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41 Yeoman, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. c. 1700 probably near Northampton, Englandd. 24 January 1781 London, England[br]English surveyor and civil engineer.[br]Very little is known of his early life, but he was clearly a skilful and gifted engineer who had received comprehensive practical training, for in 1743 he erected the machinery in the world's first water-powered cotton mill at Northampton on the river Nene. In 1748 he invented a weighing machine for use by turnpike trusts for weighing wagons. Until 1757 he remained in Northampton, mainly surveying enclosures and turnpike roads and making agricultural machinery. He also gained a national reputation for building and installing very successful ventilating equipment (invented by Dr Stephen Hales) in hospitals, prisons and ships, including some ventilators of Yeoman's own design in the Houses of Parliament.Meanwhile he developed an interest in river improvements, and in 1744 he made his first survey of the River Nene between Thrapston and Northampton; he repeated the survey in 1753 and subsequently gave evidence in parliamentary proceedings in 1756. The following year he was in Gloucestershire surveying the line of the Stroudwater Canal, an operation that he repeated in 1776. Also in 1757, he was appointed Surveyor to the River Ivel Navigation in Bedfordshire. In 1761 he was back on the Nene. During 1762–5 he carried out surveys for the Chelmer \& Blackwater Navigation, although the work was not undertaken for another thirty years. In 1765 he reported on land-drainage improvements for the Kentish Sour. It was at this time that he became associated with John Smeaton in a major survey in 1766 of the river Lea for the Lee Navigation Trustees, having already made some surveys with Joseph Nickalls near Waltham Abbey in 1762. Yeoman modified some of Smeaton's proposals and on 1 July 1767 was officially appointed Surveyor to the Lee Navigation Trustees, a post he retained until 1771. He also advised on the work to create the Stort Navigation, and at the official opening on 24 October 1769 he made a formal speech announcing: "Now is Bishops Stortford open to all the ports of the world." Among his other works were: advice on Ferriby Sluice on the River Ancholme (1766); reports on the Forth \& Clyde Canal, the North Level and Wisbech outfall on the Nene, the Coventry Canal, and estimates for the Leeds and Selby Canal (1768–71); estimates for the extension of the Medway Navigation from Tonbridge to Edenbridge (1771); and between 1767 and 1777 he was consulted, with other engineers, by the City of London on problems regarding the Thames.He joined the Northampton Philosophical Society shortly after its formation in 1743 and was President several times before he moved to London. In 1760 he became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, and in 1763 he was chosen as joint Chairman of the Committee on Mechanics—a position he held until 1778. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 12 January 1764. On the formation of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, the forerunner of the present Institution of Civil Engineers, he was elected first President in 1771, remaining as such until his illness in 1780.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1764. President, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1771–80; Treasurer 1771–7.JHB -
42 מועד
מוֹעֵדm. (b. h.; יָעַד) 1) appointed time, appointment. Pes.I, 3 (10b) בתוך המ׳ within the time appointed for the removal of leavened matter (up to the sixth hour of the day); אחר המ׳ after the time (until nightfall), Rashi; (oth. interpret., v. infra).Pl. מוֹעֲדִים. Erub.54b עשה מ׳ לתורה have fixed times for the study of the Law, v. מוֹדִיעַ. 2) festive season, festival, esp. = חוֹל הַמּ׳, the week-days intervening between the first and the last days of Passover and of Succoth. M. Kat. I, 1; a. fr.Pes. l. c. בתוך המ׳ during the festive week of Passover; לאחר חמ׳ after Passover, Tosaf.; (oth. interpret., v. supra).Pl. מוֹעֲדִים, מוֹעֲדוֹת. Pes.X, 6 מ׳ ורגלים אחרים other seasons and festivals. Sabb.145b מ׳ שבבל שמחים the festivals in Babylonia are joyously celebrated; a. fr.מ׳ קטן Moʿed Katon, (half-festival) name of a treatise of the Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud Babli and Yrushalmi, of the Order of Moʿed.סדר מ׳ the Order of Moʿed, name of the second order of the Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud Babli and Yrushalmi. -
43 מוֹעֵד
מוֹעֵדm. (b. h.; יָעַד) 1) appointed time, appointment. Pes.I, 3 (10b) בתוך המ׳ within the time appointed for the removal of leavened matter (up to the sixth hour of the day); אחר המ׳ after the time (until nightfall), Rashi; (oth. interpret., v. infra).Pl. מוֹעֲדִים. Erub.54b עשה מ׳ לתורה have fixed times for the study of the Law, v. מוֹדִיעַ. 2) festive season, festival, esp. = חוֹל הַמּ׳, the week-days intervening between the first and the last days of Passover and of Succoth. M. Kat. I, 1; a. fr.Pes. l. c. בתוך המ׳ during the festive week of Passover; לאחר חמ׳ after Passover, Tosaf.; (oth. interpret., v. supra).Pl. מוֹעֲדִים, מוֹעֲדוֹת. Pes.X, 6 מ׳ ורגלים אחרים other seasons and festivals. Sabb.145b מ׳ שבבל שמחים the festivals in Babylonia are joyously celebrated; a. fr.מ׳ קטן Moʿed Katon, (half-festival) name of a treatise of the Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud Babli and Yrushalmi, of the Order of Moʿed.סדר מ׳ the Order of Moʿed, name of the second order of the Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud Babli and Yrushalmi. -
44 SINN
I)(sín, sitt), poss. pron. his, her, its, their;1) referring to the subj. in a sentence, Hallgerðr fastnaði dóttur sína, H. betrothed her daughter;Hrútr var harðráðr við úvini sína, H. was stern towards his foes;2) referring to the object;hvat vill Haraldr bjóða Nóregs konungi fyrir sitt starf, what will H. offer to the king of Norway for his (viz. the latter’s) trouble? Sigurðr jarl gaf upp Orkneyingum óðul sín, their odals;hann þakkar honum sitt sinni, he thanks him for his help;3) neut. as subst.;kostaði hann einn allt fyrir, en bœndr ekki af sínu, nothing of their own;allt mun þat sínu fran fara um aldr manna, it will all go its own course to a man’s life;4) with sjálfr both words are declined;þeir báðu hana taka sjálfrar sinnar ráð, they bade her take her own counsel;tók sitt langskip hvárr þeira, each of the two took a long ship;sinn vetr þá hvárr heimboð at öðrum, they visited each other, winter about;sínu sinni at hvárs búum, alternately on each other’s estates;sinn veg hvárr, one each way;þykkir nökkut sinn veg hváru, each took his own view of the matter;ferr sinn veg hverr um skóginn, they (all) went each his own way in the wood;skulu vaka sinn þriðjung nætr hverir tveir, two and two in turn.n. time;eitt sinn, einu sinni, one time, once (þat var eitt sinn, at Egill gekk til elda at verma sik);eitthvert sinn, einhverju sinni = eitt sinn, einu sinni;einhverju sinni bar svá til, at, one time it happened that;ekki sinn, engu sinni, never;aldri sinn, never more (aldri skaltu koma í mína rekkju sinn síðan);þat sinn, that time;þessu sinni, this time;(í) annat sinn, öðru sinni, a second time, again;hit fyrra sinn, the first time;hit þriðja sinn, for the third time;at sinni, for the present (þeir skilja tal sitt at sinni);um sinn, once (veg þú aldri meirr í inn sama knérunn en um sinn);for this one time (ek mun leysa þik ór vandræði þessu um sinn);um sinns sakir, for this once (eigi vil ek synja þér um sinns sakir þessa);dat. pl., sjau sinnum, seven times;endr ok sinnum, now and then, from time to time;nökkurum sinnum, several times.* * *sín, sitt, pron. possess. reflex.; the better and true form is sínn, sín, sítt, with í throughout, see the remarks on minn; [Ulf. seins, etc.]:—his, hers, its, theirs = Lat. suus, usually placed after, but also, if emphatic, before; þar sitr Sigyn um sínum ver, Vsp. 39; síns um freista frama, Hm. 2; mál síns maga, 20; síns ins heila hugar, síns ins svára sofa, 105: properly referring to the subject in a sentence, Hallgerðr fastnaði dóttur sína, H. gave away her daughter. Nj. 51; Hrútr var hagráðr við vini sína, 2; hann skipaði sínum mónnum, 50; þeir leiða hesta sína, 265; hann kvaddi Ólaf stjúpson sinn til at söðla sér hest, Ó. H. 15; síðan vóru honum öll ráð sín þungrærð ok torsótt, 195; var honum sjálfum hugr sinn bæði fyrir skjöld ok brynju, Fbr. 56 new Ed. The pronoun may also refer to the object, or, in a complex sentence, to a second person in the predicate of the sentence, hvat vill Haraldr bjóða Noregs konungi fyrir sitt starf, what will H. offer to the king of Norway for his (i. e. the Norse king’s) trouble? Fms. vi. 415; Sigurðr jarl gaf upp Orkneyingum óðul sín (their odals), Orkn. 20, cp. the Lat. ‘Syracusanis res suas restituit;’ sagði Dufþakr at Ormr skyldi hafa byrði sína, i. e. as much as O. could carry, Fb. i. 523; eigi þér at bæta prestinum rétt sinn, to the priest his due, Bs. i. 709; Eyjólfr þakkar konungi gjafir sínar ok vinmæli for his (the king’s) gifts, Lv. 112; hann þakkar honum sitt sinni, he thanks him for his help, Fas. ii. 542: so also in mod. writers, og hann gaf hann aptr sinni móður, Luke vii. 15 (Vídal.); ræn ei Guð Sínum rétti, rob thou not God of his right, Pass. 7. 11, and passim.II. neut. as subst.; allt mun þat sínu fram fara ( go its own course) um aldr manna, Nj. 259; ryðik hann um sitt, = Lat. pro virili, i. e. for his own part, with might and main, Fms. xi. 132: ellipt., hann segir sínar (viz. farar) eigi sléttar, Korm. 158; kom hann svá sinni (viz. ár) fyrir borð, Fas. i. 524.III. with sjálfr, both words are declined; skaða sjálfs síns, one’s own self’s scathe, Sks. 228 B; minni sjálfs síns, one’s own recollection, D. N. ii. 110; þeir báðu hana taka sjálfrar sinnar ráð. ‘take her own self’s rede,’ act for herself, Fms. x. 103; með höndum sjálfra sinna, Barl. 25; leggr hón í veð sjálfra sinna eignir, D. N. ii. 82; sakir óforsjó sálfra sinna, i. 107: in mod. usage both the possessive and the indeclinable forms are used, thus, sjálfs síns eignum, but if placed after, eignum sjálfs sín; the possessive however is more freq., as it also is the better form of the two.IV. with hvárr (dual), hverr (plur.), in a distributive sense:α. sinn-hverr in n purely distributive sense; tók sitt langskip ‘hvárr þeirra, they took a long ship, each of the two, Eg. 74; England ok Skotland er ein ey, ok er þó sitt hvárt konungs-ríki, England and Scotland are one island, and yet each is a separate kingdom, Symb. 14: lét sitt naut hvárr fram leiða, Eg. 506; sinn vetr þá hvúrr heimboð at öðrum, each his winter, alternately, Nj. 51; ef sinn lögsögu-mann vilja hvárir, Grág. i. 1; þeirra manna er tví-tyngðir eru ok hafa í sínum hváptinum hvára tunguna, Al. 4; hón hélt sinni hendi um háls hvárum þeirra, … liggi til sinnar handar mér hvárr ykkar, Fms. i. 9.β. sinn hverr (plur.), ferr sinn veg hverr um skóginn, they went each his own way in the wood, i. e. dispersed, Glúm. 329; skulu vaka sinn þriðjung nætr hverir tveir, two and two in turn, Fms. iv. 299; hann selr sína bolöxi í hendr hverjum þeirra, v. 288; hann sá þrjú hásæti ok sátu þrír menn, sinn í hverju, Edda 2; hann kastaði um öxl hverja sínum sauðum tveimr, Grett. 134 new Ed.; fór sinn veg hverr, they went each his own way, i. e. they parted; but, fór hverr sinn veg, each his (appointed) way: rarely with the possessive placed after, fóru hvárir leið sína, Nj. 34; fara hvárir til síns heima, Korm. 222. In mod. usage, when sinn is placed after hverr, it gives emphasis with the notion of one’s due, one’s own, thus, gefa hverjum sitt, to give every one his due, Lat. suum cuique; whereas ‘sitt hverjum,’ with the order reversed, is merely distributive; thus hver fékk sinn penning, Matth. xx. 9 (of wages due to each); whereas ‘fékk sinn pening hverr’ would be said of alms distributed.B. COMPDS: sinn-veg, sinn-eg, sinn-ig, adv. one each way; þykkir nokkut sinnveg hváru, they disagreed, Ld. 90; talaði annarr at öðrum, ok hóf sinneg; hverr, they all spoke in turn, and each began his speech differently, Fms. vii. 222. Also, sinns-ig, adv.; flýði sinnsig hverr, Fms. viii. 413, v. l.; sinnsiginn var litr hvers steins, Konr.; skildu þeir svá sínu tali, at sinnsiginn líkaði hverjum, Bs. (Laur.); segir svá Gregorius papa, at sinnsig á hvern á at minna, each has to be admonished in his own way, one this way, another that, 655 xi. 2. -
45 ÞING
n.1) assembly, meeting;esp. for purposes of legislation, a parliament;slíta þingi, segja þing laust, to dissolve a meeting;2) parish;3) district, county, shire;vera í þingi goða, to be in the district of such and such a goði, to be his liegeman, in his jurisdiction;4) interview, of lovers;vera í þingum við konu, to have a love intrigue with a woman (þat var talat, at Þorbjórn væri í þingum við Þórdísi);5) in pl. things articles, valuables (síðan tók hón þing sín, en Þorsteinn tók hornin).* * *n. [no Goth. þigg is recorded; A. S. and Hel. þing; Engl. thing; O. H. G., Germ., and Dutch ding; Dan.-Swed. ting.]A. A thing, Lat. res. In the Icel. this sense of the word is almost unknown, although in full use in mod. Dan.-Swed. ting, where it may come from a later Germ. influence.II. in plur. articles, objects, things, esp. with the notion of costly articles: þeir rannsaka allan hans reiðing ok allan hans klæðnað ok þing, articles, Sturl. iii. 295; þau þing (articles, inventories) er hann keypti kirkjunni innan sik, Vm. 20; þessi þing gaf Herra Vilkin kirkjunni í Klofa,—messu-klæði, kaleik, etc., 26.2. valuables, jewels (esp. of a married lady), the law often speaks of the ‘þing’ and the ‘heimanfylgja;’ ef maðr fær konu at lands-lögum réttum … þá skulu lúkask henni þing sín ok heimanfylgja, Gþl. 231; hann hafði ór undir-heimum þau þing at eigi munu slík í Noregi, Fms. iii. 178; siðan tók hón þing sín, 195; eptir samkvámu ( marriage) þeirra þá veitti Sveinn konungr áhald þingum þeim er ját vóru ok skilat með systur hans, x. 394; maðr skal skilja þing með frændkonu sinni ok svá heiman-fylgju, N. G. L. ii; skal Ólafr lúka Geirlaugu þing sín, svá mikil sem hón fær löglig vitni til, D. N. i. 108; þinga-veð, a security for a lady’s paraphernalia, D. N. passim.B. As a law phrase [see Þingvöllr]:I. an assembly, meeting, a general term for any public meeting, esp. for purposes of legislation, a parliament, including courts of law; in this sense þing is a standard word throughout all Scandinavian countries (cp. the Tyn-wald, or meeting-place of the Manx parliament): technical phrases, blása til þings, kveðja þings, stefna þing, setja þing, kenna þing (N. G. L. i. 63); helga þing, heyja þing, eiga þing; slíta þingi, segja þing laust, to dissolve a meeting, see the verbs: so also a þing ‘er fast’ when sitting, ‘er laust’ when dissolved (fastr I. γ, lauss II. 7); Dróttins-dag hinn fyrra í þingi, ríða af þingi, ríða á þing, til þings, vera um nótt af þingi, öndvert þing, ofanvert þing, Grág. i. 24, 25; nú eru þar þing ( parliaments) tvau á einum þingvelli, ok skulu þeir þá fara um þau þing bæði (in local sense), 127; um várit tóku bændr af þingit ok vildu eigi hafa, Vápn. 22; hann hafði tekit af Vöðla-þing, skyldi þar eigi sóknar-þing heita, Sturl. i. 141: in countless instances in the Sagas and the Grág., esp. the Nj. passim, Íb. ch. 7, Gísl. 54–57, Glúm. ch. 24, 27, Eb. ch. 9, 10, 56, Lv. ch. 4, 15–17: other kinds of assemblies in Icel. were Leiðar-þing, also called Þriðja-þing, Grág. i. 148; or Leið, q. v.; hreppstjórnar-þing (see p. 284); manntals-þing; in Norway, bygða-þing, D. N. ii. 330; hús-þing, vápna-þing, refsi-þing, v. sub vocc.:—eccl. a council, H. E. i. 457, Ann. 1274; þing í Nicea, 415. 