7ff

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `mist, haze, clouds' (Il.), later `air, atmosphere'.

Other forms: The nom. ἀ̄ήρ through dissimilation (from there Att. gen. ἀ̄έρος); later Ion. ἠήρ.

Dialectal forms: Äol. αὔηρ, Dor. ἀβήρ (= αὑήρ) H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: ἀήρ is not cognate with ἄημι. Meillet BSL26, 7ff. assumes an original meaning `suspension', and derives the word from ἀείρω `raise'; objections by Frisk Eranos 32, 51ff. S. also Fraenkel Glotta 32, 23. Kiparsky Lg. 43 (1968) 619, 626 derives it from *ausēr. See αὔρα.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `mist, haze, clouds' (Il.), later `air, atmosphere'.

Other forms: The nom. ἀ̄ήρ through dissimilation (from there Att. gen. ἀ̄έρος); later Ion. ἠήρ.

Dialectal forms: Äol. αὔηρ, Dor. ἀβήρ (= αὑήρ) H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: ἀήρ is not cognate with ἄημι. Meillet BSL26, 7ff. assumes an original meaning `suspension', and derives the word from ἀείρω `raise'; objections by Frisk Eranos 32, 51ff. S. also Fraenkel Glotta 32, 23. Kiparsky Lg. 43 (1968) 619, 626 derives it from *ausēr. See αὔρα.

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Grammatical information: v

Meaning: 1. `revile, disgrace' (Hom.); 2. `cross-exmine, bring to proof, accuse, question' (Hdt., Pi., Att.); on the meaning Daux REGr. 55, 252ff.

Other forms: ἐλέγξαι (Il.), fut. ἐλέγξω, aor. pass. ἐλεγχθῆναι with ἐλεγχθήσομαι, perf. ἐλήλεγμαι, 3. sg. - γκται (Att.)

Derivatives: To 1: ἔλεγχος n. (as ὄνειδος) `revile, disgrace' (Hom., Hes., Pi.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 263), in plur. also of persons, `coward'; in masculine ἐλεγχέες (Δ 242, Ω 239; but s. Bechtel Lex. s. ἐλεγχής, Frisk GHÅ 41 [1935]: 3, 19f., Sommer Nominalkomp. 137); superlative ἐλέγχιστος (Hom.; Seiler Steigerungsformen 83f.); from ἔλεγχος also ἐλεγχείη `id.' (Il.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 218). - To 2: ἔλεγχος m. (as λόγος) `proof, refutation, inquisition' (Hdt., Pi., Att.); ἔλεγξις `id.' (LXX, NT, Philostr.) with painful ἐλεγξῖνος (D. L.); ἐλεγμός `id.' (LXX, NT); ἐλεγκτήρ `who proves' (Antipho; Ionisch?, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 52); ἐλεγκτικός `good for ἐλέγχειν, prepared for' (Att. etc.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [676] * h₁lengʰ- `revile?'

Etymology: Uncertain. Since Pott often connected with ἐλαχύς, but this is as often denied, s. Osthoff MU 6, 7ff. Semantically the connection is quite possible: cf. NHG. schmähen, MHG. smæhen `disgrace', OHG smāhen `make small', from smāhi `small'; also NHG Schmach, MHG smāhe, smæhe `revile'. Phonetically the etymology implies, that ἐλέγχω for *ἐλέμφω (idg. * h₁lengʷʰ-) has its χ from ἐλαχύς, ἐλάσσων (\< *ἐλάχ-ι̯ων), ἐλάχιστος. The verb ἐλέγχω would be identical with Av. rǝnǰaiti `makes light'. - Or with Fick 1, 537 to Latv. langāt `revile', also OHG OS. lahan `revile' a. o.; acc. to Sturtevant Comp. gr.<sup>1</sup> 89, <sup>2</sup> 58 to Hitt. lingazi, li(n)kzi `swear'. Pok. 676 recalls Nur. lang `shame, deceit, treason'.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `leprous' ( Cat. Cod. Astr. 8 (4), 189).

Compounds: As 1. member in κελυφο-κομεῖον `hospital for lepers' ( BMus. Cat. Copt. MSS. p. 453, Nr. 1077).

Derivatives: κελεφία `lepra' (Kyran. 15).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem.

Etymology: For the ending cf. synonymous ἀλφός `lepra'; further unclear. Strömberg Wortstudien 99, as earlier Lewy Fremdw. 70, sees in it only a phonetic variant of κέλυφος `shell' (wit oppositive accent), which seems impossible to me. Foreign origin (cf. Chantraine Formation 264) is possible for this technical word. IE etymol. (to σκάλλω etc.) in Bq, Pok. 924. Improbable Mann Lang. 28, 34. S. on κέλυφος. - From Semitic, e.g. Syrian qǝlāfā `cortex, squama, putamen, qǝlāfānā `lepra', Benv. RPh. 38 (1964) 7ff.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `young girl, daughter', metaph. `pupil', archit. `female figure', also name of the daughter of Persephone (IA., Arc.); on the contents Kerényi Paideuma 1, 341ff. (h. Cer. 439). Zumbach Neuerungen 57

Other forms: ep. Ion. κούρη (Il.), Dor. κώρα, κόρα, Arc. Cor. κόρϜα

Dialectal forms: Myc. kowo, kowa

Compounds: Some compp., e. g. κορο-πλάθος m. `sculptor of semale figures' (Att.).

