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81 αὐχήν
αὐχήν, - ένοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `neck, throat; isthmus' (Il.).Other forms: Aeol. acc. ἄμφενα (Theoc. 30. 28). αὔφην in Jo. Gramm. Comp. 3, 16 is very doubtful, cf. Solmsen, Wortforsch. 118 n. 2. ἄμφην· αὐχήν, τράχηλος H.; also ἀμφήν· αὐλήν H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: On ἄμφην beside αὐχήν see Pisani, RiLi 1 (1950) 182f. Schwyzer 296 assumed for ἄμφην *ἀγχϜ-ήν, connecting Skt. aṃhú- `narrow' etc. (s. ἄγχω), which with anticipation of the labial would have given αὐχήν. This is an improbable construction, the process unparallelled. One connects Arm. awji-k` (pl.) `neck', but the connection is quite difficult, Clackson 1994, 107ff. - The variants cannot be explained as Greek or IE, so the word will come from the substr. Variation labial\/velar is rare (Fur. 388, φωριαμός \/ χ.; but cf. γέφυρα \/ βέφυρα); also α\/αυ is rare; m\/w occurs mostly before n or intervocalic (Fur. 242 - 247). Therefore I think we must compare the type δάφνη \/ δαυχνα-, which Furnée 229 - 233 explains as showing variation labial\/w. I think that these forms had a labio-velar, gʷ, which either gave φ (in Aeolic) or - υχ- with anticipation of the labial element (Beekes Pre-Greek). Thus we have *ἀφ-ην\/ αὐ-χήν; ἄμφ-ην then has the well-known prenasalisation. Whatever the exact development, it is clear that substr. origin, and only that, can explain the variants. The Armenian form does not prove IE origin, as it can be a loan from an Anatolian language, cf. γέφυρα - kamurǰ (Beekes, Glotta 2003?).Page in Frisk: 1,192Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αὐχήν
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82 ἀφαυρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `weak' (Il.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unknown. These words are often explained as contaminations (s. Frisk), for which there is no reason; it only testifies to our ignorance. Much more probably Fur. 330 compares φαῦρος κοῦφος H., φλαῦρος (with inserted λ?) and φαῦλος. I suggest that ἀμαυρός \/ μαυρός is also cognate (with μ \/ labial stop, e.g. λαφύσσω \/ λαμυρός etc., Fur. 224ff.; note the v.l. of the verb cited above). Note that - αυρος can hardly be IE (- eh₂u-ro-?).Page in Frisk: 1,194Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀφαυρός
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83 ἄφενος
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: m. (after πλοῦτος, Fehrle Phil Woch. 46, 700f).Compounds: εὐηφενής (Il.; the better attested v. l. εὐηγενής is hardly correct; Bechtel, Lex.); also in the PN Δι-, Κλε-, Τιμ-αφένης.Derivatives: (with loss of vowel and remarkable final stress) ἀφνειός (Il.), later ἀφνεός `rich' (Il.). From here retrograde ἄφνος n. (Pi. Fr. 219).Etymology: Uncertain. The connection with Skt. ápnas- n. `possessions, riches' (Bréal MSL 13, 382f.; cf. ὄμπνη; also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73, 515) is now generally rejected (also as * apsnos). - The word was one of the corner stones of the Pelasgian theory, which can now be abandoned (also Heubeck's variant, the Minoan-Minyan language: Praegraeca 70). The agreement with Hitt. happina(nt)- `rich', is remarkable. The postulated verb hap-(zi) is improbable (Puhvel HED 3, 124f). The Hittite word could be IE (Szemerényi Glotta 33, 1954, 275 - 282). Puhvel's h₁op- is impossible ( h₁- disappears in Hittite); but Lat. opulentus \< * op-en-ent- is improbable: - ulentus is a frequent suffix in Latin, and - ant is very productive in Hittite so that it cannot be projected back into PIE; with it disappears the explanation of - ulentus (I also doubt the dissmilation n - nt, with t after the second n; there are other difficulties in the theory, as the