14.2. a parish (opp. to a benefice); in Iceland this word is still used of those parishes whose priest does not reside by the church, no manse being appointed as his fixed residence; such a parish is called þing or þinga-brauð (and he is called þinga-prestr, q. v.), as opp. to a ‘beneficium,’ Grág. i. 471, K. Þ. K. 30, 70, K. Á. passim; bóndi er skyldr at ala presti hest til allra nauðsynja í þingin, Vm. 73; tíundir af hverjum bónda í þingunum, 96, Bs. i. 330, H. E. ii. 48, 85, 128.3. an interview, of lovers, H. E. i. 244; þat var talat at Þorbjörn væri í þingum við Þórdísi, Gísl. 5; nær þú á þingi mant nenna Njarðar syni, Skm. 38; man-þing, laun-þing.II. loc. a district, county, shire, a þing-community, like lög (sec p. 369, col. 2, B. II); a ‘þing’ was the political division of a country; hence the law phrase, vera í þingi með goða, to be in the district of such and such a godi, to be his liegeman, cp. þingfesti; or, segjask or þingi, see the Grág., Nj., and Sagas, passim; full goðorð ok forn þing, Grág. i. 15; í því þingi eðr um þau þing, 85. In later times Icel. was politically divided into twelve or thirteen counties. In old days every community or ‘law’ had its own assembly or parliament, whence the double sense of ‘lög’ as well as of ‘þing.’C. HISTORICAL REMARKS.—In Norway the later political division and constitution of the country dates from king Hacon the Good and his counsellors Thorleif the Wise and earl Sigurd. As king Harold Fairhair was the conqueror of Norway, so was his son Hacon her legislator as also the founder of her constitution, and of her political division into ‘þings;’ for this is the true meaning of the classical passage,—hann (king Hacon) lasgði mikinn hug á laga-setning í Noregi, hann setti Gulaþings-lög ok Frostaþings-lög, ok Heiðsævis-lög fyrst at upphafi, en áðr höfðu sér hverir fylkis-menn lög, Ó. H. 9; in Hkr. l. c. the passage runs thus—hann setti Gulaþings-lög með ráði Þorleifs spaka, ok hann setti Frostaþings-lög með ráði Sigurðar jarls ok annara Þrænda þeirra er vitrastir vóru, en Heiðsævis-lög hafði sett Hálfdan svarti, sem fyrr er ritað, Hkr. 349 new Ed.; the account in Eg. ch. 57, therefore, although no doubt true in substance, is, as is so often the case in the Sagas, an anachronism; for in the reign of Eric ‘Bloodaxe,’ there were only isolated fylkis-þing, and no Gula-þing. In later times St. Olave added a fourth þing, Borgar-þing, to the three old ones of king Hacon (those of Gula, Frosta, and Heiðsævi); and as he became a saint, he got the name of legislator in the popular tradition, the credit of it was taken from Hacon, the right man; yet Sighvat the poet speaks, in his Bersöglis-vísur, of the laws of king Hacon the foster-son of Athelstan. Distinction is therefore to be made between the ancient ‘county’ þing and the later ‘united’ þing, called lög-þing (Maurer’s ‘ding-bund’); also almennilegt þing or almanna-þing, D. N. ii. 265, iii. 277; fjórðunga þing, ii. 282; alþingi, alls-herjar-þing. The former in Norway was called fylkis-þing, or county þing; in Icel. vár-þing, héraðs-þing, fjórðungs-þing (cp. A. S. scîrgemot, a shiremote). Many of the old pre-Haconian fylkis-þing or shiremotes seem to have continued long afterwards, at least in name, although their importance was much reduced; such we believe were the Hauga-þing (the old fylkis-þing of the county Westfold), Fms. viii. 245, Fb. ii. 446, iii. 24; as also Þróndarness-þing, Arnarheims-þing, Kefleyjar-þing, Mork. 179.II. in Iceland the united þing or parliament was called Al-þingi; for its connection with the legislation of king Hacon, see Íb. ch. 2–5 (the chronology seems to be confused): again, the earlier Icel. spring þings (vár-þing), also called héraðs-þing ( county þing) or fjórðunga-þing ( quarter þing), answer to the Norse fylkis-þing; such were the Þórness-þing, Eb., Landn., Gísl., Sturl.; Kjalarness-þing, Landn. (App.); Þverár-þing, Íb.; also called Þingness-þing, Sturl. ii. 94; Húnavatns-þing, Vd.; Vöðla-þing, Lv., Band.; Skaptafells-þing, Nj.; Árness-þing, Flóam. S.; þingskála-þing, Nj.; Hegraness-þing, Glúm., Lv., Grett.; Múla-þing (two of that name), Jb. (begin.), cp. Grág. i. 127; Þorskafjarðar-þing, Gísl., Landn.; Þingeyjar-þing, Jb.; further, Krakalækjar-þing, Dropl. (vellum, see Ny Fél. xxi. 125); Sunnudals-þing, Vápn.; þing við Vallna-laug, Lv.; þing í Straumfirði, Eb.; Hvalseyrar-þing, Gísl.; or þing í Dýrafirði, Sturl.; Fjósatungu-þing, Lv.III. in Sweden the chief þings named were Uppsala-þing, Ó. H.; and Mora-þing (wrongly called Múla-þing, Ó. H. l. c., in all the numerous vellum MSS. of this Saga; the Icelandic chronicler or the transcriber probably had in mind the Icel. þing of that name).IV. in Denmark, Vebjarga-þing, Knytl. S.; Íseyrar-þing, Jómsv. S.V. in the Faroe Islands, the þing in Þórshöfn, Fær.: in Greenland, the þing in Garðar, Fbr.VI. freq. in Icel. local names, Þing-völlr, Þing-vellir (plur.) = Tingwall, in Shetland; Þing-nes, Þing-eyrar, Þing-ey, Þing-eyri (sing.); Þing-múli, Þing-skálar, etc., Landn., map of Icel.; Þing-holt (near Reykjavik).D. COMPDS: þingsafglöpun, þingsboð, þingabrauð, þingadeild, þingadómr, þingakvöð, þingaprestr, þingasaga, þingatollr, þingaþáttr. -
46 fare
1. v/t dovestito, dolce, errore makebiglietto, benzina buy, getfare il pieno fill upfare un bagno have a bathfare il conto al ristorante prepare the billfare il medico/l'insegnante be a doctor/teachernon fa niente it doesn't matterfare vedere qualcosa a qualcuno show something to someonefarcela managenon ce la faccio più I can't take any more2 più 2 fa 4 2 and 2 make(s) 4quanto fa? how much is it?far fare qualcosa a qualcuno get someone to do something2. v/i: questo non fa per me this isn't for mefaccia pure! go ahead!, carry on!qui fa bello/brutto the weather here is nice/awfulfa freddo/caldo it's cold/warm* * *fare v.tr.1 ( in senso generale, astratto, morale, intellettuale e nel senso di agire) to do*: che cosa fai?, what are you doing?; avere molto da fare, to have a great deal to do (o to be kept hard at work); non avere nulla da fare, to have nothing to do; non fare nulla, to do nothing; che debbo fare ( di lui)?, what shall I do (with him)?; che fare ora?, what is to be done now?; che si doveva fare?, what was to be done? // che diavolo stai facendo?, what are you up to? (o what on earth are you doing?) // dovrai farne a meno, you'll have to do without (it) // detto fatto, no sooner said than done // ecco fatto!, that's done! // non fa altro che dormire, he does nothing but sleep // nulla da fare, (fam.) nothing doing // fare senza, to do without; fare alla meglio, to do carelessly // fare bene, to do properly (o to do well) // fare del proprio meglio, tutto il possibile, to do one's utmost (o one's best) // fare bene, male a qlcu., to do s.o. good, harm: questa medicina ti farà bene, this medicine will do you good; il vino mi fa male, wine doesn't agree with me; fare il giro dei locali notturni, to do the night-clubs // chi fa da sé fa per tre, (prov.) if you want a thing done well do it yourself // non fare agli altri quello che non vorresti fosse fatto a te, (prov.) do as you would be done by2 ( prevalentemente nel senso di creare, produrre, fabbricare; realizzare) to make*: farei una camicetta con questa seta, I'd make a blouse out of this silk; fare un abito, una torta, to make a dress, a cake; fare il caffè, il tè, to make coffee, tea; il fornaio fa il pane, the baker makes bread; il vino si fa con l'uva, wine is made from grapes; è il parlamento che fa le leggi, laws are made by Parliament; ti farò una lista dei libri che mi occorrono, I'll make a list of the books I need; non far rumore, don't make a noise; fare i letti, to make the beds // fare amicizia, to make friends: farsi degli amici, dei nemici, to make friends, enemies; farsi un nemico di qlcu., to make an enemy of s.o. // fare un errore, to make a mistake // fare mistero di qlco., to make a mystery of sthg. // fare posto a qlcu., to make room for s.o. // fare il totale, to make up the total // 3 più 3 fa 6, 3 and 3 make 6 (o 3 and 3 are 6); 2 per 2 fa 4, twice 2 is 43 ( essere) ( come professione), to be: fare l'insegnante, il medico, la spia, to be a teacher, a doctor, a spy // fare parte del personale, to be a member of the staff4 ( avere, possedere) to have: il villaggio fa duecento abitanti, the village has two hundred inhabitants5 ( rifornirsi) to take* on: la nave fece acqua e carbone, the ship took on water and coal // (aut.) fare il pieno, to fill up6 ( dire) to say*: 'Quando partite?', fece egli, 'When are you leaving?', he said // non fare motto, to utter not a word7 ( eleggere, nominare) to make*, to elect, to appoint: lo fecero re, they made him king (o he was appointed king)9 ( scrivere) to write*; ( dipingere) to paint: ha fatto un bel ritratto a mia sorella, he painted a beautiful portrait of my sister10 ( indicare, segnare) to make*; to be: che ore fai?, what time do you make it?; che ora fa il tuo orologio?, what time is it by your watch?; questo orologio fa le cinque, it is five o' clock by this watch11 (teatr.) ( rappresentare) to perform: questa settimana all'Odeon fanno l''Amleto', 'Hamlet' is being performed at the Odeon (o 'Hamlet' is on at the Odeon) this week12 ( far la parte di) to act (as); (teatr.) to play (as); ( fingere) to feign: mi fa da governante, she acts as my housekeeper; quell'attore nell''Otello' farà la parte di Jago, that actor is going to play Iago in 'Othello'; fare l'ignorante, to feign ignorance; fare il morto, (fig.) to feign death13 ( praticare) to go* in for; ( giocare) to play: fare della bicicletta, dello sport, dell'automobilismo, della politica, to go in for cycling, sport, motoring, politics; fare del tennis, to play tennis; fare del nuoto, to swim // fare del teatro, del cinema, to be an actor, a cinema-actor // fare un po' di musica, to play some music14 ( pulire) to clean: fare una stanza, to clean a room (o fam. to do a room); fare i piatti, to wash up15 ( generare) to bear*; to have: quella cagna il mese scorso ha fatto tre cuccioli, that bitch had three puppies last month17 ( percorrere) to go*: fare dieci chilometri a piedi, a cavallo, to walk, to ride ten kilometres; fare sessanta chilometri all'ora, to drive at sixty kilometres an hour; fare quattro passi per un sentiero, to go for (o to take) a stroll along a path; abbiamo fatto 3000 km in due giorni, we covered (o did) 3000 km in two days18 ( passare, trascorrere) to spend*: dove hai fatto le vacanze?, where did you spend your holidays?; fece dieci anni di prigione, he did ten years in prison19 ( in sostituzione del verbo usato nella proposizione reggente) to do*: spese il suo denaro meglio di quel che avrei fatto io, he spent his money better than I would have done; lui se ne è andato e così ho fatto io, he went away and so did I20 ( con valore causativo seguito da infinito) to have, to get*; ( causare) to cause; to make*; ( lasciare, permettere) to let*: fa' venire l'idraulico, get the plumber to come; devo far aggiustare l'auto, I must have the car repaired; fallo smettere!, make him stop!; fatti (fare) un nuovo abito!, have a new suit made!; il tuo ritardo mi fece perdere il treno, your being late caused me to miss the train; far fare qlco., to have (o to get) sthg. done; fare partire una macchina, to start a machine; fare aspettare qlcu., to keep s.o. waiting; fare sapere a qlcu., to let s.o. know (o to inform s.o.); fare uscire, entrare, to let s.o. out, in; fare vedere qlco. a qlcu., to let s.o. see sthg. (o to show s.o. sthg.) // fare chiamare qlcu., to send for s.o. // fare notare a qlcu., to point out to s.o. // fare osservare qlco. a qlcu., to call s.o.'s attention to sthg. // far pagare, to charge: far pagare troppo, poco, to overcharge, to undercharge // far salire i prezzi, to raise prices.◆ v. intr.1 impers. ( di condizioni atmosferiche): che tempo fa?, what is the weather like?; fa brutto tempo, bel tempo, it is bad weather, fine weather; fa caldo, caldissimo, molto freddo, it is warm, hot, very cold3 ( seguito da consecutive): fare in modo di, to try to (do); fate che non vi veda, don't let him see you; fate in modo di non farvi vedere, take care not to be seen // fare sì che, fare in modo che, to arrange, to make sure, to get, to make*: fece sì che tutti fossero d'accordo con lui, he got everyone to agree with him; hanno fatto in modo che tutti fossero soddisfatti, they made sure everybody was happy; fecero sì che io lo incontrassi, they arranged (o made arrangements) for me to meet him4 ( stare per) to be about: fece per entrare quando..., he was about to enter, when...5 fare in tempo a, to manage to (do): ce la fece appena a prendere il treno, he just managed (o he was just in time) to catch his train.◘ farsi v.rifl. o intr.pron.1 ( diventare) to become*; ( gradualmente) to grow*: si è fatto un bel giovane, he has become a handsome young man; si sono fatti più gentili, they have become more amiable; ti sei fatto molto alto, you have grown (o become) very tall; fare cattolico, to turn Catholic (o to become a Roman Catholic) // fare bello, ( vantarsi) to boast2 ( moto) to come*; to get*: su, fatevi in là!, get out of my way, please!; fare avanti, to go forward, (fig.) to thrust oneself forward3 ( seguito da infinito) to make* oneself; to get*: fare amare, capire, odiare, to make oneself loved, understood, hated; fatti aiutare da qualcuno, get someone to help you; fare notare, to attract attention, ( di proposito) to make oneself conspicuous4 impers. ( di tempo e di condizioni atmosferiche) to get*; to grow*: si fa buio, it is getting dark; si fa tardi, it is growing late5 (sl.) ( drogarsi) to shoot* up; to take* drugs.fare s.m.1 doing, making // dal dire al fare c'è di mezzo il mare, there's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip2 ( modi, maniere) manner; way; ( comportamento) behaviour: il suo fare modesto, his modest manner; ha un brutto ( modo di) fare, he has an unpleasant manner; ha un fare molto simpatico, he has winning ways (o he has a pleasant manner); non mi piace il suo fare, I don't like his manners* * *1. ['fare]vb irreg vt1) (fabbricare: gen) to make, (casa) to build, (quadro) to paint, (disegno) to draw, (pasto) to cook, (pane, dolci) to bake, (assegno) to make outche cosa ne hai fatto di quei pantaloni? — what have you done with those trousers?