Derivatives: Several diminut.: κόριον, Dor. (Megar.) κώριον (Ar., Theoc.) with κορίδιον (Delphi, Naupaktos); κορίσκη (Pl. Com.) with - ίσκιον (Poll.); also Κορίσκος m. name of an arbitrary man (Arist.), also as PN (D. L.); κοράσιον (hell.; Schwyzer 471 n. 5) with - ασίδιον (Arr.), - ασίς (Steph. Med.), - ασιώδης (Com. Adesp., Plu.); κόριλλα, Κόριννα (Boeot.; Chantraine Formation 252 u. 205); κορύδιον (Naupaktos). - Adjectives: κουρίδιος (Ion. Il.), prop. `of a young lady, untouched', then `matrimonial, lawfull' ( ἄλοχος, πόσις, λέχος a. o.; on the meaning Bechtel Lex. s. v., on the formation Schwyzer 467, Chantraine Formation 40); κουρήϊος `of a young lady' (h. Cer. 108; Zumbach Neuerungen 14); Κόρειος `of Κόρη', Κόρειον, -α pl. `temple', resp. `feast of Κόρη' (Attica, Plu.); κοραῖος `of a girl' (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 8), κορικός `id.' (hell.; Chantraine Ét. sur le vocab. gr. 121). *Κορίτης (- τις) `servant of Κόρη' in Κορειτῆαι pl. for *Κοριτεῖαι `service of Κόρη?' (Lycosoura). - Verbs: κορεύομαι `pass one's maidenhood' (E.), `loose...' (Pherecyd.) with κόρευμα, κορεία maidenhood' (E., resp. D. Chr., AP); κορίζομαι prop. *"treat like a maiden (child)", `caress' (Ar.), ὑπο- κόρη `call with endearing names, address' (Pi., Att.). - Beside κόρη or perhaps formed from it (s. below): κόρος (trag., Pl. Lg., Plu.; also Dor.), ep. κοῦρος, Theoc. κῶρος m. `youth, boy, son' (Il.). Compp., e. g. ἄ-κουρος `without son' (η 64), κουρο-τρόφος `educating youths' (Od.); on Διόσκουροι s. v. - Derivv: κούρητες m. pl. `younge warrior' (Il.), Κουρῆτες, Dor. Κωρ- (Hes., Crete etc.) `Cureten', name of divine beings, which dance a weapon-dance around the Zeus child etc. (Hes. Fr. 198, Crete etc.) with Κουρητικός, - ῆτις, κουρητεύω, κουρητισμός (hell.); on the formation of κούρητες Schwyzer 499, Chantraine Formation 267; on the accent Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 106 (= Kl. Schr. 2, 1163); also v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 129 n. 1. To κοῦρος also κουρώδης `boy-like', prob. also κούριος `youthful' (Orph. A., Orac. ap. Paus. 9, 14, 3), κουροσύνη, -Dor. -α `youth' (Theoc., AP), - συνος `youthful' (AP). - κουρίζω `be a young man, maiden' (χ 185), `educate a youth' (Hes.), κουριζόμενος ὑμεναιούμενος H. -.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [577] *ḱerh₁- `grow'

Etymology: The more limited attestation of masc. κοῦρος, κόρος compared with general κούρη, κόρη perhaps indicates that the masc. was an innovation to fem. PGr. *κόρϜα; s. Lommel Femininbildungen 7ff. As masc. counterpart there were e. g. παῖς and νεανίας. - That κόρϜα, *κόρϜος come from the root of κορέννυμι, is generally ccepted, but the exact jugment is difficult: prop. abstractformation, as "growth, flourishing, blossom"? The meaning `sprout, branch' for κόρος (rare: Lysipp. 9, Hp. ap. Gal. 19, 113) is hardly very old, but developed from `son' or the like (or from κείρω?, s. on κοῦρος). Note κόρυξ νεανίσκος H. (beside κόριψ `id.' and Κόρυψ Boeot. PN, s. Bechtel Namenstudien 29f.), which may have an intermediate u-stem; Specht Ursprung 148. Further s. κορέννυμι. - κοῦρος not with Bezzenberger, Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) to Lith. šárvas `armament', κόρυς `helm'; s. Kretschmer Glotta 8, 254.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `better, more desirable, more agreeable' (Semon. 7, 30); superl. λῳ̃στος (Thgn., trag.), ᾦ λῳ̃στε (Pl.); details in v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. v. 196, Seiler Steigerungsformen 88ff.

Other forms: Att. λῴων; ntr. λώϊον (Il.), Att. λῳ̃ον, with plur. λώϊα, λῳ̃α (Thgn., Theoc.) gen. τῶν λῴων (Chalcis II^p), also sing. m. λῳ̃ος (Hdn. Gr.); λωΐτερον (Od.), - ερος (A. R.), - έρη (Call., AP)

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The first attested ntr. λῴϊον can be consiered both as ο-stem and as ν-stem; certain is the ο-stem only in the rare or late attested λώϊα, λῳ̃α, λῴων, λῳ̃ος. The ν-stem is ascertained by λωΐων and λῴονος, -ι (S.); the regularly alternating σ-stem appears in λῴω acc. sg. f. (S., Pl.) and λῴους acc. pl. f. (S.). From these data Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7ff. (= Kl. Schr. 220 f.) concluded, that the ο-forms originated as analogal formations to the wrongly as ο-stem interpreted λῴϊον and that λώϊον like λωΐων etc. is an old ν-stem (on the socalled absolute use Benveniste Noms d'agent 121ff.). Usually one takes with Güntert IF 27, 69ff. λωΐων etc. as transformed from a supposed positive λώϊον, λῳ̃ος (Bq, Brugmann-Thumb 247, Fraenkel Glotta 4, 44 n. 1 a. IF 59, 159f., WP. 2, 393, Risch 33c, Schwyzer 539). - The old connection with λῆν `will, desire' is by Güntert l.c. defended; as primary formations λωΐων, λῳ̃στος can as well go back on a verb as on a noun; cf. Leumann l.c. and Seiler Steigerungsformen l.c. Acc. to Curtius 363 a. o. (s. Bq) however to ἀπο-λαύω, λεία, λᾱρός (s. vv.), with perhaps Arm. law `good, better' (rejected by Güntert l.c.). Older attempts in Güntert and Bq, ans W.-Hofmann s. salvus.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `enclosure' (Epid. IV<sup>a</sup>), - ος m. `id.' (sch. Ar. Es. 137); - ος m. and - ον n. `market (for meat), hall for victuals' (Mantinea I^a, Sparta, 1 Ep. Cor. 10, 25, D.C.); μάκελ(λ)α φράγματα, δρύφακτοι; μάκελος δρύφακτος H.

Derivatives: μακελ-λωταὶ θύραι `latticed doors' (Delos II<sup>a</sup>), Lat. LW [loanword] macellōtae `id.' (Varro); μακελλεῖον laniatorium ('abattoir'), μακελλίτης corporicida (cod. corpodicina) Gloss.; details in Redard 117. -- Also μακελᾶς m. as "waiter of latticed doors" (AP 7, 709)?; s. Masson Arch. Or. 18: 4, 7ff.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]. LW [loanword] Sem.X

Etymology: Considered Semit. LW [loanword], cf. Hebr. miklā `enclosure' (Stowasser in Lewy Fremdw. 111 f.); from Greek Lat. macellum `market etc.', with macellārius \> μακελλάριος `laniator', - ιον n. `food-market' (pap. VI^p). But μακελλωταί not from Hebr. plur. miklā'ōt, but from μάκελλον as e.g. θυσανωτός from θύσανος. -- Here also Μάκελλα f. town im western Sicily (hell. a. late)? - So prob. Pre-Greek, but the identity of form with μάκελ(λ)α is unexplained.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `throat' (Il.), `gullet' (Hp., Arist. a.o.), `mouth (of the bladder, uterus)' (Hp.), `(upper orifice of the) stomach' (late), `anger' (Vett. Val., pap.II--III^p; cf. below).

