79b

δέω (A), imper. [ per.] 3pl.

A

δεόντων Od.12.54

codd. (v. δίδημι): [tense] fut. δήσω: [tense] aor. ἔδησα, [dialect] Ep.

δῆσα Il.21.30

: [tense] pf.

δέδεκα D.24.207

, v.l. δεδηκότας in Aeschin.2.134: [tense] plpf.

ἐδεδήκει And.4.17

(prob.):—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

δέοντο Il.18.553

: [tense] aor.

ἐδησάμην 24.340

, al.; [dialect] Ep.[ per.] 3sg. δησάσκετο ib.15: —[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

δεθήσομαι D.24.126

,131, etc.,

δεδήσομαι Pl.R. 361e

, X.Cyr.4.3.18; δεδέσομαι f.l. in Aristid.Or.41(4).7: [tense] aor.

ἐδέθην D.24.132

, etc.: [tense] pf. δέδεμαι (v. infr.): [tense] plpf.

ἐδεδέμην And.1.48

; [dialect] Ep.

δέδετο Il.5.387

; [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl.

ἐδεδέατο Hdt.1.66

, etc.—In this Verb, though a disyll., εο and εω are occas. [var] contr. τὸ δοῦν, τῷ δοῦντι, Pl.Cra. 419b, 421c;

δοῦσα Din.Fr.89.15

:—bind, tie, fetter,

δεσμῷ τινα δῆσαι Il.10.443

, etc.;

ἐνὶ δεσμῷ 5.386

, etc.; ἐν πέδαις (v.l. ἐς πέδας) Hdt.5.77;

δῆσε δ' ὀπίσσω χεῖρας.. ἱμᾶσιν Il.21.30

;

δ. τινὰ χεῖράς τε πόδας τε Od. 12.50

; δ. ἔκ τινος to bind from (i.e. to) a thing,

ἐξ ἐπιδιφριάδος ἱμᾶσι δέδεντο Il.10.475

, cf. Hdt.4.72; δῆσαί τινα ξύλῳ or ἐν ξύλῳ (cf.

ξύλον 11.2

);

ἐν κλίμακι Ar.Ra. 619

; δ. κύνα κλοιῷ tie a clog to a dog, Lex Solonisap.Plu.Sol.24, cf. E.Cyc. 234;

δ. τινὰ πρὸς φάραγγι A.Pr.15

; πρὸς κίονα, κίονι, S.Aj. 108, 240(lyr.);

δεδεμένοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους Th.4.47

; δεδέσθαι ἐν τῆ ποδοκάκκῃ Lex Solonisap.D.24.105.

2 alone, bind, keep in bonds, πῶς ἂν ἐγώ σε δέοιμι; says Hephaistos, pointing to the nets in which he had caught Ares, Od.8.352;

αὐτὸς δ' ἔδησε πατέρα A.Eu. 641

;

δήσαντες ἔχειν τινάς Th.1.30

; δησάντων αὐτὸν οἱ ἕνδεκα Lex ap.D.24.105, etc.

3 metaph., bind, enchain,

γλῶσσα δέ οἱ δέδεται Thgn.178

;

κέρδει καὶ σοφία δέδεται Pi.P.3.54

;

ψυχὰ δ. λύπῃ E.Hipp. 160

(lyr.); later, bind by spells,

τὸ στόμα AP11.138

(Lucill.), cf. Tab.Defix.96,108.

4 c. gen., hinder from a thing,

ἔδησε κελεύθου Od. 4.380

, 469.

5 Medic., harden, brace up, Hp.Off.17, etc.

II [voice] Med., bind, tie, put on oneself, ποσσὶ δ' ὑπὸ λιπαροῖσιν ἐδήσατο καλὰ πέδιλα tied them on his feet, Il.2.44, etc.:—[voice] Pass., περὶ δὲ κνήμῃσι βοείας κνημῖδας.. δέδετο he had greaves bound round his legs, Od. 24.228. (Cf. Skt. ditá 'bound', dā´ma 'bond'.)

------------------------------------

δέω (B), A.Pr. 1006, etc.: [tense] fut.

A

δεήσω Pl.R. 395e

: [tense] aor.

ἐδέησα Lys. 30.8

, [dialect] Ep. δῆσα only Il.18.100: [tense] pf.

