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  • 21 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 22 comprender

    v.
    1 to include, to comprise.
    el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 1999 the period from 1995 to 1999, the period between 1995 and 1999
    El estudio comprende muchas áreas The study comprises several areas.
    2 to understand.
    te comprendo perfectamente I quite understand
    comprendo que estés triste I can understand that you're unhappy
    como comprenderás, me enfadé muchísimo I don't have to tell you I was absolutely furious
    Ella comprende y perdona She understands and forgives.
    Ella comprendió la lección She understood the lesson.
    * * *
    1 (entender) to understand
    2 (contener) to comprise, include
    \
    ¿comprendes? (en conversación) you see?
    hacerse comprender to make oneself understood
    * * *
    verb
    1) to understand, realize
    2) comprise, cover
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=entender) to understand

    compréndeme, no me quedaba más remedio — you have to understand, I had no choice

    no comprendo cómo ha podido pasar esto — I don't see o understand how this could have happened

    • hacer comprender algo a algn, esto bastó para hacernos comprender su posición — this was all we needed to understand his position

    • hacerse comprender — to make o.s. understood

    2) (=darse cuenta) to realize

    comprendemos perfectamente que haya gente a quien le molesta el tabaco — we fully understand o appreciate that some people are bothered by smoking

    3) (=incluir) to comprise frm

    la colección comprende cien discos y cuarenta libros — the collection consists of o frm comprises a hundred records and forty books

    edad 1)
    2. VI
    1) (=entender) to understand

    ¿comprendes? — do you understand?

    2) (=darse cuenta)

    ¡ya comprendo! — now I see!, I get it (now)! *

    como tú comprenderás, no soy yo quién para juzgarlo — as you will appreciate o understand, I'm not the best person to judge him

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( entender) to understand, comprehend (frml)

    ¿comprendido? — do you understand? (colloq)

    como usted comprenderá... — as I'm sure you will appreciate...

    b) ( darse cuenta) to realize, understand
    2) (abarcar, contener): libro to cover; factura/precio to include
    2.
    comprender vi ( entender) to understand
    * * *
    = comprehend, comprise (of), gain + an understanding, grasp, have + some grasp, understand, achieve + understanding, fathom, sympathise [sympathize, -USA], see, include, get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    Ex. Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.
    Ex. The first edition comprised basic classes analysed into facets, using the colon as the notational device for synthesis.
    Ex. Read the document with a view to gaining an understanding of its content and an appreciation of its scope.
    Ex. She must try to convince him that no single individual, no matter how gifted, can any longer grasp the innumerable facets of modern corporate effort.
    Ex. It is necessary to have some grasp of some fundamental aspects of computerized information-retrieval systems.
    Ex. They assume only that the reader has some knowledge of the subject, so that the abstract can be understood.
    Ex. From time to time it may be necessary to consult external references sources in order for the indexer to achieve a sufficient understanding of the document content for effective indexing.
    Ex. As she ascended the staircase to the library director's office, she tried to fathom the reason for the imperious summons.
    Ex. In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex. I don't see why the smokers can't leave the building briefly when they want to smoke.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex. You are not quite sure how one man could get his head around this at the time, but he managed, in a masterful way.
    Ex. Sleuthing is like second-nature to her, and she can't possibly wrap her head around the concept of renouncing it completely.
    Ex. 'I sure wish I had a better handle on this contract language,' he said.
    Ex. Children get a handle on personal responsibility by holding a library card of their own, a card that gives them access to new worlds.
    ----
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * ayudar a comprender mejor = offer + insights, improve + understanding, give + an insight into, glean + insights, provide + insight into, lend + understanding to.
    * comprender bien = be clear in your mind.
    * comprender mal = misunderstand.
    * comprender mejor = gain + insight into, increase + understanding, place + Nombre + in/into + perspective, put into + perspective, gain + a better understanding, gain + a greater understanding, gain + a better sense of, get + a better sense of.
    * comprenderse bien = be well understood.
    * comprender un punto de vista = take + point.
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * empezar a comprender = grow on/upon + Pronombre.
    * fácil de comprender = easy to grasp.
    * hacer comprender = bring + home.
    * no comprender = be beyond + Pronombre.
    * no puedo comprender = I can't get over.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( entender) to understand, comprehend (frml)

    ¿comprendido? — do you understand? (colloq)

    como usted comprenderá... — as I'm sure you will appreciate...

    b) ( darse cuenta) to realize, understand
    2) (abarcar, contener): libro to cover; factura/precio to include
    2.
    comprender vi ( entender) to understand
    * * *
    = comprehend, comprise (of), gain + an understanding, grasp, have + some grasp, understand, achieve + understanding, fathom, sympathise [sympathize, -USA], see, include, get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, have + a handle on, get + a handle on.

    Ex: Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.

    Ex: The first edition comprised basic classes analysed into facets, using the colon as the notational device for synthesis.
    Ex: Read the document with a view to gaining an understanding of its content and an appreciation of its scope.
    Ex: She must try to convince him that no single individual, no matter how gifted, can any longer grasp the innumerable facets of modern corporate effort.
    Ex: It is necessary to have some grasp of some fundamental aspects of computerized information-retrieval systems.
    Ex: They assume only that the reader has some knowledge of the subject, so that the abstract can be understood.
    Ex: From time to time it may be necessary to consult external references sources in order for the indexer to achieve a sufficient understanding of the document content for effective indexing.
    Ex: As she ascended the staircase to the library director's office, she tried to fathom the reason for the imperious summons.
    Ex: In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex: I don't see why the smokers can't leave the building briefly when they want to smoke.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex: You are not quite sure how one man could get his head around this at the time, but he managed, in a masterful way.
    Ex: Sleuthing is like second-nature to her, and she can't possibly wrap her head around the concept of renouncing it completely.
    Ex: 'I sure wish I had a better handle on this contract language,' he said.
    Ex: Children get a handle on personal responsibility by holding a library card of their own, a card that gives them access to new worlds.
    * a medio comprender = half-understood.
    * ayudar a comprender mejor = offer + insights, improve + understanding, give + an insight into, glean + insights, provide + insight into, lend + understanding to.
    * comprender bien = be clear in your mind.
    * comprender mal = misunderstand.
    * comprender mejor = gain + insight into, increase + understanding, place + Nombre + in/into + perspective, put into + perspective, gain + a better understanding, gain + a greater understanding, gain + a better sense of, get + a better sense of.
    * comprenderse bien = be well understood.
    * comprender un punto de vista = take + point.
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * empezar a comprender = grow on/upon + Pronombre.
    * fácil de comprender = easy to grasp.
    * hacer comprender = bring + home.
    * no comprender = be beyond + Pronombre.
    * no puedo comprender = I can't get over.

    * * *
    comprender [E1 ]
    vt
    A (entender) to understand
    comprendo tus temores/su reacción I understand your fears/his reaction
    nadie me comprende nobody understands me
    vuelve a las once ¿comprendido? I want you back at eleven, do you understand?, I want you back at eleven, do you have that? ( AmE) o ( BrE) have you got that? ( colloq)
    entonces comprendió que lo habían engañado he realized then that he had been tricked
    como usted comprenderá, no podemos hacer excepciones as I'm sure you will appreciate, we cannot make exceptions
    designios que la mente humana no alcanza a comprender designs that the human mind cannot comprehend
    B
    (abarcar, contener): el segundo tomo comprende los siglos XVII y XVIII the second volume covers the 17th and 18th centuries
    los gastos de calefacción están comprendidos en esta suma the heating costs are included in this total
    IVA no comprendido not including VAT, excluding VAT, exclusive of VAT ( frml)
    jóvenes de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y los 23 años young people between the ages of 19 and 23
    * * *

     

    comprender ( conjugate comprender) verbo transitivo
    1




    2 (abarcar, contener) [ libro] to cover;
    [factura/precio] to include
    verbo intransitivo ( entender) to understand;

    comprender verbo transitivo
    1 (incluir, abarcar) to comprise, include
    2 (entender) to understand ➣ Ver nota en understand

    ' comprender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aclararse
    - asequible
    - concebir
    - entender
    - explicarse
    - percibir
    - seguir
    - cuenta
    - explicar
    - incluir
    English:
    comprehend
    - comprise
    - cotton on
    - figure out
    - get through
    - grasp
    - incorporate
    - insight
    - sympathize
    - understand
    - misunderstand
    - realize
    - though
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [incluir] to include, to comprise;
    el grupo comprende varias empresas the group comprises several companies;
    el país comprende tres regiones bien diferenciadas the country consists of three quite distinct regions;
    el gasto de instalación no está comprendido the cost of installation is not included;
    la exposición comprende 500 cuadros the exhibition consists of 500 paintings;
    el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 1999 the period between 1995 and 1999 o from 1995 to 1999
    2. [entender] to understand;
    como comprenderás, me enfadé muchísimo I don't have to tell you I was absolutely furious;
    te comprendo perfectamente I quite understand;
    no comprendo tu actitud I don't understand your attitude;
    no comprendo cómo puede gustarte Carlos I don't know what you see in Carlos;
    comprendo que estés triste I can understand that you're unhappy;
    ¿comprendes?, si no se lo decimos se va a enfadar look, if we don't tell him, he's going to get angry
    * * *
    v/t
    1 understand;
    hacerse comprender make o.s. understood;
    comprender mal misunderstand
    2 ( abarcar) include
    * * *
    1) entender: to comprehend, to understand
    2) abarcar: to cover, to include
    : to understand
    ¡ya comprendo!: now I understand!
    * * *
    1. (entender) to understand [pt. & pp. understood]
    2. (incluir) to be made up of

    Spanish-English dictionary > comprender

  • 23 entender

    m.
    understanding, grasp.
    Su entender era limitado Her understanding was limited.
    v.
    1 to understand.
    ahora entiendo lo que quieres decir now I understand o know what you mean
    no te entiendo, habla más despacio I don't understand you, could you speak more slowly?
    no entiendo cómo puede gustarte Arturo I don't know what you see in Arturo
    no entiendo nada, ¿no deberían haber llegado ya? I just can't understand it, surely they were supposed to have arrived by now
    ¡no hay quien te entienda! you're impossible!
    ¿tú qué entiendes por “amistad”? what do you understand by “friendship”?
    dar a entender que… to imply (that)…
    hasta que no llegue no podemos empezar, ¿entiendes? we can't start until she gets here, all right?
    Ella entiende la lección She understands the lesson.
    Elsa entendió al fin Elsa understood at last.
    2 to think.
    yo no lo entiendo así I don't see it that way
    3 to figure out, to digest, to get clear, to get to know.
    Elsa entendió el motivo Elsa figured out the motive.
    * * *
    (e changes to ie in stressed syllables)
    Present Indicative
    entiendo, entiendes, entiende, entendemos, entendéis, entienden.
    Present Subjunctive
    entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entendáis, entiendan.
    Imperative
    entiende (tú), entienda (él/Vd.), entendamos (nos.), entended (vos.), entiendan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) think, believe
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=comprender) to understand

    ¡a ti no hay quien te entienda! — you're impossible to understand!

    que no te vuelva a ver fumando ¿me has entendido? — don't let me catch you smoking again, do you understand?

    ¿entiendes lo que te quiero decir? — do you know what I mean?, do you know what I'm trying to say?

    es un poco rarito, tú ya me entiendes — he's a bit odd, if you know what I mean

    • dar algo a entender — to imply sth

    nos dieron a entender que querían marcharse — they gave us to understand o led us to believe that they wanted to leave

    según él me dio a entender, no está contento en su trabajo — from what he said to me, he is not happy in his job, he gave me to understand that he is not happy in his job

    • hacer entender algo a algn — to make sb understand sth

    • hacerse entender — to make o.s. understood

    • entender mal — to misunderstand

    si no he entendido mal, esto es lo que queréis decir — unless I've misunderstood what you're saying, this is what you mean

    • no entendió ni una palabra — he didn't understand a word of it

    no entender ni jota o ni patata * —

    no entendí ni jota o ni una patata de lo que decían — I didn't have a clue what they were on about

    no entiendo ni jota de alemán — * I don't understand a single word of German

    2) (=opinar) to think, believe

    entiendo que sería mejor decírselo — I think o believe it would be better to tell him

    yo entiendo que no es correcto hacerlo así — I don't think o believe that that's the right way to do it

    3) (=interpretar) to understand

    ¿tú qué entiendes por libertad? — what do you understand by freedom?

    ¿debo entender que lo niegas? — am I to understand that you deny it?

    me ha parecido entender que estaban en contra — I understood that they were against it, as I understand it they were against it

    cada uno entiende el amor a su manera — everyone sees love differently, everyone understands something different by love

    4) * (=saber manejar) to know how to use, know how to work

    ¿tú entiendes esta lavadora? — do you know how this washing machine works?, do you know how to use this washing machine?

    5) (=oír) to hear
    2. VI
    1) (=comprender) to understand

    ¡ya entiendo! — now I understand!, now I get it!

    la vida es así ¿entiendes? — that's life, you know

    • entender de algo — to know about sth

    no entender de barcos —

    si le preguntas cualquier cosa, él no entiende de barcos — if you ask him something, he makes out he doesn't know anything about anything

    2) (Jur) (=tener competencia)
    3) [perro, gato]
    4) ** (=ser homosexual) to be one of them *
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <explicación/idioma/actitud> to understand

    ¿entiendes lo que quiero decir? — do you know what I mean?

    b) < persona> to understand

    se hace entender or (AmL) se da a entender — he makes himself understood

    2) (frml)
    a) (concebir, opinar)

    yo entiendo que deberíamos esperar — in my view o as I see it, we should wait

    b) (interpretar, deducir)

    ¿debo entender que te vas? — am I to understand that you're leaving?

    me dio a entender que... — she gave me to understand that...

    2.
    1) ( comprender) to understand

    (ya) entiendo — I understand, I see

    2) ( saber)

    ¿tú entiendes de estas cosas? — do you know anything about these things?

    3) (Der)
    3.
    entenderse v pron
    1)

    a ver si nos entendemos ¿quién te pegó? — let's get this straight, who hit you?

    entenderse con alguien — to get along o on with somebody

    c) ( tratar)

    allá se las entienda — (fam) that's his/her problem

    2) (refl)

    déjame, yo me entiendo — leave me alone, I know what I'm doing

    II

    a mi/tu/su entender — in my/your/his opinion, to my/your/his mind

    * * *
    = come to + grips with, cut through, grasp, have + some grasp, make + sense (out) of, understand, get to + grips with, make + sense of life, sympathise [sympathize, -USA], sympathise [sympathize, -USA], get + a grip on, provide + an understanding, catch + Posesivo + drift, get + Posesivo + drift, have + a handle on, fathom, get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get + a handle on.
    Ex. Right now the management team is beginning to come to grips with our annual budget process, as it does every year.
    Ex. Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.
    Ex. She must try to convince him that no single individual, no matter how gifted, can any longer grasp the innumerable facets of modern corporate effort.
    Ex. It is necessary to have some grasp of some fundamental aspects of computerized information-retrieval systems.
    Ex. The resultant guiding must be clear, by being both easy to read and easy to make sense of.
    Ex. They assume only that the reader has some knowledge of the subject, so that the abstract can be understood.
    Ex. The Treasure has made good use of a number of methodologies in getting to grips with the principles and applications of information management.
    Ex. This manual is an indispensable companion to all those who are keen to make sense of life in an infinitely complex and confusing Internet.
    Ex. In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex. In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. Shariel sighed and rolled her eyes a little, as Akanan clearly didn't catch her drift.
    Ex. 'Nah,' Kate chuckled, getting her drift, and then said 'I would've just barged in there and dared them to throw me out!'.
    Ex. 'I sure wish I had a better handle on this contract language,' he said.
    Ex. As she ascended the staircase to the library director's office, she tried to fathom the reason for the imperious summons.
    Ex. You are not quite sure how one man could get his head around this at the time, but he managed, in a masterful way.
    Ex. Sleuthing is like second-nature to her, and she can't possibly wrap her head around the concept of renouncing it completely.
    Ex. Children get a handle on personal responsibility by holding a library card of their own, a card that gives them access to new worlds.
    ----
    * a mi entender = to my mind.
    * a + Posesivo + entender = to the best of + Posesivo + belief.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * ayudar a entender mejor = lend + understanding to.
    * dar a entender = give to + understand, hint, send + a clear signal that, lull + Nombre + into thinking, insinuate, intimate.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * entender a medias = pick up + the fag-ends.
    * entender mal = misunderstand, misconceive, mishearing, mishearing, mishear.
    * entender mejor = place + Nombre + in/into + perspective, put into + perspective, gain + a better sense of, get + a better sense of.
    * entenderse = interoperate [inter-operate], hit it off.
    * entenderse que indica = take to + indicate.
    * fácil de entender = easy to understand.
    * hablar sin ser entendido = speak in + tongues, talk in + tongues.
    * hacer entender = get across.
    * hacerse entender = make + Posesivo + meaning plain.
    * malentender = misconstrue.
    * más fácil de entender para nosotros = closer to home.
    * no entender = be beyond + Pronombre.
    * no entender Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.
    * no entender lo esencial = miss + the point.
    * no entender ni una papa de = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * no llegar a entender = miss + the mark, miss + the point.
    * según nuestro entender = as far as we know.
    * según + Pronombre + entender = it + be + Posesivo + understanding, Pronombre + understanding + be.
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <explicación/idioma/actitud> to understand

    ¿entiendes lo que quiero decir? — do you know what I mean?

    b) < persona> to understand

    se hace entender or (AmL) se da a entender — he makes himself understood

    2) (frml)
    a) (concebir, opinar)

    yo entiendo que deberíamos esperar — in my view o as I see it, we should wait

    b) (interpretar, deducir)

    ¿debo entender que te vas? — am I to understand that you're leaving?

    me dio a entender que... — she gave me to understand that...

    2.
    1) ( comprender) to understand

    (ya) entiendo — I understand, I see

    2) ( saber)

    ¿tú entiendes de estas cosas? — do you know anything about these things?

    3) (Der)
    3.
    entenderse v pron
    1)

    a ver si nos entendemos ¿quién te pegó? — let's get this straight, who hit you?

    entenderse con alguien — to get along o on with somebody

    c) ( tratar)

    allá se las entienda — (fam) that's his/her problem

    2) (refl)

    déjame, yo me entiendo — leave me alone, I know what I'm doing

    II

    a mi/tu/su entender — in my/your/his opinion, to my/your/his mind

    * * *
    = come to + grips with, cut through, grasp, have + some grasp, make + sense (out) of, understand, get to + grips with, make + sense of life, sympathise [sympathize, -USA], sympathise [sympathize, -USA], get + a grip on, provide + an understanding, catch + Posesivo + drift, get + Posesivo + drift, have + a handle on, fathom, get + Posesivo + head around, wrap + Posesivo + head around, get + a handle on.

    Ex: Right now the management team is beginning to come to grips with our annual budget process, as it does every year.