Compounds: Compp. εὑ-, κακο-στόμαχος `beneficial, harmful', of food (medic.).

Derivatives: στομαχ-ικός `belonging to σ., suffering in the σ.', also `useful for the σ.', with - ικεύομαι `suffering in the σ.' (late medic.); - έω = stomachor (Dosith.).

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: From στόμα with the same suffix as in οὑραχός, οὑρίαχος (s. οὑρά), κύμβαχος and other orig. popular formations (Schwyzer 498, Chantraine Form. 403). To be rejected Hirt PBBeitr. 22, 228 (s. Bechtel Lex. s. v.) and Lagercrantz (s. Idg. Jb. 13, 201). -- Lat. LW [loanword] stomachus `gullet, stomach' with stomachor, - āri`be indignant', to which through semant. backformation stomachus `annoyance'; as loan from there στόμαχος `annoyance' with - έω. -- On στόμαχος, γαστήρ, κοιλία a. their rendering in the vulgata Benveniste Rev. de phil. 91, 7ff.

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Grammatical information: pl. n.

Meaning: a feast in Delphi (inscr.)

Derivatives: Βουκάτιος monthname

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [00] *tḱen- `slay'

Etymology: Always analyzed as `killing of cows' (from καίνω), which is factually correct. Puhvel KZ 79 (1964-5) 7ff. after Wackernagel-Debrunner III 372 `(feast) of 100 cows' as Skt. go-śatam. But if Gr. ἑκατόν (q.v.) derives from *dḱm̥-tom (\> *εκατον) this becomes doubtful.

εὐσχημόνως adv. (s. prec. entry; Aristoph., Vesp. 1210; X., Mem. 3, 12, 4, Cyr. 1, 3, 8 al.; Epict. 2, 5, 23; SIG 598e, 5 al.; 717, 14; TestSol 8:7; Jos., Ant. 15, 102)

① pert. to being proper in behavior, decently, becomingly εὐ. περιπατεῖν behave decently Ro 13:13 (as of one properly attired; s. εὐσχημοσύνη); 1 Th 4:12 (SIG 1019, 7ff ἀναστρέφεσθαι εὐ.).

② pert. to being appropriate, correctly πάντα εὐ. καὶ κατὰ τάξιν γινέσθω everything is to be done in the right way and in order (orderly sequence?) 1 Cor 14:40 (SIG 736, 42 εὐ. πάντα γίνηται; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 364 D.: εὐ. καὶ τεταγμένως [i.e. ταῦτα ἐπράττετο]).—New Docs 2, 86. M-M. Spicq.

ζῆλος, ου, ὁ and ζῆλος, ους, τό in NT masc. sg. exc. 2 Cor 9:2; Phil 3:6 (both masc. as v.l.); n. gen. only Ac 5:17 v.l.; masc. pl. only Rom 13:13 v.l.; 2 Cor 12:20 v.l.; Gal 5:20 v.l.; in Apost. Fathers most oft. masc., but n. sg. ITr 4:2 and 1 Cl 4:8; 9:1; 11:13; 14:1; 63:2. For LXX usage s. Thackeray 158, 5; cp. ἐν ζήλει PsSol 2:24; 4:3; τὸ ζῆλος TestGad 5:3 (μῖσος v.l.); in Test12Patr ὁ ζῆλος, but w. n. in variants. Pl. ζήλη (GrBar 8:5). S. prec. entry and ζηλόω.

① intense positive interest in someth., zeal, ardor, marked by a sense of dedication (since Soph., Aj. 503; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 11, 1; LXX; TestAsh 4:5) 2 Cor 9:2. W. σπουδή (Dio Chrys. 17 [34], 48) 7:11; κατὰ ζ. as far as zeal is concerned Phil 3:6. W. obj. gen. (Soph., Oed. Col. 943; Strabo 13, 2, 4; Plut., Cor. 215 [4, 3]; Lucian, Adv. Ind. 17; 1 Macc 2:58. Oft. Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 271) ζ. θεοῦ zeal for God (Jdth 9:4; cp. ἐν ζήλῳ κυρίου TestAsh 4:5) Ro 10:2. ζ. τοῦ οἴκου σου zeal for your house J 2:17 (Ps 68:10). In the same sense ὑπέρ τινος: τὸν ὑμῶν ζ. ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ your ardor on my behalf 2 Cor 7:7. ἔχει … ζῆλον ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν Col 4:13 v.l. W. gen. of quality θεοῦ ζῆλος an ardor like that of God or divine ardor 2 Cor 11:2 (cp. Is 9:6; Philo, Post. Cai. 183; on the idea FKüchler, ZAW 28, 1908, 42ff; BRenaud, Je suis un Dieu jaloux, ’63). Of the fire of judgment which, with its blazing flames, appears like a living being intent on devouring God’s adversaries πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 (cp. Is 26:11; Zeph 1:18; 3:8; Ps 78:5).

② intense negative feelings over another’s achievements or success, jealousy, envy (Hes., Op. 195; Lysias 2, 48 w. φθόνος; Plut., Thes. 6, 9, Lycurg. 41 [4, 3]; PGrenf I, 1, 13 [II B.C.]; Eccl 4:4; 9:6; Sir 30:24; 40:4 [both w. θυμός]; Test12Patr [exc. TestAsh 4:5]; AscIs 3:30; Jos., Ant. 14, 161; cp. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. 4, 8, 17) 1 Cl 3:2; 4:7ff; 5:2, 4f; 6:1ff; 43:2; 63:2. W. ἔρις Ro 13:13; 1 Cl 5:5; 6:4; cp. 1 Cor 3:3; 2 Cor 12:20; Gal 5:20 (in the three last passages ζῆλος seems to be coördinate with ἔρις in the sense ‘rivalry’ or ‘party-attachment’; cp. GrBar 8:5; 13:4). W. ἐριθεία Js 3:14, 16. W. φθόνος (Democr. Fgm. B191; Lysias 2, 48; Pla., Phlb. 47e; 50c; 1 Macc 8:16) 1 Cl 3:2; 4:7 al. πλησθῆναι ζήλου become filled w. jealousy Ac 5:17; 13:45. ζ. leads to death 1 Cl 9:1; 39:7 (Job 5:2). ζ. ἄδικον καὶ ἀσεβῆ 3:4; μυσερὸν ζ. 14:1; μιαρὸν κ. ἄδικον ζ. 45:4. ἔχειν ζῆλόν τινα ἐν ἀλλήλοις περί τινος be jealous of one another because of someth. Hs 8, 7, 4. The pl. ζῆλοι found as v.l. Ro 13:13 (s. beg. of this entry); 2 Cor 12:20; Gal 5:20 denotes the var. outbreaks of jealousy and the forms it takes (cp. Pla., Leg. 3, 679c ζῆλοί τε καὶ φθόνοι); ζήλη in vice list GrBar 8:5.—BReicke, Diakonie, Festfreude u. Zelos …, ’51, 231–393.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

θεῖος, θεία, θεῖον (Hom.+.; adv. θείως Just., A I, 20, 3.—RMuquier, Le sens du mot θεῖος chez Platon 1930; JvanCamp and PCanart, Le sens du mot theios chez Platon ’56).

