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41 class
̈ɪklɑ:s
1. сущ.
1) а) (общественный) класс working class ≈ рабочий класс middle class ≈ средний класс upper class ≈ крупная буржуазия;
аристократия б) (the classes) имущие классы
2) а) группа, класс ( в колледже, школе) the top of the class ≈ первый ученик( в классе) б) занятие, урок;
курс обучения, курс лекций When is class? ≈ Когда будут занятия? Syn: course
1., session;
lesson
1. в) амер. выпуск( группа студентов или учащихся, поступивших в одном и том же году, прослушавших единый курс обучения и окончивших в одном и том же году) the class of 1975 ≈ выпуск 1975 года class-system ≈ групповая система, система групп (при которой группа проходит единый курс обучения в отличие от 'university system' ≈ университетской системы, при которой такого единого курса нет)
3) воен. призывники одного и того же года рождения
4) отличие;
степень отличия (разделение на основе результатов экзамена) He will be lucky if he gets his class at all. ≈ Ему повезет, если его вообще аттестуют. to get a class, obtain a class ≈ окончить курс с отличием
5) класс, категория, тип;
разряд;
качество, сорт( разделение вещей на основе их достоинств, качества) Pine trees belong to the evergreen class. ≈ Сосны принадлежат к классу вечнозеленых растений. I came by the second class, and so saved the nine shillings. ≈ Я приехал вторым классом и сэкономил девять шиллингов. class of problems ≈ круг вопросов Syn: kind I, sort
1., division, category, group
1.
6) разг. класс, высокое качество;
шик, блеск There's not much class about her. ≈ Ничего классного в ней нет. Real class your sister is. ≈ Твоя сестра просто блеск. no class Syn: distinction, excellence, style
1.
2. прил.
1) классовый class struggle ≈ классовая борьба class morality ≈ классовая мораль
2) учебный, классный (относящийся к занятиям) The class system is essential to energetic common college life. ≈ Классная система полезна для активной общественной жизни в колледже.
3) классификационный
4) разг. шикарный, классный It was a class neighbourhood, thought Foxy, surveying the elegant, freshly-painted houses. ≈ "Отличные соседи", - подумал Фокси, разглядывая элегантные свежевыкрашенные дома.
3. гл.
1) классифицировать, систематизировать Since they can and do successfully inter-breed they cannot be classed as different species. ≈ Так как они могут скрещиваться и успешно это делают, их нельзя относить к разным видам. I class myself as an ordinary working person. ≈ Я отношу себя к обычному рабочему человеку. Syn: classify
2) аттестовать, распределять( студентов или школьников) по степеням отличия (в результате экзаменов) Tompkins obtained a degree, but was not classed. ≈ Томпкинс получил диплом, но без отличия. At a second year's examination Tom was not classed at all. ≈ По итогам экзаменов на втором году обучения Том вообще не был аттестован. ∙ class with( общественный) класс - the working * рабочий класс - the middle * (политэкономия) буржуазия;
среднее сословие;
средний слой общества - the upper * аристократия, дворянство;
высшее сословие, высшие слои общества;
крупная буржуазия - lower middle * мелкая буржуазия;
низы среднего класса;
мещанство, мещане - landed *es помещики, землевладельцы( редкое) имущие классы - the *es and masses все слои общества - to back the masses against the *es поддерживать трудящихся в борьбе против имущих классовый - * society классовое общество - * struggle классовая борьба - * differences классовые различия - * alien классово чуждый элемент класс;
разряд;
группа;
категория;
вид, род - ship's * класс судна - *es of weight( спортивное) весовые категории - open * (спортивное) свободный класс - * of fit (техническое) тип посадки - two *es of poets поэты двух родов - different *es of intellect разный склад ума - a good * of man порядочный человек - a poor * of house плохой дой - the best * of hotel первоклассная гостиница, гостиница высшего разряда - in a * by itself единственный в своем роде;
неподражаемый, неповторимый, незаменимый класс (поезда, парохода) - to travel first * ездить первым классом( морское) тип (корабля) сорт, качество - first * первоклассный, высшего сорта класс ( в школе) ;
группа (в колледже) - the top of the * первый ученик (в классе) - to take a * of beginners взять группу начинающих - listen, *! послушайте, дети! (обращение учителя) - * dismissed! урок окончен!, занятие окончено!;
можете идти! кружок( по изучению чего-л) занятие;
занятия;
курс обучения - to take *es учиться( чему-л) ;
проходить курс обучения (какому-л. предмету) - to take *es in cookery учиться на курсах кулинарии - what time does the * begin? когда начинаются занятия? - when is *? когда начало занятий?, когда приходить в школу? выпуск студентов или учащихся (одного года) ;
- * of 1980 выпуск 1980 года (биология) класс отличие - to get * окончить (курс) с отличием (разговорное) достоинство( поведения) ;
высокие качества (характера) - the new teacher's got real * новая учительница держится с большим достоинством - to be no * (разговорное) ничего не стоить, никуда не годиться - he is no * это человек низкого пошиба (сленг) "класс", шик;
привлекательность - that girl's got *! классная девчонка! (военное) ранг (американизм) (морское) статья;
- seaman 1st * матрос 1-й статьи( военное) призывники одного года рождения - the * of 1937 призывники 1937 года рождения классификационный - * heading широкая рубрика( систематической классификации) - * letter( морское) буква, означающая тип корабля;
(специальное) буква классификационного знака, буква индекса - * mark классификационный знак учебный;
относящийся к классу, к занятиям - * hours учебные часы - * day (американизм) выпускной акт с выступлениями выпускников (школы, колледжа) классифицировать, сортировать - the vessel is *ed A1 at Lloyds регистром Ллойда судну присвоен первый класс причислять - he cannot be *ed amond the best его нельзя отнести к лучшим зачислять в одну категорию, ставить наряду( с чем-л) - to * justice with wisdom ценить справедливость не меньше, чем мудрость присуждать диплом той или иной категории (в результате экзаменов) - Smith got a degree but was not *ed Смит получил диплом, но без отличия abstract ~ вчт. абстрактный класс age ~ возрастная группа annual ~ годичный класс base ~ вчт. базовый класс business ~ бизнес-класс ~ распределять отличия (в результате экзаменов) ;
Tompkins obtained a degree, but was not classed Томпкинс получил степень, но без отличия class вид ~ время начала занятий (в школе) ;
when is class? когда начинаются занятия? ~ амер. выпуск (студентов или учащихся такого-то года) ~ группа ~ занятие ~ категория ~ качество ~ класс (на железной дороге, пароходе) ;
to travel third class ездить в третьем классе ~ класс (в школе) ;
the top of the class первый ученик (в классе) ~ биол. класс ~ класс;
разряд;
группа;
категория;
class of problems круг вопросов ~ класс (общественный) ;
the working class рабочий класс;
the middle class средняя буржуазия ~ вчт. класс ~ класс ~ классифицировать ~ классный ~ классовый;
class alien классово чуждый элемент ~ курс (обучения) ;
to take classes (in) проходить курс обучения (где-л.) ~ курс обучения ~ отличие;
to get (или to obtain) a class окончить курс с отличием ~ воен. призывники одного и того же года рождения;
the 1957 class призывники 1957 года (рождения) ~ воен. призывники одного и того же года рождения;
the 1957 class призывники 1957 года (рождения) ~ разряд ~ распределять отличия (в результате экзаменов) ;
Tompkins obtained a degree, but was not classed Томпкинс получил степень, но без отличия ~ сорт, качество;
in a class by itself первоклассный;