    Ex: Publishers attempting to cut through this nomenclature morass can check with the library's administration.
    Ex: She must try to convince him that no single individual, no matter how gifted, can any longer grasp the innumerable facets of modern corporate effort.
    Ex: It is necessary to have some grasp of some fundamental aspects of computerized information-retrieval systems.
    Ex: The resultant guiding must be clear, by being both easy to read and easy to make sense of.
    Ex: They assume only that the reader has some knowledge of the subject, so that the abstract can be understood.
    Ex: The Treasure has made good use of a number of methodologies in getting to grips with the principles and applications of information management.
    Ex: This manual is an indispensable companion to all those who are keen to make sense of life in an infinitely complex and confusing Internet.
    Ex: In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex: In World War 2 librarians generally sympathised with Britain, but many were isolationist or apathetic during the early years = En la Segunda Guerra Mundial los bibliotecarios generalmente simpatizaban con Gran Bretaña, aunque muchos mantuvieron una actitud no intervencionista o indiferente durante los primeros años.
    Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: Shariel sighed and rolled her eyes a little, as Akanan clearly didn't catch her drift.
    Ex: 'Nah,' Kate chuckled, getting her drift, and then said 'I would've just barged in there and dared them to throw me out!'.
    Ex: 'I sure wish I had a better handle on this contract language,' he said.
    Ex: As she ascended the staircase to the library director's office, she tried to fathom the reason for the imperious summons.
    Ex: You are not quite sure how one man could get his head around this at the time, but he managed, in a masterful way.
    Ex: Sleuthing is like second-nature to her, and she can't possibly wrap her head around the concept of renouncing it completely.
    Ex: Children get a handle on personal responsibility by holding a library card of their own, a card that gives them access to new worlds.
    * a mi entender = to my mind.
    * a + Posesivo + entender = to the best of + Posesivo + belief.
    * a + Posesivo + saber y entender = to the best of + Posesivo + knowledge and belief.
    * ayudar a entender mejor = lend + understanding to.
    * dar a entender = give to + understand, hint, send + a clear signal that, lull + Nombre + into thinking, insinuate, intimate.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * entender a medias = pick up + the fag-ends.
    * entender mal = misunderstand, misconceive, mishearing, mishearing, mishear.
    * entender mejor = place + Nombre + in/into + perspective, put into + perspective, gain + a better sense of, get + a better sense of.
    * entenderse = interoperate [inter-operate], hit it off.
    * entenderse que indica = take to + indicate.
    * fácil de entender = easy to understand.
    * hablar sin ser entendido = speak in + tongues, talk in + tongues.
    * hacer entender = get across.
    * hacerse entender = make + Posesivo + meaning plain.
    * malentender = misconstrue.
    * más fácil de entender para nosotros = closer to home.
    * no entender = be beyond + Pronombre.
    * no entender Algo = go (way) over + Posesivo + head.
    * no entender lo esencial = miss + the point.
    * no entender ni una papa de = can't make head(s) or tail(s) of.
    * no llegar a entender = miss + the mark, miss + the point.
    * según nuestro entender = as far as we know.
    * según + Pronombre + entender = it + be + Posesivo + understanding, Pronombre + understanding + be.

    * * *
    entender1 [E8 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹explicación/libro/idioma› to understand; ‹actitud/motivos› to understand
    yo no te entiendo la letra I can't read your writing
    no se le entiende nada you can't understand anything she says
    lo has entendido todo al revés you've got(ten) it all completely wrong, you've got the wrong end of the stick ( BrE colloq)
    no hablo el alemán, pero lo entiendo I don't speak German, but I can understand it
    yo todavía no he entendido el chiste I still haven't got(ten) the joke
    y que no se vuelva a repetir ¿lo has entendido bien? and don't let it happen again, (do you) understand? o have you got that?
    ¿entiendes lo que quiero decir? do you know what I mean?
    esto no hay quien lo entienda I just don't understand this o this is impossible to understand
    se entiende que prefiera estar a solas it is understandable that she should want to be alone
    ¿tú qué entiendes por `versátil'? what do you understand by `versatile'?
    2 ‹persona› to understand
    trata de entenderme try to understand me
    ten cuidado con ellos, tú ya me entiendes be careful with them, you know what I mean
    me has entendido mal you've misunderstood me
    su inglés no es perfecto pero se hace entender or ( AmL) se da a entender his English isn't perfect but he makes himself understood
    ¡a ti no hay quien te entienda! you're impossible!
    te entiendo perfectamente I know exactly what you mean
    estoy segura de que él te entenderá I am sure that he will understand
    B ( frml)
    1
    (concebir, opinar): yo entiendo que deberíamos esperar un poco más in my view o as I see it, we should wait a little longer
    no es así como yo entiendo la amistad that is not how I see o understand friendship, that is not my idea of friendship
    2
    (interpretar, deducir): ¿debo entender que desean prescindir de mis servicios? am I to understand o infer that you wish to dispense with my services?
    me dio a entender que ya lo sabía she gave me to understand that she already knew
    no lo dijo claramente, pero lo dio a entender she did not say so in so many words, but she implied it
    ■ entender
    vi
    A (comprender) to understand
    (ya) entiendo I understand, I see
    es que él es así ¿entiendes? it's just that he's like that, you see
    B (saber) entender DE algo to know ABOUT sth
    no entiendo nada de economía I don't know a thing about economics
    ¿tú entiendes de estas cosas? do you know anything about these things?
    C ( Der):
    entender en un caso to hear a case
    A
    1 (comunicarse) entenderse CON algn to communicate WITH sb
    se entienden por señas they communicate (with each other) through signs, they use sign language to communicate with each other
    a ver si nos entendemos ¿quién le pegó a quién? let's get this straight, who hit whom?
    2 (llevarse bien) entenderse CON algn to get along o on WITH sb
    tú te entiendes mejor con él you get along o on better with him than I do
    creo que nos vamos a entender I think we're going to get on o get along fine
    es mejor entenderse directamente con el jefe you are advised to deal directly with the boss
    allá se las entienda ( fam); that's his/her problem
    entendérselas con algn to fix sth up with sb
    4 ( fam) (tener un lío amoroso) entenderse CON algn to have an affair WITH sb
    B ( refl):
    ni él mismo se entiende he doesn't know what he's doing himself
    déjame, yo me entiendo leave me alone, I know what I'm doing
    a mi/tu/su entender in my/your/his opinion, to my/your/his mind
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    entender    
    entender algo
    entender ( conjugate entender) verbo transitivo
    to understand;
    ‹ chiste› to understand, get (colloq);

    no entendí su nombre I didn't get his name;
    lo entendió todo al revés he got it all completely wrong;
    tú ya me entiendes you know what I mean;
    me has entendido mal you've misunderstood me;
    se hace entender or (AmL) se da a entender he makes himself understood;
    me dio a entender que … she gave me to understand that …;
    dar algo a entender to imply sth
    verbo intransitivo

    b) ( saber) entender de algo to know about sth

    entenderse verbo pronominal
    1


    entenderse con algn to communicate with sb;
    a ver si nos entendemos ¿quién te pegó? let's get this straight, who hit you?


    entenderse con algn to get along o on with sb
    2 ( refl):
    ◊ déjame, yo me entiendo leave me alone, I know what I'm doing

    entender
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (comprender) to understand: a mi entender, está equivocado, in my opinion he's wrong
    no entendí ni papa/pío/jota de este libro, I didn't understand a word of this book
    no entiendo lo que quieres decir, I don't know what you mean
    no me entiendas mal, don't get me wrong
    nos dio a entender que no aceptaría el trabajo, he gave us to understand that he wouldn't accept the job
    2 (creer) to think: entendemos que no debiste hacerlo, we think you shouldn't have done that
    II verbo intransitivo entender de, (saber) to know about: entiende de música, he has an ear for music ➣ Ver nota en understand
    ' entender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ayunas
    - cazar
    - coger
    - comprender
    - dar
    - interpretar
    - mercenaria
    - mercenario
    - papa
    - revés
    - significativa
    - significativo
    - ver
    - aclarar
    - agarrar
    - caer
    - concebir
    - difícil
    - dificultad
    - entendimiento
    - enterarse
    - entienda
    - fácil
    - sin
    English:
    appreciate
    - catch
    - depth
    - follow
    - get
    - gist
    - intimate
    - make out
    - misunderstand
    - parrot-fashion
    - point
    - purport
    - see
    - sense
    - thoroughly
    - trouble
    - understand
    - wise
    - work out
    - beyond
    - fathom
    - figure
    - grip
    - head
    - hint
    - home
    - imply
    - knowing
    - latch
    - lead
    - make
    - message
    - mishear
    - ram
    - still
    - sympathize
    - work
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [comprender] to understand;
    ahora entiendo lo que quieres decir now I understand o know what you mean;
    entiendo perfectamente tu reacción I completely understand your reaction;
    ¿es que no lo entiendes? don't you understand?;
    entiéndelo, lo hago por tu bien try to understand, it's for your own good;
    no te entiendo, habla más despacio I don't understand you, could you speak more slowly?;
    no entiendo los aparatos modernos I don't understand modern technology;
    no entiendo el chiste I don't get the joke;
    no entendí nada de lo que dijo I didn't understand a word of what he said;
    no entiendo nada, ¿no deberían haber llegado ya? I just can't understand it, surely they were supposed to have arrived by now;
    no entiendo la letra de mi médico I can't read my doctor's handwriting;
    entender mal algo to misunderstand sth;
    no entiendo cómo puede gustarte Arturo I don't know what you see in Arturo;
    no hay quien entienda a tu novio no one knows what to make of your boyfriend;
    ¡no hay quien te entienda! you're impossible!;
    sabe entender a las personas mayores she understands older people;
    ¿tú qué entiendes por “amistad”? what do you understand by “friendship”?;
    ¿debo entender que no estás de acuerdo? am I to understand that you disagree?;
    ¿cómo le puedo hacer entender que eso no se hace? how can I make her understand o get it through to her that that sort of behaviour is out?;
    hasta que no llegue no podemos empezar, ¿entiendes? we can't start until she gets here, all right?;
    ¿entiendes?, si no se lo decimos se va a enfadar look, if we don't tell him, he's going to get angry;
    podríamos hacernos los despistados, ya me entiendes we could make out we didn't really realize what was going on, you know what I mean;
    dar a entender algo (a alguien): dio a entender que no le interesaba she implied (that) she wasn't interested;
    nos dio a entender que no estaba de acuerdo she gave us to understand that she disagreed;
    hacerse entender to make oneself understood;
    se hizo entender a base de signos he made himself understood by using sign language;
    Fam
    no entiendo ni jota o RP [m5] un pito I can't understand a word (of it)
    2. [juzgar, opinar] to think;
    yo no lo entiendo así I don't see it that way;
    entiendo que sería mejor no decir nada I think it would be better not to say anything;
    entendemos que deberías disculparte we feel you ought to apologize
    ♦ vi
    1. [saber]
    entender de algo to know about sth;
    entender poco/algo de to know very little/a little about;
    entiende un montón de jardinería she knows loads about gardening;
    no entiendo nada de informática I don't know anything about computing;
    tú que entiendes de estas cosas, ¿qué es el “rafting”? you know about these things, what is “rafting”?
    2. [ocuparse]
    entender de o [m5]en [en general] to deal with;
    [sujeto: juez] to be in charge of;
    el magistrado que entiende de casos de terrorismo the magistrate responsible for o in charge of cases involving terrorism
    3. Fam [ser homosexual] to be gay;
    ¿entiendes? are you gay? [as a discreet enquiry]
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 understand;
    entender mal algo misunderstand sth;
    hacerse entender make o.s. understood;
    ya me entiendes do you catch my drift?, do you know what I mean?;
    dar a entender a alguien give s.o. to understand
    2 ( creer)
    :
    entendemos que sería mejor … we believe it would be better …
    II v/i
    1 understand;
    si entiendo bien if I understand correctly
    2
    :
    entender de algo know about sth
    3
    :
    III m
    :
    a mi entender in my opinion, to my mind
    * * *
    entender {56} vt
    1) comprender: to understand
    2) opinar: to think, to believe
    3) querer: to mean, to intend
    4) deducir: to infer, to deduce
    1) : to understand
    ¡ya entiendo!: now I understand!
    2)
    entender de : to know about, to be good at
    3)
    entender en : to be in charge of
    * * *
    1. (en general) to understand [pt. & pp. understood]
    ¿entiendes las instrucciones? do you understand the instructions?
    2. (tener conocimientos) to know [pt. knew; pp. known]
    entender mal to misunderstand [pt. & pp. misunderstood]

    Spanish-English dictionary > entender

  • 24 idea

    f.
    1 idea (concepto, ocurrencia).
    buena/mala idea good/bad idea
    hacerse una idea de algo to get an idea of something
    hacerse a la idea de que to get used to the idea that
    no tengo ni idea (de) I don't have a clue (about)
    tener idea de cómo hacer algo to know how to do something
    tener una ligera idea to have a vague idea
    idea brillante brilliant idea, brainwave
    idea fija obsession
    ser una persona de ideas fijas to be a person of fixed ideas
    2 intention.
    con la idea de with the idea o intention of
    tener idea de hacer algo to intend to do something
    a mala idea maliciously
    3 impression.
    cambiar de idea to change one's mind
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: idear.
    * * *
    1 idea
    2 (noción) notion
    3 (ingenio) imagination
    \
    cambiar de idea to change one's mind
    darle ideas a alguien to put ideas in somebody's head
    hacer algo a mala idea to do something on purpose, do something deliberately
    hacerse a la idea de algo to get used to the idea of something, accept something
    llevar idea de to intend to, have the intention of
    ¡ni idea! no idea!, not a clue!
    no te puedes hacer una idea you have no idea
    no tener ni idea familiar to have no idea, not have a clue
    ser de ideas fijas to be narrow-minded, have very fixed ideas
    tener ideas de bombero to have funny ideas, have madcap ideas
    tener mala idea familiar to be a nasty piece of work
    idea fija fixed idea
    ligera idea vague idea
    mala idea evil intention
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) idea
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=concepto) idea

    tenía una idea falsa de mí — he had a false impression of me, he had the wrong idea about me

    • formarse una idea de algo — to form an impression of sth

    • hacerse una idea de algo — to get an idea of sth

    hacerse una idea equivocada de algn — to get a false impression of sb, get the wrong idea about sb

    preconcebido
    2) (=sugerencia) idea

    ¡qué idea! ¿por qué no vamos a Marruecos? — I've got an idea! why don't we go to Morocco?

    • idea brillante, idea genial — brilliant idea, brainwave

    3) (=intención) idea, intention

    mi idea era salir temprano — I had intended to leave early, my idea o intention was to leave early

    • cambiar de idea — to change one's mind

    • idea fija — fixed idea

    salió del país con una idea fija: no volver nunca — he left the country with one fixed idea: never to return

    • ir con la idea de hacer algo — to mean to do sth

    no iba nunca con la idea de perjudicar a nadie — it was never his intention to harm anybody, he never meant to harm anybody

    • tiene muy mala idea — his intentions are not good, he's a nasty piece of work *

    • metérsele una idea en la cabeza a algn, cuando se le mete una idea en la cabeza no hay quien se la saque — once he gets an idea into his head no one can talk him out of it

    • tener idea de hacer algo — [en el pasado] to mean to do sth; [en el futuro] to be thinking of doing sth

    tenía idea de traerme varias botellas de vodka — I meant o I was meaning to bring some bottles of vodka

    4) (=conocimiento) idea

    -¿a qué hora llega Sara? -no tengo ni idea — "what time is Sara arriving?" - "I've got no idea"

    ¡ni idea! — no idea!

    • tener idea de algo — to have an idea of sth

    ¿tienes idea de la hora que es? — do you have any idea of the time?

    ¡no tienes idea de las ganas que tenía de verte! — you have no idea how much I wanted to see you!

    • no tener la menor idea — not to have the faintest o the foggiest idea

    pajolero 1), remoto 3)
    5) pl ideas (=opiniones) ideas

    • una persona de ideas conservadoras/liberales/radicales — a conservative/liberal/radical-minded person