① pert. to that which belongs to the nature or status of deity, divine

ⓐ adj. divine δύναμις (Pla., Leg. 3, 691e φύσις τις ἀνθρωπίνη μεμιγμένη θείᾳ τινὶ δυνάμει; Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 95; decree of Stratonicea CIG II 2715ab [Dssm., B 277ff-BS 360ff]; EpArist 157 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 83 al.; SibOr 5, 249; Just., A I, 32, 9) 2 Pt 1:3. φύσις (Diod S 5, 31, 4; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 29; Ael. Aristid. 37, 9 K.=2 p. 16 D.; Manetho: 609 Fgm. 10 p. 92, 16 Jac. [Jos., C. Ap. 1, 232]; SIG 1125, 8; Philo, Decal. 104 τῶν θείας φύσεως μετεσχηκότων; Jos., Ant. 8, 107) vs. 4. κρίσις (Simplicius in Epict. p. 20, 30; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 12, 1) 2 Cl 20:4. γνῶσις (cp. 4 Macc 1:16) 1 Cl 40:1. πνεῦμα (Menand., Fgm. 417, 3 Kö. [=482, 3 Kock]; PGM 4, 966; Aristobulus p. 218, 5 Denis [Eus., PE 8, 10, 4=Holladay p. 136 ln. 28]; ApcSed 14:6; Philo; Jos., Ant. 6, 222; 8, 408; 10, 239; Just., A I, 32, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 2; cp. 4:2 θειοτέρου) Hm 11:2, 5, 7ff, 12, 21 (TestSol 1:10 L). ἔργα of the deeds of the Virtues v 3, 8, 7.

ⓑ subst. τὸ θεῖον divine being, divinity, freq. simply = ‘the numinous’ (Hdt. 3, 108; Thu. 5, 70; X., Cyr. 4, 2, 15, Hell. 7, 5, 13, Mem. 1, 4, 18; Pla., Phdr. p. 242c; Polyb. 31, 15, 7; Diod S 1, 6, 1; 13, 3, 2; 16, 60, 2; Epict. 2, 20, 22; Lucian, e.g. De Sacrif. 1, Pro Imag. 13; 17; 28; Herm. Wr. 11, 21b codd.; ins [SIG index p. 377f]; UPZ 24, 11; 36, 13 and 22; 39, 5; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 70, 14; 116, 2 σέβου τὸ θεῖον; PGM 3, 192.—Philo, Op. M. 170, Agr. 80, Leg. ad Gai. 3; Jos., Ant. 1, 85 and 194; 2, 275; 5, 133; 11, 127; 12, 281 and 302; 13, 242 and 300; 14, 183; 17, 41, Bell. 3, 352; 4, 190; Just., D. 3, 7 al.; Tat. 16, 2; Ath. 1, 2 al.—LXX, En, EpArist, SibOr and other pseudepigr. do not have τὸ θεῖον) Ac 17:27 D, 29; Tit 1:9 v.l.—New Docs 3, 68 (ins).

② of persons who stand in close relation to, or reflect characteristics of, a deity, including esp. helpfulness to one’s constituencies, divine (Diog. L. 7, 119: the Stoa says of the σοφοί: θείους εἶναι• ἔχειν γὰρ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς οἱονεὶ θεόν; cp. Pla., Rep. 366c.—Cp. on ἄνθρωποι θεῖοι Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 25f; 237ff; 298; HWindisch, Pls u. Christus ’34, 1–114; BGildersleeve, Essays and Studies 1896, 251–96 [Apollonius of Tyana]; LBieler, Θεῖος Ἀνήρ I ’35; II ’36; CHolladay, Theios Aner in Hellenistic Judaism ’72; JKingsbury, Int 35, ’81, 243–57 [Mark’s Christology]; EKoskenniemi, Apollonios von Tyana in der neutestamentlichen Exegese ’94) in the superl. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 28, 2 Lycurgus as ὁ θειότατος ἀνθρώπων; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 29, 161 ὁ θειότατος Πυθαγόρας; used of the emperors in ins [SIG index p. 378a] and pap [PLond III, 1012, 4 p. 266]) οἱ θειότατοι προφῆται the prophets, those people so very near to God IMg 8:2 (cp. TestSol 1:4 C ὦ θεῖε βασιλεῦ; Philo, Mos. 2, 188; Jos., Ant. 10, 35 ὁ προφήτης θεῖος, C. Ap. 1, 279 [Moses]). Of angels Papias (4).

③ gener., of that which exceeds the bounds of human or earthly possibility, supernatural (Lucian, Alex. 12 θεῖόν τι καὶ φοβερόν) of a monster ὑπενόησα εἶναί τι θεῖον I suspected that it was some other-worldly thing Hv 4, 1, 6.—RAC XIII 155–366. DELG s.v. θεός. M-M. TW. Sv.

μετανοέω fut. μετανοήσω; 1 aor. μετενόησα (ἐμετενόησαν w. double augment ApcEsdr 2:24) (s. next entry; Antiphon+)

① change one’s mind Hv 3, 7, 3; m 11:4 (cp. Diod S 15, 47, 3 μετενόησεν ὁ δῆμος; 17, 5, 1; Epict. 2, 22, 35; Appian, Hann. 35 §151, Mithrid. 58 §238; Stob., Ecl. II 113, 5ff W.; PSI 495, 9 [258 B.C.]; Jos., Vi. 110; 262), then