author indicated); the - en- has no clear function and is not found elsewhere after op-; thus the connection of opulentus with the Hittite word disappears. - Irene Balles (HS 110, 1997) starts from *n̥-gʷʰn-o-, parallel to - io- in Skt. ághnyā- `(the valuable animal which is) not to be killed'. (She explains the adj., and the accent, from *n̥gʷʰn-es-o- \> ἀφνεό-, with metrical lengthening in Homer). But she has to explain the full grade from analogy after σθένος, which is improbable; the whole construction is not convincing. - The Greek word is rather IE (cf. archaic εὐηφενής). For Greek a root * h₂bʰen- is the obvious reconstruction. The accent and the form ἀφνεός may be explained following Balles: *h₂bʰnes-ó-, with ablaut as in ἄλγος - ἀλεγεινός (metr. lengthening in Homer is probable as *ἀφνεοιο is impossible in the hexameter and *ἀφνεος, -ν etc. are difficult). Thus the word seem perfectly IE. It cannot be connected with the Hittite word (reading *ḫpina- is doubtful). A loan from Anatolian would have κ-, the φ would be unclear, the s-stem, and the adjective.Page in Frisk: 1,195Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄφενος
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84 ἀφήτωρ
ἀφήτωρ, - οροςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: epithet of Apollo (I 404). ἀφητορεία μαντεία H. σαφητωρ· μάντις ἀληθής, μηνὺτης, ἐρμηνεὺς H.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Acc. to Eustathios and the scholl. (also) explained as `prophet' (Eust. ὁμοφήτωρ), i.e. from α copulative and φημί, which is no doubt wrong. Rather from ἀφίημι, s. Fraenkel, Nom. ag. 1, 14f., 42, i.e. `who sends off'. This could well mean `archer' ( ἀφὶημι `discharge'). Doubted by Kraus, WienAkAnz. 87, 516ff., who suggests `who sends off' (people on their journey).Page in Frisk: 1,195Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀφήτωρ
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85 βάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `immerse, so as to temper or colour' (Od.).Other forms: Aor. βάψαιDerivatives: 1. βαφή `dipping, temper, dye' (Ion.-Att.); 2. βάμμα `dye' (Pl.); 3. βάψις `id' (Antiph.). - βαφεύς `dyer' (Pl.), βαφεῖον (Str.). - βαπτίζω. Metathesis in βιπτάζω (Epich.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Generally considered a yod-present like ON kvefja `press down, immerse, choke' (OSwed. kvaf n. `depth'). But in this way the - α- cannot be explained. ( βύπτειν βαπτίζειν H. after δύπτειν (s. δύω) or κύπτειν (not zero grade as Schwyzer).Page in Frisk: 1,218-219Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βάπτω
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86 βιδυιοι
Grammatical information: m.pl.Meaning: `overseer', designation of Spartan officials, overseeing the male youth (Laconia, Messenia [IIa], Paus.).Etymology: From *Ϝιδυσ-ι̯οι, i. e. the zero grade of the perf. ptc. εἰδώς; cf. Hom. Ϝιδυῖα (s. οἶδα). Cf. the Myc. name widowoijo. Further Att. ἰδῦ(ῖ)οι συνίστορες, μάρτυρες (Solon ap. Ar. fr. 222); and ἰδυῖοι... οἱ τὰς φονικὰς δίκας κρὶνοντες H. - The form with - ε- is not well explained, s. Bechtel, Gr. Dial. 2, 355ff. On βι-, βει- cf. Bourguet, Laconien 97 n. 3. A parallel formation was seen in βέβαιος, hardly correctly.Page in Frisk: 1,236-237Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βιδυιοι
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87 βιδυοι
Grammatical information: m.pl.Meaning: `overseer', designation of Spartan officials, overseeing the male youth (Laconia, Messenia [IIa], Paus.).Etymology: From *Ϝιδυσ-ι̯οι, i. e. the zero grade of the perf. ptc. εἰδώς; cf. Hom. Ϝιδυῖα (s. οἶδα). Cf. the Myc. name widowoijo. Further Att. ἰδῦ(ῖ)οι συνίστορες, μάρτυρες (Solon ap. Ar. fr. 222); and ἰδυῖοι... οἱ τὰς φονικὰς δίκας κρὶνοντες H. - The form with - ε- is not well explained, s. Bechtel, Gr. Dial. 2, 355ff. On βι-, βει- cf. Bourguet, Laconien 97 n. 3. A parallel formation was seen in βέβαιος, hardly correctly.Page in Frisk: 1,236-237Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βιδυοι