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( concepto) idea

    la idea de libertad — the idea o concept of freedom

    b) (opinión, ideología) idea
    c) ( noción) idea

    darse idea para algo — (RPl fam) to be good at something

    hacerse (a) la idea de algo — to get used to the idea of something

    2)
    a) ( ocurrencia) idea

    no sería buena/mala idea — it wouldn't be a good/bad idea

    idea de bombero — (Esp fam) crazy idea

    b) ( intención) intention, idea
    c) ( sugerencia) idea
    •
    * * *
    = idea, insight, notion, perspective, point, thought, conception, rationality, inkling, perception.
    Ex. Analytical cataloguing is valuable in respect of any type of media, but many of ideas have been tested most thoroughly in the context of monographs and serials.
    Ex. The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.
    Ex. A focus conveys the key or principal notion of a concept.
    Ex. It is easy to see that users and separate pieces of literature may hold different perspectives on one subject.
    Ex. Parts of the abstract are written in the informative style, whilst those points which are of less significance are treated indicatively.
    Ex. Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex. Different conceptions of what subject indexing means are described.
    Ex. A model of how librarians may actually go about book selection is presented in three ways: rationality; tacit knowledge; and symbolic content.
    Ex. Her experience with many children has shown that often they can repeat sentences and read quite well without any inkling of what they are saying.
    Ex. Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).
    ----
    * acariciar la idea de = toy with + idea of, flirt with + the idea of.
    * aceptar una idea = accept + notion, deal with + concept.
    * aclarar las ideas de Uno = clarify + Posesivo + mind.
    * acoger con ahínco la idea de = seize upon + the idea of.
    * acostumbrarse a una idea = get used to + idea, deal with + concept.
    * adquirir una idea = gain + impression.
    * aferrarse a una idea = hold fast to + idea.
    * aludir a una idea = allude to + idea.
    * aportación de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * aportar ideas = contribute + ideas, brainstorm.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * atraer la idea de = fancy + the idea of.
    * bombardeo de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cantera de ideas = hotbed.
    * casarse con una idea = wed to + view.
    * compartir ideas = share + ideas, share + thoughts, bounce off + ideas.
    * compartir ideas con Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.
    * compartir las ideas = pool + ideas.
    * composición por confrontación de ideas = brain-writing.
    * concebir una idea = conceive + idea.
    * confrontación de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * confrontar ideas = brainstorm.
    * con sólo una mínima idea de = with only the sketchiest idea of.
    * contar las ideas a Alguien = run + ideas + past + Pronombre.
    * contrastar ideas = brainstorm.
    * contraste de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming].
    * contribución de ideas = input of ideas.
    * con una idea muy superficial sobre = with only a sketchy idea of.
    * corroborar una idea = substantiate + point.
    * criticar las ideas de Alguien = trample on + Posesivo + ideas.
    * dar con una idea = hit on/upon + idea.
    * dar ideas = offer + clues.
    * dar la idea = give + the impression that.
    * darle vueltas a la idea = toy with, toy with + idea of.
    * darle vueltas a la idea de = flirt with + the idea of.
    * dar una idea = give + idea, give + glimpse, provide + an understanding.
    * dar una idea de = give + a feel for, give + indication, provide + a glimpse of, give + a flavour of, be indicative of, provide + insight into, give + a picture, give + an insight into, give + an inkling of.
    * dar una idea general = put in + the picture, give + a general picture, paint + a broad picture.
    * debatir una idea = discuss + idea.
    * deducir una idea = draw + idea.
    * defender + Posesivo + idea = support + Posesivo + case.
    * defender una idea = champion + idea.
    * de ideas afines = like-minded.
    * desaprobar una idea = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * desarrollar una idea = amplify + idea.
    * descartar una idea = dismiss + idea, discount + notion.
    * difundir una idea = spread + view, spread + an idea, circulate + Posesivo + idea.
    * discutir una idea = float + concept.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * empezar a gustar la idea = warm up to + the idea.
    * entusiasmarse con la idea = warm up to + the idea.
    * erradicar falsas ideas = erase + misconceptions.
    * erradicar una falsa ide = dispel + idea.
    * escaso de ideas = short of ideas.
    * estar a favor de una idea = favour + idea.
    * estar convencido de la idea de que = be committed to the idea that.
    * estar de acuerdo con una idea = subscribe to + idea.
    * expresar ideas = express + thoughts, put over + ideas.
    * extraer una idea = draw + idea.
    * falto de ideas = short of ideas.
    * germen de una idea = germ of an idea.
    * gustar la idea de = fancy + the idea of.
    * hacer hincapié en una idea = hammer + point.
    * hacer prevaler las ideas y valores de uno mismo = assert + own ideas and values.
    * hacer realidad una idea = follow through on/with + Posesivo + idea.
    * hacerse a una idea = deal with + concept.
    * hacerse una idea = form + impression, get + an inkling.
    * hacerse una idea de = catch + glimpse, glean + indication, glean + picture, have + an inkling of.
    * hacerse una idea mejor de = glean + insights.
    * hacer valer una idea = enforce + idea.
    * idea abstracta = abstract idea.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * idea aproximada = rough idea.
    * idea arraigada = ingrained attitude.
    * idea brillante = bright idea.
    * idea buena = cool idea.
    * idea central = focal point.
    * idea clara = clear idea.
    * idea cultural = meme.
    * idea + dar forma = idea + shape.
    * idea de reforma = reform idea.
    * idea estrafalaria = outlandish idea.
    * idea falsa = misconception, misperception, bogus idea, illusion.
    * idea favorita = pet idea.
    * idea + forjar = idea + shape.
    * idea fundamental = keynote.
    * idea general = rough idea.
    * idea genial = brain child [brainchild].
    * idea incoherente = disjointed idea.
    * idea loca = wild thought.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * idea original = brain child [brainchild].
    * idea pensada a posteriori = afterthought.
    * idea peregrina = outlandish idea.
    * idea preconcebida = preconception.
    * idea principal = drift.
    * idea reciclada = retread [re-tread].
    * ideas = food for thought, strands of thought.
    * idea secundaria = side issue.
    * ideas políticas = politics.
    * ideas principales = significant ideas.
    * idea + surgir = idea + come up.
    * ilustrar una idea = illustrate + point.
    * inspirar ideas = spark off + ideas.
    * intercambiar ideas = compare + notes, exchange + ideas, bounce off + ideas.
    * intercambiar ideas con Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.
    * intercambio de ideas = exchange of ideas, fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas.
    * la idea que hay detrás de = the idea behind.
    * lanzar una idea = pilot + idea.
    * machacar un idea = squash + idea.
    * mencionar una idea = bring up + idea.
    * ¡ni idea! = beats me!.
    * no captar la idea = miss + the point.
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * no pillar la idea = miss + the point.
    * no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.
    * no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.
    * no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.
    * no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.
    * no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * obtener una idea = get + a sense of, gain + a sense of.
    * obtener una idea de = get + a taste of.
    * ocurrirse a Alguien una idea = hit on/upon + idea.
    * ocurrírsele a Alguien una idea = think up + idea.
    * ocurrírsele la idea = come up with + idea.
    * pensar en una idea = think up + idea.
    * perpetuar una idea preconcebida = perpetuate + preconception.
    * plantear una idea = raise + idea.
    * plasmar una idea en la realidad = translate + idea into + reality.
    * poner a prueba una idea = test + idea, pilot + idea.
    * poner en práctica una idea = put + Posesivo + idea + into practice.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * probar una idea = test + idea.
    * profundizar en una idea = carry + argument + one step further.
    * promover una idea = promote + idea, pioneer + idea.
    * proponer una idea = advance + proposition, advance + idea, put forward + idea.
    * quitar la idea = wipe away + idea.
    * recalcar una idea = hammer + point.
    * rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.
    * reforzar una idea = reinforce + idea, reinforce + notion, strengthen + the view.
    * refutar una idea = quarrel with + notion.
    * replantearse las ideas = rethink + Posesivo + ideas.
    * representar una idea = dramatise + idea.
    * sacar a colación una idea = bring up + idea.
    * ser la idea central de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.
    * ser partidario de una idea = favour + idea.
    * sin idea = clueless.
    * sin ideas preconcebidas = open mind.
    * sin la menor idea = clueless.
    * sopesar una idea = weigh + idea.
    * sugerir ideas = contribute + ideas, brainstorm.
    * sugerir una idea = advance + proposition, suggest + idea, float + concept.
    * suscribir una idea = subscribe to + idea.
    * tener idea = have + a clue.
    * tener una idea = gain + impression, capture + glimpse, get + a sense of, have + an inkling of, gain + a sense of, have + a clue.
    * tener una idea de = gain + idea of.
    * tormenta de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * una idea general = a rough guide.
    * unas cuantas ideas = a rough guide.
    * utilizar las ideas de (Alguien) = draw on/upon + Posesivo + ideas.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( concepto) idea

    la idea de libertad — the idea o concept of freedom

    b) (opinión, ideología) idea
    c) ( noción) idea

    darse idea para algo — (RPl fam) to be good at something

    hacerse (a) la idea de algo — to get used to the idea of something

    2)
    a) ( ocurrencia) idea

    no sería buena/mala idea — it wouldn't be a good/bad idea

    idea de bombero — (Esp fam) crazy idea

    b) ( intención) intention, idea
    c) ( sugerencia) idea
    •
    * * *
    = idea, insight, notion, perspective, point, thought, conception, rationality, inkling, perception.

    Ex: Analytical cataloguing is valuable in respect of any type of media, but many of ideas have been tested most thoroughly in the context of monographs and serials.

    Ex: The human indexer works mechanically and rapidly; he should require no insight into the document content.
    Ex: A focus conveys the key or principal notion of a concept.
    Ex: It is easy to see that users and separate pieces of literature may hold different perspectives on one subject.
    Ex: Parts of the abstract are written in the informative style, whilst those points which are of less significance are treated indicatively.
    Ex: Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex: Different conceptions of what subject indexing means are described.
    Ex: A model of how librarians may actually go about book selection is presented in three ways: rationality; tacit knowledge; and symbolic content.
    Ex: Her experience with many children has shown that often they can repeat sentences and read quite well without any inkling of what they are saying.
    Ex: Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).
    * acariciar la idea de = toy with + idea of, flirt with + the idea of.
    * aceptar una idea = accept + notion, deal with + concept.
    * aclarar las ideas de Uno = clarify + Posesivo + mind.
    * acoger con ahínco la idea de = seize upon + the idea of.
    * acostumbrarse a una idea = get used to + idea, deal with + concept.
    * adquirir una idea = gain + impression.
    * aferrarse a una idea = hold fast to + idea.
    * aludir a una idea = allude to + idea.
    * aportación de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * aportar ideas = contribute + ideas, brainstorm.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * atraer la idea de = fancy + the idea of.
    * bombardeo de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cantera de ideas = hotbed.
    * casarse con una idea = wed to + view.
    * compartir ideas = share + ideas, share + thoughts, bounce off + ideas.
    * compartir ideas con Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.
    * compartir las ideas = pool + ideas.
    * composición por confrontación de ideas = brain-writing.
    * concebir una idea = conceive + idea.
    * confrontación de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * confrontar ideas = brainstorm.
    * con sólo una mínima idea de = with only the sketchiest idea of.
    * contar las ideas a Alguien = run + ideas + past + Pronombre.
    * contrastar ideas = brainstorm.
    * contraste de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming].
    * contribución de ideas = input of ideas.
    * con una idea muy superficial sobre = with only a sketchy idea of.
    * corroborar una idea = substantiate + point.
    * criticar las ideas de Alguien = trample on + Posesivo + ideas.
    * dar con una idea = hit on/upon + idea.
    * dar ideas = offer + clues.
    * dar la idea = give + the impression that.
    * darle vueltas a la idea = toy with, toy with + idea of.
    * darle vueltas a la idea de = flirt with + the idea of.
    * dar una idea = give + idea, give + glimpse, provide + an understanding.
    * dar una idea de = give + a feel for, give + indication, provide + a glimpse of, give + a flavour of, be indicative of, provide + insight into, give + a picture, give + an insight into, give + an inkling of.
    * dar una idea general = put in + the picture, give + a general picture, paint + a broad picture.
    * debatir una idea = discuss + idea.
    * deducir una idea = draw + idea.
    * defender + Posesivo + idea = support + Posesivo + case.
    * defender una idea = champion + idea.
    * de ideas afines = like-minded.
    * desaprobar una idea = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * desarrollar una idea = amplify + idea.
    * descartar una idea = dismiss + idea, discount + notion.
    * difundir una idea = spread + view, spread + an idea, circulate + Posesivo + idea.
    * discutir una idea = float + concept.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * empezar a gustar la idea = warm up to + the idea.
    * entusiasmarse con la idea = warm up to + the idea.
    * erradicar falsas ideas = erase + misconceptions.
    * erradicar una falsa ide = dispel + idea.
    * escaso de ideas = short of ideas.
    * estar a favor de una idea = favour + idea.
    * estar convencido de la idea de que = be committed to the idea that.
    * estar de acuerdo con una idea = subscribe to + idea.
    * expresar ideas = express + thoughts, put over + ideas.
    * extraer una idea = draw + idea.
    * falto de ideas = short of ideas.
    * germen de una idea = germ of an idea.
    * gustar la idea de = fancy + the idea of.
    * hacer hincapié en una idea = hammer + point.
    * hacer prevaler las ideas y valores de uno mismo = assert + own ideas and values.
    * hacer realidad una idea = follow through on/with + Posesivo + idea.
    * hacerse a una idea = deal with + concept.
    * hacerse una idea = form + impression, get + an inkling.
    * hacerse una idea de = catch + glimpse, glean + indication, glean + picture, have + an inkling of.
    * hacerse una idea mejor de = glean + insights.
    * hacer valer una idea = enforce + idea.
    * idea abstracta = abstract idea.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * idea aproximada = rough idea.
    * idea arraigada = ingrained attitude.
    * idea brillante = bright idea.
    * idea buena = cool idea.
    * idea central = focal point.
    * idea clara = clear idea.
    * idea cultural = meme.
    * idea + dar forma = idea + shape.
    * idea de reforma = reform idea.
    * idea estrafalaria = outlandish idea.
    * idea falsa = misconception, misperception, bogus idea, illusion.
    * idea favorita = pet idea.
    * idea + forjar = idea + shape.
    * idea fundamental = keynote.
    * idea general = rough idea.
    * idea genial = brain child [brainchild].
    * idea incoherente = disjointed idea.
    * idea loca = wild thought.
    * idea nueva = fresh idea.
    * idea original = brain child [brainchild].
    * idea pensada a posteriori = afterthought.
    * idea peregrina = outlandish idea.
    * idea preconcebida = preconception.
    * idea principal = drift.
    * idea reciclada = retread [re-tread].
    * ideas = food for thought, strands of thought.
    * idea secundaria = side issue.
    * ideas políticas = politics.
    * ideas principales = significant ideas.
    * idea + surgir = idea + come up.
    * ilustrar una idea = illustrate + point.
    * inspirar ideas = spark off + ideas.
    * intercambiar ideas = compare + notes, exchange + ideas, bounce off + ideas.
    * intercambiar ideas con Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.
    * intercambio de ideas = exchange of ideas, fertilisation [fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation [cross-fertilization, -USA], cross-fertilisation of ideas.
    * la idea que hay detrás de = the idea behind.
    * lanzar una idea = pilot + idea.
    * machacar un idea = squash + idea.
    * mencionar una idea = bring up + idea.
    * ¡ni idea! = beats me!.
    * no captar la idea = miss + the point.
    * no estar de acuerdo con la idea de = disapprove of + the idea of.
    * no pillar la idea = miss + the point.
    * no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.
    * no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.
    * no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.
    * no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.
    * no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * nueva idea = reform idea.
    * obtener una idea = get + a sense of, gain + a sense of.
    * obtener una idea de = get + a taste of.
    * ocurrirse a Alguien una idea = hit on/upon + idea.
    * ocurrírsele a Alguien una idea = think up + idea.
    * ocurrírsele la idea = come up with + idea.
    * pensar en una idea = think up + idea.
    * perpetuar una idea preconcebida = perpetuate + preconception.
    * plantear una idea = raise + idea.
    * plasmar una idea en la realidad = translate + idea into + reality.
    * poner a prueba una idea = test + idea, pilot + idea.
    * poner en práctica una idea = put + Posesivo + idea + into practice.
    * presentar una idea = make + point, put forward + idea, offer + perspective, present + idea.
    * probar una idea = test + idea.
    * profundizar en una idea = carry + argument + one step further.
    * promover una idea = promote + idea, pioneer + idea.
    * proponer una idea = advance + proposition, advance + idea, put forward + idea.
    * quitar la idea = wipe away + idea.
    * recalcar una idea = hammer + point.
    * rechazar una idea = turn + idea + down.
    * reforzar una idea = reinforce + idea, reinforce + notion, strengthen + the view.
    * refutar una idea = quarrel with + notion.
    * replantearse las ideas = rethink + Posesivo + ideas.
    * representar una idea = dramatise + idea.
    * sacar a colación una idea = bring up + idea.
    * ser la idea central de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.
    * ser partidario de una idea = favour + idea.
    * sin idea = clueless.
    * sin ideas preconcebidas = open mind.
    * sin la menor idea = clueless.
    * sopesar una idea = weigh + idea.
    * sugerir ideas = contribute + ideas, brainstorm.
    * sugerir una idea = advance + proposition, suggest + idea, float + concept.
    * suscribir una idea = subscribe to + idea.
    * tener idea = have + a clue.
    * tener una idea = gain + impression, capture + glimpse, get + a sense of, have + an inkling of, gain + a sense of, have + a clue.
    * tener una idea de = gain + idea of.
    * tormenta de ideas = brainstorming [brain-storming], brainstorm.
    * una idea general = a rough guide.
    * unas cuantas ideas = a rough guide.
    * utilizar las ideas de (Alguien) = draw on/upon + Posesivo + ideas.

    * * *
    A
    1 (concepto) idea
    la idea de libertad the idea o concept of freedom
    la idea de un dios único the idea o notion of a single God
    2 (opinión, ideología) idea
    sus ideas políticas his political beliefs o ideas
    es de ideas bastante conservadoras she has fairly conservative ideas o views
    es un hombre de ideas fijas he has very set ideas about things
    yo no soy de la misma idea I don't agree, I don't share your opinion
    3 (noción) idea
    no tiene idea de cómo funciona he has no idea how it works
    no tenía ni idea de todo esto I had no idea about any of this
    no tengo idea no idea! o I don't have a clue
    no tenía ni la más remota idea or ( Esp fam) ni pajolera idea she didn't have the slightest idea, she didn't have the faintest o foggiest idea ( colloq)
    tenía idea de que ibas a llamar I had a feeling you'd call
    no tienes idea de lo que he sufrido you have no idea how much I've suffered
    para darse or hacerse una idea de la situación to give oneself o to get an idea of the situation
    es difícil hacerse una idea de cómo es si no lo has visto it's hard to imagine what it's like if you haven't seen it
    esto es sólo una idea del proyecto this is just a general idea of the project
    darse idea para algo ( RPl fam); to be good at sth
    se da mucha idea para cocinar she's a very good cook
    hacerse (a) la idea de algo: ya me voy haciendo (a) la idea de vivir allí I am getting used to the idea of living there now
    no se hace (a) la idea de que está muerto she can't accept the fact that he's dead
    B
    se me ocurre or tengo una idea I've got an idea
    ¡qué ideas se te ocurren! you really o sure get some funny ideas! ( colloq)
    ¡tú y tus brillantes ideas! ( iró); you and your brilliant ideas! ( iro)
    se le metió la idea en la cabeza de ir a escalar la montaña she got it into her head to go and climb the mountain
    no sería mala idea hacer las reservas hoy it wouldn't be a bad idea to make the reservations today
    ¡quítate esa idea de la cabeza! you can get that idea out of your head!
    idea de bombero ( Esp fam); crazy idea
    2 (intención) intention, idea
    no fui con esa idea I didn't go with that idea in mind o with that intention
    mi idea era terminarlo hoy my intention was to finish it today, I had intended to finish it today
    cambió de idea y tomó el tren she changed her mind and took the train
    no han abandonado la idea de ir al parque they haven't given up the idea of going to the park
    malo1 (↑ malo (1))
    ideas para el hogar ideas for the home
    escriban sus ideas en un papelito please write your suggestions o ideas on a piece of paper
    Compuesto:
    fixed idea, idée fixe
    C
    ( RPl) (manía): no lo comas con idea stop thinking about it and just eat it
    tenerle idea a algn (CS fam); to have sth against sb ( colloq), to have it in for sb ( colloq)
    tenerle idea a algo ( fam); to have a thing about sth ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo idear: ( conjugate idear)

    idea es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    idea    
    idear
    idea sustantivo femenino
    idea;
    ◊ la idea de libertad the idea o concept of freedom;

    es de ideas fijas he has very set ideas about things;
    no tiene idea de cómo funciona he has no idea how it works;
    no tengo idea I don't have a clue;
    hacerse una idea de la situación to get an idea of the situation;
    se me ocurre una idea I've got an idea;
    cambió de idea she changed her mind;
    hacerse (a) la idea de algo to get used to the idea of sth
    idea sustantivo femenino
    1 idea
    idea fija, fixed idea
    2 (representación, concepto) idea: la simple idea de volver a verle me pone nervioso, the very thought of seeing him again makes me all jittery
    (noción) idea: para que te hagas una idea..., so that you can get an idea...
    tiene muy poca idea de lo que cuesta, she has very little idea of what it costs
    3 (opinión, juicio) idea, opinion: te lo advierto, ésta no es la idea que yo tengo de la diversión, mind you, that's not my idea of fun
    tiene ideas peligrosas sobre el poder, he has dangerous ideas about power
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    4 (intención) intention
    a mala idea, on purpose
    5 (proyecto, plan, ocurrencia) idea: teme que le roben la idea, she's afraid someone might steal her idea
    vino con la idea de ir a la playa, she came with the idea of going to the beach
    exclamación ¡vaya una idea!, the very idea!
    ♦ Locuciones: hacerse a la idea de, to get used to the idea of
    familiar no tener ni idea, to have no idea o not to have a clue: no tenía ni idea de que hubieras regresado, I had no idea that you were back
    (ser ignorante) no tengo ni (la más remota/puñetera) idea de fútbol, I haven't got a clue about football
    ideas de bombero, absurd ideas
    idear verbo transitivo
    1 (un invento, diseño) to devise, invent
    2 (una teoría, un plan) to think up, conceive