② feel remorse, repent, be converted (in a variety of relationships and in connection w. varied responsibilities, moral, political, social or religious: X., Hell. 1, 7, 19 οὐ μετανοήσαντες ὕστερον εὑρήσετε σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ἡμαρτηκότας τὰ μέγιστα ἐς θεούς τε καὶ ὑμᾶς αὐτούς= instead of realizing too late that you have grossly sinned against the gods; Plut., Vi. Camill. 143 [29, 3], Galba 1055 [6, 4], also Mor. 74c; M. Ant. 8, 2 and 53; Ps.-Lucian, De Salt. 84 μετανοῆσαι ἐφʼ οἷς ἐποίησεν; Herm. Wr. 1, 28; OGI 751, 9 [II B.C.] θεωρῶν οὖν ὑμᾶς μετανενοηκότας τε ἐπὶ τοῖς προημαρτημένοις; SIG 1268, 2, 8 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτὼν μετανόει; PSI 495, 9 [258/257 B.C.]; BGU 747 I, 11; 1024 IV, 25; PTebt 424, 5; Is 46:8; Jer 8:6; Sir 17:24; 48:15; oft. Test12 Patr [s. index]; Philo [s. μετάνοια]; Jos., Bell. 5, 415, Ant. 7, 153; 320; Just.) in (religio-)ethical sense ἐν σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ μ. repent in sackcloth and ashes Mt 11:21; Lk 10:13. As a prerequisite for experiencing the Reign of God in the preaching of John the Baptist and Jesus Mt 3:2; 4:17; Mk 1:15. As the subject of the disciples’ proclamation 6:12; Ac 17:30; 26:20. Failure to repent leads to destruction Lk 13:3, 5; Mt 11:20 (ἢ … μετανοήσωσιν ἢ ἐπιμείναντες δικαίως κριθῶσι Hippol., Ref. 1, pref. 2). Repentance saves (cp. Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 239 ὁ μετανοῶν σῴζεται; 253; Just., D. 141, 2 ἐὰν μετανοήσωσι, πάντες … τυχεῖν τοῦ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐλέους δύνανται) 12:41; Lk 11:32; cp. 15:7, 10; 16:30. μ. εἰς τὸ κήρυγμά τινος repent at or because of someone’s proclamation Mt 12:41; Lk 11:32 (B-D-F §207, 1; Rob. 593; s. εἰς 10a). W. ἐπί τινι to denote the reason repent of, because of someth. (Chariton 3, 3, 11; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 84; M. Ant. 8, 2; 10; 53; Jo 2:13; Jon 3:10; 4:2; Am 7:3, 6; Prayer of Manasseh [=Odes 12] 7; TestJud 15:4; Philo, Virt. 180; Jos., Ant. 7, 264; Just., D. 95, 3.—B-D-F §235, 2) ἐπὶ τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ of their immorality 2 Cor 12:21. ἐπὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν of their sins 1 Cl 7:7 (Just., D. 141, 2; cp. OGI 751, 9f). ἐπί w. subst. inf. foll. MPol 7:3 (Just., D. 123, 6). Also διά τι Hv 3, 7, 2. Since in μ. the negative impulse of turning away is dominant, it is also used w. ἀπό τινος: repent and turn away from someth. ἀπὸ τῆς κακίας (Jer 8:6; Just., D. 109, 1) Ac 8:22 (MWilcox, The Semitisms of Ac, ’65, 102–105). ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνομίας 1 Cl 8:3 (quot. of unknown orig.). Also ἔκ τινος Rv 2:21b, 22; 9:20f; 16:11. W. ἐπιστρέφειν ἐπὶ τὸν θεόν Ac 26:20. μ. εἰς ἑνότητα θεοῦ turn in repentance to the unity of God (which precludes all disunity) IPhld 8:1b; cp. ISm 9:1. But μ. εἰς τὸ πάθος repent of the way they think about the suffering (of Christ, which the Docetists deny) 5:3. W. inf. foll. Rv 16:9. W. ὅτι foll. repent because or that (Jos., Ant. 2, 315) Hm 10, 2, 3. W. adv. ἀδιστάκτως Hs 8, 10, 3. βραδύτερον Hs 8, 7, 3; 8, 8, 3b. πυκνῶς m 11:4. ταχύ Hs 8, 7, 5; 8, 8, 3a; 5b; 8, 10, 1; 9, 19, 2; 9, 21, 4; 9, 23, 2c. μ. ἐξ ὅλης (τῆς) καρδίας repent w. the whole heart 2 Cl 8:2; 17:1; 19:1; Hv 1, 3, 2; 2, 2, 4; 3, 13, 4b; 4, 2, 5; m 5, 1, 7; 12, 6, 1; Hs 7:4; 8, 11, 3. μ. ἐξ εἰλικρινοῦς καρδίας repent w. a sincere heart 2 Cl 9:8.—The word is found further, and used abs. (Diod S 13, 53, 3; Epict., En 34; Oenomaus [time of Hadrian] in Eus., PE 5, 19, 1 μετανοεῖτε as directive; Philo, Mos. 2, 167 al.; Jos., Ant. 2, 322; Just., D. 12, 2; Theoph. Ant. 3, 24 [p. 254, 17]; εἰ ἤκουσαν μετανοήσαντες, οὐκ ἐπήγετο ὁ κατακλυσμός Did., Gen. 186, 9; ἁμαρτωλὸς … πρὸς το͂ μετανοεῖν πορευόμενος Orig., C. Cels 3, 64, 5) Lk 17:3f; Ac 2:38; 3:19; Rv 2:5a (Vi. Aesopi G 85 P. μετανόησον=take counsel with yourself), vs. 5b, 16, 21; 3:3, 19; 2 Cl 8:1, 2, 3; 13:1; 15:1; 16:1; IPhld 3:2; 8:1a; ISm 4:1; Hv 1, 1, 9; 3, 3, 2; 3, 5, 5; 3, 7, 6; 3, 13, 4a; 5:7; m 4, 1, 5; 7ff; 4, 2, 2; 4, 3, 6; 9:6; 10, 2, 4; 12, 3, 3; Hs 4:4; 6, 1, 3f; 6, 3, 6; 6, 5, 7; 7:2; 4f; 8, 6, 1ff; 8, 7, 2f; 8, 8, 2; 5a; 8, 9, 2; 4; 8, 11, 1f; 9, 14, 1f; 9, 20, 4; 9, 22, 3f; 9, 23, 2; 5; 9, 26, 6; 8; D 10:6; 15:3; PtK 3 p. 15, 11; 27.—S. also MPol 9:2; 11:1f, in the sense regret having become a Christian; AcPl Ha 1, 17.—Windisch, Exc. on 2 Cor 7:10 p. 233f; Norden, Agn. Th. 134ff; FShipham, ET 46, ’35, 277–80; EDietrich, D. Umkehr (Bekehrg. u. Busse) im AT u. im Judent. b. bes. Berücksichtigg. der ntl. Zeit ’36; HPohlmann, D. Metanoia ’38; OMichel, EvTh 5, ’38, 403–14; BPoschmann, Paenitentia secunda ’40, 1–205 (NT and Apost. Fathers).—On the distinctive character of NT usage s. Thompson 28f, s.v. μεταμέλομαι, end.—B. 1123. DELG s.v. νόος. M-M. TW. Spicq.

μοιχάω (X. et al.: JWackernagel, Hellenistica 1907, 7ff; B-D-F §101 p. 46f) ‘cause to commit adultery’, in our lit. (as well as LXX; PsSol 8:10) only pass.