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88 βλῆτρον
Grammatical information: ν.Meaning: `bolt, plug' (as in Mod. Gr.); only O 678 ξυστὸν κολλητὸν βλήτροισι. Scholars in antiquity were uncertain: τῆς ἁμάξης τροχοί. σφῆνες. ἐμβλήματα. οἱ δε γόμφους καὶ συμβολὰς ἀξόνων H.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: Connection with βάλλω remains uncertain. - Factitive ptc. βλητρώσας `providing with β.' is explained by Hesychius as ἐμβαλών.Page in Frisk: 1,244Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βλῆτρον
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89 βλώσκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `go, come' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. μολεῖν, ἔβλω ἐφάνη, ὤχετο, ἔστη; fut. μολοῦμαι ( βλῶξαι, βλώξω Lyc.), perf. μέμβλωκα ( βέβλωκε ἠρεμεῖ, φύεται H.)Compounds: κατα-, προ-, ἐκ- etc. αὑτόμολος `deserter' (Hdt.); ἀγχίμολον ( ἦλθε, Il.), old absolutive Wackernagel, Mus. Helv. 1, 226ff.; ἀγχιβλώς ἄρτι παρών H.Etymology: Pres. βλώσκω \< *μλώ-σκω (cf. μολ-εῖν, μέ-μβλω-κα) from *ml̥h₃-sk- is clear. The aor. stem βλω- will have the same origin, with the zero grade from the plural. The nominal forms with - μολ- will have o-grade, * molh₃-. The aor. stem μολ-ε\/ο- is explained from metathesis in *μελο-μ, -ς, -τ \< * melh₃-. Harðarson, Wurzelaorist 169f, 224f, also assumes stressed l̥h₃ \> ολο, which is doubtful; the existence of a development μλω- (in ἔβλω) beside μολο- is improbable. I would expect *l̥h₃ \> αλ, which was replaced by ολ after the predominant o-vocalism. The metathesis is not an independent phonetic development, but part of this process of morphological reorganisation. - Outside Greek perhaps in Slavic, e.g. Serb. iz-mòlīti *`let come out', i.e. `show', Slov. molíti `hinstrecken, hinhalten'. - Uncertain Toch. A mlosk-, mlusk- `escape' (B mlutk ?). - Connection with μέλλω is phonetically improbable (because of the laryngeal), with μολεύω `cut off and transplant the shoots of trees' is semantically impossible.Page in Frisk: 1,246-247Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βλώσκω
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90 βουβάλιον 2
βουβάλιον 2.Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `wild cucumber, ἄγριος σικυός (Ps. Diosc., Hp. ap. H.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βουβάλιον 2
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91 βρόξαι
Grammatical information: v.Other forms: Aor. pass. ἀναβροχέν (λ 586), perf. ἀναβέβροχεν (Ρ 54, acc. to Zenodotus for ἀναβέβρῠχεν). βράξαι.. καταπιεῖν H. Cf. βρούξ τράχηλος, βρόγχος H.Compounds: Mostly ἀνα-, κατα-βρόξαι.Derivatives: βρόχθος m. `throat, draught' (Hp.), βροχθώδης `shallow' (?; Nic.); βροχθίζω `take a mouthful, clear the throat, give to drink' (Arist.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The o-vocalism, which surprises in the aorist, can hardly be explained from an Aeolic origin, in spite of βράξαι (above). The notation κατα-βρῶξαι (Ar.) may be due to influence of βιβρώσκω. - βρόχθος, prob. an action noun, has been compared with γνάθος, στῆθος etc. (Schwyzer 510f., Chantr. Form. 367) but these are body parts ( γνάθος is Pre-Gr.). - From other languages one adduces Germanic and Celtic words like MHG krage `neck, throat, collar', MEng. crawe `crop, craw (of a bird)', which may contain *gʷrŏgh-, and OIr. brāgae `neck', MWelsh breuant `windpipe' from PCelt. * brāg-, PIE * gʷrōgʰ- (not *gʷr̥̄gʰ-, i.e. *gʷr̥Hgʰ-, which would give βρη\/α\/ ωχ- in Greek). (Not to βιβρώσκω, as * gʷrh₃- would have given *βρω-). - However, this IE etym. can neither explain βρόχθος nor βρόγχος, nor βράγχος. The aberrant o-vocalism is confirmed by the a-voc. of βράγχος. If βρούξ τράχηλος, βρόγχος H. is reliable, it would also remain unexplained; for ο\/ου cf. κολοτέα\/ κολουτέα Beekes, Pre-Gr.Page in Frisk: 1,270Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βρόξαι