it is no class разг. это никуда не годится ~ сорт ~ сортировать ~ составить себе мнение, оценить;
class with ставить наряду с ~ мор. тип корабля ~ классовый;
class alien классово чуждый элемент ~ ~ вчт. класс классов ~ of creditor in bankruptcy категория неплатежеспособности кредитора ~ of events вчт. класс событий ~ of goods категория товара ~ of goods сорт товара ~ of heir категория наследника ~ of insurance тип страхования ~ класс;
разряд;
группа;
категория;
class of problems круг вопросов ~ of risk степень риска ~ of shares класс акций ~ составить себе мнение, оценить;
class with ставить наряду с the upper ~ крупная буржуазия;
аристократия;
the classes имущие классы classes: classes: equivalence ~ вчт. класс эквивалентности complexity ~ вчт. класс сложности danger ~ категория риска data structure ~ вчт. класс структур данных deep-sea ~ глубоководный класс economy ~ экономический класс environmental ~ категория экологического состояния first ~ торг. первый класс ~ отличие;
to get (или to obtain) a class окончить курс с отличием ~ сорт, качество;
in a class by itself первоклассный;
it is no class разг. это никуда не годится ~ сорт, качество;
in a class by itself первоклассный;
it is no class разг. это никуда не годится job ~ вчт. класс задания lower ~ низший класс lower middle ~ мелкая буржуазия lower middle ~ низы среднего класса lower: ~ middle class мелкая буржуазия;
lower orders низшие сословия, классы media ~ категория средств рекламы ~ класс (общественный) ;
the working class рабочий класс;
the middle class средняя буржуазия middle ~ средний класс middle ~ средний слой naming ~ вчт. класс идентификаторов nonlife ~ категория ущерба object ~ вчт. класс объектов ocean-going ~ океанский класс output ~ вчт. выходной класс poison ~ третий класс privilege ~ вчт. класс привилегий productivity ~ класс продуктивности quality ~ произ. категория качества risk ~ класс риска ruling ~ правящий класс second ~ второй класс share ~ класс акций social ~ социальный класс storage ~ вчт. класс памяти system ~ вчт. системный класс ~ курс (обучения) ;
to take classes (in) проходить курс обучения (где-л.) ~ распределять отличия (в результате экзаменов) ;
Tompkins obtained a degree, but was not classed Томпкинс получил степень, но без отличия ~ класс (в школе) ;
the top of the class первый ученик (в классе) tourist ~ второй класс tourist: ~ attr. туристский, относящийся к туризму, путешествиям;
tourist agency бюро путешествий;
tourist class второй класс (на океанском пароходе или в самолете) traffic ~ вчт. класс трафика travel business ~ путешествовать бизнес-классом travel business ~ путешествовать деловым классом travel economy ~ путешествовать туристическим классом travel first ~ путешествовать первым классом ~ класс (на железной дороге, пароходе) ;
to travel third class ездить в третьем классе the upper ~ крупная буржуазия;
аристократия;
the classes имущие классы upper ~ аристократия upper ~ верхушка общества upper middle ~ верхушка среднего класса middle: the upper (lower) ~ class крупная (мелкая) буржуазия vehicle ~ класс автотранспортного средства ~ время начала занятий (в школе) ;
when is class? когда начинаются занятия? ~ класс (общественный) ;
the working class рабочий класс;
the middle class средняя буржуазия working ~ рабочий класс -
42 SDA
1) Компьютерная техника: Simplified Data Access3) Военный термин: Ships Destination Authority, Standard Double Arm, Strategic Defense Architecture, Strike Damage Assessment, severe damage to artillery, special duty assignment, supporting data analysis, system design activity, systems data analysis4) Техника: shallow-diode array, shutdown to acidize, slewing drive assembly, software development activities, standard design approval, startup detector assembly, supplier data approval5) Религия: Seventh Day Adventist, Seventh Day Adventists6) Юридический термин: Single Daily Action7) Ветеринария: Scottish Dairy Association8) Грубое выражение: Some Dumb Ass9) Телевидение: шина данных10) Сокращение: Soldier's Digital Assistant, Strategic Defence Architecture, System Design Authority, Self Decrypting Archive, Source Data Automation, strand displacement amplification11) Вычислительная техника: Shared Data Architecture, Software Design Automation, System Display Architecture, standard descriptive abstract, synchronous data adapter, Swappable Data Area (DOS), Screen Design Aid (IBM, ADT)12) Литература: Select Distinguished Area13) Нефть: shut down to acidize, остановка скважины для проведения кислотной обработки пласта (shutdown to acidize)14) Биохимия: Sabouraud Dextrose Agar15) Банковское дело: статическая проверка данных (Static Data Authentication)16) Деловая лексика: Simple Direct And Appropriate17) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Sanitary Design Assignment, Shell Development Australia18) Образование: Service Delivery Area19) Сетевые технологии: Serial data acquisition, стандартная аннотация20) Океанография: Survey Documentation And Analysis21) Сахалин Ю: strategic decision analysis22) Авиационная медицина: specific dynamic action23) Расширение файла: Share Distribution Agency, Software Disk Array, Software Distribution Network file archive description, Symbolic Device Address, System Display Architecture (Digital), Software Delivery Agent (IBM)24) Нефть и газ: Static Dissipater Additive (антистатическая присадка)25) Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: solvent deasphalting26) Молекулярная биология: Strand Displacement Amplification( амплификация с перемещением цепи)27) Фармация: State Drug Administration (Китай)28) Общественная организация: Service Dogs for America29) Должность: Severe Disability Allowance30) Аэропорты: Baghdad International Airport, Baghdad, Iraq31) Программное обеспечение: Secondary Data Access, Speed Demos Archive32) Профсоюзы: Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association -
43 model
ˈmɔdl
1. сущ.
1) а) модель;
макет (уменьшенная копия чего-л.) a ship model ≈ модель корабля Syn: small-scale reproduction б) модель, шаблон clay models for a statue ≈ модели из глины для статуи
2) модель (идеализированное или упрощенное описание чего-л.) mathematical model ≈ математическая модель model of economy ≈ модель экономики production model ≈ модель производства
3) а) образец, эталон to pose as a model ≈ выдавать за образец to serve as a model ≈ служить образцом to take as a model ≈ брать за образец a model of politeness ≈ образец вежливости role model ≈ образец для подражания Syn: standard
1., ideal
1. б) биол. модель (организм, которому подражают в мимикрии)
4) а) натурщик, натурщица artist's model ≈ натурщица художника photographer's model ≈ модель фотографа б) манекенщик, манекенщица в) эвф. проститутка
5) тип, марка, модель Model T ≈ первые марки автомобилей, выпущенных фирмой Форда Syn: make, design
1.
2. гл.
1) лепить to model a cat in clay ≈ лепить кошку из глины Syn: fashion
2.
2) моделировать( систему и т. п.) to model the circulation in the atmosphere ≈ моделировать движение воздушных масс to model the urban system ≈ моделировать городскую систему
3) а) создавать, конструировать (на основе каких-л. принципов и т. п.) б) делать по образцу( чего-л.;
after, on) a sports car modeled on a racing car ≈ спортивный автомобиль, сделанный по образцу гоночного Syn: pattern after
4) а) позировать, работать натурщиком, натурщицей to model for an artist ≈ позировать художнику б) демонстрировать модели (о манекенщицах)
3. прил.
1) образцовый, примерный As a girl she has been a model pupil. ≈ В детстве она была примерной ученицей. Hospital staff say he is a model patient. ≈ Весь персонал больницы утверждает, что он идеальный пациент.