hai fatto il letto? — have you made the bed?
hai fatto la stanza? — have you cleaned the room?
2) (attività: gen) to do, (vacanza, sogno) to have3) (funzione) to be, Teatro to play, be, actfare il morto — (in acqua) to float
4) (percorrere) to dofare i 100 metri — (competere) to go in for o run in the 100 metres
fare una passeggiata — to go for o take a walk
5)6)7)due più due fa quattro — two plus two make(s) o equal(s) fourche differenza fa? — what difference does it make?
glielo faccio 100 euro — I'll give it to you o I'll let you have it for 100 euros
8)(+ infinito)
le faremo avere la merce — we'll get the goods to youl'hanno fatto entrare in macchina — (costringere) they forced him into the car, they made him get into the car, (lasciare) they let him get into the car
far scongelare — to defrost, thaw out
mi son fatto tagliare i capelli — I've had my hair cut
9)10)farla a qn — to get the better of sbme l'hanno fatta! — (imbrogliare) I've been done!, (derubare) I've been robbed!, (lasciare nei guai) I've been lumbered!
— to succeed, managenon ce la faccio più — (a camminare) I can't go on, (a sopportare) I can't take any more
ormai è stato deciso e non c'è niente da fare — it's been decided and there's nothing we can do about it
ha fatto di sì con la testa — he nodded
1) (agire) to dofare con — (situazioni, persone) to know how to deal withci sa fare coi bambini/con le macchine — he's good with children/cars
2)"davvero?" fece — "really?" he said3)questo non si fa — it's not done, you (just) can't do that
si
fa così! — you do it like this, this is the way it's donenon si fa così — (rimprovero) that's no way to behave!
questa festa non si farà! — this party won't take place!
4)fa proprio al caso nostro — it's just what we needfare da — (funzioni) to act as
fare da padre a qn — to be like a father to sb
la cucina fa anche da sala da pranzo — the kitchen also serves as o is also used as a dining room
fare per — (essere adatto) to be suitable for, (essere sul punto di) to be about to
il grigio fa vecchio — grey makes you o one look older
3. vb impers4. vr (farsi)1)farsi amico di qn — to make friends with sb2)farsi avanti — to move forward, fig to come forward3) (gergo: drogarsi) to do drugs5. vip (farsi)(divenire) to become6. smfar del giorno/della notte — at daybreak/nightfall* * *I 1. ['fare]verbo transitivo1) (in senso generico e astratto) to do*2) (preparare, fabbricare, creare) to make* [torta, tè, vino, vestito, mobile, pezzi di ricambio, film]3) (produrre, provocare) to make* [macchia, buco, rumore]6) (come professione, mestiere)fare il medico, l'insegnante — to be a doctor, a teacher; (come sport, hobby) to do* [aerobica, giardinaggio]
7) (a scuola) to do*, to study [materia, facoltà, testo, autore]; to do* [ corso]8) (trascorrere) to spend* [ vacanze]10) (percorrere) to do* [tragitto, chilometri]11) (avere) to have* [infarto, orecchioni, otite]12) (provocare, causare)fare del bene, del male a qcn. — to do sb. good, harm
Signore, fa' che non gli succeda niente — may God protect him!
13) (far diventare) to make*fare felice qcn. — to make sb. happy
fare qcn. presidente — to make sb. president
14) (considerare)15) (fingersi)fare il malato, il coraggioso — to pretend to be ill, brave
16) (interpretare) [ attore] to play [parte, ruolo]fare piangere qcn. — to make sb. cry
fare perdere qcs. a qcn. — to make sb. lose sth.; (permettere, lasciare)
fare andare qcn. — to let sb. go; (convincere)
che ora fai? — what time do you make it o have you got?
19) (costare)20) (partorire) [donna, animale] to have* [bambino, cuccioli]21) (dire)"certo" fece lei — "of course" she said
poi fa "e i miei soldi?" — colloq. so he goes "what about my money?"
2.il gatto fa "miao" — the cat goes "miaow"
1) (agire, procedere) to do*fare per andarsene — to be about to leave; (fare l'atto di)
4) fare da (fungere da) [ persona] to act as; (servire da) [ cosa] to function o act o serve as6) (riuscire)"come si fa?" - "così" — "how do I do it?" - "like this"
7) farcela3.verbo impersonale4.fa buio — it's getting o growing dark
verbo pronominale farsi1) (preparare, fabbricare, creare per sé) to make* oneself [caffè, vestito]2) (concedersi) to have* [birra, pizza, chiacchierata]-rsi degli amici, dei nemici — to make friends, enemies; colloq. (comprarsi) to get* oneself [macchina, moto]
5) gerg. (drogarsi) to get* stoned (di on), to do* drugs6) (diventare)-rsi suora, cristiano — to become a nun, a Christian
il cielo si fece grigio — the sky went o turned grey
-rsi avanti, indietro — to come forward, to stand back
- rsi in là — to budge over o up
8) (formarsi) to form [idea, immagine]- rsi tagliare i capelli — to have o get one's hair cut
10) (sottoporsi a) to have* [lifting, permanente]11) (procurarsi)12) (reciprocamente)-rsi carezze, dispetti — to caress each other, to play tricks on each other
13) farsela (intendersela) to jack around AE ( con with); (in una relazione amorosa) to run* around ( con with)••avere a che fare — to have to do ( con with)
avere da fare — to be busy, to have things to do
(non) fa niente! — it doesn't matter, never mind!
a me non la si fa! — = I wasn't born yesterday!
farsela addosso — (urinare) to wet oneself; (defecare) to shit oneself pop.; (dalla paura) to be scared shitless pop., to shit bricks pop., to brick it
farsela sotto — (dalla paura) to be scared shitless, to shit bricks, to brick it
II ['fare]che cosa vuoi che ci faccia? che cosa ci posso fare io? what do you want me to do about it? non ci si può fare nulla it can't be helped; non ci posso fare niente se... I can't help it if...; non so che farmene di... — I have no need for
sostantivo maschile1) (comportamento) manner, behaviour BE, behavior AE2) (inizio)sul fare del giorno, della notte — at daybreak, nightfall
* * *fare1/'fare/ [8]1 (in senso generico e astratto) to do*; non avere niente da fare to have nothing to do; che cosa posso fare per te? what can I do for you? che cosa dobbiamo fare con te! what are we to do with you!2 (preparare, fabbricare, creare) to make* [torta, tè, vino, vestito, mobile, pezzi di ricambio, film]; fare del pollo to cook some chicken; che cosa faccio per pranzo? what shall I cook for lunch?3 (produrre, provocare) to make* [macchia, buco, rumore]4 (dare come risultato) tre più due fa cinque three and two make five; quanto fa 3 per 3? what's 3 times 3? 9 meno 7 fa 2 9 minus 7 leaves 26 (come professione, mestiere) che lavoro fai? what's your job? cosa fai (di mestiere)? what do you do (for a living)? fare il medico, l'insegnante to be a doctor, a teacher; (come sport, hobby) to do* [aerobica, giardinaggio]7 (a scuola) to do*, to study [materia, facoltà, testo, autore]; to do* [ corso]; fare (la) prima to be in the first year8 (trascorrere) to spend* [ vacanze]; fare tre mesi di prigione to do three months in prison; hai fatto buon viaggio? did you have a pleasant journey?10 (percorrere) to do* [tragitto, chilometri]; fare l'autostrada to take the motorway11 (avere) to have* [infarto, orecchioni, otite]12 (provocare, causare) fare del bene, del male a qcn. to do sb. good, harm; la pastiglia non mi ha fatto niente the tablet didn't do anything; non ti farò niente I won't do anything to you; Signore, fa' che non gli succeda niente may God protect him!13 (far diventare) to make*; fare felice qcn. to make sb. happy; fare qcn. presidente to make sb. president14 (considerare) ti facevo più intelligente I thought you were cleverer15 (fingersi) fare il malato, il coraggioso to pretend to be ill, brave16 (interpretare) [ attore] to play [parte, ruolo]17 (seguito da infinito) (con valore causativo) fare piangere qcn. to make sb. cry; fare perdere qcs. a qcn. to make sb. lose sth.; (permettere, lasciare) fare andare qcn. to let sb. go; (convincere) gli ho fatto prendere un appuntamento I got him to make an appointment18 (riferito all'ora) che ora fai? what time do you make it o have you got? faccio le due I make it two o'clock; che ora fa l'orologio? what time does the clock say?20 (partorire) [donna, animale] to have* [bambino, cuccioli]21 (dire) "certo" fece lei "of course" she said; poi fa "e i miei soldi?" colloq. so he goes "what about my money?"; il gatto fa "miao" the cat goes "miaow"(aus. avere)1 (agire, procedere) to do*; non ho potuto fare altrimenti I couldn't do otherwise; fai come vuoi do as you like; facciamo alle sei let's make it six o'clock2 (essere adatto) questo è il posto che fa per me this is the place for me; vivere a Londra non fa per me living in London is not for me3 fare per (essere in procinto di) fare per andarsene to be about to leave; (fare l'atto di) fece per baciarlo she made as if to kiss him5 (essere espresso in una certa forma) come fa la canzone? how does the song go?6 (riuscire) come fai a leggere quella robaccia? how can you read that junk? "come si fa?" - "così" "how do I do it?" - "like this"; come faccio a saperlo? how should I know?7 farcela ce l'ho fatta! I made it! ce la fai a finirlo? can you manage to finish it? non ce la faccio più! I've had it! I can't take any more!1 (riferito a tempo atmosferico o condizioni di luce) fa freddo it's cold; fa buio it's getting o growing dark2 (riferito a durata) oggi fanno sei anni che è partito it's six years today since he leftIV farsi verbo pronominale1 (preparare, fabbricare, creare per sé) to make* oneself [caffè, vestito]; - rsi da mangiare to do one's own cooking2 (concedersi) to have* [birra, pizza, chiacchierata]3 (procurar si) -rsi degli amici, dei nemici to make friends, enemies; colloq. (comprarsi) to get* oneself [macchina, moto]5 gerg. (drogarsi) to get* stoned (di on), to do* drugs6 (diventare) -rsi suora, cristiano to become a nun, a Christian; si è fatta bella she's grown up a beauty; il cielo si fece grigio the sky went o turned grey; si fa tardi it's getting late7 (per indicare movimento) -rsi avanti, indietro to come forward, to stand back; - rsi in là to budge over o up8 (formarsi) to form [idea, immagine]9 (seguito da infinito) - rsi sentire to make oneself heard; - rsi tagliare i capelli to have o get one's hair cut; - rsi operare to have surgery10 (sottoporsi a) to have* [lifting, permanente]11 (procurarsi) - rsi un bernoccolo to get a bump; - rsi un livido su un braccio to bruise one's arm12 (reciprocamente) -rsi carezze, dispetti to caress each other, to play tricks on each other13 farsela (intendersela) to jack around AE ( con with); (in una relazione amorosa) to run* around ( con with)avere a che fare to have to do ( con with); non avere niente a che fare to have nothing to do ( con with); avere da fare to be busy, to have things to do; (non) fa niente! it doesn't matter, never mind! a me non la si fa! = I wasn't born yesterday! farsela addosso (urinare) to wet oneself; (defecare) to shit oneself pop.; (dalla paura) to be scared shitless pop., to shit bricks pop., to brick it; farsela sotto (dalla paura) to be scared shitless, to shit bricks, to brick it; che cosa vuoi che ci faccia? che cosa ci posso fare io? what do you want me to do about it? non ci si può fare nulla it can't be helped; non ci posso fare niente se... I can't help it if...; non so che farmene di... I have no need for...\See also notes... (fare.pdf)————————fare2/'fare/sostantivo m.2 (inizio) sul fare del giorno, della notte at daybreak, nightfall. -
47 Stunde
Stun·de <-, -n> [ʼʃtʊndə] f1) ( 60 Minuten) hour;in den nächsten \Stunden in the next few hours;nur noch eine knappe \Stunde just under an hour to go;in der \Stunde der Not in sb's hour of need;die \Stunde der Wahrheit the moment of truth;jds große \Stunde sb's big moment;in einer schwachen \Stunde in a moment of weakness;in einer stillen \Stunde in a quiet moment;eine Viertel\Stunde a quarter of an hour;eine halbe \Stunde half an hour;eine Dreiviertel\Stunde three-quarters of an hour;anderthalb \Stunden an hour and a half, one and a half hours;volle \Stunde on the hour;die Kirchturmuhr schlägt die vollen \Stunden the church clock strikes on the hour;der Zug fährt jede volle \Stunde the train departs every hour on the hour;\Stunde um \Stunde, \Stunden um \Stunden [for] hour after hour;\Stunde um \Stunde verging hour after hour went by;ich wartete \Stunden um \Stunden I waited for hour after hour;von \Stunde zu \Stunde from hour to hour, hourly;es wird jetzt von \Stunde zu \Stunde klarer it's becoming clearer by the hour;zu dieser \Stunde ( geh) at the present time;zu jeder \Stunde, jede \Stunde [at] any time;die Nachricht kann zu jeder \Stunde eintreffen the news may arrive at any time;die Polizei kann jede \Stunde hier sein! the police may be here [at] any moment!;zu jeder \Stunde bereit sein to be ready at a moment's notice;um diese Zeit verkehrt die S-Bahn nur noch alle halbe \Stunde [o halben \Stunden] at this time of day/night there's only one [S-Bahn] train every half an hourjds \Stunde ist gekommen sb's hour [or time] has come;bis zur \Stunde up to the present moment, as yet3) (Unterrichts\Stunde) lesson, period;\Stunden geben to teach;\Stunden nehmen to have [or take] lessonssich nur an die angenehmen \Stunden erinnern to remember only the pleasant timesWENDUNGEN:die \Stunde Null zero hour, the new beginning;die \Stunde X the appointed hour;der ersten \Stunde original, pioneering;ein Mann/eine Frau der ersten \Stunde a prime mover;jdm schlägt die \Stunde sb's time is up [or hour has come];wissen, was die \Stunde geschlagen hat to know what's coming [or how things stand] -
