
    por respeto a out of consideration for
    presentar sus respetos a alguien formal to pay one's respects to somebody
    falta de respeto lack of respect
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=consideración) respect

    con todos mis respetos, creo que se equivoca — with all due respect, I think you're wrong

    respeto a o de sí mismo — self-respect

    ¡un respeto! — show some respect!

    • faltar al respeto a algn — to be disrespectful to sb, be rude to sb

    • guardar respeto a algn — to respect sb

    • perder el respeto a algn — to lose one's respect for sb

    • por respeto a algn — out of consideration for sb

    • presentar sus respetos a algn — to pay one's respects to sb

    • tener respeto a algn — to respect sb

    2) * (=miedo)
    3) †

    de respeto — best, reserve antes de s

    * * *
    a) (consideración, deferencia) respect

    con respeto — respectfully, with respect

    por respeto a alguien/algo — out of consideration o respect for somebody/something

    faltarle al or (CS) el respeto a alguien — to be rude o disrespectful to somebody

    el respeto a los derechos humanos — respect o regard for human rights

    el respeto a la Constitución — respect for o observance of the Constitution

    campar por sus respetos — (Esp) to do as one pleases

    b) ( temor)
    c) respetos masculino plural respects (pl)

    presentaron sus respetos a... — they paid their repects to... (frml)

    * * *
    = respect, reverence, deference, obedience.
    Ex. The authorities had in mind the book's endemic lying, the petty thefts, the denigrations of respect and religion, the bad language and the bad grammar.
    Ex. One wondered, did daring first-year students lose their nerve at the last minute and kneel as evidence that their audacity in approaching this 'holy of holies' was tempered by the proper reverence?.
    Ex. Of course, the notion of service, though appealing to our altruism, also does have less attractive connotations of deference and, at worst, inferiority.
    Ex. This article reviews the prospects and limitations of several of these strategies for explaining cooperation and obedience to social norms.
    ----
    * con el debido respeto = with due respect.
    * con respeto = respectfully.
    * conseguir respeto = gain + respect.
    * con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.
    * falta de respeto = disrespect, irreverence.
    * faltar al respeto = disrespect, diss.
    * faltar el respeto = disrespect, diss.
    * ganarse el respeto = earn + respect.
    * imponer respeto = stand in + awe.
    * inculcar respeto = instil + respect.
    * inspirar respeto = inspire + respect.
    * mostrar respeto = show + respect.
    * no faltar el respeto = be civil towards.
    * pavor y respeto = awe.
    * por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * prestar respeto a = pay + deference to.
    * profundo respeto = obeisance.
    * respeto a la diferencia = respect to differences.
    * respeto filial = filial respect.
    * respeto hacia uno mismo = self-respect.
    * respeto mutuo = mutual respect.
    * tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.
    * * *
    a) (consideración, deferencia) respect

    con respeto — respectfully, with respect

    por respeto a alguien/algo — out of consideration o respect for somebody/something

    faltarle al or (CS) el respeto a alguien — to be rude o disrespectful to somebody

    el respeto a los derechos humanos — respect o regard for human rights

    el respeto a la Constitución — respect for o observance of the Constitution

    campar por sus respetos — (Esp) to do as one pleases

    b) ( temor)
    c) respetos masculino plural respects (pl)

    presentaron sus respetos a... — they paid their repects to... (frml)

    * * *
    = respect, reverence, deference, obedience.

    Ex: The authorities had in mind the book's endemic lying, the petty thefts, the denigrations of respect and religion, the bad language and the bad grammar.

    Ex: One wondered, did daring first-year students lose their nerve at the last minute and kneel as evidence that their audacity in approaching this 'holy of holies' was tempered by the proper reverence?.
    Ex: Of course, the notion of service, though appealing to our altruism, also does have less attractive connotations of deference and, at worst, inferiority.
    Ex: This article reviews the prospects and limitations of several of these strategies for explaining cooperation and obedience to social norms.
    * con el debido respeto = with due respect.
    * con respeto = respectfully.
    * conseguir respeto = gain + respect.
    * con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.
    * falta de respeto = disrespect, irreverence.
    * faltar al respeto = disrespect, diss.
    * faltar el respeto = disrespect, diss.
    * ganarse el respeto = earn + respect.
    * imponer respeto = stand in + awe.
    * inculcar respeto = instil + respect.
    * inspirar respeto = inspire + respect.
    * mostrar respeto = show + respect.
    * no faltar el respeto = be civil towards.
    * pavor y respeto = awe.
    * por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.
    * presentar + Posesivo + respetos = pay + Posesivo + respects.
    * prestar respeto a = pay + deference to.
    * profundo respeto = obeisance.
    * respeto a la diferencia = respect to differences.
    * respeto filial = filial respect.
    * respeto hacia uno mismo = self-respect.
    * respeto mutuo = mutual respect.
    * tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.