2) являющийся моделью the collecting of model soldiers ≈ коллекционирование солдатиков, являющихся копией настоящих солдат модель, макет - working * действующая модель - a * of a monument макет памятника - plane * модель самолета модель, образец;
слепок, шаблон - constructed after * сконструировано по образцу /по шаблону/ - he made each box on the * of the first он сделал все коробки по образцу первой модель, фасон - the latest Paris *s новейшие /последние/ парижские модели - * frock модель платья образец - a * of virtue образец добродетели - on the * of smb., smth. по образцу /по примеру/ кого-л., чего-л. - to take smb. as one's * взять кого-л. за образец - * behaviour образцовое /примерное/ поведение - * farm образцовая ферма - * husband идеальный муж модель, тип, марка конструкции - the latest *s of cars последние модели автомобилей - a sports * спортивная модель (автомобиля) (диалектизм) точная копия - she is a perfect /the very/ * of her mother она точная копия своей матери натурщик;
натурщица - I worked as a photographer's * меня снимали для журнала, я работала фотомоделью манекенщица (для демонстрации моделей одежды) ;
манекенщик (тж. male *) манекен (эвфмеизм) проститутка, приходящая по вызову делать, создавать модель или макет;
моделировать;
лепить - to * ships делать модели кораблей - to * dresses работать модельером, создавать модели /фасоны/ платьев - to * smth. in clay вылепить что-л. из глины - he *led her head in wax он сделал восковую модель ее головы (техническое) формовать делать, создавать по образцу;
следовать образцу - his work is *led on /upon, after/ the Spanish в своих произведениях он использовал испанские образцы;
в своих произведениях он следовал /подражал/ испанским образцам - to * oneself on /upon, after/ smb. подражать кому-л., брать пример с кого-л. (в своем поведении) - he *led his behaviour on that of his father в своем поведении он подражал отцу /следовал примеру отца/ быть натурщиком, натурщицей, живой моделью быть манекенщицей - she *s for a living она работает манекенщицей, она зарабатывает на жизнь, демонстрируя модели одежды - she *led dresses она демонстрировала платья abstract ~ абстрактная модель abstract ~ building вчт. абстрактное моделирование allocation ~ модель распределения analytical ~ аналитическая модель associative ~ ассоциативная модель autonomous ~ автономная модель autoregressive ~ авторегрессионная модель backlogging ~ модель с задалживанием роста заказов battle ~ модель боя behavioral ~ модель поведения binomial ~ биномиальная модель binomial ~ биномиальное распределение clay-clay ~ жесткая модель closed ~ замкнутая модель coalition ~ модель коалиции cobweb ~ паутинообразная модель cognitive ~ когнитивная модель communication ~ модель общения computational ~ вычислительная модель computer ~ машинная модель conceptual ~ концептуальная модель cyclic queueing ~ вчт. циклическая модель массового обслуживания data ~ вчт. модель данных decision ~ модель принятия решений decision-theory ~ модель выбора решений decision-theory ~ модель принятия решений double-risk ~ модель с двойным риском dynamic ~ динамическая модель dynamic programming ~ вчт. модель динамического программирования econometric ~ эконометрическая модель entity-relationship ~ модель типа объект-отношение equilibrium ~ модель равновесия estimation ~ модель оценивания explaining ~ поясняющая модель finite-horizon ~ модель с конечным интервалом fixed-horizon ~ модель с постоянным интервалом fixed-service-level ~ модель с фиксированным уровнем обслуживания formal ~ формальная модель game ~ игровая модель game-theory ~ теоретико-игровая модель general duel ~ общая модель дуэли generalized ~ обобщенная модель generic ~ типовая модель global ~ глобальная модель imaging ~ модель изображений interindustry programming ~ вчт. межотраслевая модель программирования interruption ~ модель с возможностью прерывания обслуживания knowledge ~ вчт. модель знаний labyrinth ~ лабиринтная модель language ~ модель языка learning ~ модель обучения linear ~ линейная модель linear programming ~ модель линейного программирования linear regressive ~ линейный регрессионная модель linguistic ~ лингвистическая модель logical ~ логическая модель logical-linguistic ~ логико-лингвистическая модель macrosectoral ~ макроотраслевая модель many-server ~ вчт. многоканальная модель master-workers ~ модель хозяин-работники matrix ~ матричная модель model быть натурщиком, натурщицей, живой моделью, манекенщицей ~ живая модель (в магазине одежды) ~ макет ~ манекен ~ моделировать;
лепить ~ модель, макет;
шаблон ~ модель ~ натурщик;
натурщица ~ образец, эталон ~ образец ~ attr. образцовый, примерный ~ оформлять ~ примерный, типовой( о конвенции, уставе и т.д.) ~ создавать по образцу (чего-л.;
after, on) ;
to model oneself ((up) on smb.) брать (кого-л.) за образец ~ тип ~ разг. точная копия ~ тех. формировать ~ шаблон ~ создавать по образцу (чего-л.;
after, on) ;
to model oneself ((up) on smb.) брать (кого-л.) за образец moving-average ~ модель скользящего среднего multichannel priority ~ вчт. многоканальная модель с приоритетами multifactor ~ многофакторная модель multiple ~ многоуровневая модель multistation queueing ~ вчт. многоканальная модель обслуживания network ~ сетевая модель no-backlog ~ модель без задалживания заказов no-queue ~ модель без образования очереди non-poisson ~ непуассоновская модель one-factor ~ однофакторная модель one-period ~ однопериодная модель open ~ открытая модель open ~ разомкнутая модель operations research ~ модель исследования операций phenomenological ~ феноменологическая модель pictorial ~ графическая модель pilot ~ опытный образец pilot: ~ plant опытный завод, опытная установка;
pilot model опытная модель poisson ~ пуассоновская модель predicitive ~ прогнозирующая модель preference ~ модель предпочтений priority ~ модель с приоритетами probability ~ вероятностная модель probability ~ стохастическая модель production ~ производственная модель prognostic ~ прогностическая модель queueing ~ модель массового обслуживания queueing ~ модель очереди random ~ вероятностная модель random ~ стохастическая модель reduced ~ упрощенная модель regression ~ регрессионная модель relational ~ реляционная модель scaling ~ шкальная модель security ~ модель механизма защиты semi-poisson ~ полупуассоновская модель shortest-route ~ модель выбора кратчайшего пути sign ~ знаковая модель simplex ~ симплексная модель simulation ~ имитационная модель single-channel ~ одноканальная модель single-period ~ однопериодная модель single-phase ~ однофазовая модель single-server ~ одноканальная модель singular ~ одноуровневая модель software ~ вчт. программная модель solid ~ объемная модель sophisticated ~ усложненная модель standard ~ типовая модель static equilibrium ~ модель статического равновесия static inventory ~ статическая модель управления запасами static ~ статическая модель station-to-station ~ многошаговая модель stochastic ~ вероятностная модель teaching ~ учебная модель (машины, оборудования) three-dimensional ~ трехмерная модель transportation ~ транспортная задача transshipment ~ модель перевозок с промежуточными пунктами trend-free ~ модель с отсутствием тренда trial ~ испытательный образец trial ~ пробный образец two-echelon ~ двухступенчатая модель two-state ~ модель с двумя состояниями user ~ модель пользователя waiting line ~ модель очереди wire-frame ~ каркасная модель world decision ~ всеобщая модель решений world ~ модель мира -
44 ASN
1) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Syntax Notation2) Авиация: aerospatiale norm, apu serial number3) Военный термин: Advanced Ship Notice, Allied signal net, Assigned Serial Number, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Financial Management, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Research and Development, air support net, allotment serial number, atomic strike net, (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition), (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development, and Acquisition), Автономная сеть наблюдения (Autonomous Surveillance Node)5) Шутливое выражение: Alliance of Soup Nazis6) Математика: средний объём выборки (average sample number)7) Автомобильный термин: after serial number8) Грубое выражение: Alicia Silverstone Naked9) Телекоммуникации: Abstract Syntax Notation (ITU-T)10) Сокращение: Access Stack Node, Advanced Shipping Notice (Oct 1 2001 required), Army Serial Number, Automatic Spot Noise (jamming), Assistant Secretary of the Navy (US Navy; RD&A; Research, Development & Acquisition)11) Вычислительная техника: система обозначений для описания абстрактного синтаксиса12) Связь: ATM Switching Network13) Транспорт: Advanced Shipping Notification, Airport Support Network14) Сетевые технологии: Autonomous System Number15) Автоматика: advanced shipping notice16) Контроль качества: average sample number17) Майкрософт: предварительное уведомление об отгрузке (ASN)18) NYSE. Archstone Communities Trust19) НАСА: Aviation Safety Network -
45 Asn
1) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Syntax Notation2) Авиация: aerospatiale norm, apu serial number3) Военный термин: Advanced Ship Notice, Allied signal net, Assigned Serial Number, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Financial Management, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Installations and Logistics, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Research and Development, air support net, allotment serial number, atomic strike net, (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition), (RDA) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development, and Acquisition), Автономная сеть наблюдения (Autonomous Surveillance Node)5) Шутливое выражение: Alliance of Soup Nazis6) Математика: средний объём выборки (average sample number)7) Автомобильный термин: after serial number8) Грубое выражение: Alicia Silverstone Naked9) Телекоммуникации: Abstract Syntax Notation (ITU-T)10) Сокращение: Access Stack Node, Advanced Shipping Notice (Oct 1 2001 required), Army Serial Number, Automatic Spot Noise (jamming), Assistant Secretary of the Navy (US Navy; RD&A; Research, Development & Acquisition)11) Вычислительная техника: система обозначений для описания абстрактного синтаксиса12) Связь: ATM Switching Network13) Транспорт: Advanced Shipping Notification, Airport Support Network14) Сетевые технологии: Autonomous System Number15) Автоматика: advanced shipping notice16) Контроль качества: average sample number17) Майкрософт: предварительное уведомление об отгрузке (ASN)18) NYSE. Archstone Communities Trust19) НАСА: Aviation Safety Network -
46 language
1) языка) естественный язык, средство человеческого общенияб) система знаков, жестов или сигналов для передачи или хранения информациив) стильг) речь2) языкознание, лингвистика•- actor language
- agent communication language
- a-hardware programming language - application-oriented language
- applicative language
- a-programming language
- artificial language
- assembler language
- assembly language
- assignment language
- author language
- authoring language - business-oriented programming language
- categorical language - configuration language
- constraint language
- combined programming language
- command language
- common language
- common business-oriented language
- compiled language
- compiler language
- computer language
- computer-dependent language - computer-oriented language
- computer-sensitive language
- concurrent language - context- sensitive language
- conversational language
- coordinate language
- database language
- database query language - data structure language
- digital system design language
- declarative language
- declarative markup language
- definitional language
- definitional constraint language
- design language
- device media control language - dynamically scoped language - elementary formalized language
- embedding language
- event-driven language
- expression language
- extensible language - formalized language - functional language
- functional programming language - graph-oriented language - high-order language
- host language - hypersymbol language
- imperative language
- in-line language
- input language
- intelligent language
- interactive language - interpreted language - Java programming language - lexically scoped language
- list-processing language
- low-level language
- machine language
- machine-independent language
- machine-oriented language
- macro language
- manipulator language - meta language
- mnemonic language
- musical language - native-mode language
- natural language - nonprocedural language
- object language
- object-oriented language - physical language
- picture query language
- portable language
- portable standard language
- polymorphic language - print control language
- problem-oriented language
- problem statement language
- procedural language
- procedure-oriented language
- program language
- programming language
- publishing language
- query language
- question-answering language
- register-transfer language
- regular language
- relational language
- right-associative language
- robot language
- robot-level language
- robotic control language
- rule language
- rule-oriented language
- scientific programming language
- script language
- scripting language - sign language
- single-assignment language
- software command language
- source language
- special-purpose programming language
- specification language - stratified language
- stream language
- string-handling language - strongly-typed language - symbolic language - thing language - tone language
- two-dimensional pictorial query language
- typed language
- typeless language
- unchecked language
- unformalized language
- universal language
- unstratified language
- untyped language
- user-oriented language
- very high-level language - well-structured programming language -
47 language
1) языка) естественный язык, средство человеческого общенияб) система знаков, жестов или сигналов для передачи или хранения информациив) стильг) речь2) языкознание, лингвистика•- a programming language
- abstract machine language
- actor language
- agent communication language
- algebraic logic functional language
- algorithmic language
- amorhic language
- application-oriented language
- applicative language
- artificial language
- assembler language
- assembly language
- assignment language
- author language
- authoring language
- axiomatic architecture description language
- basic combined programming language
- block-structured language
- boundary scan description language
- business-oriented language
- business-oriented programming language
- categorical abstract machine language
- categorical language
- cellular language
- combined programming language
- command language
- common business-oriented language
- common language
- compiled language
- compiler language
- computer hardware description language
- computer language
- computer-dependent language
- computer-independent language
- computer-oriented language
- computer-sensitive language
- concurrent language
- configuration language
- constraint language
- context-free language
- context-sensitive language
- conversational language
- coordinate language
- data definition language
- data description language
- data manipulation language
- data structure language
- database language
- database query language
- declarative language
- declarative markup language
- definitional constraint language
- definitional language
- design language
- device media control language
- digital system design language
- document style semantics and specification language
- domain-specific language
- dynamic hypertext markup language
- dynamic simulation language
- dynamically scoped language
- elementary formalized language
- embedding language
- event-driven language
- expression language
- extensible hypertext markup language
- extensible language
- extensible markup language
- fabricated language
- fifth-generation language
- first-generation language
- formal language
- formalized language
- fourth-generation language
- frame language
- function graph language
- functional language
- functional programming language
- geometrical layout description language
- graphics language
- graph-oriented language
- hardware description language
- Hewlett-Packard graphics language
- Hewlett-Packard printer control language
- high-level language
- high-order language
- host language
- hypersymbol language
- hypertext markup language plus
- hypertext markup language
- imperative language
- in-line language
- input language
- intelligent language
- interactive language
- interactive set language
- intermediate language
- interpreted language
- Java interface definition language
- Java language
- Java programming language
- job control language
- Jules' own version of the international algorithmic language
- knowledge query and manipulation language
- left-associative language
- lexically scoped language
- list-processing language
- low-level language
- machine language
- machine-independent language
- machine-oriented language
- macro language
- manipulator language
- man-machine language
- mathematical markup language
- matrix-based programming language
- meta language
- mnemonic language
- musical language
- my favorite toy language
- native language
- native-mode language
- natural language
- network control language
- network description language
- noninteractive language
- nonprocedural language
- object language
- object-oriented language
- page description language
- parallel object-oriented language
- partial differential equation language
- pattern-matching language
- physical language
- picture query language
- polymorphic language
- portable language
- portable standard language
- practical extraction and report language
- prescriptive language
- print control language
- problem statement language
- problem-oriented language
- procedural language
- procedure-oriented language
- program language
- programming language
- publishing language
- query language
- question-answering language
- register-transfer language
- regular language
- relational language
- right-associative language
- robot language
- robotic control language
- robot-level language
- rule language
- rule-oriented language
- scientific programming language
- script language
- scripting language
- second-generation language
- sense language
- server-parsed hypertext markup language
- set language
- sign language
- simulation language
- single-assignment language
- software command language
- source language
- special-purpose programming language
- specification and assertion language
- specification language
- stack-based language
- standard generalized markup language
- statically scoped language
- stratified language
- stream language
- string-handling language
- string-oriented symbolic language
- string-processing language
- strongly-typed language
- structural design language
- structured query language
- subset language
- symbolic language
- symbolic layout description language
- synchronized multimedia integration language
- target language
- thing language
- third-generation language
- threaded language
- tone language
- two-dimensional pictorial query language
- typed language
- typeless language
- unchecked language
- unformalized language
- universal language
- unstratified language
- untyped language
- user-oriented language
- very high-level language