    ' idea' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandono
    - acariciar
    - acierto
    - acoger
    - acogida
    - advertir
    - aferrarse
    - añadidura
    - anticipo
    - borrosa
    - borroso
    - bosquejar
    - bosquejo
    - buena
    - bueno
    - cabeza
    - cambiar
    - chifladura
    - concepto
    - confusa
    - confuso
    - convencer
    - cosa
    - decir
    - definida
    - definido
    - desechar
    - desterrar
    - dónde
    - exclusión
    - flor
    - formarse
    - fríamente
    - gestarse
    - gustar
    - hacerse
    - hoy
    - impracticable
    - inicialmente
    - intención
    - irse
    - leve
    - luminosa
    - luminoso
    - madurar
    - menor
    - mentalizarse
    - neta
    - neto
    - noción
    English:
    abandon
    - adjust
    - advance
    - afterthought
    - amusement
    - appealing
    - assumption
    - barmy
    - better
    - brainstorm
    - brainwave
    - brilliant
    - bring forward
    - bristle
    - catch
    - catch on
    - change
    - cling
    - clue
    - come up with
    - conception
    - confused
    - convey
    - crazy
    - daft
    - daring
    - dated
    - defunct
    - dismiss
    - distinct
    - downside
    - drift
    - embody
    - embrace
    - face
    - faint
    - fall in with
    - fanciful
    - fasten on to
    - flirt
    - fluid
    - foggy
    - fundamental
    - get across
    - get through
    - hit on
    - hit upon
    - idea
    - idiotic
    - illusion
    * * *
    idea nf
    1. [concepto] idea;
    la idea del bien y del mal the concept of good and evil;
    yo tenía otra idea de Estados Unidos I had a different image of the United States;
    tiene una idea peculiar de lo que es la honradez he has a funny idea of (what's meant by) honesty;
    hazte a la idea de que no va a venir you'd better start accepting that she isn't going to come;
    no conseguía hacerme a la idea de vivir sin ella I couldn't get used to the idea of living without her;
    con lo que me has dicho ya me hago una idea de cómo es la escuela from what you've told me I've got a pretty good idea of what the school is like;
    no me hago una idea de cómo debió ser I can't imagine what it must have been like
    idea fija obsession;
    ser una persona de ideas fijas to be a person of fixed ideas
    2. [ocurrencia] idea;
    una buena/mala idea a good/bad idea;
    ha sido muy buena idea escoger este restaurante it was a very good idea to choose this restaurant;
    se le ve falto de ideas en su última novela he seems short of ideas in his latest novel;
    lo que contaste me dio la idea para el guión what you said to me gave me the idea for the script;
    se me ocurre una idea, podríamos… I know what, we could…;
    ¿a quién se le habrá ocurrido la idea de apagar las luces? can you believe it, somebody's gone and turned the lights out!;
    ¡más vale que te quites esa idea de la cabeza! you can forget that idea!;
    una idea brillante o [m5] luminosa a brilliant idea, a brainwave;
    cuando se le mete una idea en la cabeza… when he gets an idea into his head…;
    Esp
    tener ideas de bombero to have wild o crazy ideas
    3. [conocimiento, nociones] idea;
    la policía no tenía ni idea de quién pudo haber cometido el crimen the police had no idea who could have committed the crime;
    no tengo ni idea I haven't got a clue;
    no tengo ni idea de física I don't know the first thing about physics;
    no tengo (ni) la menor o [m5] la más remota idea I haven't the slightest idea;
    Esp muy Fam
    no tengo ni pajolera idea I haven't the faintest Br bloody o US goddamn idea;
    Vulg
    no tengo ni puta idea I haven't got a fucking clue;
    Fam
    ¡ni idea! [como respuesta] search me!, I haven't got a clue!;
    tener idea de cómo hacer algo to know how to do sth;
    tener una ligera idea to have a vague idea;
    por la forma en que maneja las herramientas se ve que tiene idea from the way she's handling the tools, you can tell she knows what she's doing;
    ¡no tienes idea o [m5] no puedes hacerte una idea de lo duro que fue! you have no idea o you can't imagine how hard it was!
    4. [propósito] intention;
    nuestra idea es volver pronto we intend to o our intention is to return early;
    con la idea de with the idea o intention of;
    tener idea de hacer algo to intend to do sth;
    a mala idea maliciously;
    tener mala idea [ser malintencionado] to be a Br nasty o US real piece of work;
    ¡mira que tienes mala idea! that's really nasty of you!
    5. [opinión] opinion;
    mi idea de ella era totalmente errónea I had completely the wrong impression of her;
    no tengo una idea formada sobre el tema I don't have a clear opinion on the subject;
    cambiar de idea to change one's mind;
    yo soy de la idea de que mujeres y hombres deben tener los mismos derechos I'm of the opinion that men and women should have equal rights;
    somos de la misma idea we agree, we're of the same opinion
    6.
    ideas [ideología] ideas;
    mi padre es de ideas progresistas my father is a progressive o has progressive attitudes;
    fue perseguido por sus ideas he was persecuted for his beliefs o ideas
    7. CSur [manía]
    le tengo idea a su hermana I can't stand her sister;
    le tengo idea a eso that drives me nuts;
    si te vas a poner el vestido con idea, mejor ponete otra cosa if you're not sure about the dress, you'd do better to wear something else
    * * *
    f idea;
    dar (una) idea de algo give an idea of sth;
    hacerse a la idea de que … get used to the idea that …;
    no tener ni idea not have a clue
    * * *
    idea nf
    1) : idea, notion
    2) : opinion, belief
    3) propósito: intention
    * * *
    idea n idea
    ¡qué buena idea! what a good idea!
    no tengo ni idea I have no idea / I haven't got a clue

    Spanish-English dictionary > idea

  • 25 лежать в основе

    •

    The basis for the antibacterial effects of dyes is their ability to...

    •

    Behind the Mullard invention is the notion that...

    •

    Central to the theory is...

    •

    These equations form the basis (or foundation) of the theory of...

    •

    It is this form that provides the basis (or is fundamental) for a wide variety of TV antennas.

    •

    Boolean algebra underlies the theory of relations.

    •

    Microcomputers are at the heart of "transaction" telephones for checking customers' credit.

    •

    The general rule that the forces between two particles result from an exchange of other particles is basic to much of our present understanding of elementary-particle interactions.

    •

    The Periodic Table provides the framework for the whole study of inorganic chemistry.

    •

    Thermochemistry is basic to the study of chemical bonding.

    •

    An understanding of dye laser operation is a building block for understanding the principles of other tunable laser systems.

    •

    The chapter describes the fundamental physics that gives rise to the behaviour of the single junction and the transistor as circuit elements.

    •

    The nature of energy lies at the heart of the mystery of our existence.

    •

    This reaction is the basis for the cyanamide process for...

    * * *
    Лежать в основе -- to be at the heart of, to lie at the heart of; to be at the root of; to be at the basis of, to form the basis of, to form the basis for; to form the foundation for; to underlie
     Inference is al the heart of both language understanding and language generation.
     An accurate determination of primary flowrate lies at the heart of any turbine acceptance test.
     It is this particular approach that forms the basis of the dynamic testing technique described in this paper.
     Suppose that a single predicate underlies part of the meaning of each of the following sentences. (... лежит в основе части значения...)

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > лежать в основе

  • 26 лежать в основе

    •

    The basis for the antibacterial effects of dyes is their ability to...

    •

    Behind the Mullard invention is the notion that...

    •

    Central to the theory is...

    •

    These equations form the basis (or foundation) of the theory of...

    •

    It is this form that provides the basis (or is fundamental) for a wide variety of TV antennas.

    •

    Boolean algebra underlies the theory of relations.

    •

    Microcomputers are at the heart of "transaction" telephones for checking customers' credit.

    •

    The general rule that the forces between two particles result from an exchange of other particles is basic to much of our present understanding of elementary-particle interactions.

    •

    The Periodic Table provides the framework for the whole study of inorganic chemistry.

    •

    Thermochemistry is basic to the study of chemical bonding.

    •

    An understanding of dye laser operation is a building block for understanding the principles of other tunable laser systems.

    •

    The chapter describes the fundamental physics that gives rise to the behaviour of the single junction and the transistor as circuit elements.

    •

    The nature of energy lies at the heart of the mystery of our existence.

    •

    This reaction is the basis for the cyanamide process for...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > лежать в основе

  • 27 Science

       It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)
       One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)
       Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)
       A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)
       [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]
       I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)
       If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)
       Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)
       The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)
       The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)
       The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)
       Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)
       Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)
       This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)
       Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science

  • 28 доказывать

    (= доказать, обосновать, показать, см. также проверять) prove, demonstrate, show, establish
    • В качестве более сложного примера мы докажем, что... - As a slightly harder example we prove that...
    • В общем случае можно доказать, что... - In general, it is possible to prove that...
    • В результате теперь достаточно лишь доказать, что... - Consequently it is enough to prove that...
    • Вдобавок можно доказать, что... - In fact it can be proved that...
    • Гильберт был первым, кто доказал, что... - Hilbert was the first to prove that...
    • Для того, чтобы доказать этот результат, мы должны, во-первых, вычислить... - In order to prove this result we must first calculate...
    • Докажем теперь обобщение теоремы 1. - We now prove a generalization of Theorem 1.
    • Полезность данной теории еще необходимо доказать. - The utility of this theory has yet to be demonstrated.
    • Иногда весьма трудно доказать, что... - It is sometimes quite difficult to prove that...
    • Исходя из этих сведений, легко доказать, что... - From these facts it is easy to prove that...
    • Итак, мы уже доказали, что... - We have thus proved that...
    • Как и ранее, (нам) достаточно доказать... - As before, it is sufficient to prove...
    • Мы все еще должны доказать, что... - We still must show that...
    • Мы докажем эту теорему при дополнительном предположении, что... - We prove this theorem subject to the extra assumption that...
    • Мы докажем, что... - We deduce that...
    • Мы доказали следующий результат. - We have proved the following result.
    • Мы можем доказать правильность соотношения (6), заметив, что... - We can prove the correctness of (6) by observing that...
    • Мы можем доказать это без (особого) труда. - We can prove this without difficulty.
    • Мы надеемся доказать гипотезу Смита в ближайшие годы. - We hope to prove Smith's conjecture within a few years.
    • Мы надеемся доказать, что... - We hope to prove that...
    • Мы надеемся удалить эти ограничения и доказать более общий результат. - We hope to remove these restrictions and prove a more general result.
    • Мы надеемся, что кто-нибудь докажет гипотезу Смита в ближайшие годы. - We hope that someone will prove Smith's conjecture within the next few years.
    • Мы не будем доказывать здесь чрезвычайно правдоподобное утверждение, что... - We will not prove here the very reasonable statement that...
    • Мы не предлагаем доказывать существование... - We do not propose to prove the existence of...
    • Мы только что доказали, что... - We have just proved that...
    • На этом пути мы надеемся доказать существенный результат. - We hope to prove a significant result along these lines.
    • Наконец, мы можем доказать, что... - Finally, we can prove that...
    • Остается доказать, (что)... - It remains to show (that)...
    • Подобное рассуждение доказало бы, что... - A similar argument would prove that...
    • Подобные принципы доказали свою полезность при проектировании... - Similar principles prove helpful in the design of...
    • Подобные рассуждения доказывают следующий результат. - Arguments of the same type prove the following result.
    • Подобные результаты убедительно доказывают, что... - Such results conclusively prove that...
    • Поняв это, мы можем доказать следующее. - With this understanding, we can prove the following.
    • Следовательно, можно доказать, что... -It is therefore justifiable to...
    • Следовательно, мы должны доказать лишь, что... - Hence we have only to prove that...
    • Сначала мы обязаны доказать следующую теорему. - We must first prove the following theorem.
    • Строго говоря, мы доказали лишь, что... - Strictly speaking, we have only proved that...;
    • Тем лее способом мы доказываем, что... - In the same way we prove that...
    • Теперь мы доказываем важную теорему, принадлежащую Банаху. - We now prove an important theorem due to Banach.
    • Теперь мы доказываем два фундаментальных результата. - We now prove two fundamental results.
    • Теперь мы доказываем один фундаментальный результат. - We now prove a fundamental result.
    • Теперь мы можем доказать следующую теорему. - This result enables us to prove the following theorem; We are now able to prove the following theorem; With this result in hand, we can prove the following theorem; With this understanding, we can prove the following theorem; Knowing this, we can prove the following theorem; We can now prove the following theorem; We are now in a position to prove the following theorem; The following theorem is now within our reach; We are now ready for the following theorem.
    • Теперь мы можем сформулировать и доказать... - We are now in a position to state and prove...
    • Теперь мы подготовлены к тому, чтобы сформулировать и доказать... - We are now equipped to state and prove...
    • Теперь это предположение доказано, так как... - This assumption has now been justified, since...
    • Часто бывает проще доказать, что... - It is often easier to prove that...
    • Чтобы доказать обратное, достаточно заметить, что... - То prove the converse it is sufficient to notice that...
    • Чтобы доказать теорему, достаточно показать, что... - То prove the theorem it is sufficient to show that...
    • Чтобы доказать это следствие... - То see the corollary, use Proposition 1 to obtain the needed estimation.
    • Чтобы доказать это утверждение, мы сделаем упрощающее предположение, что... - То prove this statement, we make the simplifying assumption that...
    • Чтобы доказать эту теорему, во-первых, предположим, что... - То prove the theorem, suppose first that...
    • Чтобы доказать эту теорему, недостаточно увидеть, что... - То prove this theorem it is not enough to observe that...
    • Чтобы это доказать, нам остается лишь показать, что... - То prove this we need only show that...
    • Это доказывает лишь то, что... - This proves only that...
    • Это доказывает первое утверждение. - This proves the first assertion.
    • Это доказывает, что... - This proves that...
    • Это можно доказать следующим образом. - This may be proved as follows.
    • Этот подход доказал свою полезность в определении ранних стадий... - This approach has proven useful in identifying the early stages of...
    • что и требовалось доказать (= ч. т. д. ) - Q. E. D.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > доказывать

  • 29 agrupar

    v.
    1 to group (together).
    Ricardo agrupa las flores rojas Richard groups red flowers.
    María agrupa a las chicas Mary groups the girls.
    2 to consolidate.
    El sufrimiento agrupa a las personas Suffering consolidates people.
    3 to join together, to herd together, to cluster together, to crowd together.
    Ricardo agrupa a los cadetes Richard joins the cadets together.
    * * *
    1 to group, put into groups
    1 to group together, form a group
    2 (asociarse) to associate
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=reunir en grupo) to group, group together; [+ gente, datos etc] to gather, assemble; (=amontonar) to crowd together
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( formar grupos) to put... into groups, to group
    b) ( reunir) <organizaciones/partidos> to bring together
    2.
    agruparse v pron
    a) ( formar un grupo) niños/policías to gather; partidos to come together
    b) ( dividirse en grupos) to get into groups
    * * *
    = bring together, categorise [categorize, -USA], draw together, fall into, group, group together, merge, pull together, put together, stack, encapsulate, coalesce, lump together, juxtapose, stand + together, pool, band, shuffle together.
    Ex. For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex. It is widely recognised that it is difficult and unhelpful to categorise fiction according to a subject classification = Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido la dificultad y la poca utilidad de clasificar la literatura narrativa de acuerdo con una clasificación por materias.
    Ex. The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    Ex. References will also be necessary, and will fall into the same types as those identified for personal authors, that is, 'see', 'see also', and explanatory references.
    Ex. There are a number of types of abstracts which will be grouped under the term 'mini-abstracts'.
    Ex. Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex. During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex. This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex. The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex. Cards are filed in drawers, approximately 1000 cards per drawer, which when stacked together may form a catalogue cabinet.
    Ex. The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex. Mayo's conclusion was that 'the singling out of certain groups of employees for special attention had the effect of coalescing previously indifferent individuals into cohesive groups with a high degree of group ride or esprit-de-corps'.
    Ex. He also lumps himself and librarians together as 'devoted and in some instances veteran pursuers, preservers, and disseminators of truth'.
    Ex. We might consider that the key term, the one on which the others depend and which will juxtapose the document most usefully with others of a like kind, is Home Office.
    Ex. For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    ----
    * agrupar los términos sinónimos = merge + synonyms.
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * agruparse = band together, cluster, team, partner.
    * agruparse (con) = team up (with).
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( formar grupos) to put... into groups, to group
    b) ( reunir) <organizaciones/partidos> to bring together
    2.
    agruparse v pron
    a) ( formar un grupo) niños/policías to gather; partidos to come together
    b) ( dividirse en grupos) to get into groups
    * * *
    = bring together, categorise [categorize, -USA], draw together, fall into, group, group together, merge, pull together, put together, stack, encapsulate, coalesce, lump together, juxtapose, stand + together, pool, band, shuffle together.

    Ex: For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.

    Ex: It is widely recognised that it is difficult and unhelpful to categorise fiction according to a subject classification = Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido la dificultad y la poca utilidad de clasificar la literatura narrativa de acuerdo con una clasificación por materias.
    Ex: The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    Ex: References will also be necessary, and will fall into the same types as those identified for personal authors, that is, 'see', 'see also', and explanatory references.
    Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts which will be grouped under the term 'mini-abstracts'.
    Ex: Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex: During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex: This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex: Cards are filed in drawers, approximately 1000 cards per drawer, which when stacked together may form a catalogue cabinet.
    Ex: The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex: Mayo's conclusion was that 'the singling out of certain groups of employees for special attention had the effect of coalescing previously indifferent individuals into cohesive groups with a high degree of group ride or esprit-de-corps'.
    Ex: He also lumps himself and librarians together as 'devoted and in some instances veteran pursuers, preservers, and disseminators of truth'.
    Ex: We might consider that the key term, the one on which the others depend and which will juxtapose the document most usefully with others of a like kind, is Home Office.
    Ex: For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    * agrupar los términos sinónimos = merge + synonyms.
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * agruparse = band together, cluster, team, partner.
    * agruparse (con) = team up (with).

    * * *
    agrupar [A1 ]
    vt
    agruparon a los niños por edades they divided o put the children into groups according to their ages
    agrupa esos libros por autores group those books by author
    la coalición agrupa a siete partidos distintos the coalition is made up of seven different parties
    agrupó a varias organizaciones ecologistas it brought together several ecologist groups
    1 (formar un grupo) «niños/policías» to gather, form a group; «partidos» to come together, join forces
    2 (dividirse en grupos) to get into groups
    * * *

     

    agrupar ( conjugate agrupar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( formar grupos) to put … into groups, to group

    b) ( reunir) ‹organizaciones/partidos› to bring together

    agruparse verbo pronominal
    a) ( formar un grupo) [niños/policías] to gather;

    [ partidos] to come together

    agrupar verbo transitivo to group
    ' agrupar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aunar
    English:
    bracket
    - group
    - lump
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to group (together);
    la red agrupa a veinte emisoras locales the network brings together o is made up of twenty local radio stations;
    la guía agrupa toda la información disponible sobre el tema the guide brings together all the available information on the subject;
    una asociación que agrupa a más de 10.000 médicos an association of more than 10,000 doctors
    * * *
    v/t group, put into groups
    * * *
    : to group together
    * * *
    agrupar vb to put into groups [pt. & pp. put]

    Spanish-English dictionary > agrupar

  • 30 argumentar

    v.
    no argumentó bien su hipótesis he didn't argue his theory very well
    Ella arguye todo lo que le dicen She argues everything she's told.
    * * *
    1 (deducir) to deduce
    1 (discutir) to argue ( contra, with)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT VI to argue

    argumentar que... — to argue that..., contend that...