48 порядок
м.1) (организованное, налаженное состояние) orderприводи́ть в поря́док (вн.) — put (d) in order
соблюда́ть поря́док, следи́ть за поря́дком — keep order
подде́рживать поря́док — maintain order
наводи́ть поря́док (в пр.) — introduce proper order (in)
призыва́ть к поря́дку (вн.) — call (d) to order
навести́ поря́док у себя́ в до́ме — put one's house in order
восстана́вливать поря́док — restore order
приводи́ть себя́ в поря́док — tidy oneself up, set oneself to rights
2) ( последовательность) order, sequenceалфави́тный поря́док — alphabetical order
поря́док рассмотре́ния вопро́сов — order of business
по поря́дку — one after another, in succession
в поря́дке о́череди — in turn
в поря́дке живо́й о́череди — on a first-come - first-served basis
3) (способ осуществления, организации) order; procedure [-'siːʤə]поря́док налогообложе́ния — taxation scheme
зако́нным поря́дком — legally
пресле́довать суде́бным поря́дком (вн.) — prosecute (d)
в администрати́вном поря́дке — administratively; by administrative order
организо́ванным поря́дком — in an organized manner
поря́док голосова́ния — method of voting, voting procedure
взять сло́во по поря́дку веде́ния собра́ния — rise to a point of order
поря́док рабо́ты — procedure, routine [ruː'tiːn]
устано́вленный поря́док — established order
в устано́вленном поря́дке — in accordance with the established procedure
назна́ченный в устано́вленном поря́дке — duly appointed
4) (строй, система) orderсуществу́ющий поря́док — present ['prez-] / existing system
ста́рый поря́док — the old order, the ancient regime [reɪ'ʒiːm]
5) воен. order, arrayпохо́дный поря́док — march formation
боево́й поря́док — battle order
6) мн. ( обычаи) ways, customsпоря́док криво́й — degree of a curve
поря́док приближе́ния — order of approximation
поря́док уравне́ния — degree of an equation
8) в знач. предик. ( всё хорошо) (it's) OK, all right, fineу меня́ по́лный поря́док — I'm absolutely fine [all right]
вы́пил ко́фе - и поря́док! — a cup of coffee and everything is just fine!
9) в знач. межд. done!••поря́док дня (повестка) — agenda, order of the day, order of business
стоя́ть в поря́дке дня — be on the agenda
быть в поря́дке — be all right
всё в поря́дке — everything is all right [fine, okay, OK]
у вас всё в поря́дке? — is everything all right with you?, are you all right?
быть не в поря́дке — 1) ( быть неисправным) be out of order; be faulty 2) ( быть не в норме) not to be in order; переводится тж. выражениями there is something wrong (with), have problems / trouble (with)
у него́ пе́чень [се́рдце] не в поря́дке — there is smth wrong with his liver [heart], he has liver [heart] trouble / problems
в поря́дке (рд.; в форме, в виде) — by way of; as
в поря́дке товарообме́на — by way of barter
в поря́дке обсужде́ния — as a matter for discussion
в поря́дке контро́ля — as a check
в обяза́тельном поря́дке — without fail
все должны́ быть там в обяза́тельном поря́дке — everybody must be there without fail
в спе́шном поря́дке — quickly
э́то в поря́дке веще́й — it is in the order of things, it is quite natural; it is all in the day's work идиом.
де́ло идёт свои́м поря́дком — things are taking their regular course
для поря́дка — 1) ( как положено) for the sake of propriety 2) ( для проформы) for appearances' sake
в рабо́чем поря́дке — in the regular course of work; as one goes
к поря́дку! (на заседании) — order!, order!
на поря́док — 1) мат. by a factor of ten 2) ( намного) vastly, significantly; many times
различа́ться [превыша́ть] на поря́док — differ [exceed] by a factor of ten
э́та вещь на поря́док деше́вле — this thing is many times cheaper
на два [три] поря́дка — by a factor of a hundred [thousand]
на не́сколько поря́дков — 1) мат. by several digits 2) ( несравнимо) enormously, incomparably
он на не́сколько поря́дков умне́е — he is incomparably cleverer / smarter
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49 praeficio
prae-fĭcĭo, fēci, fectum, 3, v. a. [facio], to set over any thing (as officer, superintendent, leader, etc.), to place in authority over, place at the head, appoint to the command of.I.Lit. (freq. and class.; cf.:II.praepono, praefero): te cum securi caudicali praeficio provinciae,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 25:praefeci rure recte qui curet tamen,
id. Cas. 1, 1, 17:aliquem pecori,
Cic. Planc. 25, 62:certum magistratum alicui procurationi,
id. Leg. 2, 26, 66:imperatorem bello,
id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49:tantis rebus,
id. ib. 10, 27:legatos legionibus,
Caes. B. G. 5, 24:pontifices sacris,
Cic. Rep. 2, 14, 26:aliquem sacerdotio Neptuni,
Plin. 9, 8, 8, § 27:libertos rationibus, libellis et epistulis,
Tac. A. 6, 8:aliquem provinciae,
id. ib. 13, 46;2, 4: aliquem classi,
Nep. Milt. 4, 1; Liv. 35, 42 et saep.:lucis Avernis,
Verg. A. 6, 118:Juno sacris praefecta maritis,
Ov. H. 12, 87:in eo exercitu inimici mei fratrem praefecerat,
had given him a command, Cic. Sest. 18, 41. —Trop., to set over, etc. (rare): nec locus nec materia invenitur, cui divinationem praeficere possimus, Cic. Div. 2, 4, 12. —Hence, as subst.: praefectus, i, m., an overseer, director, president, chief, commander, prefect.A.In gen.:B.gumnasi praefecto poenas pendere,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 22:villae,
Varr. R. R. 1, 17 fin.:tu (censor) es praefectus moribus,
Cic. Clu. 46, 129; cf.:praefectus morum,
Nep. Hamilc. 3, 2:nec vero mulieribus praefectus praeponatur,
Cic. Rep. 4, 6, 16 (Non. 499, 13); cf. Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 30:cum praefectus custodum quaesisset, etc.,
Nep. Eum. 11, 1:his utitur quasi praefectis libidinum suarum,
Cic. Red. in Sen. 6, 15.—In partic., as a title of particular civil or military officers, a president, superintendent, commander, governor, etc.:praefectus aerarii or aerario,
a treasurer, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 2; id. Pan. 92; Gell. 13, 24, 30; Capitol. Gord. 4: annonae, a superintendent of grain or of the markets, Tac. A. 11, 31; Inscr. Orell. 1084; 1186; 1091;3169: castrorum or castris,
an officer who attended to the pitching of the camp and all matters connected therewith, a quartermaster, Vell. 2, 112, 6; 119, 4; 120, 4; Tac. A. 14, 37; 1, 20; cf. Veg. Mil. 2, 10:classis,
an admiral, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 89; Liv. 26, 48; 36, 20; 42; Flor. 3, 7; afterwards also for a captain of a ship, Tac. H. 3, 12; Veg. Mil. 4, 32; Inscr. Orell. 3596;who was formerly called praefectus navis: dextrum cornu praefectos navium ad terram explicare jubet,
Liv. 36, 44; Flor. 2, 5: fabrūm, in the army, a superintendent of the military engines, chief engineer, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, C, 2; id. B. C. 1, 24, 4; Nep. Att. 12, 4; Vell. 2, 76, 1; Plin. 36, 6, 7, § 48; Inscr. Orell. 4906;in the free towns and colonies,
a superintendent of public works, ib. 516: equitum, a commander of the cavalry, as we say, a colonel or general of cavalry, Hirt. B. G. 8, 12; Vell. 2, 24, 1;called also simply praefectus,
Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 3, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 7; cf.cohortium,
Sall. J. 46, 7: legionis, in the time of the emperors, the same that was previously called legatus legionis, a commander of the legion, i. q. our colonel, Tac. H. 1, 82; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Galb. 11; 14; id. Calig. 56; id. Ner. 21; Inscr. Grut. 465, 2; cf. Veg. Mil. 2, 9:praefectus regis or regius,
a commander-in-chief, generalissimo, Liv. 36, 11; Sall. J. 46, 5; Nep. Alcib. 5, 2; id. Ages. 2, 3; cf. Flor. 3, 5; 11:praefectus praetorio and praetorii, in the time of the emperors,
a commander of the imperial body - guard, pretorian prefect, Tac. A. 1, 24; id. H. 1, 13; 19; Dig. 1, 11 et saep.; in later times, a governor of a province of the Roman empire: praefectus urbi or urbis, governor of the city of Rome, in the times of the republic, appointed only to represent the consul during the latter's absence; under the emperors, a perpetual office with a particular jurisdiction, Varr. ap. Gell. 14, 7; Tac. A. 6, 10; 11; Plin. 11, 38, 90, § 223; Suet. Aug. 33; Inscr. Orell. 3153 sq.:vigilum or vigilibus,
a captain of the watch, Dig. 1, 15, 3; 47, 2, 58; Inscr. Orell. 801; 1088; 1929:Aegypti,
the governor of the province of Egypt, Suet. Aug. 18; 66; id. Vesp. 6; Dig. 1, 17; Inscr. Orell. 709; 3651; so,Lydiae, Ioniae, totiusque Phrygiae,
Nep. Dat. 2, 5:Alpium,
Plin. 10, 48, 68, § 134; Inscr. Grut. 287, 7. -
50 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
(1889-1970)The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
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51 Lippman, Gabriel
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 16 August 1845 Hallerick, Luxembourgd. 14 July 1921 at sea, in the North Atlantic[br]French physicist who developed interference colour photography.[br]Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Photographic Society Progress Medal 1897. Nobel Prize (for his work in interference colour photography) 1908.Further ReadingJ.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston.Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.BC -
52 في
في \ a; an; each; every: twice a day; 80 miles an hour. at: (showing where): at home; at the office, (showing a point of time) at midday; at 4 o’clock; He was married at 18, (after an adj) good at English; quick at sums. by: during: We travelled by night. in: showing where: In bed; in London; in the box; in his speech, showing condition In a hurry; in trouble, showing a direction; into He fell in the river. He put his hand in his pocket, showing when; during In the past; in January 1980; in the evening, showing what sth. contains or includes There are 60 minutes in an hour. Is he in your team?, showing what sb. wears He was in his best suit, showing a shape or arrangement They stood in a row, showing employment or activity or an event He’s in the navy. She was killed in the accident. on: showing when: on Monday; on May the 6th. showing the state of sb.:: Are you here on business or on holiday?. per: for each: He earns $8000 per annum (for each year). \ في (أيّ مَكَان) \ anywhere: in or to any place: Are you going anywhere?. \ See Also إلى( إلى) \ في \ home: to or at one’s house: Go home! Is your son home yet?. \ See Also إلى البيت \ في \ inside: on (or to) the inside. \ See Also إلى الداخل \ في \ inland: away from the sea: We crossed the coast and flew inland. \ See Also إلى داخل البلاد \ في \ indoors: into (or in) a building: He went (or He stayed) indoors because of the rain. \ See Also إلى داخل البيت \ في \ on board: on (or onto) a ship or aeroplane: There are 70 men on board. Can I go on board the aircraft?. \ See Also إلى دَاخِل الطَّائِرَة \ في \ upstairs: on, at or to a higher floor; up the stairs; at the top of the stairs: She went upstairs because her room is upstairs. She has an upstairs bedroom. \ See Also إلى الدَّور الأَعْلى \ في \ low: to or in a low position: The sun had sunk low in the sky. \ See Also إلى وَضْع مُنْخفِض \ في \ whereabouts: in or near which place: Whereabouts did you find this ring?. \ See Also قرب أيّ مكان؟ \ في \ upstream: against the flow of the stream; up the river: They rowed (the boat) upstream. \ See Also نَحْوَ أعلى النَّهر \ في الاتجاه المعاكس \ backward(s): towards the back: He fell over backwards. \ في أَثَر \ after: following, in search of: I ran after him but could not catch him. The police are after him. \ في أثناء الخِدْمَة (خارج أوقات الخِدمة) \ on duty, (off duty): at work (not at work): The night nurse has 12 hours on duty, then 12 hours off duty. She went on duty at 18.00 and came off duty at 06.00. \ في أثناء ذلك \ meanwhile, meantime: (in) the time between: You’ll have to wait till he’s ready; but you can read this (in the) meanwhile. \ في إجازة \ off: free from work: My employer gave me the afternoon off. \ See Also عطلة (عُطْلَة) \ في أَحْسَن الأَحْوَال \ at best: in the most hopeful conditions: At best, we can’t be ready till Tuesday. \ في آخر \ eventually: in the end: The car kept stopping, but we got home eventually. ultimately: in the end: We must all, ultimately, die. \ See Also نهاية الأمر \ في آخر رَمَق \ on one’s last legs: (of a person or thing) not expected to last much longer; worn out; almost in ruins: That company is on its last legs. \ في آخر لحظة \ in the nick of time: just in time; almost too late: She saved him in the nick of time from falling over the cliff. \ في أَرْجَاء \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. round: (also around) from place to place: He wandered (a)round (the town). We travelled (a)round (the country). \ في أَسْفَل \ under: (also underneath), in a lower position. underneath: (of position) below: It was hidden underneath the floor boards. \ See Also الأسفل (الأَسْفَل) \ في الأَصْل \ originally: in the beginning: This school was originally a rich man’s home. \ في الأَعْلَى \ up: in or to higher position: She lives up in the hills. \ في أغلب الظَّنّ \ doubtless: probably: It will doubtless rain on the day of the garden party. \ في أَفْضَل حَالَة \ at one’s best: in one’s best state: My garden is at its best in spring. \ في أقلّ مِن \ within: in less than: He will arrive within an hour. I live within a mile of the sea. \ في الأمام \ in front: at the front: You go in front and I’ll follow. \ في أَوَاخِر \ late: near the end of a period of time: Late in the year; in the late afternoon. \ في الأوْج \ in full swing: (of an activity) at its highest point; very busy: The party was in full swing when I arrived. \ في أوجِ الإزْهَار \ in bloom: flowering: The roses are in bloom now. \ في أيّ مَكَان \ anywhere: in no matter what place: Put it down anywhere. \ في أيّ وقت \ ever: (esp. in a negative sentence or a question) at any time: Nobody ever writes to me. Have you ever been to Rome? If you ever go there, you must see St. Peter’s cathedral. \ في أيّ وقت مَضَى \ ever: (in a comparative sentence) at any time: He’s working harder than ever. This is the best book I’ve ever read. \ في بادئ الأمر \ at first: at the beginning: At first the new school seemed strange, but then we got used to it. \ في البَدْء \ primarily: mainly; in the first place: This book is written primarily for foreigners. \ See Also أصلا (أَصْلاً)، أساسا (أساسًا) \ في بعض الوقت \ part-time: for only part of the usual working time: She’s a part-time teacher. \ في البيت \ at home: in one’s house: He’s at home in the evenings. \ في البيت المُجَاوِر \ next, next door: in the next house: He lives next door. He is my nextdoor neighbour. \ في تَحَسُّن (من النّاحية الصحّية) \ on the mend: getting better in health (after an illness). \ في تِلْكَ الحالةِ \ in that case: if that happens, or has happened: He may be late. In that case, we shall go without him, if that happens, or has happened He may be late. In that case, we shall go without him. \ في تِلْكَ اللَّحظة \ just: (with continuous tenses; always directly before the present participle) at this moment; at that moment: We’re just starting dinner. We were just starting dinner when he arrived. \ في التَّوّ \ straight away: at once. \ في جانب \ in favour of: supporting: I’m in favour of your plans. \ في الجَانِب الآخَر مِن \ across: on the other side of: My home is across the river. \ في جانب \ for: in favour of: Are you for this idea or against it?. \ See Also صف (صَفّ) \ في جزء أدنى مِن \ down: at a lower level: My house is a little way down the hill. \ في الجِوَار \ about: around; near: There’s a lot of illness about. I went out early, when no one was about (when no one else was out). \ في الحَال \ at once: without delay: Stop that at once!. away: right away; straight away. immediately: at once. instantly: at once. on the spot: in that place and at that moment: He gave me the bill and I paid it on the spot. readily: without delay: The book you need is not readily obtainable. straight away: at once. \ في حَالَةِ \ at: (showing a state): at war; at play. on: showing the state of sth.: The house is on fire. \ في حَالَة حَسَنَة \ well, (better, best): the opposite of ill and unwell; in good health: Don’t you feel well? You’ll soon get better if you drink this medicine. How are you? Very well, thank you. I feel best in the early morning (better than at any other time). \ في حَالَة سَيِّئَة \ in a bad way: in a bad state. \ في حَالَة عَدَم توفُّر \ failing: giving a second choice of action, if the first choice fails: Ask John to do it. Failing him, ask Michael. \ في حَالَة فَوْضَى \ chaotic: in a state of chaos: The young teacher had a chaotic classroom. \ في حَالَةِ وُجُود \ in case of: in the event of; if there is: In case of fire, ring the bell. \ في حَالَةِ ما إِذَا \ in case: because of the possibility of sth. happening: Take a stick, in case you meet a snake. \ في حركة دائِمة \ on the move: moving; travelling: He’s always on the move and never settles for long. \ في الحَقِيقَة \ as a matter of fact, in fact: really; in truth: The dog seemed dead but in fact it was only asleep. As a matter of fact, I don’t like Michael. in point of fact: actually, in fact. in reality: in fact. really: truly; in fact: Is he really your son? He does not look like you!. \ في حَيْرَة من أَمْره \ at one’s wits’ end: too worried by difficulties to know what to do. \ في حين \ whereas: but: They are looking for a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat. \ في حينه \ round: following a regular course: Wait till your turn comes round. \ في الخَارِج \ abroad: in or to another country: I spent my holiday abroad. out: in (or into) the open; away from shelter; in (or into) view: Don’t stand out in the rain. The ship was far out at sea. out of door, outdoors: in the open air; not in a house: I like sleeping out of doors under the stars. outside: not within; in the open air; on the outer side: It’s raining outside. The cup is blue outside, and white inside. overseas: across the sea; (to the British, the mainland of Europe is abroad but it is not overseas): She is working overseas, in South America. \ في خِدمَة... \ at one’s service: ready to fulfil one’s needs: The hotel car is at your service if you want to go anywhere. \ في خَريف العُمر \ middle-aged: neither young nor old; aged between about 40 and 65. \ في خطٍّ مُستقيم \ as the crow flies: in a straight line: It is 5 miles away by road, but only 2 miles as the crow flies. \ فِي الخَفَاء \ stealth: by stealth using secret and quiet action: He got into the house by stealth, not by force. \ في خِلال \ in: showing a space of time before sth. will happen; after: I’ll come in a few days (or in a minute). in the course of: during: In the course of the morning I had seven visitors. \ في الدّاخل \ in: in a building, esp. at home, work or where one is expected to be: Is anyone in? I’m afraid Mr. Jones is out, but he’ll be in at 5 o’clock. \ في داخِل \ in: showing a direction; into: He fell in the river. He put his hand in his pocket. inside: on (or to) the inside of: Please wait inside the room. \ في داخِل النَّفْس \ inwardly: secretly; as regards one’s inner feelings: I was inwardly delighted, but I pretended not to care. \ في دَرَجَة الغَلَيان \ on the boil: boiling; at this heat. \ في ذلك المكان \ there: at that place: I live there. \ في رأيي \ to my mind: in my opinion: To my mind, this is most dishonest. \ في سَبِيل \ in the process of: to be doing: I am in the process of painting my house. sake, for the sake, of, for sb.’s sake: for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake, for the desire of Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?. \ في سِنّ المُرَاهَقَة \ teenage: in one’s teens: a teenage girl. \ في شكّ \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ في صحَّة جيِّدة \ fit: healthy: We take exercise so as to keep fit. \ في صَفّ \ in single file: in one line, one behind the other: We had to ride in single file down the narrow path. \ في الطّابِق الأَسْفل \ downstairs: at the bottom of the stairs; in a room at that level: I’ll wait for you downstairs. \ في الطّابِق الفوقانيّ \ overhead: above one’s head: a noise in the room overhead; clouds in the sky overhead. \ في طَرَف \ up: along (up and down are both used like this, although the course may be quite level): He lives just up the road. \ في طريق النُّور \ in sb.’s light: preventing light from reaching him: I can’t read if you stand in my light. \ في الظّاهر \ outwardly: as regards the appearance (compared with the hidden facts or inner feelings): She was outwardly calm but inwardly full of anger. \ في العَام \ annual: happening every year; of a year: an annual feast; the annual production of oil. \ في عَجلة من أمره \ in a hurry: Ants are always in a hurry. \ في العَرَاء \ in the open: outside in the air: I like to sleep out in the open, under she stars. outdoors, out of doors: the open air; not in a building: Go outdoors and play football. \ في (عُرض) البَحْر \ at sea: on the sea; far from land: a storm at sea. \ في عُطلة \ on holiday, on vacation: having a holiday: The schools are on holiday. We’re going on vacation to the sea. \ See Also إجازة( إجازة) \ في غابر الأزمان (كان يا ما كان...) \ once upon a time: (used at the beginning of stories). \ في الغَالِب \ mainly: chiefly; mostly. \ في غالِب الظنّ \ probably: almost certainly; with little doubt: You’re probably right. \ في غاية الجُنون \ raving mad: noisily and violently mad. \ في غَمْضَة عَيْن \ in no time: very quickly; very soon: If you follow this path, you’ll get there in no time. \ في غِيَابِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ في كُلٍّ \ a; an; each; every: twice a day. 80 miles an hour. ten pence a packet. \ في كل مكان \ everywhere: in all places: I’ve looked for it everywhere. \ في كل وقت \ ever: at all times; always: I shall stay there for ever. \ في لحظة خاطفة \ in a flash: very quickly and suddenly: He seized the money and was gone in a flash. \ في اللحظة المناسبة \ in the nick of time: just in time; almost too late: She saved him in the nick of time from falling over the cliff. \ في اللَّيْل \ at night: during the night. overnight: for the night: I shall stay at a hotel overnight and come back tomorrow, on the night before; during the night I packed my suitcase overnight, so as to be ready to leave at sunrise. His car was stolen overnight. \ في المائَة \ per cent: for, out, of, each hundred: Six per cent of the boys failed the exam, (one part) of each hundred I’m a 100 per cent in agreement with you. About 70 per cent (written as 70%) of the people are farmers. \ في المُتَنَاوَل \ forthcoming: supplied when needed: We wanted a new school clock, but the money was not forthcoming. \ في مُتَناوَل \ within: inside; not beyond; within reach; within one’s powers. \ في متناول اليَد \ at hand: near; within reach: Help was at hand. handy: near; easily reached when wanted: Keep that book handy so that you can look at it often. \ في مَجْمُوعَة بين \ among(st): in the middle of; mixed with; surrounded by: I found this letter among my books. There is a secret enemy amongst us. \ في مِحْنة خَطَر \ in distress: (of a ship or aeroplane) in dangerous trouble; needing help. \ في المُدّة الأخيرة \ lately: not long ago; in the near past: Have you seen her lately?. \ في المرَّة التالية \ next: the next time: I’ll give it to you when I next see you. \ See Also القادمة \ في مُقَابِل \ for: showing that something is as a return or in place of: I gave him $5 for his help. Will you change this old car for a new one?. in return (for): in exchange or payment for: Give her some flowers in return for her kindness. \ في المقام الأوّل \ firstly: as the first reason, fact, etc: I need a hot drink. Firstly, because I’m cold; secondly, because I’m thirsty. \ في المقدمة \ in front: at the front: You go in front and I’ll follow. \ في مَكَان \ in sb,’s stead: in sb.’s place; instead of sb.. \ See Also بدلا من (بدلاً من) \ في مَكَان آخَر \ elsewhere: in some other place. \ في المَكَان \ in position: in the correct position. \ See Also المَوضِع الصَّحيح \ في مَكَان قَريب \ by: near: He stood by and watched them. \ في مَكَانٍ ما \ somewhere: in or to some place (but usu. anywhere in negative sentences and questions): I’ve met him somewhere before. Let’s go somewhere peaceful (to some peaceful place). \ في المكان والزّمان المذكورين \ on the spot: in that place and at that moment: Fortunately a doctor was on the spot when she broke her leg. \ في مكانه \ belong: to be in the right place: This book belongs on the top shelf. \ See Also موضِعِه المناسب \ في مَلْعَبِه \ at home: (of a match) on one’s own field: Our team are playing at home tomorrow. \ في مُنْتَصَف الطَّريق \ midway: halfway; in the middle: The station is midway between the two villages. \ في مَوعِد لاَ يَتَجَاوَز \ by: before; not later than: Can you finish this by Tuesday? They ought to be here by now. \ في المَوْعِد المحدَّد \ on time: exactly at the appointed moment: The bus always leaves on time. \ في مياه أعمق من قَامَته \ out of one’s depth: in water that is too deep to stand up in: Don’t go out of your depth unless you can swim. \ في النّادِر \ rarely: not often; hardly at all: She rarely smokes. \ في نظر \ in the eyes of: in the opinion of: In his mother’s eyes he can do no wrong. \ في نَظَري \ to my mind: in my opinion: To my mind, this is most dishonest. \ في النّهايَة \ at last: in the end, after much delay: The train was very slow, but we got there at last. at length: at last; in the end: He waited two hours. At length he went home. finally: lastly; in the end. \ في نِهايَة الأمْر \ in the long run: after a period of time; in the end: It’ll be cheaper in the long run to buy good quality shoes. \ See Also عَلَى المدى الطويل \ في هذا الوقت \ now: (in a written account) at the time that is being described: The war was now over. \ في هَذا المَكَان \ about: here: Is anyone about?. \ في هذه الأَثْنَاء \ meanwhile, meantime: (in) the time between: You’ll have to wait till he’s ready; but you can read this (in the) meanwhile. \ في هذه الأَيَّام \ nowadays: in these times (compared with the past): Travel is much easier nowadays. today: the present time: the scientists of today. \ في هذه الحالة \ all right: (also alright), in that case: You don’t want it? All right, I’ll give it to someone else. \ في هذه اللَّحْظَة \ just: (with continuous tenses; always directly before the present participle) at this moment; at that moment: We’re just starting dinner. We were just starting dinner when he arrived. just now: at this moment: I’m busy just now. \ في الهواء الطَّلْق \ in the open: outside in the air: I like to sleep out in the open, under the stars. out of doors, outdoors: in the open air; not in a house: I like sleeping out of doors under the stars. outdoors, out of doors: the open air; not in a building: Go outdoors and play football. \ في الوَاقِع \ in reality: in fact. \ في الوَاقِع \ actually: in fact; really: She looks about thirty, but actually she’s thirty-nine. as a matter of fact, in fact: really; in truth: The dog seemed dead but in fact it was only asleep. As a matter of fact, I don’t like Michael. in point of fact: actually, in fact. truly: really: Are you truly sorry for your crimes?. virtually: actually but not officially: He was virtually a prisoner in his home, as he did not dare to go out while the police were watching. \ في الوَسَط \ halfway: between two places and at an equal distance from them: His house is halfway between yours and mine. \ في وَسْط المسافة \ halfway: between two places and at an equal distance from them: His house is halfway between yours and mine. \ في وَضَح (النهار) \ broad: (of daylight) full; complete: The bank was robbed in broad daylight. \ في وَضع لا يجوز فيه رَكْل الكُرة \ offside: (of a player in football, etc.) breaking a rule by being in a position in which play is not allowed. \ في الوَقْت الحَاضِر \ at present: now; at the present time: At present I have no job, but I shall get one soon. for the time being: for the present: I have no job, but I’m helping my father for the time being. now: at the present time: Where are you working now? Now is the time to plant those seeds. today: the present time: the scientists of today. \ في وَقْتٍ لاَحِق \ after: later: She came first and he arrived soon after. \ في وقتٍ ما \ sometime: (often two words, some time) at a time not exactly known or stated: Come again sometime. He left sometime after dinner. \ في وقتٍ متأخر \ late: after the proper or usual time; not early: We always go to bed very late. He arrived too late for dinner. \ في وقتٍ متأخر مِن \ late: near the end of a period of time: Late in the year; in the late afternoon. \ في الوَقْتِ المُقَرَّر \ round: following a regular course: Wait till your turn comes round. \ في وَقْتٍ من الأوقات \ ever: (esp. in a negative sentence or a question) at any time: Nobody ever writes to me. Have you ever been to Rome? If you ever go there, you must see St. Peter’s cathedral. \ في الوَقْتِ المناسب \ early: in good time for one’s purpose; before the fixed time: We arrived early and got the best seats. in due course: later; after a reasonable delay: He will get better in due course. in good time: slightly early: He came in good time for the meeting. \ في وقت واحد \ at a time: together: They arrived three at a time (in groups of three). \ في يوم من الأيام \ once upon a time: (used at the beginning of stories). \ See Also كان يا ما كان -
53 run
1. [rʌn] nI1. 1) бег, пробегat a run - бегом [см. тж. ♢ ]
to cross exposed areas at a run - воен. преодолевать открытые участки перебежками
on the run - а) на ходу, в движении; to be on the run all day - быть весь день в бегах; б) второпях; [см. тж. 2) и 3)]
to keep smb. on the run - а) не давать кому-л. остановиться; б) не давать кому-л. покоя
to break into a run - побежать, пуститься бегом
to make a run for it - а) броситься куда-л. со всех ног; б) сделать перебежку куда-л. (под пулями и т. п.)
he took a short run and cleared the fence - он разбежался и перепрыгнул через забор
there was no run left in me - я больше не мог /у меня больше не было сил/ бежать
2) бегство; беспорядочное отступлениеto be on the run - поспешно отступать, бежать [см. тж. 1) и 3)]
to keep the enemy on the run - воен. не давать противнику закрепляться ( в ходе преследования)
3) побег; нахождение в бегахthe criminal was on the run - преступник был в бегах [см. тж. 1) и 2)]
he is on the run from the police - он скрывается /бегает/ от полиции
4) короткая прогулка (пешком, на лошади и т. п.); пробежкаto go for a run - а) пробежаться; б) проехаться (в автомобиле, на лошади и т. п.)
to go for a short run before breakfast - а) немного пробежаться /сделать небольшую пробежку/ перед завтраком; б) совершить небольшую (автомобильную, верховую и т. п.) прогулку перед завтраком
to give smb. a run - дать пробежаться
I was giving my dog a run in the park - я пустил свою собаку побегать в парке
2. короткая поездкаgood run! - счастливого пути!
3. рейс, маршрутship's run - маршрут /рейс/ корабля
the boat was taken off its usual run - судно было снято со своего обычного рейса
4. 1) переходtrial run - испытательный пробег [см. тж. II 1]
it is a two hour's run from London - это находится в двух часах езды от Лондона
2) ж.-д. перегон, прогон3) ав. полёт; перелёт5. 1) пройденное расстояние; отрезок пути2) ж.-д. пробег (локомотива, вагона)3) ав. отрезок трассы7. 1) тропа ( проложенная животными)2) колея ( след от транспорта)8. период, отрезок ( времени), полосаa run of success [of good luck] - полоса успеха [везения /удачи/]
a run of ill luck - несчастливая полоса, полоса невезения
9. 1) направлениеthe run of the mountains is S.W. - горы тянутся на юго-запад
2) геол. направление рудной жилы10. партия ( изделий)11. тираж (книги и т. п.)12. спорт. ( в крикете и бейсболе)1) единица счёта2) перебежка3) очко за перебежку13. 1) стадо ( животных)2) стая ( птиц)3) косяк ( рыбы)14. карт. ряд, серияa run of cards - карты одной масти, идущие подряд по достоинству; «стрит» ( в покере)
15. средний тип, сорт или разрядthe general run of smth. - что-л. обычное /среднее/
an ordinary run of cloth - обыкновенный /стандартный/ сорт ткани
the common /general, ordinary/ run of men - обыкновенные люди
out of the run - необыкновенный, из ряда вон выходящий, незаурядный
above the ordinary run of mankind - необыкновенный, незаурядный
not like the common run of girls - не такая, как все девушки
16. спросa run on rubber [on a book] - большой спрос на резину [на книгу]
the book had a considerable run - книга пользовалась спросом; книга хорошо распродавалась
a run on the bank - ком. наплыв в банк требований о возвращении вкладов, массовое изъятие вкладов из банка
17. разг. разрешение, право пользоваться (чем-л.)to have the run of smb.'s house - иметь право распоряжаться в чьём-л. доме
to give smb. the (free) run of one's house [books] - разрешить кому-л. (свободно, беспрепятственно) распоряжаться /пользоваться/ своим домом [своими книгами]
I had the run of a well-stocked library - в моём полном распоряжении оказалась богатая библиотека
18. 1) загон (для овец и т. п.)2) вольер (для кур и т. п.)3) австрал. пастбище, особ. овечье4) австрал. скотоводческая ферма19. амер. ручей, поток20. 1) сильный прилив, приток (воды и т. п.)2) амер. ток ( жидкости); истечение21. уклон, трасса22. обвал, оползень23. труба, жёлоб, лоток ( для воды)24. длина (провода, труб)a 500 ft run of pipe - пятисотфутовый отрезок трубы; труба длиной в пятьсот футов
25. размер ( стиха)26. 1) ход рыбы на нерест2) нерестящаяся рыба27. марш ( лестницы)28. мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)29. муз. руладаII1. ход, работа, действие (мотора, машины)test /trial/ run - испытание (машины, оборудования и т. п.) [см. тж. I 4, 1)]
an experimental run to test the machinery - опытный /пробный/ запуск агрегата
2. течение, ход (событий и т. п.)the run of the disease - ход /течение/ болезни
the usual /ordinary/ run of things - обычное положение вещей
the run of the market - ком. общая тенденция рыночных цен
3. демонстрирование, показ, просмотр (фильма, спектакля)the first run of the film - премьера кинофильма, выпуск кинофильма на экран
4. провоз ( контрабанды)5. ав. заход на цель (тж. bombing run)6. амер. спустившаяся петля ( на чулке)7. серия ( измерений)♢
at a run - подряд, один за другим [см. тж. I 1, 1)]
in the long run - в конце концов; в конечном счёте; в общем
to go with a run - ≅ идти как по маслу
prices [temperature] came down with a run - цены [температура] резко упали [упала]
to give smb. /to let smb. have/ a good run for his money - а) предоставить кому-л. все удовольствия на свете (обыкн. ирон.); б) заставить кого-л. побегать, поволноваться и т. п.
it's all in the day's run - это всё обычно, мы ко всему этому привыкли
2. [rʌn] athe run of one's teeth - бесплатное питание (обыкн. за проделанную работу)
1. жидкий; расплавленный; растопленный2. вылитый в расплавленном состоянии; литой3. отцеженный, отфильтрованный4. разг. контрабандный5. нерестящийсяrun fish - рыба, пришедшая в пресную воду на нерест
6. спец. мягкийrun coal - мягкий или сыпучий уголь; мягкий битуминозный уголь; рядовой уголь
7. диал. свернувшийся, скисший ( о молоке)3. [rʌn] v (ran, run)I1. бежать, бегатьto run fast [slowly, as hard as one can, like a deer] — бегать быстро [медленно, изо всех сил, как олень]
to run a mile — пробежать милю [ср. тж. II А 6, 2)]
to run about the streets [the fields] — бегать /носиться/ по улицам [по полям]
to run at smb.'s heels — бежать рядом ( о собаке)
to run past smb. — пробежать мимо кого-л.
to run after smb. — а) бежать за кем-л.; run after him — беги за ним!, догони его!; б) ухаживать, «бегать» за кем-л.
run after smth. — бежать за чем-л.
to run for smb. — сбегать за кем-л.
to run to smb. for help — побежать к кому-л. за помощью
she always runs to me in case of trouble — когда у неё неприятности, она всегда прибегает /обращается/ ко мне
I must run now — я должен уже бежать, мне пора (уходить)
2. гнать, подгонятьhe ran me breathless /off my logs, off my feet/ — он меня совершенно загнал, он меня загнал до изнеможения
3. убегать, спасаться бегством (тж. run away, run off)to run from smb., smth. — убегать от кого-л., чего-л.
to run for it — разг. удирать, спасаться, искать спасения в бегстве
to run for one's life /for dear life/ — разг. бежать /удирать/ изо всех сил
to run before the sea — мор. уходить от волны
to run out of range — воен. выходить за пределы досягаемости ( огня)
4. 1) двигаться, катиться, скользитьto run on rails — ходить /двигаться/ по рельсам
to run off the rails — а) сойти с рельсов (о поезде, трамвае); б) сбиться с пути (праведного); в) ≅ с катушек долой
the ship ran before the wind — а) корабль плыл с попутным ветром; б) мор. корабль шёл на фордевинд
life runs smoothly for her — её жизнь течёт гладко /спокойно/
2) амер. разг. катать в автомобиле (кого-л.)5. 1) ходить, следовать, курсировать, плаватьto run every three minutes [daily] — ходить каждые три минуты [ежедневно]
to run behind schedule — опаздывать, отставать от расписания
to run straight for — мор. идти прямо в
to run off the course — мор. сбиваться с курса
to run in with the shore — мор. идти вдоль берега
2) двигаться, идти ( с определённой скоростью)this train runs at 50 miles an hour — этот поезд делает /идёт со скоростью/ пятьдесят миль в час
we run from forty to fifty miles a day — мы проходим /делаем/ от сорока до пятидесяти миль в день
3) съездить (куда-л.) на короткий срокto run up to town (for a day or two) — съездить в город (обыкн. в Лондон) (на день-два)
to run up and visit smb. — съездить к кому-л. погостить
to run down to the country — съездить в деревню /в провинцию/ (обыкн. из Лондона)
4) ав. совершать пробег, разбег5) ав. заходить на цель6. 1) бежать, лететь, протекать ( о времени)time runs fast — время бежит /летит/
2) идти, происходить (о событиях и т. п.)7. проноситься, мелькатьthoughts run in /through/ one's head [mind] — мысли мелькают /проносятся/ в голове [в уме]
8. (быстро) распространятьсяa rumour ran through the town — по городу разнёсся /распространился, пополз/ слух
the news ran like wildfire /like lightning/ — новость распространилась с молниеносной быстротой
a murmur ran through the ranks — ропот пробежал /прокатился/ по рядам
a cheer ran down the line — возгласы одобрения /крики ура/ прокатились по строю
I felt the blood running to my head — я почувствовал, как кровь ударила /бросилась/ мне в голову
9. 1) тянуться, простираться, расстилатьсяto run north and south — тянуться /простираться/ на север и на юг
this line runs from... to... — этот маршрут проходит от... до..., эта линия соединяет...
2) ползти, виться ( о растениях)10. проводить, прокладывать11. 1) быть действительным на определённый срок2) распространяться на определённую территорию, действовать на определённой территорииso far as British justice runs — там, где действует британское правосудие
3) иметь хождение ( о деньгах)4) сопровождать в качестве непременного условияa right-of-way that runs with the land — земля, через которую проходит полоса отчуждения (шоссе и т. п.)