    * * *
    1 (consideración, deferencia) respect
    siempre me trató con respeto he always treated me respectfully o with respect
    los alumnos no le tienen ningún respeto her pupils have no respect for her
    una mujer que me merece mucho respeto a woman for whom I have the highest regard o respect
    no guarda el debido respeto a sus padres she does not show due respect to her parents
    por respeto a sus años, no dije nada out of consideration o respect for his age, I said nothing
    se ha ganado el respeto de todos she has won o gained everyone's respect
    ¡oiga! ¡un respeto! or ¡más respeto! hey! don't be so rude! o have a little more respect, please!
    no consentiré que le faltes al or (CS) el respeto I will not allow you to be rude o disrespectful to him
    el respeto a los derechos humanos respect o regard for human rights
    el respeto a la Constitución respect for o observance of the Constitution
    campar por sus respetos to do as one pleases
    2
    (miedo): su presencia impone respeto her presence always commands (a feeling of) respect
    les tengo mucho respeto a los perros I have a great deal of respect for dogs
    3 respetos mpl respects (pl)
    los delegados presentaron sus respetos al presidente ( frml); the delegates paid their respects to the chairman ( frml)
    Compuesto:
    * * *

     

    Del verbo respetar: ( conjugate respetar)

    respeto es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    respetó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    respetar    
    respeto
    respetar ( conjugate respetar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ persona› to respect;

    ◊ se hizo respeto por todos he won o gained everyone's respect

    b) ‹opinión/tradiciones› to respect;

    ‹señal/luz roja› to obey;
    ‹ley/norma› to observe
    respeto sustantivo masculino
    a) (consideración, deferencia) respect;


    por respeto a algn/algo out of consideration o respect for sb/sth;
    faltarle al or (CS) el respeto a algn to be rude o disrespectful to sb;
    presentaron sus respetos a … they paid their repects to … (frml)
    b) ( temor):


    les tengo mucho respeto a los perros I have a healthy respect for dogs
    respetar verbo transitivo
    1 (a una persona, una cosa) to respect
    2 (una orden, ley) to observe, obey
    respeto sustantivo masculino
    1 (consideración) respect
    faltar al respeto, to be disrespectful [a, to]
    por respeto a alguien/algo, out of consideration for sb/sthg
    2 (temor) fear, nervousness: el mar impone respeto, the sea commands respect
    3 respetos, respects pl: presenté mis respetos a la viuda, I paid my respects to the widow
    ♦ Locuciones: campar por sus respetos, to do as one pleases o to make one's own rules
    ' respeto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consideración
    - desgracia
    - desvergonzada
    - desvergonzado
    - faltar
    - honra
    - imponer
    - nacer
    - osada
    - osadía
    - osado
    - profesar
    - rendir
    - señal
    - tener
    - trabajarse
    - vulnerar
    - admiración
    - conquistar
    - debido
    - decoro
    - falta
    - ganar
    - gente
    - inclinar
    - infundir
    - profundo
    - respetable
    - tratar
    English:
    command
    - compel
    - deference
    - disrespect
    - due
    - earn
    - instil
    - instill
    - mark
    - regard
    - respect
    - show
    - sneaking
    - token
    - while
    - each
    * * *
    1. [consideración] respect (a o por for);
    el respeto a los derechos humanos respect for human rights;
    trata a sus profesores con mucho respeto he shows a great deal of respect towards his teachers, he is very respectful towards his teachers;
    es una falta de respeto it shows a lack of respect;
    me parece una falta de respeto hacia sus compañeros I think it shows a lack of consideration towards his colleagues;
    faltar al respeto a alguien to be disrespectful to sb;
    con su acción se ganó el respeto de todos what he did earned him everybody's respect;
    dentro de la iglesia hay que guardar respeto you must be respectful inside the temple;
    sus opiniones no me merecen demasiado respeto I have very little respect for her opinions;
    siento mucho respeto por él I respect him greatly;
    por respeto a out of consideration for
    2. [miedo]
    tener respeto a las alturas to be afraid of heights
    3.
    respetos [saludos] respects;
    le presentaron sus respetos they paid him their respects
    * * *
    m
    1 respect;
    con todos los respetos with all due respect;
    falta de respeto lack of respect;
    faltar el respeto a alguien not show s.o. the proper respect, lack respect for s.o.
    2 ( saludos)
    :
    mis respetos a… my regards to…
    * * *
    1) : respect, consideration
    2) respetos nmpl
    : respects
    presentar sus respetos: to pay one's respects
    * * *
    1. (en general) respect
    2. (temor) fear

    Spanish-English dictionary > respeto

  • 90 चकित _cakita

    चकित a. [चक्-कर्तरि क्त]
    1 Shaking, trembling (through fear); भय˚, साध्वस˚ Me.27.
    -2 Frightened, made to tremble, startled; व्याधानुसारचकिता हरिणीव यासि Mk.1.17; Amaru.46; Me.14; R.1.73; Śivamahimnastotra 2.
    -3 Afraid, timid, apprehensive; चकितविलोकितसकलदिशा Gīt.2; पौलस्त्यचकितेश्वराः (दिशः) R.1.73.
    -तम् 1 Trem- bling.
    -2 Alarm, fear.
    -तम् ind. With fear, in a startled manner, alarmingly, with awe; चकितमुपैमि तथापि पार्श्वमस्य M.1.11; सभयचकितम् Gīt.5; Śānti.4.4.
    -Comp. -चकित a. greatly alarmed.
    -हृदय a. faint-hearted.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > चकित _cakita