① be caused to commit adultery, be an adulterer/adulteress, commit adultery

ⓐ of a woman (Ezk 16:32) ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχᾶσθαι (the man who divorces his wife) causes her to commit adultery (if she contracts a new marriage) Mt 5:32a v.l. αὐτὴ μοιχᾶται she commits adultery Mk 10:12. But also

ⓑ of a man (PsSol 8, 10), who marries a divorced woman Mt 5:32b; 19:9 v.l. or who marries again after divorcing his wife 19:9; Hm 4, 1, 6. μοιχᾶται ἐπʼ αὐτήν commits adultery against her (his first wife) Mk 10:11 (NTurner, Bible Translator 7, ’56, 151f: associates w. Jer 5:9); if understood as a Semitism (Rehkopf §233, 2 note 4; s. BSchaller, in Festschr. JJeremias, ’70, 239ff: in Aramaic the corresponding verb w. prep. is used in the sense of ‘with’, not ‘against’), this phrase can be rendered commits adultery with her (the second wife).

ⓒ of a man or woman 2 Cl 4:3.

② be guilty of infidelity in a transcendent relationship, be unfaithful, ὸ̔ς ἂν τὰ ὁμοιώματα ποιῇ τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, μοιχᾶται whoever acts as the gentiles do (i.e. polytheists with their image-worship:NBrox, Der Hirt des Hermas ’91, 208), commits adultery (and it cannot be expected of the other marriage-partner to maintain marital relations) Hm 4, 1, 9.—DELG s.v. μοιχός. M-M. s.v. μοιχάομαι. TW.

πόσος, η, ον (Aeschyl.+) a correlative pron. in dir. and indir. questions.

① pert. to degree or magnitude: as interrogative or exclamation, how great(?) in the sing. Ac 22:28 D (indir.); 1 Cl 56:16 (indir.). πός. χρόνος ἐστίν; how long is it? Mk 9:21 (on πός. χρόν. cp. Soph., Oed. R. 558; Pla., Rep. 7, 546a; ApcMos 31; Just., D. 32, 4). In an exclamation (Appian, Mithrid. 58 §237 πόσην ὠμότητα, πόσην ἀσέβειαν—B-D-F §304; Rob. 741) πόσην κατειργάσατο ὑμῖν σπουδήν how much zeal it has called forth in you! 2 Cor 7:11; postpositive use τὸ σκότος πόσον; how great must the darkness be? Mt 6:23. πόσῳ; to what degree? how much? πόσῳ διαφέρει ἄνθρωπος προβάτου; Mt 12:12. W. a comp. foll. (Polyaenus 3, 9, 25 πόσῳ φοβερώτεροι;) πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος ἀξιωθήσεται τιμωρίας; how much greater a punishment do you think one will deserve? Hb 10:29. πόσῳ μᾶλλον; how much more? (PFlor 170, 8 [III A.D.] εἰ … πόσῳ μᾶλλον=if … how much more; Syntipas 19, 15; Jos., Bell. 2, 365; Diod S 1, 2, 2) Mt 7:11; 10:25; Lk 11:13; 12:24, 28; J 13:14 v.l.; Ro 11:12, 24; Phlm 16; Hb 9:14; B 19:8; D 4:8; IEph 5:1f; 16:2; AcPl Cor 2:31. πόσῳ μᾶλλον οὐ; how much less? (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 10, 20) 2 Cl 17:1.—JBonsirven, Exégèse rabbinique et exégèse paulinienne ’39; HMüller, Der rabbinische Qal-Wachomer-Schluss in paul. Typologie ( Ro 5), ZNW 58, ’67, 73–92.

② pert. to quantity: as interrogative, how many, how much(?)

ⓐ w. a noun in the pl. (Aeschin. 2, 95; X., Mem. 1, 2, 35; 2 Km 19:35; ApcSed 8:7ff; Just., A I, 21, 2) πόσους ἄρτους ἔχετε; how many loaves do you have? Mt 15:34; Mk 6:38; 8:5. Cp. Mt 16:9, 10; Mk 8:19, 20; Lk 15:17 (exclam. like Ps 118:84); Ac 21:20 (Jos., Ant. 7, 318 πόσαι μυριάδες εἰσὶ τοῦ λαοῦ); 2 Cl 1:3.

ⓑ without a noun

α. in the pl. πόσοι; how many? (TestBenj 3:4; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 9, 18; 10, 23) Hs 8, 6, 1.—πόσα; how many things? (TestJos 10:1; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 9, 18; Just., D. 85, 5) Mt 27:13; Mk 15:4.

β. in the sing. πόσον; how much? (TestNapht 2:2 οἶδεν ὁ κεραμεὺς τὸ σκεῦος πόσον χωρεῖ; BGU 893, 26 ἐπύθετο, πόσον ἔχει) πόσον ὀφείλεις; Lk 16:5, 7.—DELG s.v. πο-. M-M.

πρεσβεύω fut. πρεσβεύσω; 1 aor. ἐπρέσβευσα (Trag., Hdt. et al., prim. sense ‘be older’ or ‘in the first rank’) be an ambassador/envoy, travel/work as an ambassador (so Aristoph., X., Pla. et al.; ins, pap; ApcSed 14:1 p. 135, 35 Ja. πρέσβευσαι ‘be my spokesman’; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 163f, Vi. 65. Used esp. of the emperor’s legates: Magie 89; Dssm., LO 320 [LAE 378f]; s. also SEG XXXIX, 1865 for ins) πέμπειν τινὰ πρεσβεύσοντα περί τινος send someone as a representative for someone Pol 13:1. πρεσβεύειν θεοῦ πρεσβείαν IPhld 10:1, s. πρεσβεία. Paul speaks of his apostolic work as ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ πρεσβεύειν work as an ambassador for Christ 2 Cor 5:20; cp. Eph 6:20 (πρεσβεύειν ὑπέρ τινος: OGI 339, 6; SIG 591, 5; 656, 19; 805, 7ff; on mediatorial role of envoys s. CBreytenbach, Versöhnung ’89, 64–66).—M-M. DELG s.v. πρέσβυς.

① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering

② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.

χιλίαρχος, ου, ὁ and χιλιάρχης, ου, ὁ (χίλιοι, ἄρχω; Aeschyl., X.+; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 7, 368; 12, 301; loanw. in rabb.) lit. ‘leader of a thousand soldiers’, then also=the Rom. tribunus militum, military tribune, the commander of a cohort=about 600 men (so since Polyb. 1, 23, 1; 6, 19, 1; 7ff; also Polyaenus 7, 17; Jos., Ant. 17, 215; ins, pap; s. Hahn 47; 116; 168; Mason 99), in this sense (roughly equivalent to major or colonel) J 18:12; Ac 21:31–33, 37; 22:24, 26–29; 23:10, 15, 17–19, 22; 24:7, 22; 25:23; 1 Cl 37:3.—Of high-ranking military officers gener. Mk 6:21 (but s. EKlostermann, Hdb. ad loc.); Rv 6:15; 19:18.—χιλιάρχης (for ἐκατόναρχος,-χης) vv.ll. Mt 8:5, 8, 13. S. the lit. s.v. ἐκατοντάρχης.—DELG s.v. χίλιοι. M-M.