- very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language
- Vienna definition language
- virtual reality modeling language
- visual language
- well-structured programming language
- wireless markup languageThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > language
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48 pure
1. n поэт. чистота2. n кож. шакша, собачий помёт3. a чистый; беспримесныйpure wool — чистая шерсть, шерсть 100%
4. a чистокровный; чистый5. a чистый, ясный, отчётливый6. a однородный7. a правильный, соответствующий определённым нормам, безупречный8. a теоретический; отвлечённый9. a неиспорченный, безупречный, превосходный10. a невинный, непорочный, целомудренный, чистый11. a правдивый, честный, бескорыстныйpure upright character — правдивый, честный
12. a чистейший, полнейшийpure nonsense — абсолютная чепуха; чистый вздор
13. a абсолютный, полнейший14. a церк. неосквернённый15. adv чисто; без примесей16. adv уст. диал. совершенно, совсем, абсолютно17. v уст. чистить, очищать18. v кож. обрабатывать шакшойСинонимический ряд:1. abstract (adj.) abstract; conceptual; theoretical2. chaste (adj.) celibate; chaste; clean; decent; guileless; guiltless; honest; immaculate; innocent; modest; nice; sanitary; sinless; spotless; stainless; true; unalloyed; unblemished; uncontaminated; uncorrupted; undefiled; unstained; unsullied; untainted; upright; virginal3. good (adj.) blameless; exemplary; good; inculpable; irreprehensible; irreproachable; lily-white; righteous; unblamable; virtuous4. homogeneous (adj.) faultless; genuine; homogeneous; perfect; simple; unmodified5. pedigreed (adj.) pedigreed; purebred; thoroughbred6. straight (adj.) full-strength; neat; plain; straight; unblended; undiluted; unmixed7. total (adj.) absolute; all-out; arrant; complete; consummate; downright; neat; out-and-out; outright; plain; pure and simple; sheer; straight; thorough; thoroughgoing; total; unadulterated; unbounded; undiluted; unequivocal; unmitigated; unmixed; unqualified; unrelieved8. utter (adj.) all-fired; black; blamed; blank; blankety-blank; blasted; bleeding; blessed; blighted; blinding; blithering; blue; confounded; crashing; dad-blamed; dad-blasted; dad-burned; damned; dang; darn; dashed; deuced; doggone; double-distilled; durn; utterАнтонимический ряд:coarse; corrupt; defiled; dirty; dissolute; filthy; foul; gross; immodest; impure; indecent; indelicate; libidinous; mixed; practical; tainted -
49 Art
Portugal did not produce an artist of sufficient ability to gain recognition outside the country until the 19th century. Domingos Antônio Segueira (1768-1837) became well known in Europe for his allegorical religious and historical paintings in a neoclassical style. Portuguese painting during the 19th century emphasized naturalism and did not keep abreast of artistic innovations being made in other European countries. Portugal's best painters lived abroad especially in France. The most successful was Amadeo Souza- Cardoso who, while living in Paris, worked with the modernists Modigliani, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris. Souza-Cardoso introduced modernism into Portuguese painting in the early 20th century. A sustained modernist movement did not develop in Portugal, however. Naturalism remained the dominant school, and Portugal remained isolated from international artistic trends, owing to Portugal's conservative artistic climate, which prevented new forms of art from taking root, and the lack of support from an artistically sophisticated, art-buying elite supported by a system of galleries and foundations.Interestingly, it was during the conservative Estado Novo that modernism began to take root in Portugal. As Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar's secretary for national propaganda, Antônio Ferro, a writer, journalist, and cultural leader who admired Mussolini, encouraged the government to allow modern artists to create the heroic imagery of the Estado Novo following the Italian model that linked fascism with futurism. The most important Portuguese artist of this period was Almada Negreiros, who did the murals on the walls of the legendary café A Brasileira in the Chiado district of Lisbon, the paintings at the Exposition of the Portuguese World (1940), and murals at the Lisbon docks. Other artists of note during this period included Mário Eloy (1900-51), who was trained in Germany and influenced by George Grosz and Otto Dix; Domingos Alvarez (1906-42); and Antônio Pedro (1909-66).During the 1950s, the Estado Novo ceased to encourage artists to collaborate, as Portuguese artists became more critical of the regime. The return to Portugal of Antônio Pedro in 1947 led to the emergence of a school of geometric abstract painting in Oporto and the reawakening of surrealism. The art deco styles of the 1930s gave way to surrealism and abstract expression.In the 1960s, links between Portugal's artistic community and the international art world strengthened. Conscription for the wars against the nationalist insurgencies in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-75) resulted in a massive exodus of Portugal's avante-garde artists to Europe to avoid military service. While abroad, artists such as Joaquin Rodrigo (1912-93), Paula Rego (1935-), João Cutileiro (1947-), and others forged links with British, French, Italian, and Spanish artistic communities.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 created a crisis for Portugal's artists. The market for works of art collapsed as left-wing governments, claiming that they had more important things to do (eliminate poverty, improve education), withdrew support for the arts. Artists declared their talents to be at the "service of the people," and a brief period of socialist realism prevailed. With the return of political stability and moderate governments during the 1980s, Portugal's commercial art scene revived, and a new period of creativity began. Disenchantment with the socialist realism (utopianism) of the Revolution and a deepening of individualism began to be expressed by Portuguese artists. Investment in the arts became a means of demonstrating one's wealth and social status, and an unprecedented number of art galleries opened, art auctions were held, and a new generation of artists became internationally recognized. In 1984, a museum of modern art was built by the Gulbenkian Foundation adjacent to its offices on the Avenida de Berna in Lisbon. A national museum of modern art was finally built in Oporto in 1988.In the 1980s, Portugal's new generation of painters blended post-conceptualism and subjectivism, as well as a tendency toward decon-structionism/reconstructionism, in their work. Artists such as Cabrita Reis (1956-), Pedro Calapez (1953-), José Pedro Croft (1957-), Rui Sanches (1955-), and José de Guimarães (1949-) gained international recognition during this period. Guimarães crosses African art themes with Western art; Sarmento invokes images of film, culture, photography, American erotica, and pulp fiction toward sex, violence, and pleasure; Reis evolved from a painter to a maker of installation artist using chipboard, plaster, cloth, glass, and electrical and plumbing materials.From the end of the 20th century and during the early years of the 21st century, Portugal's art scene has been in a state of crisis brought on by a declining art trade and a withdrawal of financial support by conservative governments. Although not as serious as the collapse of the 1970s, the current situation has divided the Portuguese artistic community between those, such as Cerveira Pito and Leonel Moura, who advocate a return to using primitive, strongly textured techniques and others such as João Paulo Feliciano (1963-), who paint constructivist works that poke fun at the relationship between art, money, society, and the creative process. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, the factors that have prevented Portuguese art from achieving and sustaining international recognition (the absence of a strong art market, depending too much on official state support, and the individualistic nature of Portuguese art production) are still to be overcome. -
50 Computer
A computer is an interpreted automatic formal system-that is to say, a symbol- manipulating machine. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)The game the computer plays out is regulated by systems of ideas whose range is bounded only by the limitations of the human imagination. The physically determined bounds on the electronic and mechanical events internal to the computer do not matter for that game-any more than it matters how tightly a chess player grips his bishop or how rapidly he moves it over the board. A computer running under the control of a stored program is thus detached from the real world in the same way that every abstract game is. (Weizenbaum, 1976, pp. 111-112)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computer
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51 ASN.1
абстрактная синтаксическая нотация 1-й версии
-
[ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]
абстрактно-синтаксическая нотация версии один
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]
абстрактная синтаксическая нотация номер один
Система обозначений абстрактного синтаксиса (МСЭ-Т Н.324).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]
ASN.1
Язык OSI для описания абстрактного синтаксиса. Язык ASN.1 определен в стандартах Chttp://www.citforum.ru/nets/glossary/_terms.shtmlT X.208 и ISO 8824. В CMIP и SNMP язык ASN.1 определяет синтаксис и формат взаимодействия между управляемыми устройствами и управляющими приложениями. См. также BER.