  • 91 lotsa

    [cf. Iber. "Losa", "Loza"] iz.
    1.
    a. shame; \lotsa gorria terrible shame ; \lotsa gorrian nago I'm so ashamed ; \lotsaz gorritu to blush from shame ; \lotsaz beterik greatly ashamed; \lotsaz gorritu to blush from shame
    b. sense of shame, feelings of shame ; \lotsa gaizto sar dakiola! she should be ashamed of herself!; \lotsa gaizto dakiola lapur horri! that thief is a terrible disgrace!; \lotsa ukan to be ashamed; ez du \lotsarik he has no sense of shame; \lotsarik izango balu, ez luke egingo if he had any shame, he wouldn't do it ; e-r egiteko \lotsa ukan to be ashamed to do sth; \lotsa galdu to lose all sense of shame | to cast aside all restraint ; adibidez, "ingia" esan ordez, "papera" esango nuke \lotsarik gabe for instance instead of saying "ingia", I'd say "papera" without the slightest compunction; \lotsaren \lotsaz ez zion aitari esan nahi haurdun zegoela shame prevented her from telling her father that she was pregnant
    2.
    a. ( lotsatia izatea) bashfulness, shyness, timidity
    b. embarrassment; \lotsa ematen dit irakasleari esateak I'm embarrassed about telling the teacher ; ez al dizu \lotsarik ematen? have you no shame?
    c. ( sexu aldetik) modesty, decency, chastity ; \lotsa galdu duen neska a girl who's lost her chastity
    d. (z.o.) modesty ; \lotsa da gazteen edergailurik maitagarriena modesty is the most endearing of youthful embellishments
    a. deference, respect, regard; gurasoei \lotsa {gorde || agertu || erakutsi} to show deference for one's parents; ume gaiztoak eta \lotsa galduak wicked and disrespectful children; zintzoa eta \lotsa oneko good and {respectful || polite}; batzutan \lotsa hobe diote euskarari kanpokoek bertakoen baino sometimes outsiders have more respect for Basque than locals
    b. \lotsa gaizto outrage, affront, lack of respect
    c. \lotsa on courtesy, manners; \lotsa oneko well-mannered
    4. ( beldurra) fear; \lotsak hartu zuen fear came over him; Jaunaren \lotsa fear of the Lord
    5. ( susmo txarra) suspicion, misgiving

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > lotsa

  • 92 agigantar

    v.
    1 to blow up, to magnify.
    2 to make much greater, to enlarge considerably, to make enormous, to exaggerate.
    El miedo agiganta las sombras Fear makes shadows much greater.
    3 to aggrandize, to aggrandise, to make grow in stature, to ennoble.
    La bondad agiganta el alma Kindness aggrandizes=ennobles the soul.
    * * *
    1 to enlarge
    2 figurado to exaggerate
    1 to become huge
    * * *
    1.
    VT to enlarge, increase greatly
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <ritmo/rendimiento> to increase... considerably
    b) ( exagerar) to exaggerate
    2.
    agigantarse v pron
    a) rendimiento to increase considerably
    b) problema to take on huge proportions
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <ritmo/rendimiento> to increase... considerably
    b) ( exagerar) to exaggerate
    2.
    agigantarse v pron
    a) rendimiento to increase considerably
    b) problema to take on huge proportions
    * * *
    agigantar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹ritmo/rendimiento› to increase … considerably
    agigantados por su público boosted by their supporters
    2 (exagerar) to exaggerate, give an exaggerated account of
    1 «rendimiento» to increase considerably
    2 «problema» to take on huge proportions
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to blow up, to magnify
    * * *
    1) : to increase greatly, to enlarge
    2) : to exaggerate

    Spanish-English dictionary > agigantar

  • 93 can

    "1. soul. 2. life. 3. person, individual. 4. energy, zeal, vigor; vitality, strength. 5. dervish orders brother, friend; disciple. 6. dear, lovable. -ım 1. darling, honey, my dear. 2. my dear fellow; my dear lady (often used in reproach or objection). 3. precious, lovely. -ı acımak to feel pain. -ına acımamak to live without thinking of one´s own comfort. - acısı acute pain. -ını acıtmak /ın/ to cause (someone) acute pain. -ı ağzına gelmek to be frightened to death. - alacak nokta/yer the crucial point. - alıp can vermek to be in agony; to be in great distress. -ını almak /ın/ to kill. - arkadaşı close companion, intimate friend. - atmak /a/ to desire strongly, want badly. -ını bağışlamak /ın/ to spare (someone´s) life. - baş üstüne! I´ll do it gladly!/Gladly! -la başla çalışmak to put one´s heart into a job, work with determination and enthusiasm. - benim canım, çıksın elin canı. colloq. I´ll look out for number one. - beslemek to feed oneself well. -ından bezmek/bıkmak/usanmak to be tired of living. - boğazdan gelir/geçer. proverb One cannot live without food. - borcunu ödemek to die. -ı burnuna gelmek 1. to be overwhelmed with trouble. 2. to be fed up. -ı burnunda olmak to be worn out, be exhausted. - cana, baş başa everyone for himself. -a can katmak to delight greatly, increase one´s pleasure. -ı cehenneme! To hell with him! -ını cehenneme göndermek /ın/ colloq. to kill. -ım ciğerim my darling. - çabası the struggle to support oneself. -ı çekilmek to feel exhausted. - çekişmek to be dying in agony. -ı/gönlü çekmek /ı/ to long (for). -ını çıkarmak /ın/ 1. to wear out, tire. 2. to wear (something) out. -ı çıkasıca/çıksın! May the devil take him! -ı çıkmak 1. to die. 2. to get very tired. 3. to get worn out. - çıkmayınca/çıkmadıkça/çıkar huy çıkmaz. proverb People never change. - damarı vital point, most sensitive spot. - damarına basmak /ın/ to touch on the most sensitive spot of (someone, something). -ını (bir yere) dar atmak just barely to make it to (a safe place). - dayanmamak /a/ to be intolerable. -ına değmek /ın/ 1. to please greatly. 2. to cause joy to the spirit (of a deceased person). - derdine düşmek to struggle for one´s life. “-ım” dese “canın çıksın” diyor sanmak to hear “darling” and understand “damn you.” - direği sound post (of a violin). -ını dişine takmak to make a great effort, put one´s back into it, go all out, give it one´s all. - dostu dear friend. -ına düşkün (one) who takes good care of himself. - düşmanı mortal enemy. - evi 1. the upper part of the belly. 2. heart. 3. the vital spot. - evinden vurmak /ı/ to attack (a person) where he is most sensitive and vulnerable. -ına ezan okumak /ın/ slang to kill, destroy. - feda! Wonderful!/Superb! -dan geçmek to give up the ghost. -ına geçmek/ işlemek/kâr etmek /ın/ to touch (someone) to the quick. - gelmek /a/ to be refreshed, revive. -ı gelip gitmek to have fainting spells. -ı gitmek to worry about the safety and well-being of someone or something. - halatı naut. life line. - havliyle in a desperate attempt to save one´s life. -ımın içi my darling. -ının içine sokacağı gelmek /ı/ to feel a strong wave of love (for). -ı ile oynamak to do dangerous things. -ı istemek /ı/ to desire. -ın isterse. If you like./I don´t care. - kalmamak /da/ to have all the life drained out (of). -a kasıt law intent to murder. -ına kastetmek /ın/ to plot against (someone´s) life. - kaygısına düşmek to fight for one´s life. -ına kıymak 1. /ın/ to kill without pity. 2. to commit suicide. 3. to wear oneself out. - korkusu fear of death. - kulağı ile dinlemek to be all ears; /ı/ to listen intently (to). - kurban! colloq. How wonderful! -ını kurtarmak 1. to save one´s life. 2. /ın/ to save (someone´s) life. - kurtaran yok mu! Help!/Save me! -ına/-ıma minnet! colloq. What more could one want!/So much the better! -ına okumak /ın/ 1. to harass. 2. to destroy, ruin. - pahasına at the risk of one´s life, a