12. 1) течь, литься, сочиться, струитьсяthis river runs smoothly — эта река течёт плавно /спокойно/
wait till the water runs hot — подожди, пока не пойдёт горячая вода
blood ran in torrents — кровь текла /лилась/ ручьём
till the blood ran — пока не потекла /не показалась/ кровь
tears ran down her cheeks — слёзы текли /катились/ по её щекам /лицу/
her eyes ran with tears — её глаза наполнились слезами; из её глаз потекли слёзы
the kettle is beginning to run — чайник закипает /льётся через край/
the scolding ran off him like water off a duck's back — его ругают, а с него как с гуся вода
2) протекать, течьthis tap [barrel, pen] runs — этот кран [бочонок, эта ручка] течёт
his nose was running, he was running at the nose — у него текло из носу
his eyes run — у него слезятся /гноятся/ глаза
3) разливаться, расплываться4) таять, течь5) (into) сливаться, переходить (во что-л.)to run into one — сливаться, объединяться воедино
to run into one another — переходить один в другой, сливаться в одно
13. лить, наливатьto run water into a bath-tub — наливать воду в ванну, напускать ванну
14. 1) вращатьсяa wheel [a spindle] runs — колесо [шпиндель] вращается
to run (up)on an axis — а) вращаться вокруг оси; б) вращаться на оси
2) (on, upon) касаться (какой-л. темы и т. п.)his mind kept running on the problem — его мысли всё время вертелись вокруг этой проблемы; он всё время думал об этой проблеме
our talk /the conversation/ ran on recent events — мы всё время говорили /разговор шёл/ о недавних событиях
3) (over) касаться, слегка дотрагиваться до (чего-л.)15. гласитьthe story runs that (the bank will close) — говорят, что (банк закроется)
the proverb runs like this — вот как звучит эта пословица, эта пословица гласит
16. проходить; преодолевать ( препятствие)to run rapids — преодолевать пороги, проходить через пороги
17. линять18. амер., австрал. дразнить (кого-л.), приставать (к кому-л.), дёргать (кого-л.)19. стр. покрывать штукатуркойII А1. руководить (учреждением и т. п.); вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.)to run a business — вести дело, управлять предприятием
to run a factory — управлять фабрикой, быть управляющим на фабрике
to run a theatre — руководить театром, быть директором театра
to run the house (for smb.) — вести (чьё-л.) хозяйство
to run the show — разг. заправлять (чем-л.)
who is running the show? — разг. кто здесь главный?
2. 1) управлять ( автомобилем); водить (автобус и т. п.)to run the engine — запускать двигатель /мотор/
to run a car into a garage [off the road] — поставить автомобиль в гараж [съехать на обочину]
2) водить корабль без конвоя ( во время войны)to run (the) trials — мор. а) производить ходовые испытания; б) проходить ходовые испытания
4. работать, действовать ( о машине)the motor runs smoothly [very nice] — мотор работает ровно /спокойно/ [хорошо]
you mustn't let the machine run free /idle/ — ты не должен допускать, чтобы машина работала вхолостую /на холостом ходу/
an engine that runs at a very high speed — мотор, работающий на больших скоростях
5. 1) пускать ( линию); открывать (трассу, сообщение)an express train runs between these cities — между этими городами ходит поезд /есть железнодорожное сообщение/
2) отправлять (автобусы и т. п.) на линию, по маршруту6. 1) проводить (соревнования, бега, скачки; тж. run off)we are running a competition to find new dancers — мы проводим конкурс, чтобы выявить новых танцоров
2) участвовать (в соревнованиях, в беге, в скачках)to run (in) a race — участвовать в соревнованиях по бегу или в скачках
to run (a race over) a mile — участвовать в беге на одну милю [ср. тж. I 1]
3) занимать место (в соревнованиях и т. п.)to run second [third] — прийти вторым [третьим]
my horse ran last — моя лошадь пришла последней /заняла последнее место/
also ran — также участвовала (в соревнованиях и т. п. — о лошадях), но не заняла призового места [см. тж. ♢ ]
7. 1) демонстрировать, показывать (пьесу, фильм)2) идти (о пьесе, фильме)the film runs for nearly 21/2 hours — фильм идёт почти два с половиной часа
8. 1) перевозить, транспортировать ( груз)to run smb. into London — отвезти кого-л. в Лондон
2) провозить контрабандойto run liquor [drugs, arms] — нелегально /контрабандой/ провозить спиртные напитки [наркотики, оружие]
9. 1) преследовать, травить (зверя и т. п.)to run to earth — а) загнать в нору; б) скрыться в нору; в) выследить; найти, обнаружить; настигнуть; I was run to earth by Ben — Бен еле-еле разыскал меня; to run a quarry to earth — настичь, жертву; г) спрятаться, притаиться
2) преследовать ( по суду)10. подвергаться (риску, опасности)to run risks /hazards, chances/ — рисковать
we ran a chance of getting no dinner — мы могли /нам грозило, мы рисковали/ остаться без обеда
you run the danger of being suspected of theft — есть опасность, что вас заподозрят в краже
11. печатать, опубликовывать, помещать (в газете, журнале)to run a story on the third page — помещать /давать/ рассказ на третьей странице
12. 1) баллотироваться ( на пост)to run for parliament [for office, for president] — баллотироваться в парламент [на (какую-л.) должность, на пост президента]
2) выставлять ( кандидатуру)to run a candidate — выставлять /выдвигать/ кандидата
who(m) will the Republicans run against the Democratic candidate? — кого выставят республиканцы против кандидата (от) демократической партии?
13. выполнять ( поручение)to run errands — а) выполнять поручения; б) быть на посылках, на побегушках
to run messages — быть посыльным, разносить телеграммы и т. п.
14. болтать; распускать ( язык)15. спускаться ( о петле)16. смётывать (платье и т. п.); сшить на скорую руку (тж. to run up)17. идти ( на нерест)18. 1) плавить ( металл)2) лить, отливать ( металл)19. отставать ( о коре деревьев)20. ударить ( по шару), покатить ( шар — в биллиарде)21. диал.1) скисать, свёртываться ( о молоке)2) квасить, приводить к свёртыванию ( молоко)II Б1. to run across smb., smth. случайно встретить кого-л., что-л., случайно встретиться с кем-л., чем-л.; натолкнуться на кого-л., что-л.I ran across him in the street — я случайно встретился /столкнулся/ с ним на улице
2. to run against smth. наталкиваться, налетать, наскакивать на что-л., сталкиваться с чем-л.to run against a rock — наскочить на скалу, удариться о скалу
3. to run against smb. идти, действовать, выступать против кого-л.4. to run smth. against smth. столкнуть что-л. с чем-л.; стукнуть что-л. обо что-л.to run one's head against a wall — а) стукнуться головой о стену; б) прошибать лбом стену
5. to run smb., smth. against smb. выдвигать кого-л., что-л. против кого-л.6. to run at smb., smth. нападать, набрасываться, накидываться на кого-л., что-л.to run at smth. with a knife — броситься на кого-л. с ножом
7. to run into smth.1) налетать, наскакивать, наталкиваться на что-л., сталкиваться с чем-л.to run into a wall [into a tree, into a boulder] — налететь на стену [на дерево, на камень]
to run into a gale — мор. попасть в шторм
climbing higher, we ran into thick mist — поднявшись выше, мы попали в густой туман /оказались в густом тумане/
2) попадать в какое-л. положениеto run into danger [into mischief, into trouble] — попасть в опасное положение [в беду]
we expect to run into a few snags before the machine is ready for production — вполне возможно, что прежде чем машина будет готова к запуску в производство, в ней обнаружатся некоторые недоделки
3) достигать определённого количества, исчисляться определённой суммойthe damages ran into thousands — компенсация за убытки исчислялась тысячами /достигала нескольких тысяч/ (фунтов)
the ship runs into so many tons displacement — мор. корабль имеет водоизмещение, достигающее стольких-то тонн
8. to run into smb. случайно встретить кого-л., столкнуться с кем-л.to run slap into smb. — разг. налететь на кого-л., столкнуться лицом к лицу с кем-л.
9. to run smth., smb. into smth.1) втыкать, вгонять, вонзать что-л. во что-л.2) вводить, ставить; кого-л. в что-л.to run smb. into expense — ввести кого-л. в расход
to run smb. into difficulties — поставить кого-л. в трудное положение
10. to run smth., smb. into smth., smb. столкнуть что-л., кого-л. с чем-л., кем-л.; заставить что-л., кого-л. налететь, наскочить, натолкнуться на что-л., на кого-л.he lost control of the car and ran it into a lamp-post — он потерял управление и врезался в фонарный столб
11. to run on smth. = to run upon smth.12. to run out of smth. истощать запас чего-л.; иссякать (о запасах и т. п.)to run out of ammunition — воен. израсходовать боеприпасы
to run out of altitude — ав. терять высоту полёта
13. to run smth. over smth., smb. проводить чем-л. по чему-л., кому-л.to run one's hand [fingers] (down [up]) over his face [her] — провести рукой [пальцами] (вниз [вверх]) по его лицу [по ней]
to run an eye over smth., smb. — окинуть взглядом, бегло осмотреть что-л., кого-л.
he ran a rapid eye over the papers — он бросил быстрый взгляд на бумаги /газеты/, он быстро пробежал глазами бумаги /газеты/
14. to run smth. through smth. продевать, пропускать что-л. через что-л.to run a thread through an eyelet — продеть нитку в ушко /в петлю/
to run one's fingers [a comb] through one's [smb.'s] hair — провести пальцами [расчёской] по своим [по чьим-л.] волосам
to run a pen [a pencil] through smth. — зачеркнуть /прочеркнуть, перечеркнуть/ что-л. ручкой [карандашом]
15. to run smth. through smb., to run smb. through with smth. пронзать, прокалывать кого-л. чем-л.to run a sword through smb., to run smb. through with a sword — проколоть /проткнуть, пронзить/ кого-л. шпагой
16. to run through smth.1) бегло прочитывать /просматривать/ что-л.to run through the text [papers] — бегло /быстро/ просмотреть текст /бумаги/
2) разг. повторять (особ. вкратце)I'll just run through the main points of the subject — разрешите вкратце напомнить главные разделы этой темы
would you mind running through your proposals? — пожалуйста, перечислите вкратце ваши предложения
3) репетироватьI'd like to run you through that scene you have with Ophelia — я бы хотел повторить вашу сцену с Офелией
4) тратитьto run through money /fortune/ — промотать деньги /состояние/
17. to run over smth.1) бегло просматривать, пробегать (что-л. глазами)to run over a text [one's part, the names] — просматривать текст [свою роль, список имён]
2) повторять3) репетировать; прослушивать актёра, читающего рольjust run over my lines with me before the rehearsal begins — пожалуйста, послушайте мою роль, пока ещё не началась репетиция (всей пьесы)
18. to run to smth.1) тяготеть к чему-л., иметь склонность к чему-л.to run to fat — а) быть предрасположенным к полноте; б) разг. толстеть, жиреть; в) превращаться в жир
to run to sentiment — а) быть склонным к сентиментальности; б) быть сентиментальным
to run to any length /to anything/ — пойти на что угодно
to run to forgery — пойти на подделку (подписи, документов)
2) достигать (суммы, цифры)the increase may run to ten thousand pounds — увеличение может достигнуть суммы в десять тысяч фунтов
that will run to a pretty penny — это влетит /встанет/ в копеечку
3) хватать, быть достаточным19. to run (up)on smth. неожиданно, внезапно встретиться с чем-л., натолкнуться, наскочить на что-л.to run (up)on rocks — а) потерпеть крушение; б) натолкнуться на непреодолимые препятствия
to run on a mine — мор. наскочить на мину
20. to run smth. (up)on smth. натолкнуть на что-л., заставить наехать на что-л.21. to run smb. up /over, down/ to some place отвезти кого-л. куда-л.to run smb. up to town — отвезти кого-л. в город (обыкн. в Лондон)
22. to run with smb. преим. амер. общаться с кем-л.; водить компанию с кем-л.a ram running with ewes — баран, пасущийся с овечками
23. to run counter to smth. противоречить, идти вразрез с чем-л.III А1. становиться, делатьсяto run dry — а) высыхать; the river ran dry — река высохла /пересохла/; б) выдыхаться, иссякать
my imagination ran dry — моё воображение истощилось, моя фантазия иссякла
to run high — а) подниматься ( о приливе); б) волноваться ( о море); the sea runs high — море волнуется; в) разгораться ( о страстях); passions /feelings/ ran high — страсти разгорались /бушевали/; г) возрастать ( о ценах)
the tide is running strong — вода быстро прибывает, прилив быстро поднимается
to run low — а) понижаться, опускаться; б) истощаться, иссякать, быть на исходе; кончаться
supplies ran low — запасы были на исходе /кончались/
his funds [stores] are running low — его фонды [запасы] подходят к концу
to run short — истощаться, подходить к концу
I have run short of money, my money has run short — у меня кончились деньги, мне не хватило денег
to run wild — а) бурно разрастаться; the garden is running wild — сад зарастает; б) расти без присмотра; не получить образования; в) разойтись, разыграться; his imagination ran wild — его воображение разыгралось; г) не знать удержу, пуститься во все тяжкие
2. быть, являтьсяthe apples [pears] run large /big/ this year — в этом году яблоки [груши] крупные
they run in all shapes — они бывают разной формы /всех видов, всякие, разные/
to run in the blood /in the family/ — быть наследственным
courage [the collecting spirit, fondness for music] runs in the family — храбрость [страсть к коллекционированию, любовь к музыке] — это у них семейное
3. иметьI think I am running a temperature — мне кажется, что у меня (поднимается) температура
he always runs a fever if he gets his feet wet — его всегда лихорадит, если он промочит ноги
♢
an also ran — неудачник [см. тж. II А 6, 3)]
to run riot см. riot I ♢
to run the show — распоряжаться; быть во главе; ≅ командовать парадом
to run smth. close — быть почти равным (по качеству и т. п.)
to run smb. close — а) быть чьим-л. опасным соперником; б) быть почти равным кому-л.
to run to cover — уйти от /избежать/ опасности; принять меры предосторожности
to cut and run — убегать; удирать, спасаться бегством; бежать со всех ног; улепётывать
to run foul (of) — а) мор. столкнуться ( с другим судном); б) ист. брать на абордаж; в) поссориться; вступить в конфликт
to run oneself [smb.] into the ground — измотать себя [кого-л.]; совершенно измочалить себя (работой, спортом и т. п.)