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92 γάλα
γάλα, γάλακτοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `milk' (Il.);Other forms: Rare forms dat. γάλακι (Call. Hek. 1, 4, 4), gen. γάλατος (Pap.), τοῦ γάλα (Pl. Com.). - Also γλάγος n. (Β 471). Other forms: γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος H.; κλάγος γάλα. Κρῆτες H. (s. below); with hypocoristic gemination γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν H.; and γλακτο-φάγος (Il.); these forms may be due to simple assimilations (or metathesis).Compounds: Old is γαλα-θη-νός `sucking milk' (Od.) from γάλα and θῆσθαι; on the suffix cf. ἀγανός etc. (Schwyzer 452), also τιθήνη. γαλακτο-πότης (Hdt.) etc. On γάλα as second member Sommer Nominalkomp. 83.Derivatives: γαλακτίς ( πέτρα) name of a stone (Orph.) = γαλακτίτης (Dsc.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 53), both also plant names = τιθύμαλλος (Aët., Gloss.; from the juice, s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58, Redard 70); γάλαξ name of a white shellfish (Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 109; cf Chantr. Form. 379); γάλιον s. v. - Adj.: γαλακτώδης (Arist.) - Denom. verbs: γαλακτίζω, γαλακτόομαι, γαλακτιάω. - With ξ (from τ assibilated before ι?) γαλαξίας ( κύκλος) `Milky Way' (D. S.; s. Chantr. 95; also γαλακτίας Ptol.); γαλάξια n. pl. name of a Cybele feast (inscr., Thphr.), from which Γαλαξιών months name on Delos (Inschr. IIIa). - Independent γαλατμόν λάχανον ἄγριον H. (cf. γάλιον); perhaps from *γαλακτ-μόν (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58); Fur. 374, 389 compares ἀδαλτόμον. - γάλαγγα s.v. - From γλάγος late γλαγερός, γλαγόεις; also περιγλαγής (Π 642) and γλαγάω (AP). -Etymology: Outside Geek only in Lat. lac. - The basis of the Greek forms is * galakt- or * glakt- seen in γλακτο-φάγος (Ν 6); but the latter can be a simple syncope; Latin also points to * glakt. From * galakt, with loss of the final consonants and development of sec. vowel in nom.-acc.-form (cf. on γυνή) γάλα, and analogical γάλακτος. - J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 179 assumed that the -t originally occurred only in the nom.-acc, as in Skt. yákr̥-t (s. ἧπαρ). As the nom. lost its final consonants (* galakt \> * galak \> γάλα), the intermediate stage could have given the t-less forms. The Armenian forms, class. kat`n, dial. kaxc` have been explained by Kortlandt, following Weitenberg, (*through an intermediate *kaɫt`- with al \< *l̥ ) from *gl̥kt-m, *gl̥kt-s resp. (Rev. Et. Arm. XIX (1985) 22). - From Lat. lac MIr. lacht etc. Szemerényi's proposal (KZ 75, 1958, 17--184), from *mlg\/k from the root of ἀμέλγω, is impossible (as this root was *h₂melǵ-). - Old Chin. lak `Kumys' in first instance a nordasiatic (turkish) LW [loanword], cf. Turk. dial. raky, araky; from where Arab. ' araq, Japan. sake etc., s. Karlgren DLZ 1926, 1960f. - Vgl. Schwyzer IF 30, 438ff., Kretschmer Glotta 6, 305, Ernout-Meillet s. lac, Buck Synonyms 385 - Not here Hitt. galaktar `Besänftigung, s. Tischler HEW.Page in Frisk: 1,283-284Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γάλα
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93 γάλακτος