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > can

  • 94 Entsetzen

    I v/t
    1. (in Schrecken versetzen) horrify, appal(l); (Angst einjagen) terrify; (bestürzen) shock, dismay
    2. MIL. (Festung, Truppen) relieve
    II v/refl vor Grauen etc.: be horrified ( oder appalled) ( über + Akk at, by), react with horror (to); bei Gefahr: be terrified (by); (bestürzt sein) be shocked (at, by), be dismayed (by); moralisch: be shocked (at, by)
    * * *
    das Entsetzen
    terror; horror
    * * *
    Ent|sẹt|zen [Ent'zɛtsn]
    nt -s, no pl
    horror; (= Bestürzung auch) dismay; (= Erschrecken) terror

    von Entsetzen erfasst or ergriffen or gepackt werden — to be seized with horror/dismay/terror, to be horror-stricken

    zu meinem größten Entsetzen bemerkte ich, dass... — to my horror or great dismay I noticed that...

    mit Entsetzen sehen/hören, dass... — to be horrified/dismayed/terrified to see/hear that...

    * * *
    1) (to horrify or shock: We were appalled by the bomb damage.) appal
    2) (to shock greatly: Mrs Smith was horrified to find that her son had a tattooed chest.) horrify
    3) (great fear or dislike: She has a horror of spiders; She looked at me in horror.) horror
    4) (very great fear: She screamed with/in terror; She has a terror of spiders.) terror
    * * *
    Ent·set·zen
    <-s>
    nt kein pl (Erschrecken) horror, dismay
    voller \Entsetzen filled with horror [or dismay], horror-struck [or -stricken]
    mit \Entsetzen horrified, dismayed
    [bleich/kreideweiß/versteinert] vor \Entsetzen [pale/as white as a sheet/petrified] with horror
    zu jds [großen [o größten]] \Entsetzen to sb's [great] horror [or dismay]
    * * *
    das; Entsetzens horror

    er bemerkte mit Entsetzen, dass... — he noticed to his horror that...

    * * *
    Entsetzen n; -s, kein pl; (Schrecken) horror; (Erschrecken) terror; (Bestürzung) (utter) dismay, shock;
    starr vor Entsetzen rigid with horror ( oder terror), horror- ( oder terror-)struck;
    mit Entsetzen vernahmen wir we were horrified ( oder shocked) to hear ( oder learn);
    zu unser aller Entsetzen geh to (our) universal horror
    * * *
    das; Entsetzens horror

    er bemerkte mit Entsetzen, dass... — he noticed to his horror that...

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Entsetzen

  • 95 entsetzen

    I v/t
    1. (in Schrecken versetzen) horrify, appal(l); (Angst einjagen) terrify; (bestürzen) shock, dismay
    2. MIL. (Festung, Truppen) relieve
    II v/refl vor Grauen etc.: be horrified ( oder appalled) ( über + Akk at, by), react with horror (to); bei Gefahr: be terrified (by); (bestürzt sein) be shocked (at, by), be dismayed (by); moralisch: be shocked (at, by)
    * * *
    das Entsetzen
    terror; horror
    * * *
    Ent|sẹt|zen [Ent'zɛtsn]
    nt -s, no pl
    horror; (= Bestürzung auch) dismay; (= Erschrecken) terror

    von Entsetzen erfasst or ergriffen or gepackt werden — to be seized with horror/dismay/terror, to be horror-stricken

    zu meinem größten Entsetzen bemerkte ich, dass... — to my horror or great dismay I noticed that...

    mit Entsetzen sehen/hören, dass... — to be horrified/dismayed/terrified to see/hear that...

    * * *
    1) (to horrify or shock: We were appalled by the bomb damage.) appal
    2) (to shock greatly: Mrs Smith was horrified to find that her son had a tattooed chest.) horrify
    3) (great fear or dislike: She has a horror of spiders; She looked at me in horror.) horror
    4) (very great fear: She screamed with/in terror; She has a terror of spiders.) terror
    * * *
    Ent·set·zen
    <-s>
    nt kein pl (Erschrecken) horror, dismay
    voller \Entsetzen filled with horror [or dismay], horror-struck [or -stricken]
    mit \Entsetzen horrified, dismayed
    [bleich/kreideweiß/versteinert] vor \Entsetzen [pale/as white as a sheet/petrified] with horror
    zu jds [großen [o größten]] \Entsetzen to sb's [great] horror [or dismay]
    * * *
    das; Entsetzens horror

    er bemerkte mit Entsetzen, dass... — he noticed to his horror that...