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язык ASN.1
абстрактная синтаксическая нотация версии 1
Язык для описания абстрактных синтаксических структур, используемый в OSI.
OSI (Open System Interconnection) - Взаимодействие открытых систем - Аспект взаимодействия систем на основе архитектуры OSA
OSA (Open Systems Architecture) - Архитектура открытых систем. Стандарт ISO, который определяет семиуровневую модель построения и взаимодействия открытых систем.
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]
Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
- релейная защита
- электросвязь, основные понятия
Синонимы
- абстрактная синтаксическая нотация номер один
- абстрактно-синтаксическая нотация версии один
- язык ASN.1
EN
язык OSI для описания абстрактного синтаксиса
Язык ASN.1 определен в стандартах CCITT X.208 и ISO 8824. В CMIP и SNMP язык ASN.1 определяет синтаксис и формат взаимодействия между управляемыми устройствами и управляющими приложениями. См. также BER.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ASN.1
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52 ASM
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. American Society for Microbiology2) Компьютерная техника: Abstract State Machine, Application Switch Menu, Application Switcher Menu3) Авиация: Aircraft Schematic Manual, Airline Specific Manual, Aircraft System Manual, располагаемая место-миля ( сокр. от available seat-mile), располагаемые кресло-мили4) Военный термин: Academy Sergeant Major, Active Shape Model, Airspace Management, Antarctica Service Medal, Armored Systems Modernization, Army Security Monitor, Army system management, Attache Support Message, Automated Scheduling Message, Auxiliary Storage Module, acting sergeant major, advanced scatterable mine, advanced surface missile, air service mechanic, air slewed missile, air superiority mission, air-to-surface missile, aircraft survival measures, airfield survival measures, antenna switching matrix, antiship missile, antisubmarine missile, armament sergeant major, artificer sergeant major, avionics shop maintenance6) Экономика: Area Sales Manager7) Автомобильный термин: acceleration simulation mode8) Астрономия: Apollo Service Module, Apollo Systems Manual9) Ветеринария: American Society of Mammalogists10) Металлургия: American Society for Metals11) Оптика: ampere second meter12) Сокращение: Administrative Support Manual (USPS), Advanced Sea Mine, Anti-Shipping Missile, Armored System Modernization (land-combat vehicles), Armored Systems Modernization program (US Army), Assamese, Automatic Sorting Machine (NP4000 will replace), assemble (auto manufacturing)13) Университет: Actuarial Study Materials14) Электроника: Adaptive Site Molecule, Advanced Semiconductor Materials15) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Server Management (Acer), Association of Systems Management (organization)16) Связь: Analog Subscriber Module17) Космонавтика: Austrian Society for Aerospace Medicine and Life Sciences18) Транспорт: Active Stability Management, Air Space Monitoring, Available Seat Mile19) Экология: American Society for Microbiology20) SAP. союз работодателей машиностроительной промышленности21) Почта: Administrative Support Manual22) Образование: Associated Students Of Madison23) Полимеры: American Society of Metals, anion selective membrane24) Автоматика: automatic screw machine25) Лесопиление: автоматизированный бревнопильный станок с поворотным диском (automated swingblade mill)26) Авиационная медицина: audiosonometry27) Расширение файла: Assembly language source code file, Assembler language source (TASM, MASM)28) Нефть и газ: Area Safety Monitor29) Майкрософт: диспетчер нежелательной почты Antigen30) Общественная организация: Autism Society of Michigan31) Должность: Assistant Service Manager32) Чат: Alt Support Marriage34) Программное обеспечение: Aix San Manager, Application Switcher Manager35) Единицы измерений: Available Seat Miles -
53 AST
1) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Syntax Tree2) Медицина: AAT, ASAT, AspAT, SGOT, asparagine transferase, aspartate amino transferase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, АСТ, АсАт, СГОТ, аспартат-аминотрансфераза, сывороточная глутамат оксалоацетат трансаминаза, аспартатаминотрансфераза, глутамат оксалоацетат трансаминаза, сывороточная аспартатаминотрансфераза, Alternative Site Test, arterial spin trapping3) Спорт: Action Sports Team4) Военный термин: Advanced Sensor Technology, Advanced Shooting Technology, Advanced Submunition Technology, Air Staff Target, Air Staff Task, Airborne Surveillance Testbed, Alaska standard time, Army satellite tracking center, Army specialized training, action speed, tactical, administrative supply technician, advanced simulation technology, aerial survey team, air and surface transport, air service training, air station, air surveillance technician, air-supported threat, aircraft systems trainer, all systems test, area specialist team, arming system tester, assembly and structure test, automatic shop tester5) Техника: All Star Titanium, active substrate trimming, advanced surveillance technology, asymmetric sideband transmission, automatic scan tracking6) Шутливое выражение: Alien Standard Time7) Математика: Accurate Sample Taking8) Религия: Agape Scripture Team9) Грубое выражение: A Stupid Troll, Alt Support Tourettes, Any Stupid Thing10) Металлургия: Arvedi Steel Technology11) Сокращение: Advanced Supersonic Technology, Air Service Training Ltd (UK), Air Staff Target (UK), Atmospheric Surveillance Technology, Avionics Systems Trainers, Atlantic Standard Time (GMT - 0400), Alaskan Standard Time (GMT - 1000), AST Research, Inc. (named from first initials of the founders: Albert Wong, Safi Qureshey, Thomas Yuen)12) Текстиль: Assorted Spiffy Thing13) Университет: Academy Support Team14) Физиология: Arch Support Technology, Astigmatism, aspartate transaminase (SGOT)15) Вычислительная техника: Atlantic Standard Time, Atlantic Standard Time-4:00, асинхронное системное прерывание, Atlantic Standard Time (-0400, TZ, ADT)16) Иммунология: Advanced Skin Technologies17) Фирменный знак: Advanced Sealing Technologies, Advanced Sound Technologies, Att Software Technologies18) Экология: Aboveground Storage Tank, advanced secondary treatment19) Реклама: Потребители фактического состояния20) Деловая лексика: австрийский шиллинг (Austrian schilling)21) Недвижимость: Assured Shorthold Tenancy Agreement (вид договора аренды в Брит)22) Сетевые технологии: Advanced System Technology, asynchronous system trap23) Полимеры: American standard thread24) Медицинская техника: arterial spin tagging25) Макаров: aspartate aminotransferase26) Расширение файла: Astound multimedia file, Auxiliary Segment Table, Atlantic Standard Time (-4:00), Assistant file (Claris Works)27) Должность: Agricultural Systems Technology28) Аэропорты: Astoria, Oregon USA29) НАСА: Aero Space Technology30) Программное обеспечение: Advanced Software Technology -
54 asm
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. American Society for Microbiology2) Компьютерная техника: Abstract State Machine, Application Switch Menu, Application Switcher Menu3) Авиация: Aircraft Schematic Manual, Airline Specific Manual, Aircraft System Manual, располагаемая место-миля ( сокр. от available seat-mile), располагаемые кресло-мили4) Военный термин: Academy Sergeant Major, Active Shape Model, Airspace Management, Antarctica Service Medal, Armored Systems Modernization, Army Security Monitor, Army system management, Attache Support Message, Automated Scheduling Message, Auxiliary Storage Module, acting sergeant major, advanced scatterable mine, advanced surface missile, air service mechanic, air slewed missile, air superiority mission, air-to-surface missile, aircraft survival measures, airfield survival measures, antenna switching matrix, antiship missile, antisubmarine missile, armament sergeant major, artificer sergeant major, avionics shop maintenance6) Экономика: Area Sales Manager7) Автомобильный термин: acceleration simulation mode8) Астрономия: Apollo Service Module, Apollo Systems Manual9) Ветеринария: American Society of Mammalogists10) Металлургия: American Society for Metals11) Оптика: ampere second meter12) Сокращение: Administrative Support Manual (USPS), Advanced Sea Mine, Anti-Shipping Missile, Armored System Modernization (land-combat