ἀκάθαρτος, ον (Soph., Hippocr.+; ins; except for Mag. pap perh. PTebt 1043, 42 [II B.C.], LXX, TestSol, Test12Patr, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just.)

① pert. to that which may not be brought into contact w. the divinity, impure, unclean (the cultic sense, mostly LXX, also Jos., C. Ap. 1, 307; SIG 1042, 3; Just., D. 20, 4): of foods (Orig., C. Cels. 3, 11, 9) w. κοινός: πᾶν κοινὸν καὶ ἀ. anything common or unclean Ac 10:14, 11:8; GJs 6:1; w. μεμισημένος of birds (and other animals Lev 11:4ff; Dt 14:7ff; Did., Gen. 52, 22) Rv 18:2; (τὸ) ἀ. what is unclean 2 Cor 6:17 (Is 52:11; Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 23).—Esp. of everything connected w. polytheism, which defiles whatever it touches (Am 7:17; Is 52:1 ἀπερίτμητος κ. ἀ.; SibOr 5, 264) of gentiles ἄνθρωπος κοινὸς ἢ ἀ. Ac 10:28; τέκνα ἀ (opp. ἅγια) 1 Cor 7:14 (on the question of child baptism s. τέκνον 1a). As the ceremonial mng. fades, the moral sense becomes predominant.

② pert. to moral impurity (since Pla., Leg. 4, 716e; Is 6:5; 64:5; Sir 51:5; Pr 3:32 al.; Philo, Deus Imm. 132, Spec. Leg. 3, 209; Jos., Bell. 4, 562; Just., D. 141, 3) unclean, impure (s. ἀκαθαρσία 2) B 10:8. W. πόρνος (Plut., Oth. 1067b [2, 2] ἐν γυναιξὶ πόρναις κ. ἄκαθάρτοις. Cp. Vett. Val. 76, 1), πλεονέκτης and εἰδωλολάτρης Eph 5:5.—τὰ ἀ. (w. πονηρά) impure things Hv 1, 1, 7. τὰ ἀ. τῆς πορνείας the impurities of fornication Rv 17:4 (ἀ. of actions, such as adultery, that defile one TestJos 4:6; on the constr. s. B-D-F §136, 1).—Esp. of evil spirits πνεῦμα, πνευματα ἀ. (cp. Zech 13:2; TestBenj 5:2; Cat. Cod. Astr. X 179, 19; 181, 5; Just., D. 7, 3 al.) Mt 10:1; 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26f; 3:11, 30; 5:2, 8, 13; 6:7; 7:25; 9:25. Ending of Mk in Freer ms. 3; Lk 4:36; 6:18; 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; 18:2. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου Lk 4:33 (cp. PGM 4, 1238). On ἐν πνεύματι ἀ. s. GBjörck, ConNeot 7, ’42, 1–3.—B. 1081. DELG s.v. καθαρός. M-M. TW.

ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ (Hom.+, common in all the mngs. known to our lit.) a male person

① an adult human male, man, husband

ⓐ in contrast to woman man (Pla., Gorg. 514e; X., Hell. 4, 5, 5 et al.) Mt 14:21; 15:38; Mk 6:44; Lk 9:14; J 1:13; Ac 4:4; 8:3, 12; 1 Cor 11:3, 7ff; Hm 5, 2, 2; 6, 2, 7; 12, 2, 1 al. Hence ἄνδρα γινώσκειν (יָדְעָה אִישׁ Gen 19:8; Judg 11:39) of a woman have sexual intercourse w. a man Lk 1:34 (cp. Just., D. 78, 3 ἀπὸ συνουσίας ἀνδρός). Esp. husband (Hom. et al.; Diod S 2, 8, 6; Sir 4:10; Jos., Ant. 18, 149; Ar. 12, 2; Fgm. Milne p. 74 ln. 3; Just., A II, 2, 5ff; for this shift from the general to the specific cp. our ‘that’s her man’, ‘my man’) Mt 1:16, 19; Mk 10:2, 12; Lk 2:36; J 4:16ff; Ac 5:9f; Ro 7:2f (Sb 8010, 21 [pap I A.D.] μέχρι οὗ ἐὰν συνέρχωμαι ἑτέρῳ ἀνδρί; PLond V, 1731, 16 [VI A.D.] κολλᾶσθαι ἑτέρῳ ἀνδρί); 1 Cor 7:2ff, 10ff; 14:35; Gal 4:27; Eph 5:22ff; Col 3:18f; 1 Ti 3:2, 12; 5:9; Tit 1:6 (on the four last ref. εἷς 2b, the comm. and JFischer, Weidenauer Studien 1, 1906, 177–226; comparison w. non-Christian sources in J-BFrey, Signification des termes μονάνδρα et Univira: RSR 20, 1930, 48–60; GDelling, Pls’ Stellung z. Frau u. Ehe ’31, 136ff; BEaston, Past. Epistles, ’47, 216ff; WSchulze, Kerygma und Dogma [Göttingen] 4, ’58, 287–300) 2:5; 1 Pt 3:1, 5, 7; Hm 4, 1, 4ff; 1 Cl 6:3; Pol 4:2; AcPl Ha 4, 5.—1 Ti 2:12 (cp. Ocellus Luc. c. 49: the wife wishes ἄρχειν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως νόμον). Even a bridegroom can be so called (cp. אִישׁ Dt 22:23) ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς Rv 21:2. Freq. in address, esp. in formal assemblies: ἄνδρες men, gentlemen (X., An. 1, 4, 14; 1 Esdr 3:18; 4:14, 34) Ac 14:15; 19:25; 27:10, 21, 25. ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί (my esteemed) brothers (4 Macc 8:19; cp. X., An. 1, 6, 6 ἄ. φίλοι) Ac 15:7, 13; 23:1, 6; 28:17; 1 Cl 14:1; 37:1; 43:4; 62:1. AcPl Ha 6, 18; 7, 13; 8:9. ἀ. ἀδελφοὶ καὶ πατέρες Ac 7:2. Of soldiers (1 Macc 5:17; 16:15) οἱ ἄ. οἱ συνέχοντες αὐτόν the men who were holding him Lk 22:63.—In Ac 17:34 ἀνήρ appears to = ἄνθρωπος, but the term was probably chosen in anticipation of the contrasting γυνή (is Damaris the wife of one of the men?).