to run smb. ragged см. ragged ♢
to run to seed см. seed I ♢
to run a mile (from) — бегать от кого-л.; изо всех сил избегать кого-л.
he was a bore whom everyone ran a mile from — он был занудой, от которого все старались избавиться
to run it /things/ fine — иметь в обрез (времени, денег)
to run out of steam см. steam I 3
to run rings round см. ring1 I ♢
to run before the hounds — забегать вперед, опережать события
to run the wrong hare — просчитаться, ошибиться в расчётах; пойти по ложному следу
to run aground — мор. а) сесть или посадить на мель; to run a ship aground — посадить корабль на мель; б) выбрасываться на берег
to run ashore — мор. выбрасываться на берег; приткнуться к берегу
to run a line [a rope] ashore — передать /бросить/ конец [трос] на берег
to run with the hare and hunt with the hounds — посл. ≅ служить и нашим и вашим; вести двойную игру
he who runs may read — посл. всякий поймёт, всякому доступно /понятно/ (о чём-л. лёгком, доступном для понимания)
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54 временный администратор
1) Law: interim administrator (англ. термин взят из статьи в газете Sequoyah County Times, U.S. State of Oklahoma)2) Business: court-appointed executor (назначенный судом)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > временный администратор
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55 editor
1) (a person who edits books etc: a dictionary editor.) editor, redactor2) (a person who is in charge of (part of) a newspaper, journal etc: The editor of The Times; She has been appointed fashion editor.) redactor jefeeditor n director
editor
◊ - tora adjetivopublishing ( before n) ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino ( que publica) publisher; (que revisa, modifica) editor
editor,-ora
I adjetivo publishing
II sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 (dueño de editorial) publisher
2 (supervisor de edición) editor ' editor' also found in these entries: Spanish: director - directora - ed. - editora - jefa - jefe - montador - montadora - redactor - redactora - aspirante English: editor - publisher - associate - selftr['edɪtəSMALLr/SMALL]2 (of newspaper etc) director,-ra3 (of film, programme) montador,-ra\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLeditor in chief redactor,-ra jefeeditor's note nota de la redaccióneditor ['ɛdɪt̬ər] n: editor m, -tora f; redactor m, -tora fn.• director s.m.• director de un periódico o revista s.m.• editor (Programa) s.m.• redactor s.m.• redactor jefe s.m.• revisor de un manuscrito s.m.'edətər, 'edɪtə(r)1) ( of text) redactor, -tora m,f, editor, -tora m,f; (of collected works, series) editor, -tora m,f2) (of newspaper, magazine) director, -tora m,f, redactor, -tora m,f responsable3) (of movie, radio show) editor, -tora m,f['edɪtǝ(r)]N [of newspaper, magazine] director(a) m / f ; (=publisher's editor) redactor(a) m / f ; (Cine, TV) montador(a) m / f, editor(a) m / f ; (Rad) editor(a) m / feditor's note — nota f de la redacción
the sports editor — el/la redactor(a) de la sección de deportes
* * *['edətər, 'edɪtə(r)]1) ( of text) redactor, -tora m,f, editor, -tora m,f; (of collected works, series) editor, -tora m,f2) (of newspaper, magazine) director, -tora m,f, redactor, -tora m,f responsable3) (of movie, radio show) editor, -tora m,f -
56 editor
noun1) (who prepares the work of others) Redakteur, der/Redakteurin, die; (of particular work) Bearbeiter, der/Bearbeiterin, die; (scholarly) Herausgeber, der/-geberin, diesports/business editor — Sport-/Wirtschaftsredakteur, der
* * *1) (a person who edits books etc: a dictionary editor.) der Herausgeber2) (a person who is in charge of (part of) a newspaper, journal etc: The editor of The Times; She has been appointed fashion editor.) der Redakteur* * *edi·tor[ˈedɪtəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]n2. (of a press department) Redakteur(in) m(f), Redaktor(in) m(f) SCHWEIZ; (of a publishing department) [Verlags]redakteur(in) m(f), [Verlags]redaktor(in) m(f) SCHWEIZ* * *['edɪtə(r)]n(of text, newspaper, magazine, series, author) Herausgeber(in) m(f); (publisher's) (Verlags)lektor(in) m(f); (FILM) Cutter(in) m(f); (COMPUT) Editor mpolitical editor — politischer Redakteur m, politische Redakteurin f
sports editor — Sportredakteur(in) m(f)
editor in chief — Herausgeber(in) m(f); (of newspaper) Chefredakteur(in) m(f)
the editors in our educational department — die Redaktion unserer Schulbuchabteilung
the editor of this passage obviously misunderstood — der, der diese Stelle redigierte, hat offensichtlich nicht richtig verstanden
* * *editor [ˈedıtə(r)] s2. Zeitung:b) Redakteur(in):the editors pl auch die Redaktion3. FILM, TV Cutter(in)4. IT Editor m (Hilfsprogramm zur Erstellung und Bearbeitung von Textdateien)ed. abk1. edited2. edition3. editor4. education5. educational* * *noun1) (who prepares the work of others) Redakteur, der/Redakteurin, die; (of particular work) Bearbeiter, der/Bearbeiterin, die; (scholarly) Herausgeber, der/-geberin, diesports/business editor — Sport-/Wirtschaftsredakteur, der
* * *n.Editor -en m.Herausgeber m.Redakteur m. -
57 Redakteur
[redak’tø:ə] m; -s, -e, Redakteurin f; -, -nen editor; verantwortlicher Redakteur commissioning editor* * *der Redakteureditor* * *Re|dak|teur [redak'tøːɐ]1. m -s, -e, Re|dak|teu|rin[-'tøːrɪn]2. f -, -neneditor* * *(a person who is in charge of (part of) a newspaper, journal etc: The editor of The Times; She has been appointed fashion editor.) editor* * *Re·dak·teur(in)<-s, -e>[redakˈtø:ɐ]m(f) editor* * *der; Redakteurs, Redakteure, Redakteurin die; Redakteur, Redakteurnen editorRedakteur für Politik/Wirtschaft — political/economics editor
* * *verantwortlicher Redakteur commissioning editor* * *der; Redakteurs, Redakteure, Redakteurin die; Redakteur, Redakteurnen editorRedakteur für Politik/Wirtschaft — political/economics editor
* * *m.editor n. -
58 redakteur
[redak’tø:ə] m; -s, -e, Redakteurin f; -, -nen editor; verantwortlicher Redakteur commissioning editor* * *der Redakteureditor* * *Re|dak|teur [redak'tøːɐ]1. m -s, -e, Re|dak|teu|rin[-'tøːrɪn]2. f -, -neneditor* * *(a person who is in charge of (part of) a newspaper, journal etc: The editor of The Times; She has been appointed fashion editor.) editor* * *Re·dak·teur(in)<-s, -e>[redakˈtø:ɐ]m(f) editor* * *der; Redakteurs, Redakteure, Redakteurin die; Redakteur, Redakteurnen editorRedakteur für Politik/Wirtschaft — political/economics editor
* * *Fernsehredakteur television editor;Zeitschriftenredakteur magazine editor* * *der; Redakteurs, Redakteure, Redakteurin die; Redakteur, Redakteurnen editorRedakteur für Politik/Wirtschaft — political/economics editor
* * *m.editor n. -
59 editor
1) (a person who edits books etc: a dictionary editor.) redaktør, utgiver; filmklipper2) (a person who is in charge of (part of) a newspaper, journal etc: The editor of The Times; She has been appointed fashion editor.) redaktørredaktørsubst. \/ˈedɪtə\/1) redaktør, utgiver2) ( EDB) redigeringsprogramchief editor sjefredaktør, hovedredaktør -
60 determinado
adj.1 determined, bound and determined, set, definite.2 given, particular.past part.past participle of spanish verb: determinar.* * *1→ link=determinar determinar► adjetivo1 (preciso) definite, precise, certain, given, particular2 (día, hora, etc) fixed, set, appointed3 (resuelto) determined, decisive, resolute4 GRAMÁTICA definite5 MATEMÁTICAS determinate* * *(f. - determinada)adj.1) determined2) certain, particular* * *ADJ1) (=preciso) certainun día determinado — on a certain o given day
2) [persona] determined, resolute3) (Ling) [artículo] definite4) (Mat) determinate* * *- da adjetivo (definido, preciso) <fecha/lugar> certain* * *= determined, set, purposeful, dogged, determinate, unwavering, agreed, desired, hell-bent, certain, resolute.Ex. The fifteenth edition, published in 1951, represented a determined effort to update and unify the schedules.Ex. With a set number of categories the specificity of the headings to be included in the index must be determined to a large extent.Ex. Undue haste and panic can be minimized by calm, purposeful behavior that is reassuring to the public.Ex. The last 50 years of academic librarianship have seen a dogged search for standards.Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.Ex. Savage's greatest claim to the attention of present-day librarians is his inspiring and unwavering belief in the value of librarianship.Ex. Such reports are sent to 'correspondents' in the member states; these correspondents are responsible for forwarding the reports to an agreed list of destinations in their own country.Ex. Arguably, before one tries to understand what current action would be optimal, one should decide on the desired eventual outcome.Ex. Fuller's novel make for a form of intellectual clarity, even if that clarity, paradoxically, is expressed in a ferocious hell-bent manner.Ex. The same is true for personal names, for subject headings or descriptors, for certain types of titles, for classification numbers, for call numbers, and so on = Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los nombres personales, los encabezamientos de materia o descriptores, cierto tipo de títulos, los números de clasificación, las signaturas topográficas, etc.Ex. The work on gaining acceptance for disabled people in the 1980s is to become more resolute in the 1990s in the name of social justice.----* determinado de antemano = pre-established [preestablished].* determinado por el consumidor = consumer-driven [consumer driven].* determinado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].* determinado por la genética = genetically-driven.* determinado por los genes = genetically-driven.* dispositivo de desconexión automática transcurrido un tiempo determinado = time out mechanism.* en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.* en ocasiones determinadas = on any one occasion.* en un momento determinado = at a particular point in time, on any one occasion.* número determinado de = nth.* * *- da adjetivo (definido, preciso) <fecha/lugar> certain* * *= determined, set, purposeful, dogged, determinate, unwavering, agreed, desired, hell-bent, certain, resolute.Ex: The fifteenth edition, published in 1951, represented a determined effort to update and unify the schedules.
Ex: With a set number of categories the specificity of the headings to be included in the index must be determined to a large extent.Ex: Undue haste and panic can be minimized by calm, purposeful behavior that is reassuring to the public.Ex: The last 50 years of academic librarianship have seen a dogged search for standards.Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.Ex: Savage's greatest claim to the attention of present-day librarians is his inspiring and unwavering belief in the value of librarianship.Ex: Such reports are sent to 'correspondents' in the member states; these correspondents are responsible for forwarding the reports to an agreed list of destinations in their own country.Ex: Arguably, before one tries to understand what current action would be optimal, one should decide on the desired eventual outcome.Ex: Fuller's novel make for a form of intellectual clarity, even if that clarity, paradoxically, is expressed in a ferocious hell-bent manner.Ex: The same is true for personal names, for subject headings or descriptors, for certain types of titles, for classification numbers, for call numbers, and so on = Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los nombres personales, los encabezamientos de materia o descriptores, cierto tipo de títulos, los números de clasificación, las signaturas topográficas, etc.Ex: The work on gaining acceptance for disabled people in the 1980s is to become more resolute in the 1990s in the name of social justice.* determinado de antemano = pre-established [preestablished].* determinado por el consumidor = consumer-driven [consumer driven].* determinado por el usuario = customer driven [customer-driven].* determinado por la genética = genetically-driven.* determinado por los genes = genetically-driven.* dispositivo de desconexión automática transcurrido un tiempo determinado = time out mechanism.* en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.* en ocasiones determinadas = on any one occasion.* en un momento determinado = at a particular point in time, on any one occasion.* número determinado de = nth.* * *determinado -daA (definido, preciso) ‹fecha/lugar› certainquedaron en encontrarse en un lugar determinado y no apareció they agreed to meet at a certain o given place but she didn't show upen determinado momento me di cuenta de que se había ido at a certain point I realized that she had goneen determinadas circunstancias in certain circumstancesde una manera determinada in a certain o particular waysi se excede una determinada dosis if a particular dosage is exceededB ‹persona/actitud› determined, resolute* * *
Del verbo determinar: ( conjugate determinar)
determinado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
determinado
determinar
determinado◊ -da adjetivo ‹fecha/lugar› certain;
en determinadas circunstancias in certain circumstances;
una determinada dosis a particular dosage
determinar ( conjugate determinar) verbo transitivo
1 (establecer, precisar)
[ persona] to determine
2 ( motivar) to cause, bring about
determinado,-a adjetivo
1 (concreto, preciso) fixed: en determinado momento se puso a cantar, at one particular moment she began to sing
le gusta un tipo de música muy determinado, she likes a certain kind of music
2 Ling (artículo) definite
3 (decidido, convencido) decisive, resolute
determinar verbo transitivo
1 (concretar, especificar) to fix, set
2 (tomar una decisión) to decide on
3 (averigurar, aclarar) las causas del secuestro están por determinar, the motives for the kidnapping are still unknown
4 (condicionar) to determine
5 (causar) to bring about
' determinado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
determinada
- orientar
- resuelta
- resuelto
- tardar
- dado
- dejar
- empecinado
English:
certain
- definite
- given
- hellbent
- pitch
- set
- particular
* * *determinado, -a adj1. [cierto, alguno] certain;en determinadas fechas es mejor no viajar it is better not to travel on certain dates;hay determinados lugares donde la delincuencia es mayor there are certain places where the crime rate is higher;ante determinados síntomas es mejor acudir al médico with some symptoms it is better to see your doctor2. [preciso, concreto] specific, particular;en un momento determinado no sabía qué hacer there was a point where I just didn't know what to do3. [resuelto] determined;estar determinado a hacer algo to be determined to do sth4. Gram definite;artículo determinado definite article* * *adj certain* * *determinado, -da adj1) : certain, particular2) : determined, resolute* * *determinado adj1. (cierto) certain2. (preciso) specific / particular
См. также в других словарях:
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