    * * *
    verbo transitivo to argue

    se podría argumentar que... — it could be argued that...

    * * *
    = argue, be + Posesivo + contention.
    Ex. Cutter argued that when it could be established that the second term was definitely more significant then inversion of headings was acceptable.
    Ex. It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
    ----
    * argumentar a favor de = put + the case for, present + case for, make + a case for.
    * argumentar + Posesivo + razones = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * saber argumentar Algo convincentemente = make + a business case.
    * se argumenta que = the argument goes that.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to argue

    se podría argumentar que... — it could be argued that...

    * * *
    = argue, be + Posesivo + contention.

    Ex: Cutter argued that when it could be established that the second term was definitely more significant then inversion of headings was acceptable.

    Ex: It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
    * argumentar a favor de = put + the case for, present + case for, make + a case for.
    * argumentar + Posesivo + razones = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * saber argumentar Algo convincentemente = make + a business case.
    * se argumenta que = the argument goes that.

    * * *
    argumentar [A1 ]
    vt
    to argue
    no es un problema político, como se suele argumentar it is not a political problem, as is commonly claimed o argued
    se podría argumentar que … it could be argued that …
    * * *

     

    argumentar ( conjugate argumentar) verbo transitivo
    to argue
    argumentar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to argue
    ' argumentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alegar
    - argüir
    - razonar
    - replicar
    English:
    argue
    - con
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [alegar] to argue ( que that);
    no argumentó bien su hipótesis he didn't argue his theory very well;
    se puede argumentar que… it could be argued that…
    ♦ vi
    [discutir] to argue
    * * *
    v/t argue
    * * *
    : to argue, to contend

    Spanish-English dictionary > argumentar

  • 31 defender

    v.
    1 to defend.
    defender los intereses de alguien to defend somebody's interests
    defendió su teoría con sólidos argumentos he supported his theory with sound arguments
    Elsa defiende su posición Elsa defends her position.
    Elsa defiende los derechos humanos Elsa defends human rights.
    2 to protect (proteger) (del frío, calor).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender
    1 (gen) to defend (contra/de, against)
    2 (mantener una opinión, afirmación) to defend, uphold; (respaldar a alguien) to stand up for, support
    3 (proteger) to protect (contra/de, against/from)
    4 DERECHO (algo) to argue, plead; (a alguien) to defend
    1 (espabilarse) to manage, get by, get along
    ■ ¿qué tal se defiende en inglés? how does she get by in English?, what's her English like?
    \
    defender una causa DERECHO to argue a case
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT (Mil) [+ país, territorio, intereses] to defend; [+ causa, ideas] to defend, champion; (Jur) to defend

    el Real Madrid defiende el título de campeón — Real Madrid are defending the championship title, Real Madrid are the defending champions

    defiendo la tesis doctoral el mes que viene — I'm having a viva on o (EEUU) I'm defending my doctoral thesis next month

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( proteger) <guarnición/nación> to defend, protect; < persona> to defend

    siempre defiende a su hermana — he always defends o stands up for his sister

    defender a alguien de algo/alguien — to defend somebody against something/somebody

    b) < intereses> to protect, defend; <derechos/título> to defend
    c) (Der) to defend
    d) <idea/teoría/opinión> to defend, uphold; <causa/ideal> to champion, defend

    defender la tesis — ≈to defend one's dissertation ( in US), ≈to have a viva on one's thesis ( in UK)

    2.
    defenderse v pron
    a) (refl) ( contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself; (Der) to defend oneself

    defenderse de algo/alguien — to defend oneself against something/somebody

    b) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by (colloq)
    * * *
    = advocate, argue, argue + in favour of, be + Posesivo + contention, contend, defend, espouse, maintain, make + apology, make + a case for, plead for, put + the case for, uphold, crusade for, preach, preach, champion, speak up for, speak up for, articulate + the case for, present + case for, mount + defence, strike + a blow for, raise + the flag of, come down in + favour of, stick up for, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, stand for.
    Ex. In order to understand the citation order that PRECIS indexing advocates it is necessary to examine the function of the operators more closely.
    Ex. Cutter argued that when it could be established that the second term was definitely more significant then inversion of headings was acceptable.
    Ex. Despite the present financial straits of developing countries, she argues in favour of long-term plan for the acquisition of relevant rare book material.
    Ex. It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
    Ex. The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.
    Ex. A respondent is a candidate for a degree who, in an academic disputation, defends or opposes a thesis proposed by the praeses (q.v.); also called the defendant.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex. My perspective, for which I make no apology, is that of someone who works daily with the nitty-gritty of cataloging, as many of you do.
    Ex. This point-by-point evaluation makes a fairly convincing case for the public access online catalogue.
    Ex. I would plead for more standardization, not less, because I think whatever we do is going to be imperfect.
    Ex. A more moderate approach is found in the writings of Olding, who puts the case for multiple entry very concisely in a short pamphlet.
    Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex. There are also dedicated individuals within government who have found a niche from which to crusade for school libraries.
    Ex. A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex. A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex. In particular he championed free photoduplication of library materials as a natural extension of library services to patrons at a distance.
    Ex. Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex. Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex. Moreover, in addition to quantitative measures, qualitative indicators of benefits should be considered so as to present a complete picture when articulating the case for a library's total positive impact.
    Ex. An MP, a barrister, and a financial consultant present the case for charging Value Added Tax (VAT) on books.
    Ex. The author mounts a spirited defence of the National Library of Australia future collecting priorities.
    Ex. In an effort to save US culture, strike a blow for reading, and correct well intentioned but misguided notions about the Internet making libraries obsolete, offers ten reasons why the Internet is no substitute for a library..
    Ex. The Augustinian order kept his theological tradition, and raised the flag of the Augustinian thought before and after the German reformer.
    Ex. The author comes down in favour of adding notes to cataloguing records on the grounds that the educational purpose that they are intended to serve is clear.
    Ex. He states that he has always admired Woody Allen, explaining that when he first saw his films he was happy to see that someone was sticking up for the little guy.
    Ex. It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex. I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex. The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex. I will stand for your rights as my forefathers did before me!.
    ----
    * defender a = put + a word in for.
    * defender a Alguien = stand up for.
    * defender Algo = argue + Posesivo + corner.
    * defender el fuerte = hold + the fortress.
    * defender el honor de Uno = defend + Posesivo + honour.
    * defender enérgicamente = be vociferous about/in.
    * defender la causa de = further + the cause of.
    * defender la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * defender la necesidad de = support + the case for.
    * defender lo indenfensible = defend + the indefensible.
    * defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.
    * defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.
    * defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.
    * defender + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + caso = take up + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + causa = advance + Posesivo + cause.
    * defender + Posesivo + idea = support + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + postura = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * defenderse = bite back, stand up, strike back, fight back, fight for + Posesivo + life.
    * defenderse de ataques = ward off + attacks.
    * defenderse por uno mismo = fend for + Reflexivo.
    * defender una causa = promote + cause, support + cause, champion + cause.
    * defender una idea = champion + idea.
    * defender un argumento = support + view.
    * defender un opinión = support + view.
    * saber defenderse = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( proteger) <guarnición/nación> to defend, protect; < persona> to defend

    siempre defiende a su hermana — he always defends o stands up for his sister

    defender a alguien de algo/alguien — to defend somebody against something/somebody

    b) < intereses> to protect, defend; <derechos/título> to defend
    c) (Der) to defend
    d) <idea/teoría/opinión> to defend, uphold; <causa/ideal> to champion, defend

    defender la tesis — ≈to defend one's dissertation ( in US), ≈to have a viva on one's thesis ( in UK)

    2.
    defenderse v pron
    a) (refl) ( contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself; (Der) to defend oneself

    defenderse de algo/alguien — to defend oneself against something/somebody

    b) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by (colloq)
    * * *
    = advocate, argue, argue + in favour of, be + Posesivo + contention, contend, defend, espouse, maintain, make + apology, make + a case for, plead for, put + the case for, uphold, crusade for, preach, preach, champion, speak up for, speak up for, articulate + the case for, present + case for, mount + defence, strike + a blow for, raise + the flag of, come down in + favour of, stick up for, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, stand for.

    Ex: In order to understand the citation order that PRECIS indexing advocates it is necessary to examine the function of the operators more closely.

    Ex: Cutter argued that when it could be established that the second term was definitely more significant then inversion of headings was acceptable.
    Ex: Despite the present financial straits of developing countries, she argues in favour of long-term plan for the acquisition of relevant rare book material.
    Ex: It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
    Ex: The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.
    Ex: A respondent is a candidate for a degree who, in an academic disputation, defends or opposes a thesis proposed by the praeses (q.v.); also called the defendant.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex: My perspective, for which I make no apology, is that of someone who works daily with the nitty-gritty of cataloging, as many of you do.
    Ex: This point-by-point evaluation makes a fairly convincing case for the public access online catalogue.
    Ex: I would plead for more standardization, not less, because I think whatever we do is going to be imperfect.
    Ex: A more moderate approach is found in the writings of Olding, who puts the case for multiple entry very concisely in a short pamphlet.
    Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex: There are also dedicated individuals within government who have found a niche from which to crusade for school libraries.
    Ex: A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex: A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex: In particular he championed free photoduplication of library materials as a natural extension of library services to patrons at a distance.
    Ex: Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex: Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex: Moreover, in addition to quantitative measures, qualitative indicators of benefits should be considered so as to present a complete picture when articulating the case for a library's total positive impact.
    Ex: An MP, a barrister, and a financial consultant present the case for charging Value Added Tax (VAT) on books.
    Ex: The author mounts a spirited defence of the National Library of Australia future collecting priorities.
    Ex: In an effort to save US culture, strike a blow for reading, and correct well intentioned but misguided notions about the Internet making libraries obsolete, offers ten reasons why the Internet is no substitute for a library..
    Ex: The Augustinian order kept his theological tradition, and raised the flag of the Augustinian thought before and after the German reformer.
    Ex: The author comes down in favour of adding notes to cataloguing records on the grounds that the educational purpose that they are intended to serve is clear.
    Ex: He states that he has always admired Woody Allen, explaining that when he first saw his films he was happy to see that someone was sticking up for the little guy.
    Ex: It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex: I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex: The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex: I will stand for your rights as my forefathers did before me!.
    * defender a = put + a word in for.
    * defender a Alguien = stand up for.
    * defender Algo = argue + Posesivo + corner.
    * defender el fuerte = hold + the fortress.
    * defender el honor de Uno = defend + Posesivo + honour.
    * defender enérgicamente = be vociferous about/in.
    * defender la causa de = further + the cause of.
    * defender la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * defender la necesidad de = support + the case for.
    * defender lo indenfensible = defend + the indefensible.
    * defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.
    * defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.
    * defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.
    * defender + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + caso = take up + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + causa = advance + Posesivo + cause.
    * defender + Posesivo + idea = support + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + postura = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * defenderse = bite back, stand up, strike back, fight back, fight for + Posesivo + life.
    * defenderse de ataques = ward off + attacks.
    * defenderse por uno mismo = fend for + Reflexivo.
    * defender una causa = promote + cause, support + cause, champion + cause.
    * defender una idea = champion + idea.
    * defender un argumento = support + view.
    * defender un opinión = support + view.
    * saber defenderse = hold + Posesivo + own.

    * * *
    defender [E8 ]
    vt
    1 (proteger) ‹guarnición/nación› to defend, protect; ‹persona› to defend
    siempre defiende a su hermana he always defends o protects o stands up for his sister
    defender a algn DE algo/algn to defend sb AGAINST sth/sb
    la defendió de las acusaciones/de sus atacantes he defended her against the accusations/against her attackers
    2 ‹intereses› to protect, defend; ‹derechos› to defend; ‹título› to defend
    3 ( Der) ‹caso› to defend; ‹acusado/cliente› to defend
    4 ‹idea/teoría/opinión› to defend, uphold; ‹causa/ideal› to champion, defend
    defender la tesis ≈ to defend one's dissertation ( in US), ≈ to have a viva on one's thesis ( in UK)
    1 ( refl) (contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself; ( Der) to defend oneself defenderse DE algo/algn to defend oneself AGAINST sth/sb
    2 ( fam) (arreglárselas) to get by ( colloq)
    me defiendo bastante bien en francés I can get by quite well in French
    ¿sabes jugar al tenis? — bueno, me defiendo can you play tennis? — well, I'm not too bad ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    defender ( conjugate defender) verbo transitivo
    to defend;
    ‹ intereses› to protect;
    defender a algo/algn de algo/algn to defend sth/sb against sth/sb
    defenderse verbo pronominal
    a) ( refl) ( contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself;

    (Der) to defend oneself;
    defenderse de algo/algn to defend oneself against sth/sb
    b) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by (colloq);


    defender verbo transitivo to defend [contra, against] [de, from]
    ' defender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    defensa
    - defensor
    - defensora
    - muerte
    - resguardar
    - uña
    - unirse
    - valedor
    - valedora
    - defienda
    English:
    argue
    - defend
    - defender
    - guard
    - leg
    - plead
    - speak up
    - stand up
    - stick up for
    - uphold
    - advocate
    - champion
    - speak
    - stand
    - stick
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [país, ideas] to defend;
    [amigo] to stand up for; Dep [contrario, delantero] to mark;
    defender a alguien de algo to defend sb from o against sth;
    defender los derechos/intereses de alguien to defend sb's rights/interests;
    defendió su teoría con sólidos argumentos he supported his theory with sound arguments;
    defender la tesis [en universidad] Br ≈ to have one's viva, US ≈ to defend one's dissertation;
    Dep
    defender el título to defend the title;
    defender algo a capa y espada to defend sth tooth and nail
    2. [reo, acusado] to defend
    3. [proteger] [del frío, calor] to protect (de against)
    ♦ vi
    Dep to mark;
    defender al hombre to mark man for man, to man-mark;
    defender en zona to use a zone defence
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 defend (de against)
    2 en fútbol mark
    II v/i en fútbol mark
    * * *
    defender {56} vt
    : to defend, to protect
    * * *
    1. (en general) to defend
    2. (proteger) to protect

    Spanish-English dictionary > defender

  • 32 perderse

    1 (extraviarse - persona) to get lost; (- animal) to go missing
    2 (confundirse) to get confused, get mixed up
    3 (desaparecer) to disappear, take off
    ■ en cuanto ve problemas, se pierde as soon as there's a problem, he disappears
    4 (dejar escapar) to miss
    ■ ¡no te lo pierdas! don't miss it!
    * * *
    2) miss
    * * *
    VPR
    1) [persona] to get lost

    ¡piérdete! — * get lost! *

    2) [objeto]

    ¿qué se les ha perdido en Alemania? — what business have they in Germany?

    3) [+ programa, fiesta] to miss

    ¡no te lo pierdas! — don't miss it!

    4) (=desaparecer) to disappear
    5) (=desperdiciarse) to be wasted, go to waste
    6) (=arruinarse) [persona] to lose one's way; [cosecha] to be ruined, get spoiled
    7)

    • perderse por algo/algn — to be mad about sth/sb

    perderse por hacer algo — to be dying to do sth, long to do sth

    8) LAm (=prostituirse) to go on the streets
    * * *
    (v.) = go astray, get + lost, lose + Posesivo + way, go + missing, miss out on, slip through + the cracks, get out of + Posesivo + depth, wander off + route, disorient, disorientate, wander off + track, lose + Posesivo + bearings
    Ex. If you have a different answer check to see where you went astray.
    Ex. Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.
    Ex. They had lost their way; most had completely lost sight of the founders' vision, and the few who could still see it had lost their faith in its potential for fulfillment.
    Ex. This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.
    Ex. The author regrets the struggle which Greco-Roman studies have to survive in the USA arguing that US students miss out on understanding the origins of much of their culture and government.
    Ex. The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.
    Ex. It sounds like it could be quite easy for you to get out of your depth with this problem.
    Ex. If one with route knowledge wanders off the route, it would be very difficult for them to backtrack to the route of their own.
    Ex. The author illustrates a method of organising the hypertext files so as to prevent the user from becoming disoriented in the system.
    Ex. Being disorientated or lost is one of the fundamental difficulties which users experience when trying to navigate within hypertext systems.
    Ex. You may find that it is easy to find ourself wandering off track, following something that really interests you, and ultimately not answering the question.
    Ex. Around and around she went, becoming disoriented and losing her bearings, buffeted to and fro by the awesome power of Mother Nature.
    * * *
    (v.) = go astray, get + lost, lose + Posesivo + way, go + missing, miss out on, slip through + the cracks, get out of + Posesivo + depth, wander off + route, disorient, disorientate, wander off + track, lose + Posesivo + bearings

    Ex: If you have a different answer check to see where you went astray.

    Ex: Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.
    Ex: They had lost their way; most had completely lost sight of the founders' vision, and the few who could still see it had lost their faith in its potential for fulfillment.
    Ex: This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.
    Ex: The author regrets the struggle which Greco-Roman studies have to survive in the USA arguing that US students miss out on understanding the origins of much of their culture and government.
    Ex: The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.
    Ex: It sounds like it could be quite easy for you to get out of your depth with this problem.
    Ex: If one with route knowledge wanders off the route, it would be very difficult for them to backtrack to the route of their own.
    Ex: The author illustrates a method of organising the hypertext files so as to prevent the user from becoming disoriented in the system.
    Ex: Being disorientated or lost is one of the fundamental difficulties which users experience when trying to navigate within hypertext systems.
    Ex: You may find that it is easy to find ourself wandering off track, following something that really interests you, and ultimately not answering the question.
    Ex: Around and around she went, becoming disoriented and losing her bearings, buffeted to and fro by the awesome power of Mother Nature.