    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (in Schrecken versetzen) horrify, appal(l); (Angst einjagen) terrify; (bestürzen) shock, dismay
    2. MIL (Festung, Truppen) relieve
    B. v/r vor Grauen etc: be horrified ( oder appalled) (
    über +akk at, by), react with horror (to); bei Gefahr: be terrified (by); (bestürzt sein) be shocked (at, by), be dismayed (by); moralisch: be shocked (at, by)
    * * *
    das; Entsetzens horror

    er bemerkte mit Entsetzen, dass... — he noticed to his horror that...

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > entsetzen

  • 96 BERA

    * * *
    I)
    (ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.
    I.
    1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);
    bera (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;
    bera (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;
    bera e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;
    2) to wear (bera klæði, vápn, kórónu);
    bera œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;
    3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré bera aldin, epli);
    4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;
    kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;
    absol., ván at hón mundi bera, that the cow would calve;
    the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;
    verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;
    þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;
    borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;
    Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;
    borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;
    5) bera e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;
    bera e-n ráðum, to overrule one;
    bera e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer;
    verða bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise;
    borinn verkjum, overcome by pains;
    þess er borin ván, there is no hope, all hope is gone;
    borinn baugum, bribed; cf. bera fé á e-n, to bribe one;
    6) to lear, be capable of bearing (of a ship, horse, vehicle);
    þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, with as much as they could carry;
    fig., to sustain, support (svá mikill mannfjöldi, at landit fekk eigi borit);
    of persons, to bear up against, endure, support (grief, sorrow, etc.);
    absol., bar hann drengiliga, he bore it manfully;
    similarly, bera (harm) af sér, berast vel (illa, lítt) af;
    bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore up bravely;
    hversu berst Auðr af um bróðurdauðann, how does she bear it?
    hon berst af lítt, she is much cast down;
    bera sik vel upp, to bear well up against;
    7) bera e-t á, e-n á hendr e-m, to charge or tax one with (eigi erum vér þess valdir, er þú berr á oss);
    bera (kvið) á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty (í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn);
    bera af e-m (kviðinn), to give a verdict for;
    bera e-t af sér, to deny having done a thing;
    bera or bera vitni, vætti, to bear witness, testify;
    bera or bera um e-t, to give a verdict in a case;
    bera e-n sannan at sök, to prove guilty by evidence;
    bera e-n undan sök, to acquit;
    bera í sundr frændsemi þeirra, to prove (by evidence) that they are not relations;
    refl. (pass.), berast, to be proved by evidence (þótt þér berist þat faðerni, er þú segir);
    8) to set forth, report, tell;
    bera e-m kveðju (orð, orðsending), to bring one a greeting, compliments (word, message);
    bera or bera fram erindi sín fyrir e-n, to state (tell) one’s errand or to plead one’s case before one;
    bera e-m njósn, to apprise one;
    bera e-t upp, to produce, mention, tell;
    bera upp erindi sín, to state one’s errand;
    bera saman ráð sín, to consult together;
    eyddist það ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed;
    9) to keep, hold, bear, of a title (bera jarlnafn, konnungsnafn);
    bera (eigi) giptu, gæfu, hammingju, auðnu til e-s, (not) to have the good fortune to do a thing (bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér);
    bera vit, skyn, kunnáttu á e-t, to have knowledge of, uniderstanding about;
    bera hug, áræði, þor, traust til e-s, to have courage, confidence to do a thing;
    bera áhyggju fyrir e-u, to be concerned about;
    bera ást, elsku, hatr til e-s, to bear affection, love, hatred to;
    10) to bear off or away, carry off (some gain);
    bera sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in;
    hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orustum, he had been victorious in two battles;
    bera hærra (lægra) hlut to get the best (the worst) of it;
    bera efra (hærra) skjöld, to gain the victory;
    bera hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), to be in high (low) spirits;
    bera halann bratt, lágt, to cock up or let fall the tail, to be in high or low spirits;
    11) with preps.:
    bera af e-m, to surpass;
    en þó bar Bolli af, surpassed all the rest;
    bera af sér högg, lag to ward off, parry a blow or thrust;
    bera eld at, to set fire to;
    bera fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one;
    bera á or í, to smear, anoint (bera vatn í augu sér, bera tjöru í höfuð sér);
    bera e-t til, to apply to, to try if it fits (bera til hvern lykil af öðrum at portinu);
    bera e-t um, to wind round;
    þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body;
    bera um með e-n, to bear with, have patience with;
    bera út barn, to expose a child;
    12) refl., berast mikit (lítit) á, to bear oneself proudly (humbly);
    láta af berast, to die;
    láta fyrir berast e-s staðar, to stay, remain in a place (for shelter);
    berast e-t fyrir, to design a thing (barst hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur);
    at njósna um, hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about;
    berast vápn á, to attack one another;
    berast at or til, to happen;
    þat barst at (happened) á einhverju sumri;
    ef svá harðliga kann til at berast, if that misfortune does happen;
    berast í móti, to happen, occur;
    hefir þetta vel í móti borizt, it is a happy coincidence;
    berast við, to be prevented;
    ok nú lét almáttugr guð við berast kirkjubrunann, prevented, stopped the burning of the church;
    II. impers., denoting a sort of passive or involuntary motion;
    alla berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end);
    bar hann (acc.) þá ofan gegnt Ösuri, he happened to come down just opposite to Ö.;
    esp. of ships and sailors; berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eða annarra landa, we drift to Iceland or other countries;
    þá (acc.) bar suðr í haf, they were carried out southwards;
    Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, S. came suddenly upon them;
    ef hann (acc.) skyldi bera þar at, if he should happen to come there;
    e-n berr yfir, one is borne onwards, of a bird flying, a man riding;
    hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, it passed quickly (of a flying meteor);
    2) followed by preps.:
    Gunnar sér, at rauðan kyrtil bar við glugginn, that a red kirtle passed before the window;
    hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, there was nowhere a shadow;
    e-t berr fram (hátt), is prominent;
    Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingu ok bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, stood out conspicuously;
    e-t berr á milli, comes between;
    leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect;
    fig. e-m berr e-t á milli, they are at variance about a thing;
    mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, many things come now before my eyes;
    veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m, game falls to one’s lot;
    e-t berr undan, goes amiss, fails;
    bera saman, to coincide;
    bar nöfn þeirra saman, they had the same name;
    fig., with dat.; bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the stories agreed well together;
    fund várn bar saman, we met;
    3) bera at, til, við, at hendi, til handa, to befall, happen, with dat. of the person;
    svá bar at einn vetr, it happened one winter;
    þó at þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, has befallen us;
    bar honum svá til, it so befell him;
    þat bar við (it so happened), at Högni kom;
    raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by fact;
    4) of time, to fall upon;
    ef þing (acc.) berr á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls in the holy week;