γάλα, γάλακτοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `milk' (Il.);Other forms: Rare forms dat. γάλακι (Call. Hek. 1, 4, 4), gen. γάλατος (Pap.), τοῦ γάλα (Pl. Com.). - Also γλάγος n. (Β 471). Other forms: γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος H.; κλάγος γάλα. Κρῆτες H. (s. below); with hypocoristic gemination γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν H.; and γλακτο-φάγος (Il.); these forms may be due to simple assimilations (or metathesis).Compounds: Old is γαλα-θη-νός `sucking milk' (Od.) from γάλα and θῆσθαι; on the suffix cf. ἀγανός etc. (Schwyzer 452), also τιθήνη. γαλακτο-πότης (Hdt.) etc. On γάλα as second member Sommer Nominalkomp. 83.Derivatives: γαλακτίς ( πέτρα) name of a stone (Orph.) = γαλακτίτης (Dsc.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 53), both also plant names = τιθύμαλλος (Aët., Gloss.; from the juice, s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58, Redard 70); γάλαξ name of a white shellfish (Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 109; cf Chantr. Form. 379); γάλιον s. v. - Adj.: γαλακτώδης (Arist.) - Denom. verbs: γαλακτίζω, γαλακτόομαι, γαλακτιάω. - With ξ (from τ assibilated before ι?) γαλαξίας ( κύκλος) `Milky Way' (D. S.; s. Chantr. 95; also γαλακτίας Ptol.); γαλάξια n. pl. name of a Cybele feast (inscr., Thphr.), from which Γαλαξιών months name on Delos (Inschr. IIIa). - Independent γαλατμόν λάχανον ἄγριον H. (cf. γάλιον); perhaps from *γαλακτ-μόν (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 58); Fur. 374, 389 compares ἀδαλτόμον. - γάλαγγα s.v. - From γλάγος late γλαγερός, γλαγόεις; also περιγλαγής (Π 642) and γλαγάω (AP). -Etymology: Outside Geek only in Lat. lac. - The basis of the Greek forms is * galakt- or * glakt- seen in γλακτο-φάγος (Ν 6); but the latter can be a simple syncope; Latin also points to * glakt. From * galakt, with loss of the final consonants and development of sec. vowel in nom.-acc.-form (cf. on γυνή) γάλα, and analogical γάλακτος. - J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 179 assumed that the -t originally occurred only in the nom.-acc, as in Skt. yákr̥-t (s. ἧπαρ). As the nom. lost its final consonants (* galakt \> * galak \> γάλα), the intermediate stage could have given the t-less forms. The Armenian forms, class. kat`n, dial. kaxc` have been explained by Kortlandt, following Weitenberg, (*through an intermediate *kaɫt`- with al \< *l̥ ) from *gl̥kt-m, *gl̥kt-s resp. (Rev. Et. Arm. XIX (1985) 22). - From Lat. lac MIr. lacht etc. Szemerényi's proposal (KZ 75, 1958, 17--184), from *mlg\/k from the root of ἀμέλγω, is impossible (as this root was *h₂melǵ-). - Old Chin. lak `Kumys' in first instance a nordasiatic (turkish) LW [loanword], cf. Turk. dial. raky, araky; from where Arab. ' araq, Japan. sake etc., s. Karlgren DLZ 1926, 1960f. - Vgl. Schwyzer IF 30, 438ff., Kretschmer Glotta 6, 305, Ernout-Meillet s. lac, Buck Synonyms 385 - Not here Hitt. galaktar `Besänftigung, s. Tischler HEW.Page in Frisk: 1,283-284Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γάλακτος
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94 γαμψός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `curved, crooked' (Ar.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: It seems evident to connect γνάμπτω (q. v.). The absence of the - ν- was explained as dissimilation, if γαμψός is a backformation from γαμψώνυχ(ο)- (Leumann Hom. Wörter 156); this is improbable and must be rejected. (It is an explanation to avoid certain conclusions; we should rather explain these conclusions). Nor a contamination of γνάμπτω and κάμπτω (Güntert Reimwortbildungen 115f.). I think we rather have to connect (a variant of) κάμπτω. Also, the question remains about the relation between κάμπτω and γνάμπτω. I think all these words are Pre-Greek; s.vv.Page in Frisk: 1,288-289Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γαμψός