ⓑ in contrast to boy (Tob 1:9; but ἀ. of a child IK VII/2, 14) ὅτε γέγονα ἀ. when I became a man 1 Cor 13:11. ἀ. τέλειος a full-grown man (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 4) Eph 4:13; in sense of maturity w. ethical component perfect Js 3:2 (s. 1dα).

ⓒ used w. a word indicating national or local origin, calling attention to a single individual, or even individualizing the pl.; hence in address (X., An. 1, 7, 3 ὦ ἄ. Ἕλληνες; Jdth 4:9; 15:13; 1 Macc 2:23); the sg. is omitted in transl., the pl. rendered men, gentlemen (in direct address = esteemed people) of a certain place: ἀνὴρ Αἰθίοψ Ac 8:27 (X., An. 1, 8, 1 ἀ. Πέρσης; Palaeph. 5; Maximus Tyr. 5, 1a ἄ. Φρύξ; Tat. 6, 1 Βηρωσσὸς ἀ. Βαβυλώνιος); ἄ. Ἀθηναῖοι (Lysias 6, 8) 17:22; ἄ. Γαλιλαῖοι 1:11; ἄ. Ἐφέσιοι 19:35; AcPl Ha 1, 24; ἀ. Ἰουδαῖος Ac 10:28; ἄ. Ἰουδαῖοι (Jos., Ant. 11, 169) 2:14; ἄ. Ἰσραηλῖται (Jos., Ant. 3, 189) 2:22 (cp. vs. 22b of Jesus, in an adroit rhetorical ploy); 5:35; 13:16; 21:28; ἄ. Κορίνθιοι AcPlCor 2:26; ἄ. Κύπριοι καὶ Κυρηναῖοι Ac 11:20; ἀ. Μακεδών 16:9. (Cp. B-D-F §242.)

ⓓ with focus on personal characteristics, either pos. or neg.

α. used w. adj.: ἀ. ἀγαθός Ac 11:24; ἀ. ἀγαθὸς καὶ δίκαιος Lk 23:50 (cp. ἀνδραγαθία Aeschin., C. Ctesiph. 42 al.; δεδοκιμασμένοι ἄ. 1 Cl 44:2; cp. Tat. 38, 1 ἄ. δοκιμώτατος; δίκαιος Hm 4, 1, 3; 11, 9, 13f; δίκαιος καὶ ἅγιος Mk 6:20; ἀ. δίψυχος, ἀκατάστατος Js 1:8; ἀ. ἐλλόγιμος 1 Cl 44:3; ἀ. ἔνδοξος Hv 5:1; ἀ. εὐλαβής Ac 8:2; 22:12; ἀ. λόγιος 18:24; ἀ. μεμαρτυρημένος IPhld 11:1; ἀ. πιστὸς καὶ ἐλλογιμώτατος 1 Cl 62:3; ξένος AcPl Ox 6, 11 (= Aa I 241, 14); ἀ. πονηρός Ac 17:5 (PsSol 12:1f); ἀ. πραΰς D 15:1; ἀ. συνετός Ac 13:7 (Just., D. 2, 6); ἀ. φρόνιμος Mt 7:24; ἀ. μωρός vs. 26. ἀ. χρυσοδακτύλιος someone with gold rings on the fingers (satirical=‘Mr. Gold Rings’) Js 2:2. τέλειος ἀ. 3:2 (s. 1b).—Oft. in circumlocutions for nouns, somet. pleonastic (like Heb. אִישׁ) οἱ ἄ. τοῦ τόπου (Gen 26:7) the local residents Mt 14:35. ἀ. πλήρης λέπρας= a leper (in serious condition) Lk 5:12; ἀ. πλήρης πίστεως Ac 6:5, 11:24. ἀ. ἁμαρτωλός (Sir 12:14; 27:30 al.) a sinner Lk 5:8; 19:7.—In noun combinations (Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 12 p. 371a ἀ. μάγος; Chion, Ep. 14, 4 ἀ. δεσπότης; Maximus Tyr. 19, 2a ποιμὴν ἀ.) ἀ. προφήτης (Judg 6:8) a prophet 24:19. ἀ. πρεσβύτης (s. πρεσβύτης) MPol 7:2.

β. w. special emphasis on courage or endurance, an aspect w. strong Homeric color (Hom. et al.; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 1, 16 p. 17, 2 [opp. ἄνθρωποι real ‘men’ in contrast to mere ‘people’]) of the apostles 1 Cl 6:1.—AcPl Ha 1, 25; 28.

② equiv. to τὶς someone, a person (Theognis 1, 199 Diehl²; X., Cyr. 2, 2, 22; Sir 27:7) Lk 9:38; 19:2; J 1:30; Ro 4:8 (Ps 32:2). Pl. some people (1 Macc 12:1; 13:34; Just., D. 108, 2 al.) Lk 5:18; Ac 6:11. ἀνήρ τις Lk 8:27; Ac 10:1. ἀνὴρ ὅς Lat. is qui (like אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר; cp. 1 Macc 7:7; PsSol 6:1; 10:1 and as early as Pind., P. 9, 87 ἀνήρ τις, ὸ̔ς …); Js 1:12. οἱ κατʼ ἄνδρα (Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 6; cp. κατʼ ἄνδρα καὶ οἶκον PsSol 9:5) man for man, individually IEph 4:2 (of presbyters, but s. JKleist, note ad loc., rank and file); 20:2; ITr 13:2; ISm 5:1; 12:2; IPol 1:3.

③ a transcendent figure

ⓐ a figure of a man of heavenly beings who resemble men (SibOr 3, 137 the Titans are so called; Just., D.56, 5 [s. Gen. 18:2], 10 ἐν ἰδέᾳ ἀνδρός) GPt 9:36; 10:39.

ⓑ of Jesus as the judge of the world, appointed by God: ὁ θεὸς … μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐν ἀνδρὶ ᾧ ὥρισεν Ac 17:31 (cp. Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 19, 3 Minos is the ἀνήρ, ὸ̔ν ἀποδεικνύναι ἐμέλλετε κοινὸν ἀνθρώπων δικαστήν=whom you [Gods] intended to make the common judge of humanity).—On Jesus as θεῖος ἀνήρ figure, s. EKoskenniemi, Apollonius von Tyana in der neutestamentlichen Exegese ’94 (lit.).—MVock, Bedeutung u. Verwendung von ΑΝΗΡ u. ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ etc., diss. Freiburg 1928; HSeiler, Glotta 32, ’53, 225–36.—B. 81; 96. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.