    bera í móti, to coincide, happen exactly at the same time;
    5) denoting cause;
    e-t berr til, causes a thing;
    konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief;
    ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason;
    berr e-m nauðsyn til e-s, one is obliged to do a thing;
    6) e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot;
    hon á arf at taka, þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn;
    e-t berr frá, is surpassing;
    er sagt, at þat (acc.) bæri frá, hvé vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they spoke;
    7) e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden;
    e-t berr stóru, stórum (stœrrum), it amounts to much (more), it matters a great deal (more), it is of great (greater) importance;
    8) absol. or with an adv., vel, illa, with infin.;
    e-m berr (vel, illa) at gera e-t, it becomes, beseems one (well, ill) to do a thing (berr yðr vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli);
    used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, or unbeseeming, improper, unfit (þat þykkir eigi illa bera, at).
    (að), v. to make bare (hon beraði likam sinn).
    * * *
    1.
    u, f.
    I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.
    II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.
    2.
    bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].
    A. Lat. ferre, portare:
    I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á ( amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat ( carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc.
    2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406.
    3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed.
    II. without a sense of motion:
    1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parĕre; also Gr. φέρειν, Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., ‘ala’ and ‘fæða’ are used of women; but ‘bera,’ of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon ( the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, … entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar …, Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1.
    β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm …, to bear fruit, flower … (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr.
    2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing:
    α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250.
    β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240.
    3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre:
    α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302;—a ship ‘berr’ ( carries) such and such a weight; but ‘tekr’ ( takes) denotes a measure of fluids.
    β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326–328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt ( she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga ( sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one’s best, try a thing.
    III. in law terms or modes of procedure:
    1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals ‘hólmganga,’ and ‘ganga undir jarðarmen,’ v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41–45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.)
    2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363.
    β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.
    B. Various and metaph. cases.
    I. denoting motion:
    1. ‘bera’ is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either ‘bera’ absol. or adding kvið ( verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr ( delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr ( bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar ( jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis ( abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict—höfum vér ( the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag ( for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46.
    β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one’s face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at… ( non diffitebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good…, 11; b. e-m vel (illa) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271.
    2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt…, or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sín) fyrir e-n, to plead one’s case before one, or to tell one’s errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to pronounce, hence ‘framburðr,’ pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar ( produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx.
    II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence … to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57.
    2. with some sense of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in …; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ‘to bear off the higher or the lower lot,’ i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one’s hand before one’s head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2.
    III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. ( outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ‘b. e-t undir e-n’ is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ‘b. e-t fyrir’ is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu sér, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. II. 3. β.
    IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19.
    β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another’s life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53.
    γ. pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj.:—berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.
    C. IMPERS.:—with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance:
    I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ships or sailors; nú berr svá til ( happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124.
    β. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2.
    γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.’s body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per chance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes.
    2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok sólar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé …, many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to one’s lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one’s opportunity; vel væri þá … at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at…, we will by no means miss it…, Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.
    II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa …, to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., no such thing should happen as…, Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú víst at hendi borit, er…, Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms. xi. 425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that …, 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185.
    2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on …; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennusöguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269.
    3. metaph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. l.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25.
    4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til …, causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; þat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32.
    β. meiri ván at brátt beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hér, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i. 361.
    γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot; hon á arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar þat mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how…, Ó. H. 74.
    5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel mér líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296.
    β. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one’s lot, v. above, Grág. i. 93.
    III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I am not knowing, Nj. 135.
    IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í móti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamingju …; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.
    D. In mod. usage the strong bera—bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could ( can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki á bera ( to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BERA