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95 γέννα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `descent, birth' (Pi.).Derivatives: γεννάδᾱς m. `noble (of birth)' (Ar.; parodistic-ironic formation, Björck Alpha impurum 51ff.), Att. γεννήτης `member of the γ.' (Is.); γεννικός `noble' (Com., Pl.); γεννήεις `begetting' to γεννάω, s. below - Old is γενναῖος `of good origin' (Il.) with γενναιότης (E.). - Beside γέννα, γενναῖος there is γεννάω `beget, generate' (Pi.) with γέννημα (S.; γένημα after γένος) etc., γέννησις, γεννητής `begetter' (S.); γεννήτωρ (A.) and γεννητήρ (App.) `id.', γεννήτειρα (Pl.), γεννήτρια (Phryn.). - From γεννάω also γεννητικός (Arist.) and γεννήεις (Emp.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [373] *ǵenh₁- `beget'Etymology: Either γέννα was derived from γεννάω (Wackernagel KZ 30, 300 and 314) or the verb from the noun (DELG). Thus γενναῖος seems an old derivation from γέννα. It has been suggested that γενναῖος stands for *γενε̯αῖος (Schwyzer Glotta 5, 195f. (cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 114f. m. A. 1). Or γέννα has expressive gemination, which was introduced in γεννάω and γέννα (Meillet BSL 26, 15f., Chantr. Form. 46). γεννάω has been explained as a νᾱ-verb ( δάμνημι, δαμνάω), with the stem γεν-introduced from γένος - The noun in short -α supposes -i̯a \< *- ih₂; perhaps the development to - νν- is irregular (the -n- being analogically retained). - See further γίγνομαι.Page in Frisk: 1,296-297Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γέννα
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96 γένυς
γένυς, - υοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `jaw', also `edge of an axe' (Il.).Other forms: long υ m.c.Derivatives: γένειον (\< *γενεϜ-ιον) `chin, beard' (Il.), with γενειάς `beard, cheek' (Od.); γενειάτης, - ήτης, f. - ᾶτις, - ῆτις `bearded' (Theoc., cf. ὑπηνήτης), γενειόλης `id.' (Hdn.); γενειαστήρ `chin-strap' (Poll., cf. βραχιονιστήρ); - denomin. γενειάω `get, have a beard' (Od.) etc.- Also γενηΐς `edge of an axe' (S. Ant. 249 gen. γενῃ̃δος).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [381] *ǵenu- `chin'Etymology: Old inherited word, u-stem in OIr. giun, gin `mouth', Welsh gen `cheek, chin', pl. geneu, Goth. kinnus `cheek', Toch. A śanw-e-ṃ du. `cheeks'; further Lat. gena `cheek' (reshaped after māla, with u prserved in dentes genu-īnī `jaw-teeth'), Arm. cnawt (see on γνάθος). Skt. hánu- f. `jaw-bone' with not well-explained h- for j-. Av. * zanauua (written zanuua), ModPers. zanax (not here Av. zānu-draǰah-). - Improbable speculations by Ragot, EIE 15(?) (1997-8) 59-89. Not to γνάθος (q.v.).Page in Frisk: 1,298Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γένυς
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97 γέφῡρα
γέφῡραGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `bridge'; on other meanings in Homer s. below (Il.)Derivatives: γεφυρίς πόρνη τις ἐπὶ γεφύρας, ὡς ` Ηρακλέων H. (also with another meaning); denomin. γεφυρόω `make a bridge' (Ion.-Att.; Il. `dam up' s. below',) with γεφύρωσις (Str.), γεφύρωμα `bridge' (J.), γεφυρωτής `builder of b.' (Plu.); γεφυρίζω `abuse' (Plu.), acc. to H. "ἐπεὶ ἐν Έλευσῖνι ἐπὶ τῆς γεφύρας τοῖς μυστηρίοις καθεζόμενοι ἔσκωπτον τοὺς παριόντας"; from there γεφυρισμός (Str.), γεφυριστής (Plu.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The variation of the first consonant suggests labiovelar gʷ-, but then the γ- cannot be explained. The evidently cognate Arm. kamurǰ `bridge' gives also unsurmountable problems if the word were IE. Beekes, Glotta ?? (2004), ??-?? follows Fur. 97 etc. in connecting Hattic hammuruwa `beam'. The word is an Anatolian loan (or Pre-Greek?). An original meaning `beam' fits all passages in Homer, and notably the expression πολέμοιο γεφύρας, where it has the same meaning as phalanx (`tree, beam'). The form with - ι- and - ου- point to Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,302-303Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γέφῡρα