vehicles), Armored Systems Modernization program (US Army), Assamese, Automatic Sorting Machine (NP4000 will replace), assemble (auto manufacturing)13) Университет: Actuarial Study Materials14) Электроника: Adaptive Site Molecule, Advanced Semiconductor Materials15) Вычислительная техника: Advanced Server Management (Acer), Association of Systems Management (organization)16) Связь: Analog Subscriber Module17) Космонавтика: Austrian Society for Aerospace Medicine and Life Sciences18) Транспорт: Active Stability Management, Air Space Monitoring, Available Seat Mile19) Экология: American Society for Microbiology20) SAP. союз работодателей машиностроительной промышленности21) Почта: Administrative Support Manual22) Образование: Associated Students Of Madison23) Полимеры: American Society of Metals, anion selective membrane24) Автоматика: automatic screw machine25) Лесопиление: автоматизированный бревнопильный станок с поворотным диском (automated swingblade mill)26) Авиационная медицина: audiosonometry27) Расширение файла: Assembly language source code file, Assembler language source (TASM, MASM)28) Нефть и газ: Area Safety Monitor29) Майкрософт: диспетчер нежелательной почты Antigen30) Общественная организация: Autism Society of Michigan31) Должность: Assistant Service Manager32) Чат: Alt Support Marriage34) Программное обеспечение: Aix San Manager, Application Switcher Manager35) Единицы измерений: Available Seat Miles -
55 ast
1) Компьютерная техника: Abstract Syntax Tree2) Медицина: AAT, ASAT, AspAT, SGOT, asparagine transferase, aspartate amino transferase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, АСТ, АсАт, СГОТ, аспартат-аминотрансфераза, сывороточная глутамат оксалоацетат трансаминаза, аспартатаминотрансфераза, глутамат оксалоацетат трансаминаза, сывороточная аспартатаминотрансфераза, Alternative Site Test, arterial spin trapping3) Спорт: Action Sports Team4) Военный термин: Advanced Sensor Technology, Advanced Shooting Technology, Advanced Submunition Technology, Air Staff Target, Air Staff Task, Airborne Surveillance Testbed, Alaska standard time, Army satellite tracking center, Army specialized training, action speed, tactical, administrative supply technician, advanced simulation technology, aerial survey team, air and surface transport, air service training, air station, air surveillance technician, air-supported threat, aircraft systems trainer, all systems test, area specialist team, arming system tester, assembly and structure test, automatic shop tester5) Техника: All Star Titanium, active substrate trimming, advanced surveillance technology, asymmetric sideband transmission, automatic scan tracking6) Шутливое выражение: Alien Standard Time7) Математика: Accurate Sample Taking8) Религия: Agape Scripture Team9) Грубое выражение: A Stupid Troll, Alt Support Tourettes, Any Stupid Thing10) Металлургия: Arvedi Steel Technology11) Сокращение: Advanced Supersonic Technology, Air Service Training Ltd (UK), Air Staff Target (UK), Atmospheric Surveillance Technology, Avionics Systems Trainers, Atlantic Standard Time (GMT - 0400), Alaskan Standard Time (GMT - 1000), AST Research, Inc. (named from first initials of the founders: Albert Wong, Safi Qureshey, Thomas Yuen)12) Текстиль: Assorted Spiffy Thing13) Университет: Academy Support Team14) Физиология: Arch Support Technology, Astigmatism, aspartate transaminase (SGOT)15) Вычислительная техника: Atlantic Standard Time, Atlantic Standard Time-4:00, асинхронное системное прерывание, Atlantic Standard Time (-0400, TZ, ADT)16) Иммунология: Advanced Skin Technologies17) Фирменный знак: Advanced Sealing Technologies, Advanced Sound Technologies, Att Software Technologies18) Экология: Aboveground Storage Tank, advanced secondary treatment19) Реклама: Потребители фактического состояния20) Деловая лексика: австрийский шиллинг (Austrian schilling)21) Недвижимость: Assured Shorthold Tenancy Agreement (вид договора аренды в Брит)22) Сетевые технологии: Advanced System Technology, asynchronous system trap23) Полимеры: American standard thread24) Медицинская техника: arterial spin tagging25) Макаров: aspartate aminotransferase26) Расширение файла: Astound multimedia file, Auxiliary Segment Table, Atlantic Standard Time (-4:00), Assistant file (Claris Works)27) Должность: Agricultural Systems Technology28) Аэропорты: Astoria, Oregon USA29) НАСА: Aero Space Technology30) Программное обеспечение: Advanced Software Technology -
56 neutral
1. n нейтральное государство2. n нейтрал, гражданин нейтрального государства3. n судно нейтрального государства4. n человек, занимающий нейтральную, безучастную или промежуточную позицию5. n нейтральный, неопределённый, сероватый цвет; бесцветностьNo. 2 neutral lard — нейтральный лярд второго сорта
6. n эл. нейтраль; нулевой или нейтральный провод7. n авт. нейтральное положение рычага коробки передач8. n физ. нейтрал, незаряженная частица9. a нейтральный, не участвующий в войнеto be neutral — оставаться нейтральным, соблюдать нейтралитет
10. a нейтралистский; неприсоединившийся, не участвующий в блоках11. a средний, неопределённый; промежуточный12. a безразличный, безучастныйneutral in expression — ничего не выражающий; с безучастным выражением
neutral zone — нейтральная зона; зона безразличного равновесия; диапазон нейтральных значений данных
13. a беспристрастный14. a нейтральный, неопределённый, сероватый15. a чистый, без других оттенков16. a бот. зоол. бесполый17. a спец. неполяризованный18. a спец. уравнительный19. a спец. физ. нейтральный, незаряженныйСинонимический ряд:1. bland (adj.) bland; colourless; flat; medium; ordinary; undistinguished2. detached (adj.) detached; disinterested; dispassionate; impersonal3. impartial (adj.) detached; disinterested; dispassionate; fair-minded; impartial; impersonal; neuter; non-aligned; nonchalant; nonpartisan; non-partisan; open-minded; poker-faced; unbiased; uncommitted; unpassioned; unprejudiced4. indeterminate (adj.) abstract; colorless; drab; dull; indeterminate; vague5. uninvolved (adj.) disengaged; inactive; inert; noncombatant; non-combatant; nonparticipating; on the fence; pacifistic; standing by; uninvolved6. nonpartisan (noun) neutralist; nonpartisanАнтонимический ряд:belligerent; biased; colorful; decided; impassioned; involved; positive; predisposed -
57 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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58 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
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59 term
tə:m
1. noun1) (a (usually limited) period of time: a term of imprisonment; a term of office.) período, etapa2) (a division of a school or university year: the autumn term.) trimestre (tres meses); cuatrimestre (cuatro meses); semestre (seis meses)3) (a word or expression: Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness.) término•- terms
2. verb(to name or call: That kind of painting is termed `abstract'.)- in terms of
term n1. trimestre2. términotr[tɜːm]1 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL trimestre nombre masculino2 (period of time) período3 (expression, word) término1 calificar de, llamar, denominar1 (sense) términos nombre masculino plural1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL condiciones nombre femenino plural1 (relations) relaciones nombre femenino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin the long/short term a largo/corto plazoin terms of en cuanto aon equal terms en igualdad de condicionesto be a contradiction in terms ser un contrasentidoto be on first name terms ≈ tutearseto be on good terms with somebody tener buenas relaciones con alguiento come to terms with something llegar a aceptar algo, adaptarse a algoto come to terms with somebody llegar a un arreglo con alguienterm of office mandatoterm ['tərm] vt: calificar de, llamar, nombrarterm n1) period: término m, plazo m, período m2) : término m (en matemáticas)3) word: término m, vocablo mlegal terms: términos legales4) terms nplconditions: términos mpl, condiciones fpl5) terms nplrelations: relaciones fplto be on good terms with: tener buenas relaciones con6)in terms of : con respecto a, en cuanto aterm (Of a contract, etc.)n.• condición s.f.n.• ciclo s.m.• condena s.f.• mandato s.m.• período (Jurisprudencia) s.m.• período escolar s.m.• plazo s.m.• semestre s.m.• trimestre s.m.• término s.m.• vocablo s.m.v.• calificar v.