  • 97 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 98 бог

    муж. God;
    god, idol;
    divinity;
    рел. the Author, the Deity, the Lord, Providence, the Supreme;
    возвыш. Heaven, Heavens;
    the Invisible Бог вас накажет ≈ God'll fix you! от Бога ≈ (прирожденный) heaven-born данный от Бога ≈ (об обычаях, порядках и т.п.) god-given забытый Богом ≈ godforsaken веровать в Бога, верить в Бога ≈ to believe in God Бог дал (сына, дочь, детей) ≈ God has blessed (with) дай Бог всякому ≈ as good as anyone could want;
    nobody could ask for (a) better дай Бог памяти ≈ (now) let me think;
    let me jog my memory;
    as God is in being! не приведи Бог сколько ≈ scads of одному Богу ведомо, один( господь-) бог знает ≈ God only knows;
    only God knows побойся Бога, Бога бы побоялся ≈ have you no fear of God?;
    have you no shame? Не боги горшки обжигают. ≈ It can't be that hard. Бог дал, Бог и взял. ≈ The Lord giveth and the Lord taketh away. Бог даст день, Бог даст (и) пищу.≈ God will give the day, God will give us food. дай Бог не последнюю ( рюмку) ≈ разг. more power to your elbow Бог правду видит, да не скоро скажет. посл. ≈ The mills of God grind slowly. Это одному Богу известно. ≈ One man's guess is as good as another's. Бог весть ≈ God (alone) knows Бог в помощь, да поможет вам Бог, помогай Бог ≈ may god speed you;
    may the Lord help you видит Бог ≈ а) (as) God is my witness;
    honest to God;
    by God;
    б) God, Lord, goodness knows Бог знает как ≈ greatly;
    extremely;
    utterly Бог знает сколько ≈ God knows how much/many/long;
    an enormous amount/number/quantity of Бог знает что ≈ а) (творится, начинается, городит и т.п.) God/Lord/goodness/heaven knows what( is going on) ;
    all kinds of strange things( are happening) ;
    б) межд. it's God knows what!;
    в) (отдать, заплатить, запросить и т.д.) (give) anything in the world;
    what one wouldn't give бог его знает ≈ God knows, dear knows! Бог мой! ≈ (выражает изумление) lummy;
    (выражает удивление, досаду) great Caesar! Боже мой! ≈ oh God!;
    good gracious! Бог с тобой ≈ а) God bless you;
    God be with you;
    б) (для выражения согласия, примирения и т.п.) all right (then) ;
    so be it;
    have it your way;
    do as you like;
    в) (для выражения упрека, несогласия, удивления и т.п.) good heavens!, good Lord!, good God!;
    my God!;
    for heaven's sake! Бог с ним ≈ never mind, forget (about) smb. дай бог ≈ God grant;
    I hope (so), let's hope (so) дай Бог здоровья ≈ (may) God grant smb. (good) health (если) Бог даст ≈ God willing, Lord willing, with God's help;
    I hope to God;
    God grant не дай бог ≈ God forbid!, Lord forbid! ради бога ≈ for God's sake, for goodness' sake ей богу! ≈ really!, really and truly!, begad, by God!, honest;
    прост. что Бог послал ≈ whatever is in the house что Бог даст ≈ whatever will be will be;
    we'll see what God has in store for us как бог на душу положит ≈ anyhow;
    higgledy-piggledy;
    at random что Бог на душу положит ≈ whatever strikes one's fancy;
    whatever comes to mind

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > бог

  • 99 сердце

    ср. heart;
    darling, love, sweetheart (обращение) у него сердце упало/замерло/оборвалось ≈ his heart sank, his heart skipped, his heart missed a beat, his heart stood still у него сердце разрывается/рвется (на части) ≈ (от чего-л.) his heart is breaking( in two) with smth. у него тяжело на сердце ≈ his heart is heavy, he is sick at heart у него сердце кровью обливается ≈ his heart is bleeding, his heart goes out у него сердце заходится ≈ his heart stood still принимать что-л. близко к сердцу ≈ to take/lay smth. to heart у него сердце не лежит (к) ≈ he has no liking( for) у него отлегло от сердца, отошло от сердца ≈ he felt (greatly) relieved, his heart lifted, a weight was lifted from him у него сердце отошло ≈ he calmed down сердцу не прикажешь ≈ the heart has a will of its own, one can't tell one's heart what to feel, the heart has reasons that reason does not understand положа руку на сердце разг. (quite) ≈ frankly с глаз долой - из сердца вон ≈ out of sight, out of mind с тяжелым сердцем ≈ ({(делать что-л.) }) heavy-hearted с легким сердцем ≈ with a light heart, lightly предлагать кому-л. руку и сердце ≈ to offer smb. one's hand and heart в сердцах ≈ in (a fit of) temper, angrily с замиранием сердца ≈ with sinking/palpitating heart от всего сердца ≈ whole-heartedly, from the bottom of one's heart по сердцу ≈ to one's liking;
    after one's heart от чистого сердца ≈ in all sincerity, right from the heart, with all one's heart от доброго сердца ≈ with goob intentions, meaning well, with (having) best interest in heart большого сердца ≈ to have a big heart, to be bighearted большое сердце ≈ (to have) a big heart, with a big heart, to be bighearted с легким сердцем ≈ with a light heart с тяжелым сердцем ≈ with a heavy heart с упавшим сердцем ≈ with one's heart in one's mouth, overcome by fear с чистым сердцем ≈ with an open, sincere heart вырывать из сердца ≈ to wrench, rip smth. out of smb.'s heart отрывать от сердца ≈ to rip, tear from one's heart;
    to close one's heart to smb., to tear smb. out of one's heart вымещать сердце ≈ (на ком-л./чем-л.) to vent one's anger on smb./smth., to take one's anger out on smb./smth. открывать сердце ≈ (кому-л.;
    объясниться в любви) to open one's heart to smb., to declare one's love to smb.;
    ( открыться, облегчить душу) to open one's heart/soul to smb., to bare one's soul to smb. покорять сердце ≈ to win smb.'s heart, to win the affection of, to win smb. over носить под сердцем ≈ to carry (a child) under one's heart, to be with child принимать близко к сердцу ≈ to take smth. (very much) to heart сердце не камень ≈ a man's heart isn't made of stone, one doesn't have a heart of stone
    сердц|е - с. heart;
    больное ~ weak heart;
    прижать руки к ~y press/put* one`s hands to one`s heart;
    схватиться за ~ clutch at one`s heart;
    чёрствое ~ heartless nature;
    ~ радуется it gladdens one`s heart, it`s a joy;
    от всего ~а with all one`s heart;
    всем ~ем with all one`s heart, from the bottom of one`s heart;
    ~ болит, ноет I`m sick at heart;
    ~ оборвалось у кого-л. smb`s heart missed a beat;
    он мне( пришёлся) по ~у I took a liking to him;
    он мне не по ~у he is not the sort of man I care for;
    в ~ах, с ~ем in a fit of anger/irritation;
    от чистого ~а sincerely;
    положа руку на ~ quite frankly;
    брать кого-л. за ~ touch/move smb. deeply.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > сердце