    * * *

    ■perderse verbo reflexivo
    1 (extraviarse) to get lost: es fácil perderse en el metro, it's easy to get lost on the underground
    2 (desaparecer) to disappear
    perderse entre la multitud, to disappear into the crowd
    3 (pervertirse) to go to rack and ruin
    ' perderse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    despistarse
    - perder
    - vista
    English:
    astray
    - lose
    - lost
    - miss out
    - way
    - fail
    - lapse
    - miss
    - recede
    - stray
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [extraviarse] to get lost;
    me he perdido I'm lost;
    se han perdido las tijeras the scissors have disappeared;
    se me ha perdido el reloj I've lost my watch;
    Fig
    a mí no se me ha perdido nada por allí I've no desire to go there
    2. [desaparecer] to disappear;
    se perdió entre el gentío she disappeared amongst the crowd;
    Fam
    ¡piérdete! get lost!
    3. [distraerse, no seguir el hilo]
    me he perdido, ¿podría repetir? I'm lost, would you mind repeating what you just said?;
    cuando empiezan a hablar de toros yo me pierdo when they start talking about bullfighting, I get completely lost;
    uno se pierde entre tantas siglas de partidos políticos all these acronyms for the different political parties are so confusing;
    explícamelo otra vez, que me he perdido explain it to me again, you lost me
    4. [desaprovechar]
    perderse algo to miss out on sth;
    ¡no te lo pierdas! don't miss it!;
    me he perdido el principio I missed the beginning;
    no te has perdido gran cosa you didn't miss much
    5. [desperdiciarse] to be wasted
    6. [por los vicios, las malas compañías] to be beyond salvation
    7. [anhelar]
    perderse por to be mad about
    * * *
    v/r get lost;
    no se te ha perdido nada aquí fig there’s nothing here for you
    * * *
    vr
    extraviarse: to get lost, to stray
    * * *
    1. (extraviarse) to get lost
    ¡piérdete! get lost!
    2. (concierto, película, etc) to miss
    ¡no te lo pierdas! don't miss it!

    Spanish-English dictionary > perderse

  • 33 reunir

    v.
    1 to bring together.
    Ellos reunieron a muchos amigos They brought together many friends.
    2 to collect, to bring together.
    reunió una gran fortuna he amassed a large fortune
    3 to meet, to fulfill (requisitos, condiciones).
    el plan reúne todas las condiciones para ser aceptado the plan meets o fulfills all the criteria for acceptance
    no reúne los requisitos necesarios para el puesto he doesn't meet the requirements for the post
    4 to put back together.
    5 to gather, to scrape together, to collect, to muster.
    Ellos reunieron dinero They gathered money.
    6 to assemble.
    Ellos reunieron a los miembros They assembled the members.
    7 to merge, to incorporate.
    Ellos reunieron a las empresas They merged the companies.
    8 to have, to muster, to meet.
    Ella reunía buenas cualidades She mustered good qualities.
    * * *
    (stressed ú in certain persons of certain tenses)
    Present Indicative
    reúno, reúnes, reúne, reunimos, reunís, reúnen.
    Present Subjunctive
    reúna, reúnas, reúna, reunamos, reunáis, reúnan.
    Imperative
    reúne (tú), reúna (él/Vd.), reunamos (nos.), reunid (vos.), reúnan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    1) to gather, collect
    3) join
    5) have
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=juntar) to join, join together
    2) (=recolectar) [+ cosas dispersas] to gather, gather together, get together; [+ datos] to collect, gather; [+ recursos] to pool; [+ colección] to assemble, make; [+ dinero] to collect; [+ fondos] to raise

    la producción de los demás países reunidos no alcanzará al nuestro — the production of the other countries put together will not come up to ours

    3) [+ personas] to bring together, get together
    4) [+ cualidades] to combine; [+ condiciones] to have, possess
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cualidades/características> to have; < requisitos> to satisfy, meet
    2) < datos> to gather; <dinero/fondos> to raise; < información> to gather together, collect

    reunir pruebas — to gather o assemble evidence

    3) < personas>
    2.
    reunirse v pron consejo/junta to meet; amigos/parientes to get together
    * * *
    = assemble, bring together, compile, gather, pull together, put together, round up, unite, encapsulate, muster, bundle, gather together, pool, reunite [re-unite], band, draw together.
    Ex. In this case all the works of a given author will be assembled on the shelf under his/her name as well, so it is not really in conflict and I think there is a misinterpretation.
    Ex. For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex. This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex. A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex. This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex. The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex. That is, you can round up terminals if you have to very rapidly.
    Ex. It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex. The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex. Obviously, the task will strain all the resources of mind and character that the nation can muster.
    Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex. If we wanted to gather everything on particular plants together under the general heading 'Horticulture,' we might change the above example to 635.9(582.675)65 to make the main facet the individual plant (in this case anemones), with environment (indoor...) a secondary feature.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. Divided collections are being reunited and bodies of material considered lost after World War 2 are resurfacing in Eastern Europe as well as in Germany.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    ----
    * que reúne las condiciones = qualified.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash, come up with + the money.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir información = pool + information.
    * reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.
    * reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * reunirse = get together, meet, convene, meet up, caucus.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].
    * volverse a reunir = reconvene.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cualidades/características> to have; < requisitos> to satisfy, meet
    2) < datos> to gather; <dinero/fondos> to raise; < información> to gather together, collect

    reunir pruebas — to gather o assemble evidence

    3) < personas>
    2.
    reunirse v pron consejo/junta to meet; amigos/parientes to get together
    * * *
    = assemble, bring together, compile, gather, pull together, put together, round up, unite, encapsulate, muster, bundle, gather together, pool, reunite [re-unite], band, draw together.

    Ex: In this case all the works of a given author will be assembled on the shelf under his/her name as well, so it is not really in conflict and I think there is a misinterpretation.

    Ex: For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex: This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex: A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex: This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex: That is, you can round up terminals if you have to very rapidly.
    Ex: It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex: The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex: Obviously, the task will strain all the resources of mind and character that the nation can muster.
    Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex: If we wanted to gather everything on particular plants together under the general heading 'Horticulture,' we might change the above example to 635.9(582.675)65 to make the main facet the individual plant (in this case anemones), with environment (indoor...) a secondary feature.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: Divided collections are being reunited and bodies of material considered lost after World War 2 are resurfacing in Eastern Europe as well as in Germany.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    * que reúne las condiciones = qualified.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash, come up with + the money.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir información = pool + information.
    * reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.
    * reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * reunirse = get together, meet, convene, meet up, caucus.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].
    * volverse a reunir = reconvene.

    * * *
    reunir [ I23 ]
    vt
    A (tener) ‹cualidades/características› to have
    los aspirantes deberán reunir los siguientes requisitos … candidates must satisfy o meet the following requirements …
    reúne todas las condiciones necesarias para el cargo he fulfills all the requirements for the position
    B (recoger, recolectar) ‹datos› to gather; ‹dinero/fondos› to raise
    ha logrado reunir una colección excepcional de sellos she has managed to build up an impressive stamp collection
    el volumen reúne varios artículos publicados recientemente por el autor the volume brings together o is a collection of several recently published articles by the author
    primero hay que reunir la información necesaria the first step is to gather together o collect o assemble all the necessary information
    reunir pruebas contra algn to gather o assemble evidence against sb
    C ‹personas›
    reunió a toda la familia en su casa she got all the family together at her house
    reunió a los jefes de sección he called a meeting of the heads of department, he called the heads of department together
    los reunió y les leyó el telegrama he called them together and read them the telegram
    «consejo/junta» to meet; «amigos/parientes» to get together
    hace años que no se reúne toda la familia it's years since the whole family got together
    se reunieron tras 20 años sin verse they met up again o got together again after 20 years
    reunirse CON algn:
    me reuní con él en Chicago I met up with him in Chicago
    se va a reunir con los representantes de la compañía en Alemania she's going to meet o have a meeting with o ( esp AmE) meet with the company's representatives in Germany
    * * *

     

    reunir ( conjugate reunir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹cualidades/características› to have;
    ‹ requisitos› to satisfy, meet;
    ‹ condiciones› to fulfill, satisfy
    2 ‹ datos› to gather;
    ‹dinero/fondos› to raise;
    ‹ información› to gather together, collect
    3 ‹amigos/familia› to get … together;

    reunirse verbo pronominal [consejo/junta] to meet;
    [amigos/parientes] to get together;
    reunirse con algn ( encontrarse) to meet up with sb;
    ( tener una reunión) to have a meeting with sb, meet with sb (AmE)
    reunir verbo transitivo
    1 (juntar) to collect: si reúnes tres vales, te dan uno de regalo, if you collect three vouchers, they'll give you another one free
    (dinero) to raise
    (información) to gather
    (valor, fuerza) to muster (up)
    2 (congregar) to gather together: nos reunieron en una pequeña sala, they brought us together in a small room
    3 (cualidades, características) to have, possess
    (requisitos) to fulfil
    ' reunir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aunar
    - juntar
    - satisfacer
    - agrupar
    - requisito
    - reunido
    English:
    assemble
    - bill
    - gather
    - gather together
    - get together
    - muster
    - pool
    - put together
    - raise
    - rake together
    - rally
    - reassemble
    - reunite
    - round up
    - scrape together
    - scrape up
    - summon up
    - accumulate
    - collect
    - compile
    - get
    - marshal
    - meet
    - put
    - qualified
    - summon
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [juntar] [personas] to bring together;
    la fiesta de homenaje reunió a todos los amigos del artista the party in his honour brought all the artist's friends together
    2. [objetos, información] to collect, to bring together;
    [fondos] to raise;
    reunió una gran fortuna he amassed a large fortune
    3. [tener] [requisitos, condiciones] to meet, to fulfil;
    [cualidades] to possess, to combine;
    el plan reúne todas las condiciones para ser aceptado the plan meets o fulfils all the criteria for acceptance;
    no reúne los requisitos necesarios para el puesto she doesn't meet the requirements for the post
    4. [volver a unir] to put back together
    * * *
    v/t
    1 personas bring together;
    estar reunido be in a meeting
    2 requisitos meet, fulfill, Br
    fulfil
    3 datos gather (together)
    * * *
    reunir {68} vt
    1) : to unite, to join, to bring together
    2) : to have, to possess
    reunieron los requisitos necesarios: they fulfilled the necessary requirements
    3) : to gather, to collect, to raise (funds)
    * * *
    reunir vb
    1. (juntar personas) to get together / to call together
    2. (juntar cosas) to bring together [pt. & pp. brought]
    3. (dinero) to raise
    ¿cuánto dinero hemos reunido? how much money have we raised?
    4. (requisitos) to meet [pt. & pp. met] / to fulfil [pt. & pp. fulfilled]

    Spanish-English dictionary > reunir

  • 34 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
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    873. Whitman, R. M. (1963) Remembering and forgetting dreams in psychoanalysis. JAPA, 11.
    874. Wiedeman, G. Sexuality. PMC. Forthcoming.
    875. Wiedeman, G. (1962) Survey of psychoanalytic literature on overt male homosexuality. JAPA, 10.
    876. Wieder, H. (1966) Intellectuality. PSOC, 21.
    877. Wieder, H. (1978) The psychoanalytic treatment of preadolescents In Child Analysis and Therapy, ed. J. Glenn. New York Aronson.
    878. Willick, M. S. Defense. PMC. Forthcoming.
    879. Wilson, C. P. (1967) Stone as a symbol of teeth. PQ, 36.
    880. Wilson, C. P Hohan, C. & Mintz, I. (1983) Fear of Being Fat. New York: Aronson.
    881. Wilson, C. P. S Mintz, I. (1982) Abstaining and bulimic anorexics. Primary Care, 9.
    882. Wilson, E. O. (1978) On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
    883. Winnicott, C. (1978) D. W. W.: a reflection. In: Between Reality and Fantasy. New York: Jason Aronson.
    884. Winnicott, D. W. (1953) Transitional object and transitional phenomena. In: Collected Papers. New York Basic Books, 1958.
    885. Winnicott, D. W. (1956) Primary maternal preoccupation. In: Winnicott (1958).
    886. Winnicott, D. W. (1958) Collected Papers. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
    887. Winnicott, D. W. (1960) Ego distortions in terms of true and false self. In: The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.
    888. Winnicott, D. W. (1960) The theory of the parent-infant relationship. In: Winnicott (1965).
    889. Winnicott, D. W. (1965) The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
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    891. Winnicott, D. W. (1971) Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 35 idea

    1) (opinion; belief: I have an idea that it won't work.) creencia, impresión
    2) (a plan: I've an idea for solving this problem.) idea
    3) (mental picture: This will give you an idea of what I mean.) idea
    idea n idea

    Del verbo idear: ( conjugate idear) \ \
    idea es: \ \
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo
    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
    Multiple Entries: idea     idear
    idea sustantivo femenino idea;
    ◊ la idea de libertad the idea o concept of freedom;
    es de ideas fijas he has very set ideas about things; no tiene idea de cómo funciona he has no idea how it works; no tengo idea I don't have a clue; hacerse una idea de la situación to get an idea of the situation; se me ocurre una idea I've got an idea; cambió de idea she changed her mind; hacerse (a) la idea de algo to get used to the idea of sth
    idea sustantivo femenino
    1 idea
    idea fija, fixed idea
    2 (representación, concepto) idea: la simple idea de volver a verle me pone nervioso, the very thought of seeing him again makes me all jittery (noción) idea: para que te hagas una idea..., so that you can get an idea...
    tiene muy poca idea de lo que cuesta, she has very little idea of what it costs
    3 (opinión, juicio) idea, opinion: te lo advierto, ésta no es la idea que yo tengo de la diversión, mind you, that's not my idea of fun
    tiene ideas peligrosas sobre el poder, he has dangerous ideas about power
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    4 (intención) intention
    a mala idea, on purpose
    5 (proyecto, plan, ocurrencia) idea: teme que le roben la idea, she's afraid someone might steal her idea
    vino con la idea de ir a la playa, she came with the idea of going to the beach exclamación ¡vaya una idea!, the very idea! Locuciones: hacerse a la idea de, to get used to the idea of familiar no tener ni idea, to have no idea o not to have a clue: no tenía ni idea de que hubieras regresado, I had no idea that you were back (ser ignorante) no tengo ni (la más remota/puñetera) idea de fútbol, I haven't got a clue about football
    ideas de bombero, absurd ideas
    idear verbo transitivo
    1 (un invento, diseño) to devise, invent
    2 (una teoría, un plan) to think up, conceive ' idea' also found in these entries: Spanish: abandono - acariciar - acierto - acoger - acogida - advertir - aferrarse - añadidura - anticipo - borrosa - borroso - bosquejar - bosquejo - buena - bueno - cabeza - cambiar - chifladura - concepto - confusa - confuso - convencer - cosa - decir - definida - definido - desechar - desterrar - dónde - exclusión - flor - formarse - fríamente - gestarse - gustar - hacerse - hoy - impracticable - inicialmente - intención - irse - leve - luminosa - luminoso - madurar - menor - mentalizarse - neta - neto - noción English: abandon - adjust - advance - afterthought - amusement - appealing - assumption - barmy - better - brainstorm - brainwave - brilliant - bring forward - bristle - catch - catch on - change - cling - clue - come up with - conception - confused - convey - crazy - daft - daring - dated - defunct - dismiss - distinct - downside - drift - embody - embrace - face - faint - fall in with - fanciful - fasten on to - flirt - fluid - foggy - fundamental - get across - get through - hit on - hit upon - idea - idiotic - illusion
    tr[aɪ'dɪə]
    1 (gen) idea; (opinion) idea, opinión nombre femenino
    ■ that's a good idea! ¡es una buena idea!
    ■ I've got an idea! ¡tengo una idea!, ¡se me ocurre una idea!
    ■ whose idea was this anyway? ¿de quién era la idea?, ¿a quién se le ocurrió esto?
    ■ whatever gave you that idea? ¿cómo se te ha ocurrido (pensar) eso?, ¿de dónde has sacado esta idea?
    ■ do you know where he is? --no, but I've got a very good idea! ¿sabes dónde está? --no, pero tengo una ligera sospecha
    ■ well, you might as well get used to the idea bueno, ya puedes irte haciendo a la idea
    ■ I've an idea you threw it away creo que lo tiraste, tengo la impresión de que lo tiraste
    3 (concept) concepto
    ■ what's your idea of happiness? ¿cuál es tu concepto de la felicidad?
    1 (aim, purpose) idea, intención nombre femenino, objetivo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    the (very) idea of it! ¡vaya ocurrencia!, ¡qué ocurrencia!, ¡a quién se le ocurre!, ¡ni hablar!
    to get the idea (understand) comprender, entender, captar 2 (learn) aprender
    to get ideas hacerse ilusiones
    to give somebody ideas dar ilusiones a alguien
    to have no idea no tener idea, no tener ni idea
    ■ I've no idea! ¡ni idea!
    not to have the first idea about something no tener ni la más mínima idea de algo
    to hit on the idea of something ocurrírsele la idea a alguien
    to put ideas into somebody's head meter ideas en la cabeza a alguien
    that's the idea! ¡eso es!, ¡así se hace!
    what's the big idea? ¿qué pasa aquí?, ¿qué es esto?, ¿qué te has creído?
    idea [aɪ'di:ə] n
    : idea f
    n.
    • concepto s.m.
    • idea s.f.
    • magín s.m.
    • noción s.f.
    'aɪ'diːə, aɪ'diə
    1)
    a) (plan, suggestion) idea f
    b) (purpose, principle) idea f

    you get the idea don't you? — entiendes ¿no?

    2) (notion, impression) idea f

    my idea of Ireland — la idea que yo tengo or me hago de Irlanda

    can you give me some idea of what happened? — ¿me puedes dar una idea de lo que pasó?

    where is he? - (I've) no idea! — ¿dónde está? - (no tengo) ni idea

    whatever gave you that idea? — ¿de dónde sacaste esa idea?

    to put ideas in o into somebody's head, to give somebody ideas — meterle ideas en la cabeza a alguien

    3) ( view) idea f, opinión f
    [aɪ'dɪǝ]
    N
    1) (=thought, plan) idea f

    the idea is to sell it — la idea or el plan es venderlo

    • it wouldn't be a bad idea to paint it — no le vendría mal pintarlo

    • whose bright idea was it to come this way? — iro ¿quién ha tenido la bonita or feliz idea de venir por aquí? *

    • you'll have to buck up your ideas — tendrás que menearte

    • the idea never entered my head — ni se me pasó esa idea por la cabeza

    • to get an idea for a novel — encontrar una idea para una novela

    don't go getting ideas — (=build up one's hopes) no te hagas ilusiones; (=be presumptuous) no se te ocurra

    • to get used to the idea of sth — hacerse a la idea de algo

    • to give sb ideas — meter ideas en la cabeza a algn

    whatever gave you that idea? — ¿como se te ha ocurrido semejante cosa?

    • good idea! — ¡buena idea!

    what a good idea! — ¡qué idea más buena!

    • to have an idea — tener una idea

    I suddenly had the idea of going to see her — de repente se me ocurrió ir a verla, de repente tuve la idea de ir a verla

    • he hit on the idea of painting it red — se le ocurrió pintarlo de rojo

    • to put ideas into sb's head — meter ideas en la cabeza a algn

    • the very idea!, what an idea! — ¡qué ocurrencias!

    2) (=understanding) idea f

    • have you any idea how ridiculous you look? — ¿tienes idea de lo ridículo que estás?

    • I haven't the foggiest idea — no tengo ni la menor or más remota or más mínima idea

    • what(ever) gave you that idea? — ¿de dónde sacaste eso?

    • to get an idea of sth — hacerse una idea de algo

    • you're getting the idea — (=understanding) estás empezando a comprender; (=getting the knack) estás cogiendo el tino or truco

    where did you get that idea? — ¿de dónde sacaste eso?

    • I haven't the least idea — no tengo ni la menor or más remota or más mínima idea

    • I've no idea! — ¡ni idea!

    it was awful, you've no idea — no te puedes hacer una idea de lo horrible que fue

    I had no idea that... — no tenía ni idea or la menor idea de que...