I tɜːrm, tɜːm1) noun2) ( word) término min general/simple terms — en términos generales/lenguaje sencillo
3)a) ( period) período m, periodo min the short/long term — a corto/largo plazo
b) (in school, university) trimestre mthe fall o (BrE) autumn/spring/summer term — el primer/segundo/tercer trimestre
c) ( to due date) plazo m4) terms pl( conditions) condiciones fplon equal terms — en igualdad de condiciones, en pie de igualdad
terms of reference — ( of an inquiry) competencia f, atribuciones fpl y responsabilidades fpl
5) ( relations) relaciones fplto be on good/bad terms with somebody — estar* en buenas/malas relaciones con alguien, llevarse bien/mal con alguien
they were on first name terms — se llamaban por el nombre de pila, ≈se tuteaban
6)a) ( sense)in financial/social terms — desde el punto de vista financiero/social
b)in terms of: I was thinking more in terms of... yo estaba pensando más bien en...; in terms of efficiency, our system is superior — en cuanto a eficiencia, nuestro sistema es superior
II
transitive verb calificar* de[tɜːm]1. N1) (=period) periodo m, período m ; (as President, governor, mayor) mandato m•
in the long term — a largo plazo•
in the longer term — a un plazo más largo•
in the medium term — a medio plazowe have been elected for a three-year term (of office) — hemos sido elegidos para un periodo legislativo de tres años
he will not seek a third term (of office) as mayor — no irá a por un tercer mandato de alcalde, no renovará por tercera vez su candidatura como alcalde
•
he is currently serving a seven-year prison term — actualmente está cumpliendo una condena de siete años•
he served two terms as governor — ocupó el cargo de gobernador durante dos periodos de mandato•
in the short term — a corto plazo•
despite problems, she carried the baby to term — a pesar de los problemas llevó el embarazo a término2) (Educ) trimestre min the autumn or (US) fall/spring/summer term — en el primer/segundo/tercer trimestre
they don't like you to take holidays during term — no les gusta que se tomen vacaciones durante el trimestre or en época de clases
3) (Comm, Jur, Econ) (=period of validity) plazo minterest rates change over the term of the loan — los tipos de interés cambian a lo largo del plazo del préstamo
4) (=word) término mwhat do you understand by the term "radical"? — ¿qué entiende usted por (el término) "radical"?
legal/medical terms — términos mpl legales/médicos
•
a term of abuse — un término ofensivo, un insulto•
he spoke of it only in general terms — solo habló de ello en términos generales•
he spoke of her in glowing terms — habló de ella en términos muy elogiosos•
in simple terms — de forma sencillacontradiction, uncertain•
she condemned the attacks in the strongest terms — condenó los ataques de la forma más enérgica5) (Math, Logic) término m6) termsaccording to the terms of the contract — según las condiciones or los términos del contrato
•
to dictate terms (to sb) — poner condiciones (a algn)•
we offer easy terms — ofrecemos facilidades de pago•
to compete on equal terms — competir en igualdad de condiciones or en pie de igualdad•
they accepted him on his own terms — lo aceptaron con las condiciones que él había puesto•
terms of reference — (=brief) [of committee, inquiry] cometido m, instrucciones fpl ; [of study] ámbito m ; (=area of responsibility) responsabilidades fpl, competencia f ; (=common understanding) puntos mpl de referencia- come to terms with sthb) (=relations)•
to be on bad terms with sb — llevarse mal con algn, no tener buenas relaciones con algn•
we're on first name terms with all the staff — nos tuteamos con todos los empleados•
she is still on friendly terms with him — todavía mantiene una relación amistosa con él•
to be on good terms with sb — llevarse bien con algn, tener buenas relaciones con algn•
we're not on speaking terms at the moment — actualmente no nos hablamosc) (=sense)in terms of: in terms of production we are doing well — en cuanto a la producción vamos bien, por lo que se refiere or por lo que respecta a la producción vamos bien
he never describes women in terms of their personalities — nunca describe a las mujeres refiriéndose a su personalidad
•
in economic/ political terms — desde el punto de vista económico/político, en términos económicos/políticos•
in practical terms this means that... — en la práctica esto significa que...•
in real terms incomes have fallen — en términos reales los ingresos han bajado•
seen in terms of its environmental impact, the project is a disaster — desde el punto de vista de su impacto en el medio ambiente, el proyecto es un desastre•
we were thinking more in terms of an au pair — nuestra idea era más una au pair, teníamos en mente a una au pair2.VT (=designate) calificar dethe problems of what is now termed "the mixed economy" — los problemas de lo que ahora se da en llamar "la economía mixta"
3.CPDterm insurance N — seguro m temporal
term paper N — (US) trabajo m escrito trimestral
* * *
I [tɜːrm, tɜːm]1) noun2) ( word) término min general/simple terms — en términos generales/lenguaje sencillo
3)a) ( period) período m, periodo min the short/long term — a corto/largo plazo
b) (in school, university) trimestre mthe fall o (BrE) autumn/spring/summer term — el primer/segundo/tercer trimestre
c) ( to due date) plazo m4) terms pl( conditions) condiciones fplon equal terms — en igualdad de condiciones, en pie de igualdad
terms of reference — ( of an inquiry) competencia f, atribuciones fpl y responsabilidades fpl
5) ( relations) relaciones fplto be on good/bad terms with somebody — estar* en buenas/malas relaciones con alguien, llevarse bien/mal con alguien
they were on first name terms — se llamaban por el nombre de pila, ≈se tuteaban
6)a) ( sense)in financial/social terms — desde el punto de vista financiero/social
b)in terms of: I was thinking more in terms of... yo estaba pensando más bien en...; in terms of efficiency, our system is superior — en cuanto a eficiencia, nuestro sistema es superior
II
transitive verb calificar* de -
60 ATS
1) автоматическая телефонная система; 2) система автоматического контроля* * *1. см. Abstract Test Suite2. см. Air Traffic Services3. см. Automated Troubleshooting System4. см. Automatic Transfer SystemEnglish-Russian dictionary of modern telecommunications > ATS
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