  • 100 fesseln

    v/t
    1. tie up, bind; mit Ketten: put in chains; mit Handschellen: handcuff, manacle; jemanden an Händen und Füßen fesseln tie s.o.’s hands and feet, bind s.o. hand and foot
    2. fig.: jemanden an sich fesseln tie s.o. to one
    3. fig. (faszinieren) captivate; stärker: enthral(l); (Aufmerksamkeit, Auge etc.) catch; das Buch hat mich gefesselt I found the book quite gripping ( oder enthralling)
    * * *
    (faszinieren) to attract; to arrest; to fascinate; to enthrall; to spellbind; to catch; to captivate; to rivet; to enthral; to spell;
    (festbinden) to chain; to fetter; to shackle; to tie up
    * * *
    fẹs|seln ['fɛsln]
    vt
    1) (mit Tau etc) to tie (up), to bind; (HIST mit Handfesseln, Fußschellen) to fetter, to shackle; (mit Handschellen) to handcuff; (mit Ketten) to chain (up)

    jdn ( an Händen und Füßen) fesseln — to tie/fetter/chain sb (hand and foot)

    jdm die Hände auf dem Rücken fesseln — to tie sb's hands behind his back

    der Gefangene wurde gefesselt vorgeführt — the prisoner was brought in handcuffed/in chains

    jdn ans Bett fesseln (fig) — to confine sb to (his) bed, to keep sb in bed

    jdn an jdn/sich fesseln (fig) — to bind sb to sb/oneself

    2) (= faszinieren) to grip; Aufmerksamkeit to hold
    * * *
    1) (to take up the whole attention of (a person): He was completely absorbed in his book.) absorb
    2) (something used for tying (especially a person): They released the prisoner from his bonds.) bond
    3) (to charm, fascinate, or hold the attention of: He was captivated by her beauty.) captivate
    4) (to attract: She was trying to draw my attention to something.) draw
    5) (to delight greatly: His stories enthralled the children.) enthral
    6) (to fasten with a fetter: She fettered the horse.) fetter
    7) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) hold
    8) (to fascinate, arouse the curiosity of or amuse: The book intrigued me.) intrigue
    9) (to fix firmly: He stood riveted to the spot with fear; His eyes were riveted on the television.) rivet
    10) (to limit someone's freedom etc: Her work tied her down.) tie (someone) down
    * * *
    fes·seln
    [ˈfɛsl̩n]
    vt
    1. (Fesseln anlegen)
    ▪ jdn [mit etw dat] \fesseln to bind [or tie [up sep]] sb [with sth]
    ▪ jdn an etw akk \fesseln to bind [or tie [up sep]] sb to sth, to shackle, to handcuff
    er wurde mit gefesselten Händen vorgeführt he was brought in with his hands tied
    2. (geh: binden)
    ▪ jdn an sich akk \fesseln to tie sb to oneself
    ▪ etw fesselt jdn [an jdm/etw] sb is captivated [by sb/sth]; (in Bann halten) to captivate
    * * *
    1) tie up; (mit Ketten) chain up

    jemanden an Händen und Füßen fesseln — tie somebody hand and foot

    jemandem die Hände auf den Rücken fesseln — tie somebody's hands behind his/her back

    ans Bett/Haus/an den Rollstuhl gefesselt sein — (fig.) be confined to [one's] bed/tied to the house/confined to a wheelchair

    2) (faszinieren) < book> grip; <work, person> fascinate; < personality> captivate; < idea> possess

    das Buch hat mich so gefesselt — I was so gripped by the book

    * * *
    fesseln v/t
    1. tie up, bind; mit Ketten: put in chains; mit Handschellen: handcuff, manacle;
    jemanden an Händen und Füßen fesseln tie sb’s hands and feet, bind sb hand and foot
    2. fig:
    3. fig (faszinieren) captivate; stärker: enthral(l); (Aufmerksamkeit, Auge etc) catch;
    das Buch hat mich gefesselt I found the book quite gripping ( oder enthralling)
    * * *
    1) tie up; (mit Ketten) chain up

    jemandem die Hände auf den Rücken fesseln — tie somebody's hands behind his/her back

    ans Bett/Haus/an den Rollstuhl gefesselt sein — (fig.) be confined to [one's] bed/tied to the house/confined to a wheelchair

    2) (faszinieren) < book> grip; <work, person> fascinate; < personality> captivate; < idea> possess
    * * *
    v.
    to absorb v.
    to attract v.
    to captivate v.
    to enchain v.
    to fetter v.
    to shackle v.
    to trammel v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > fesseln

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