    • I haven't the slightest idea — no tengo ni la menor or más remota or más mínima idea

    • he has some idea of French — tiene algo de idea de francés

    3) (=conception, notion) idea f

    there may be some truth in the idea that... — puede que haya algo de cierto en la idea de que...

    she has some odd ideas about how to bring up children — tiene unas ideas muy raras or una opinión muy rara de cómo criar a los niños

    • it wasn't my idea of a holiday — no era la idea que yo tengo de unas vacaciones

    • if that's your idea of fun — si eso es lo que tú entiendes por diversión

    4) (=vague idea) impresión f

    • to have an idea that... — tener la impresión de que...

    5) (=purpose) intención f, idea f

    • what's the big idea? * — ¿a qué viene eso? *

    6) (=estimate) idea f

    • can you give me a rough idea of how many you want? — ¿puede darme una idea aproximada de cuántos quiere?

    * * *
    ['aɪ'diːə, aɪ'diə]
    1)
    a) (plan, suggestion) idea f
    b) (purpose, principle) idea f

    you get the idea don't you? — entiendes ¿no?

    2) (notion, impression) idea f

    my idea of Ireland — la idea que yo tengo or me hago de Irlanda

    can you give me some idea of what happened? — ¿me puedes dar una idea de lo que pasó?

    where is he? - (I've) no idea! — ¿dónde está? - (no tengo) ni idea

    whatever gave you that idea? — ¿de dónde sacaste esa idea?

    to put ideas in o into somebody's head, to give somebody ideas — meterle ideas en la cabeza a alguien

    3) ( view) idea f, opinión f

    English-spanish dictionary > idea

  • 36 clave

    adj.
    key (fundamental, esencial).
    es una fecha clave para la empresa it's a crucial date for the company
    f.
    1 code.
    en clave in code
    nos mandaron los mensajes en clave they sent us the messages in code, they sent us coded messages
    clave de acceso access code
    2 key.
    la clave de la felicidad/del éxito the key to happiness/success
    3 clef (Music).
    clave de fa bass clef
    clave de sol treble clef
    Clave de Fa F clef
    4 password (computing).
    5 key element, key, core element, crucial element.
    6 harpsichord.
    7 keystone.
    m.
    harpsichord (Music).
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: clavar.
    * * *
    1 (de un enigma etc) key, clue
    2 (de signos) code, key, cipher
    3 MÚSICA key
    4 ARQUITECTURA keystone
    1 (instrumento) harpsichord
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun f.
    1) key
    2) code
    3) clef
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=código) code

    mensaje en clave — coded message, message in code

    clave de acceso — (Inform) password

    clave de búsqueda — (Inform) search key

    clave de clasificación — (Inform) sort key

    2) (=quid) key
    3) (Mús) clef
    4) (=sentido)

    una interpretación en clave económica — an economic interpretation, an interpretation from an economic viewpoint o perspective

    5) (Arquit) keystone
    2.
    SM (Mús) harpsichord
    3.
    ADJ (=esencial) [tema, punto, factor, personaje] key antes de s
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo (pl clave or - ves) key (before n)
    II
    1)
    a) ( código) code
    b) (de problema, misterio) key
    2) (Mús) clef

    clave de fa/sol — bass/treble clef

    3) (Arquit) keystone
    III
    masculino harpsichord
    * * *
    = key, key, keystone, linchpin, cipher, critical.
    Ex. Note that this is a wide-ranging definition which permits a cataloguer to regard any group which works together and has a name (the name is the key) as a corporate body.
    Ex. This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.
    Ex. These, then, are keystones to labor relations today.
    Ex. Staff are the organisation's communication gatekeepers, they are linchpins in the change process and determine the effectiveness of the communication process.
    Ex. Mysterious Latin ciphers, such as s.l. and s.n. (in brackets, of course), that could well make ordinary plebes feel like dummies.
    Ex. Needless to say, this technique is relatively slow but can be valuable if retrieval speed is not critical.
    ----
    * búsqueda de palabras clave = keyword search.
    * clave compuesta = acronym key.
    * clave de acceso = password.
    * clave de búsqueda = search key.
    * clave de búsqueda derivado = derived search key.
    * clave de búsqueda por el título = title key.
    * clave de búsqueda por nombre de autor = author key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada = truncated key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada derivada = truncated derived search key.
    * clave de codificación = scrambling key.
    * clave de descodificación = unscrambling key.
    * clave del éxito = key success factor, key to success.
    * clave de longitud fija = fixed-length key.
    * clave de longitud variable = variable-length key.
    * componente clave = building block.
    * cuestiones clave = key issues.
    * elemento clave = building block.
    * entrada por palabra clave del título = catchword entry.
    * estar en un momento clave = be at a watershed.
    * factor clave = key success factor, key factor.
    * índice KWIC (Palabra Clave en su Contexto) = KWIC (Keyword-in-Context).
    * índice KWIT (Palabra Clave del Título) = KWIT (Keyword-in-Title).
    * índice KWOC (Palabra Clave fuera de su Contexto) = KWOC (Keyword-Out-of-Context).
    * índice permutado de palabras clave = permuted keyword index.
    * indización por palabras clave del título = catchword indexing, catchword title indexing.
    * la clave de = at the heart of.
    * la clave está en la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * lista de palabras clave = go-list [golist].
    * lista permutada de palabras clave = permuted keyword list.
    * momento clave = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * palabra clave = keyword [key word].
    * pieza clave = cornerstone [corner-stone], building block.
    * pieza clave que falta = missing piece.
    * punto clave = key point.
    * ser el momento clave = mark + the watershed.
    * ser la clave de = hold + the key to.
    * título clave = key title.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo (pl clave or - ves) key (before n)
    II
    1)
    a) ( código) code
    b) (de problema, misterio) key
    2) (Mús) clef

    clave de fa/sol — bass/treble clef

    3) (Arquit) keystone
    III
    masculino harpsichord
    * * *
    = key, key, keystone, linchpin, cipher, critical.

    Ex: Note that this is a wide-ranging definition which permits a cataloguer to regard any group which works together and has a name (the name is the key) as a corporate body.

    Ex: This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.
    Ex: These, then, are keystones to labor relations today.
    Ex: Staff are the organisation's communication gatekeepers, they are linchpins in the change process and determine the effectiveness of the communication process.
    Ex: Mysterious Latin ciphers, such as s.l. and s.n. (in brackets, of course), that could well make ordinary plebes feel like dummies.
    Ex: Needless to say, this technique is relatively slow but can be valuable if retrieval speed is not critical.
    * búsqueda de palabras clave = keyword search.
    * clave compuesta = acronym key.
    * clave de acceso = password.
    * clave de búsqueda = search key.
    * clave de búsqueda derivado = derived search key.
    * clave de búsqueda por el título = title key.
    * clave de búsqueda por nombre de autor = author key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada = truncated key.
    * clave de búsqueda truncada derivada = truncated derived search key.
    * clave de codificación = scrambling key.
    * clave de descodificación = unscrambling key.
    * clave del éxito = key success factor, key to success.
    * clave de longitud fija = fixed-length key.
    * clave de longitud variable = variable-length key.
    * componente clave = building block.
    * cuestiones clave = key issues.
    * elemento clave = building block.
    * entrada por palabra clave del título = catchword entry.
    * estar en un momento clave = be at a watershed.
    * factor clave = key success factor, key factor.
    * índice KWIC (Palabra Clave en su Contexto) = KWIC (Keyword-in-Context).
    * índice KWIT (Palabra Clave del Título) = KWIT (Keyword-in-Title).
    * índice KWOC (Palabra Clave fuera de su Contexto) = KWOC (Keyword-Out-of-Context).
    * índice permutado de palabras clave = permuted keyword index.
    * indización por palabras clave del título = catchword indexing, catchword title indexing.
    * la clave de = at the heart of.
    * la clave está en la letra pequeña = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * lista de palabras clave = go-list [golist].
    * lista permutada de palabras clave = permuted keyword list.
    * momento clave = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * palabra clave = keyword [key word].
    * pieza clave = cornerstone [corner-stone], building block.
    * pieza clave que falta = missing piece.
    * punto clave = key point.
    * ser el momento clave = mark + the watershed.
    * ser la clave de = hold + the key to.
    * título clave = key title.

    * * *
    (pl clave or - ves)
    key ( before n)
    un autor/una obra clave de la literatura mexicana a key author/work in Mexican literature
    los sectores clave(s) de la economía the key sectors of the economy
    A
    1 (código) code
    transmitir en clave to transmit in code
    un mensaje en clave a coded message, a message in code
    2 (de un problema, misterio) key
    Compuestos:
    ( Inf) password
    A ( Arquit) keystone
    B (fundamento, base) cornerstone
    ( Inf) key word
    ( Inf) sort key
    ( Inf) password
    número de clave secreta (Chi, Per); PIN number
    ( AmL) user's password
    ( Méx) ( Tel) area code
    B (signo) clef
    clave de fa/sol bass/treble clef
    no quiso que su visita se interpretase únicamente en clave económica he did not wish his visit to be viewed as being motivated purely by economic factors
    C ( Arquit) keystone
    harpsichord
    * * *

     

    Del verbo clavar: ( conjugate clavar)

    clavé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    clave es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    clavar    
    clave
    clavar ( conjugate clavar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) clave algo en algo ‹ clavo› to hammer sth into sth;

    ‹puñal/cuchillo› to stick sth in sth;
    ‹ estaca› to drive sth into sth;
    ◊ me clavó los dientes/las uñas he sank his teeth/dug his nails into me

    b) ‹cartel/estante› to put up (with nails, etc)

    c) ‹ojos/vista› to fix … on

    2 (fam)
    a) ( cobrar caro) to rip … off (colloq);

    ◊ nos claveon $10,000 they stung us for $10,000

    b) (CS) ( engañar) to cheat

    c) (Méx) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), to filch (colloq)

    clavarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ‹ aguja› to stick … into one's finger (o thumb etc);


    b) ( refl) ‹cuchillo/puñal›:


    2 (CS fam) clavese con algo ( por no poder venderlo) to get stuck with sth (colloq);
    ( por ser mala compra):

    3 (Méx) (Dep) to dive
    clave adjetivo (pl
    ◊ clave or -ves) key ( before n);

    un factor clave a key factor
    ■ sustantivo femenino
    a) ( código) code;


    clave de acceso (Inf) password
    b) (de problema, misterio) key

    c) (Mús) clef;

    ◊ clave de fa/sol bass/treble clef

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    harpsichord
    clavar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (con un martillo) to hammer in
    (sujetar con clavos) to nail
    2 (una estaca) to drive in
    3 familiar (cobrar demasiado) to sting o fleece: nos clavaron dos mil por un simple desayuno, they stung us two thousand pesetas for a breakfast
    clave
    I sustantivo femenino
    1 (meollo, pista) key
    2 (código, cifra) code, cipher
    clave numérica, numerical code
    3 Mús (tono) key
    (símbolo) clef
    II sustantivo masculino Mús harpsichord
    ' clave' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alma
    - codificar
    - encerrar
    - realidad
    - cifra
    - clavar
    English:
    bass
    - cipher
    - clef
    - clue
    - code
    - code name
    - issue
    - key
    - operative
    - treble clef
    - pass
    - treble
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [fundamental, esencial] key;
    es una fecha clave para la empresa it's a crucial date for the company;
    el factor clave de la política económica the key factor in economic policy
    ♦ nm
    Mús harpsichord
    ♦ nf
    1. [código] code;
    en clave in code;
    nos mandaron los mensajes en clave they sent us the messages in code, they sent us coded messages
    clave de acceso access code
    2. [de sistema informático] password;
    [de caja fuerte] combination
    3. [solución] key;
    la clave del éxito está en una buena planificación the key to success is good planning
    4. [interpretación]
    un estudio en clave política de la situación a study of the situation from a political standpoint;
    interpreta la obra en clave sociológica she interprets the work from a sociological point of view o perspective;
    analiza en clave de humor la realidad del país he puts a humorous slant on his analysis of the country's situation
    5. Mús clef
    clave de fa bass clef;
    clave de sol treble clef
    6. Arquit keystone
    * * *
    I f
    1 de problema key
    2 ( código) code;
    en clave in code
    II adj importante key;
    figura clave key figure;
    puesto clave key post
    III m MÚS harpsichord
    * * *
    clave adj
    : key, essential
    clave nf
    1) cifra: code
    2) : key
    la clave del misterio: the key to the mystery
    3) : clef
    4) : keystone
    * * *
    1. (código) code
    2. (información, dato) key

    Spanish-English dictionary > clave

  • 37 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 26 August 1743 Paris, France
    d. 8 May 1794 Paris, France
    [br]
    French founder of the modern science of chemistry.
    [br]
    As well as receiving a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the leading figures of the day. This proved to be an ideal formation of the man in whom "man of science" and "public servant" were so intimately combined. His early work towards the first geological map of France and on the water supply of Paris helped to win him election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768 at the youthful age of 25. In the same year he used some of his private income to buy a part-share in the "tax farm", a private company which leased from the Government the right to collect certain indirect taxes.
    In 1772 Lavoisier began his researches into the related phenomena of combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals. This culminated in the early 1780s in the overthrow of the prevailing theory, based on an imponderable combustion principle called "phlogiston", and the substitution of the modern explanation of these processes. At the same time, understanding of the nature of acids, bases and salts was placed on a sounder footing. More important, Lavoisier defined a chemical element in its modern sense and showed how it should be applied by drawing up the first modern list of the chemical elements. With the revolution in chemistry initiated by Lavoisier, chemists could begin to understand correctly the fundamental processes of their science. This understanding was the foundationo of the astonishing advance in scientific and industrial chemistry that has taken place since then. As an academician, Lavoisier was paid by the Government to carry out investigations into a wide variety of practical questions with a chemical bias, such as the manufacture of starch and the distillation of phosphorus. In 1775 Louis XVI ordered the setting up of the Gunpowder Commission to improve the supply and quality of gunpowder, deficiencies in which had hampered France's war efforts. Lavoisier was a member of the Commission and, as usual, took the leading part, drawing up its report and supervising its implementation. As a result, the industry became profitable, output increased so that France could even export powder, and the range of the powder increased by two-thirds. This was a material factor in France's war effort in the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.
    As if his chemical researches and official duties were not enough, Lavoisier began to apply his scientific principles to agriculture when he purchased an estate at Frechines, near Blois. After ten years' work on his experimental farm there, Lavoisier was able to describe his results in the memoir "Results of some agricultural experiments and reflections on their relation to political economy" (Paris, 1788), which holds historic importance in agriculture and economics. In spite of his services to the nation and to humanity, his association with the tax farm was to have tragic consequences: during the reign of terror in 1794 the Revolutionaries consigned to the guillotine all the tax farmers, including Lavoisier.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1862–93, Oeuvres de Lavoisier, Vols I–IV, ed. J.B.A.Dumas; Vols V–VI, ed. E.Grimaux, Paris (Lavoisier's collected works).
    Further Reading
    D.I.Duveen and H.S.Klickstein, 1954, A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743–1794, London: William Dawson (contains valuable biographical material).
    D.McKie, 1952, Antoine Lavoisier, Scientist, Economist, Social Reformer, London: Constable (the best modern, general biography).
    H.Guerlac, 1975, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Chemist and Revolutionary, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (a more recent work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent