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98 γῆρας
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `old age' (Il.).Derivatives: γηραιός `old' (Hes.; cf. γεραιός s. γέρας), γηραλέος `id.' (Anakr.; after the adj. in - αλέος; not with Schwyzer 516 from an old σ-less stem), γηράεις `id.' (Alc., s. Chantr. Form. 272f.). Further γήρειον `thistledown' (Arat.) and γηράνιον γεραν\< ογέρων\> H.; cf. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 159 n. 1; γηράμων H., glossed as (*) γράζα. - γηράσκω `get old' (Il.), aor. 3. sg. ἐγήρα, ptc. γηράς (Il.), inf. γηράναι or γηρᾶναι (A., cf. Schwyzer 682); aor. ἐγήρασα (Hdt.; also as causative like ἔφυσα: ἔφυν, Schwyzer 755γ); fut. γηράσομαι, - σω (Ion.-Att.), later γεγήρακα, ἐγηράθην. New present γηράω (X.); aor. γηρείς (Xenoph.) after δαμείς. - From γηράσκω: γηράσιμος `getting older' (Tlos), and γήρανσις (Arist.) after ὑγίανσις (Chantraine 281).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [390] *ǵerh₂- `be, become old'Etymology: Beside γέρας wit remarkable long vowel, which has been explained as coming from the s-aorist, but this cannot be shown (Hardarsson, Wurzelaorist (1993) 72-6).Vgl. γέρας, γέρων, γραῦς.Page in Frisk: 1,304-305Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γῆρας
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99 γλῶσσα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `tongue, language' (Il.), `rare, dialectal word' (Arist.).Compounds: γλώσσ-αργος `garrulous' (Pi.), from γλώσσ-αλγος `id.'; from here στόμαργος, s. Strömberg Wortstudien 31; diff. (to ἀργός `quick') Willis AmJPh 63, 87ff.Derivatives: γλωσσάριον (Dsc., pap.), γλωσσίδιον (Zen.); γλώσσημα `point of an arrow' (A.) retains the original meaning; s. Chantr. Form. 186), also `rare word' (Quint.), γλωσσηματικός (D. H.); γλωσσώδης `talkative' (LXX), γλωσσός `id.' (Hdn.); γλωσσίς `inflammation of the tongue' (Hippiatr.). - γλωττίς `end of a pipe, glottis' (Hero), also a bird (Arist., s. Thompson Birds s. v.); γλωττικός (Arist.); denom. γλωττίζω `kiss with the tongue', γλωττισμός (AP).Origin: see γλῶχ-εςEtymology: Prop. "with point", ια-derivation from γλῶχ-ες, q.v. Ion. γλάσσα prob. from a paradigm *γλωχ-, *γλαχ- which is explained as nom. *glōgʰ-s, gen. *gl̥gʰ-ós. (Beekes, Devel. 246. - The old word for `tongue' was *dn̥ǵʰuH- (Lat. lingua), Pok. 223).Page in Frisk: 1,315-316Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γλῶσσα
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100 γναθμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `jaw' (Hom.)Derivatives: PN of a parasite Γνάθων, with Γναθώνειος, Γναθωνίδης, Γναθωνάριον (Plu.). Denom. γναθόω `hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: γναθμός from γνάθος after λαιμός, βρεχμός, ὀφθαλμός. - Always compared with Lith. žándas `id.', Latv. zuôds `chin, sharp side'; the Lith. acute was explained from a laryngeal, which is impossible for Greek; it can also have been caused by a following d (Winter-Kortlandt law). A preform *gn̥h₂dʰ- would have given *γνᾱθος, *gn̥h₂edʰ- *γαναθος; so a laryngeal is impossible for Greek, nor can - να- be derived from any other PIE form. (The Lithuanian form, which has a quite different structure, cannot be cognate.) The form must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. Further connection with γένυς is improbable, as this is IE. Macedonian κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι H. has also often been compared; this may well be cognate, as a Pre-Greek form; does it stand for *κναδοι? (with epenthesis? for which see Fur. 378); it has also been connected with κνώδων, κνώδαλον.Page in Frisk: 1,316Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γναθμός
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