  • 38 θεός

    θεός, οῦ (Hom.+; Herm. Wr.; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph.) ὁ and ἡ, voc. θεέ (Pisidian ins [JHS 22, 1902, 355] θέ; PGM 4, 218 θεὲ θεῶν; 7, 529 κύριε θεὲ μέγιστε; 12, 120 κύριε θεέ; 13, 997; LXX [Thackeray 145; PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 152f]; ApcMos 42; Jos., Ant. 14, 24 ὦ θεὲ βασιλεῦ τ. ὅλων; SibOr 13, 172 βασιλεῦ κόσμου θεέ) Mt 27:46, more frequently (s. 2 and 3c, h below) ὁ θεός (LXX; ParJer 6:12; ApcEsdr 7:5; ApcMos 32; B-D-F §147, 3m; JWackernagel, Über einige antike Anredeformen 1912; Mlt-H. 120). On the inclusion or omission of the art. gener. s. W-S. §19, 13d; B-D-F §254, 1; 268, 2; Rob. 758; 761; 780; 786; 795; Mlt-Turner 174; BWeiss, D. Gebr. des Artikels bei den Gottesnamen, StKr 84, 1911, 319–92; 503–38 (also published separately). The sg. article freq. suggests personal claim on a deity. ‘God, god’.
    ① In the Gr-Rom. world the term θεός primarily refers to a transcendent being who exercises extraordinary control in human affairs or is responsible for bestowal of unusual benefits, deity, god, goddess (s. on θεά) Ac 28:6; 2 Th 2:4 (cp. SibOr 5, 34 ἰσάζων θεῷ αὐτόν; Ar. 4, 1 οὐκ εἰσὶ θεοί; Tat. 10, 1 θεὸς … κύκνος γίνεται …; Ath. 18, 3 θεός τις δισώματος); θεὸς Ῥαιφάν Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26; s. entry Ῥαιφάν). οὐδεὶς θεὸς εἰ μὴ εἷς there is no god but one 1 Cor 8:4 (cp. AcPl Ha 1, 17 restored). θεοῦ φωνὴ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου Ac 12:22.—ἡ θεός the (female) god, goddess (Att., later more rarely; Peripl. Eryth. c. 58; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 17, 2; SIG 695, 28; ins, one of which refers to Artemis, in Hauser p. 81f; Jos., Ant. 9, 19; Ar. 11, 2 [Artemis]; Ath. 29, 2 [Ino]) Ac 19:37.—Pl. Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1). Cp. 14:11; 19:26; PtK 2 p. 14, 21. εἴπερ εἰσὶν λεγόμενοι θεοί even if there are so-called gods 1 Cor 8:5a; s. vs. 5b (on θεοὶ πολλοί cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 149.—Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a: θ. πολλοί w. εἷς θ. πατήρ). οἱ φύσει μὴ ὄντες θεοί those who by nature are not really gods Gal 4:8b (cp. Ar. 4, 2 μὴ εἶναι τὸν οὐρανὸν θεόν al.). θεοὶ … λίθινοι etc. AcPl Ha 1, 18 (cp. JosAs 10:13 τοὺς χρυσοῦς καὶ ἀργυροῦς). Of the devil μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15.
    ② Some writings in our lit. use the word θ. w. ref. to Christ (without necessarily equating Christ with the Father, and therefore in harmony w. the Shema of Israel Dt 6:4; cp. Mk 10:18 and 4a below), though the interpretation of some of the pass. is in debate. In Mosaic and Gr-Rom. traditions the fundamental semantic component in the understanding of deity is the factor of performance, namely saviorhood or extraordinary contributions to one’s society. Dg. 10:6 defines the ancient perspective: ὸ̔ς ἃ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λάβων ἔχει, ταῦτα τοῖς ἐπιδεομένοις χορηγῶν, θεὸς γίνεται τῶν λαμβανάντων one who ministers to the needy what one has received from God proves to be a god to the recipients (cp. Sb III, 6263, 27f of a mother). Such understanding led to the extension of the mng. of θ. to pers. who elicit special reverence (cp. pass. under 4 below; a similar development can be observed in the use of σέβομαι and cognates). In Ro 9:5 the interpr. is complicated by demand of punctuation marks in printed texts. If a period is placed before ὁ ὢν κτλ., the doxology refers to God as defined in Israel (so EAbbot, JBL 1, 1881, 81–154; 3, 1883, 90–112; RLipsius; HHoltzmann, Ntl. Theol.2 II 1911, 99f; EGünther, StKr 73, 1900, 636–44; FBurkitt, JTS 5, 1904, 451–55; Jülicher; PFeine, Theol. d. NTs6 ’34, 176 et al.; RSV text; NRSV mg.). A special consideration in favor of this interpretation is the status assigned to Christ in 1 Cor 15:25–28 and the probability that Paul is not likely to have violated the injunction in Dt 5:7.—If a comma is used in the same place, the reference is to Christ (so BWeiss; EBröse, NKZ 10, 1899, 645–57 et al.; NRSV text; RSV mg. S. also εἰμί 1.—Undecided: THaering.—The transposition by the Socinian scholar JSchlichting [died 1661] ὧν ὁ=‘to whom belongs’ was revived by JWeiss, D. Urchristentum 1917, 363; WWrede, Pls 1905, 82; CStrömman, ZNW 8, 1907, 319f). In 2 Pt 1:1; 1J 5:20 the interpretation is open to question (but cp. ISmyrna McCabe.0010, 100 ὁ θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ Ἀντίοχος). In any event, θ. certainly refers to Christ, as one who manifests primary characteristics of deity, in the foll. NT pass.: J 1:1b (w. ὁ θεός 1:1a, which refers to God in the monotheistic context of Israel’s tradition. On the problem raised by such attribution s. J 10:34 [cp. Ex 7:1; Ps 81:6]; on θεός w. and without the article, acc. to whether it means God or the Logos, s. Philo, Somn. 1, 229f; JGriffiths, ET 62, ’50/51, 314–16; BMetzger, ET 63, ’51/52, 125f), 18b. ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου my Lord and my God! (nom. w. art.=voc.; s. beg. of this entry.—On a resurrection as proof of divinity cp. Diog. L. 8, 41, who quotes Hermippus: Pythagoras returns from a journey to Hades and appears among his followers [εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν], and they consider him θεῖόν τινα) J 20:28 (on the combination of κύριος and θεός s. 3c below). Tit 2:13 (μέγας θ.). Hb 1:8, 9 (in a quot. fr. Ps 44:7, 8). S. TGlasson, NTS 12, ’66, 270–72. Jd 5 P72. But above all Ignatius calls Christ θεός in many pass.: θεὸς Ἰησοῦς Χριστός ITr 7:1; Χριστὸς θεός ISm 10:1. ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν IEph ins; 15:3; 18:2; IRo ins (twice); 3:3; IPol 8:3; τὸ πάθος τοῦ θεοῦ μου IRo 6:3. ἐν αἵματι θεοῦ IEph 1:1. ἐν σαρκὶ γενόμενος θεός 7:2. θεὸς ἀνθρωπίνως φανερούμενος 19:3. θεὸς ὁ οὕτως ὑμᾶς σοφίσας ISm 1:1.—Hdb. exc. 193f; MRackl, Die Christologie d. hl. Ign. v. Ant. 1914. ὁ θεός μου Χριστὲ Ἰησοῦ AcPl Ha 3, 10; Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ὁ θ[εός] 6, 24; cp. ln. 34 (also cp. Just., A I, 63, 15, D. 63, 5 al.; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 24, 1; Mel., P. 4, 28 al.).—SLösch, Deitas Jesu u. antike Apotheose ’33. Cp. AWlosk, Römischer Kaiserkult ’78.
    ③ God in Israelite/Christian monotheistic perspective, God the predom. use, somet. with, somet. without the art.
    ⓐ ὁ θεός Mt 1:23; 3:9; 5:8, 34; Mk 2:12; 10:18; 13:19 (cp. TestJob 37:4); Lk 2:13; J 3:2b; Ac 2:22b; Gal 2:6 al. With prep. εἰς τὸν θ. Ac 24:15. ἐκ τοῦ θ. J 8:42b, 47; 1J 3:9f; 4:1ff, 6f; 5:1, 4; 2 Cor 3:5; 5:18 al.; ἐν τῷ θ. Ro 5:11; Col 3:3 (Ath. 21, 1). ἔναντι τοῦ θ. Lk 1:8; ἐπὶ τὸν θ. Ac 15:19; 26:18, 20 (Just., D. 101, 1); ἐπὶ τῷ θ. Lk 1:47 (Just., D. 8, 2); παρὰ τοῦ θ. J 8:40 (Ar. 4, 2; Just., A I, 33, 6 al.; without art. Just., D. 69, 6 al.). παρὰ τῷ θ. Ro 2:13; 9:14 (Just., A I, 28, 3; Tat. 7, 1; Ath. 31, 2 al.); πρὸς τὸν θ. J 1:2; Ac 24:16; AcPl Ha 3, 8 (Just., D. 39, 1 al.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13 al.); τὰ πρὸς τὸν θ. Hb 2:17; 5:1; Ro 15:17 is acc. of respect: with respect to one’s relation to God or the things pert. to God, in God’s cause (s. B-D-F §160; Rob. 486. For τὰ πρὸς τ. θ. s. Soph., Phil. 1441; X., De Rep. Lac. 13, 11; Aristot., Pol. 1314b, 39; Lucian, Pro Imag. 8; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 109, 3 [III B.C.] εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς θεούς; Ex 4:16; 18:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 236 εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς τ. θεόν). τὰ πρὸς τ[ὸν] θεὸν ἐτήρουσαν, when they were observant of matters pert. to God AcPl Ha 8, 13 (=τα π̣ρος θ̣̄ν̄| ἐτήρουσαν Ox 1602, 10f=BMM recto 16 restored after the preceding).
    ⓑ without the art. Mt 6:24; Lk 2:14; 20:38; J 1:18a; Ro 8:8, 33b; 2 Cor 1:21; 5:19; Gal 2:19; 4:8f; 2 Th 1:8; Tit 1:16; 3:8; Hb 3:4; AcPl Ha 8, 20=BMM recto 25 (s. also HSanders’ rev. of Ox 1602, 26, in HTR 31, ’38, 79, n. 2, Ghent 62 verso, 6); AcPlCor 1:15; 2:19, 26. W. prep. ἀπὸ θεοῦ J 3:2a; 16:30 (Just., A II, 13, 4 τὸν … ἀπὸ ἀγεννήτου … θεοῦ λόγον). εἰς θεόν IPhld 1:2. ἐκ θεοῦ (Pind., O. 11, 10, P. 1, 41; Jos., Ant. 2, 164; Just., A I, 22, 2; Mel., P. 55, 404) Ac 5:39; 2 Cor 5:1; Phil 3:9. ἐν θεῷ J 8:21; Ro 2:17; Jd 1; AcPl Ha 1, 15; 2, 35. ἐπὶ θεόν AcPl Ha 2, 29 (cp. πρὸς θεόν Just., D. 138, 2). κατὰ θεόν acc. to God’s will (Appian, Iber. 19 §73; 23 §88; 26 §101, Liby. 6 §25, Bell. Civ. 4, 86 §364) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9ff; IEph 2:1. ἡ κατὰ θ. ἀγάπη godly love IMg 1:1; cp. 13:1; ITr 1:2. παρὰ θεῷ (Jos., Bell. 1, 635) Mt 19:26; Lk 2:52.
    ⓒ w. gen. foll. or w. ἴδιος to denote a special relationship: ὁ θ. Ἀβραάμ Mt 22:32; Mk 12:26; Lk 20:37; Ac 3:13; 7:32 (all Ex 3:6). ὁ θ. (τοῦ) Ἰσραήλ (Ezk 44:2; JosAs 7:5) Mt 15:31; Lk 1:68; cp. Ac 13:17; 2 Cor 6:16; Hb 11:16. ὁ θ. μου Ro 1:8; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 12:21; Phil 1:3; 4:19; Phlm 4. OT κύριος ὁ θ. σου (ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν) Mt 4:7 (Dt 6:16); 22:37 (Dt 6:5); Mk 12:29 (Dt 6:4); Lk 1:16; 4:8 (Dt 6:13); 10:27 (Dt 6:5); Ac 2:39. ὁ κύριος καὶ ὁ θ. ἡμῶν Rv 4:11 (Just., D. 12, 3; the combination of κύριος and θεός is freq. in the OT: 2 Km 7:28; 3 Km 18:39; Jer 38:18; Zech 13:9; Ps 29:3; 34:23; 85:15; 87:2; TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 19 [Stone p. 6]; JosAs 3:4; 12:2 κύριε ὁ θ. τῶν αἰώνων. But s. also Epict. 2, 16, 13 κύριε ὁ θεός [GBreithaupt, Her. 62, 1927, 253–55], Herm. Wr.: Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/2, p. 172, 6 κύριε ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν, the PGM ref. at the beg. of this entry, and the sacral uses τ. θεῷ κ. κυρίῳ Σοκνοπαίῳ [OGI 655, 3f—24 B.C.]; PTebt 284, 6; τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ Ἀσκληπίῳ [Sb 159, 2]; deo domino Saturno [ins fr. imperial times fr. Thala in the prov. of Africa: BPhW 21, 1901, 475], also Suetonius, Domit. 13 dominus et deus noster [for the formulation s. 4a: PMich 209]; Ar. 15, 10; Just., D. 60, 3 al.) τὸν ἴδιον θ. AcPl Ha 3, 22.—ὁ θ. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χ. Eph 1:17.
    ⓓ used w. πατήρ (s. πατήρ 6a) ὁ θ. καὶ πατὴρ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ro 15:6; 2 Cor 1:3; Eph 1:3; Col 1:3; 1 Pt 1:3. ὁ θ. καὶ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Gal 1:4; Phil 4:20; 1 Th 1:3; 3:11, 13. ὁ θ. καὶ πατήρ 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 5:20; Js 1:27. θ. πατήρ Phil 2:11; 1 Pt 1:2; cp. 1 Cor 8:6. ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ro 1:7b; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; Phlm 3; ἀπὸ θ. π. Gal 1:3 v.l.; Eph 6:23; 2 Th 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; παρὰ θεοῦ π. 2 Pt 1:17; 2J 3.
    ⓔ w. gen. of what God brings about, in accordance w. the divine nature: ὁ θ. τῆς εἰρήνης Ro 15:33; 1 Th 5:23. τῆς ἐλπίδος the God fr. whom hope comes Ro 15:13. πάσης παρακλήσεως 2 Cor 1:3b. ὁ θ. τῆς ἀγάπης 13:11. ὁ θ. πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10. In οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀκαταστασίας ὁ θεός 1 Cor 14:33, θεός is to be supplied before ἀκατ.: for God is not a God of disorder.
    ⓕ The gen. (τοῦ) θεοῦ is
    α. subj. gen., extremely freq. depending on words like βασιλεία, δόξα, θέλημα, ἐντολή, εὐαγγέλιον, λόγος, ναός, οἶκος, πνεῦμα, υἱός, υἱοί, τέκνα and many others. Here prob. (s. β) belongs τὸ μωρὸν τ. θ. the (seeming) foolishness of G. 1 Cor 1:25 (s. B-D-F §263, 2).
    β. obj. gen. ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θ. love for God Lk 11:42; J 5:42; ἡ προσευχὴ τοῦ θ. prayer to God Lk 6:12. πίστις θεοῦ faith in God Mk 11:22. φόβος θεοῦ fear of, reverence for God Ro 3:18 al. (s. φόβος 2bα) If 1 Cor 1:25 is to be placed here (s. α above), τὸ μωρὸν τ. θ. refers to apostolic allegiance to God, which is viewed by outsiders as folly.
    γ. τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ the things, ways, thoughts, or secret purposes of God 1 Cor 2:11. φρονεῖν τὰ τ. θ. Mt 16:23; Mk 8:33 s. φρονέω 2b (ἀτιμάζοντας τὰ τοῦ θ. Just., D. 78, 10 al.). ἀποδιδόναι τὰ τ. θ. τῷ θεῷ give God what belongs to God Mt 22:21; Mk 12:17; Lk 20:25.
    δ. Almost as a substitute for the adj. divine IMg 6:1f; 15 (cp. Ath. 21, 4 οὐδὲν ἔχων θεοῦ [of Zeus]).
    ⓖ The dat. τῷ θεῷ (s. B-D-F §188, 2; 192; Rob. 538f; WHavers, Untersuchungen z. Kasussyntax d. indogerm. Sprachen 1911, 162ff) is
    α. dat. of advantage (cp. e.g. Ath. 26, 3 ὡς ἐπηκόῳ θεῷ) for God 2 Cor 5:13. Perh. (s. β) ὅπλα δυνατὰ τῷ θ. 10:4. The dat. of Ro 6:10f rather expresses the possessor.
    β. ethical dat. in the sight of God, hence w. superl. force (s. Beginn. IV, 75, on Ac 7:20) very: μεγάλοι τῷ θ. B 8:4 (cp. Jon 3:3). ἀστεῖος τῷ θ. Ac 7:20. Perh. (s. α) ὅπλα δυνατὰ τ. θ. weapons powerful in the sight of God 2 Cor 10:4. This idea is usu. expressed by ἐνώπιον τοῦ θ.
    ⓗ ὁ θ. is used as a vocative Mk 15:34 (Ps 21:2. θεός twice at the beginning of the invocation of a prayer: Ael. Dion. θ, 8; Paus. Attic. θ, 7 ‘θεὸς θεός’ ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἐπέλεγον ἐπιφημιζόμενοι); Lk 18:11; Hb 1:8 (Ps 44:7; MHarris, TynBull 36, ’85, 129–62); 10:7 (Ps 39:9); AcPl Ha 3, 10; 5, 12; 31. S. also 2 and 3c and the beg. of this entry.
    ⓘ θ. τῶν αἰώνων s. αἰών 3 and 4; θ. αἰώνιος s. αἰώνιος 2; θ. ἀληθινός s. ἀληθινός 3b; εἷς ὁ θεός s. εἷς 2b; (ὁ) θ. (ὁ) ζῶν s. [ζάω] 1aε.—ὁ μόνος θεός the only God (4 Km 19:15, 19; Ps 85:10; Is 37:20; Da 3:45; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 1f; s. Norden, Agn. Th. 145) J 5:44 (some mss. lack τοῦ μόνου); 1 Ti 1:17.—ὁ μόνος ἀληθινὸς θ. (Demochares: 75 Fgm. 2 p. 135, 7 Jac. [in Athen. 6, 62, 253c] μόνος θ. ἀληθινός) J 17:3. cp. the sim. combinations w. μόνος θ. Ro 16:27; Jd 25. μόνος ὁ θεὸς μένει AcPl Ha 2, 27.—θ. σωτήρ s. σωτήρ 1.—OHoltzmann, D. chr. Gottesglaube, s. Vorgesch. u. Urgesch.1905; EvDobschütz, Rationales u. irrat. Denken über Gott im Urchristent.: StKr 95, 1924, 235–55; RHoffmann, D. Gottesbild Jesu ’34; PAlthaus, D. Bild Gottes b. Pls: ThBl 20, ’41, 81–92; Dodd 3–8; KRahner, Theos im NT: Bijdragen (Maastricht) 11, ’50, 212–36; 12, ’51, 24–52.
    ④ that which is nontranscendent but considered worthy of special reverence or respect, god (Artem. 2, 69 p. 161, 17: γονεῖς and διδάσκαλοι are like gods; Simplicius in Epict. p. 85, 27 acc. to ancient Roman custom children had to call their parents θεοί; s. 2 above and note on σέβομαι).
    ⓐ of humans θεοί (as אֱלֹהִים) J 10:34f (Ps 81:6; humans are called θ. in the OT also Ex 7:1; 22:27; cp. Philo, Det. Pot. Insid. 161f, Somn. 1, 229, Mut. Nom. 128, Omn. Prob. Lib. 43, Mos. 1, 158, Decal. 120, Leg. All. 1, 40, Migr. Abr. 84). θ. γίνεται τῶν λαμβανόντων (a benefactor) proves to be a god to recipients Dg 10:6 (cp. Pliny, NH 2, 7, 18; s. 2 above, beg.—Aristot., Pol. 3, 8, 1, 1284a of the superior pers. as a god among humans; Arcesilaus [III B.C.] describes Crates and Polemo as θεοί τινες=‘a kind of gods’ [Diog. L. 4, 22]; Antiphanes says of the iambic poet Philoxenus: θεὸς ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἦν [Athen. 14, 50, 643d]; Diod S 1, 4, 7 and 5, 21, 2 of Caesar; for honors accorded Demetrius, s. IKertész, Bemerkungen zum Kult des Demetrios Poliorketes: Oikumene 2, ’78, 163–75 [lit.]; Dio Chrys. 30 [47], 5 Πυθαγόρας ἐτιμᾶτο ὡς θεός; Heliod. 4, 7, 8 σωτὴρ κ. θεός, addressed to a physician; BGU 1197, 1 [4 B.C.] a high official, and 1201, 1 [2 B.C.] a priest θεός and κύριος; PMich 209, 11f [II/III A.D.] οἶδας ἄδελφε, ὅτει οὐ μόνον ὧς ἀδελφόν σε ἔχω, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς πατέρα κ. κύριον κ. θεόν; Just., A I, 26, 2 [Σίμων] θεὸς ἐνομίσθη καὶ … ὡς θεὸς τετίμηται; Tat. 3, 2 μὴ θεὸς ὤν [Empedocles]; Ath. 30, 2 Ἀντίνους … ἔτυχε νομίζεσθαι θεός of benefactors in gener. AcJ 27 [Aa II/1, 166, 4]).—JEmerton, JTS 11, ’60, 329–32.
    ⓑ of the belly (=appetite) as the god of certain people Phil 3:19 (cp. Athen. 3, 97c γάστρων καὶ κοιλιοδαίμων. Also Eupolis Com. [V B.C.] Fgm. 172 K. [in Athen. 3, 100b]; on the use of θ. in ref. to impersonal entities [e.g. Eur., Cyclops 316 of wealth as a god] s. DDD 693f).
    ⑤ of the devil ὁ θ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 2 Cor 4:4 (s. αἰών 2a and WMüllensiefen, StKr 95, 1924, 295–99).—668–99. RAC XI 1202–78; XII 81–154; B. 1464. LfgrE s.v. θεός col. 1001 (lit.). Schmidt, Syn. IV 1–21. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > θεός

  • 39 Psychoanalysis

       [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)
       Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)
       3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations
       here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)
       Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)
       5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History
       Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)
       6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis
       In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)
       [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]
       1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.
       2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.
       3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)
       Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)
       Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)
       The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis

  • 40 Рекомендации о воспитании в духе международного взаимопониман

    General subject: Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Cooperation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Рекомендации о воспитании в духе международного взаимопониман

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