δεδέηκα Pl.Plt. 277d

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

δεήσομαι Th.1.32

, etc., [dialect] Dor.

δεοῦμαι Epich.120

; later

- ηθήσομαι LXX Jb.5.8

, Plu.2.213c, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἐδεήθην Hdt.4.84

, Ar.Pl. 986, etc.: [tense] pf.

δεδέημαι X.An.7.7.14

, Is.8.22 (the forms δεήσω, etc., compared with the [dialect] Ep. ἐδεύησα, δεύομαι, point to root δεϝ):—lack, miss, stand in need of, c. gen.,

ἐμεῖο δὲ δῆσε.. ἀλκτῆρα γενέσθαι Il.

l.c. (elsewh. Hom. uses δεύω, q.v.);

παραδείγματος τὸ παράδειγμα αὐτὸ δεδέηκεν Pl. Plt. 277d

, cf. X.Mem.4.2.10.

2 freq. in [dialect] Att., πολλοῦ δέω I want much, i.e. am far from, mostly c. inf. [tense] pres., πολλοῦ δ. ἀπολογεῖσθαι I am far from defending myself, Pl.Ap. 30d;

πολλοῦ δεῖς εἰπεῖν Id.Men. 79b

;

π. δ. ἀγνοεῖν Id.Ly. 204e

;

π. γε δέουσι μαίνεσθαι Id.Men. 92a

; also

μικροῦ ἔδεον ἐν χερσὶν εἶναι X.HG4.6.11

, cf. Men. Georg.25;

τοσούτου δέω ἱκανὸς εἶναι λέγειν ὥστε.. Lys.17.1

;

τοσούτου δέουσι μιμεῖσθαι Isoc.14.17

(also

τοσοῦτον δέω εἰδέναι Pl.Men. 71a

); παρὰ μικρὸν ἐδέησα ἀποθανεῖν v.l. in Isoc.17.42; simply

ἐδέησα κινδύνῳ περιπεσεῖν Alciphr.3.5

: abs., πολλοῦ γε δέω I am far from it, Pl.Phdr. 228a;

τοῦ παντὸς δέω A.Pr. 1006

;

παντὸς δεῖ τοιοῦτος εἶναι Pl.Sph. 221d

(impers. πολλοῦ δεῖ, etc., v. δεῖ 11.1. b): in part.,

παλαστῆς δεόντων τεττάρων ποδῶν IG12.373.8

;

μικροῦ δέοντα τέτταρα τάλαντα D.27.35

; the part. is freq. used to express numerals compounded with 8 or 9,

ἀνδράσιν ἑνὸς δέουσι τριάκοντα IG12.374.413

; δυοῖν δέοντα τεσσεράκοντα forty lacking two, thirty-eight, Hdt.1.14;

πεντήκοντα δυοῖν δέοντα ἔτη Th.2.2

; ἑνὸς δέον εἰκοστὸν ἔτος the 20t h year save one, the 19th, Id.8.6;

δυοῖν δεούσαις εἴκοσι ναυσίν X.HG1.1.5

: later, the inf. stands abs., περὶ τὰ ἑνὸς δεῖν πεντήκοντα fifty save one, Arist.Rh. 1390b11: part. in gen.,

τροφαλίδες μιᾶς δεούσης εἴκοσιν Id.HA 522a31

;

πόλεων δυοῖν δεούσαιν ἑξήκοντα D.L.5.27

;

ἑξήκοντα ἑνὸς δέοντος ἔτη Plu.Pomp.79

.

3 part. δέων, δέουσα, as Adj., fit, proper,

ὁ καιρὸς οὐκ ἔστι χρόνος δέων Arist. APr. 48b36

;

τοῖς δέουσι χρόνοις IG12(3).247.11

([place name] Anaphe); ἡ δέουσα ἑκάστων χρῆσις Hierocl.p.61 A., etc.: esp.freq.in neut., v. δέον.

4 δεῖ impers., v. h. v.

II Dep. [full] δέομαι: [var] contr.

δῆσθε Sophr.46

, part.

δεύμενος Id.36

: [tense] fut.

δεήσομαι Pl.Phlb. 53b

: [tense] aor. ἐδεήθην: always personal, and used by Hom. only in form δεύομαι (v. δεύω B):

1 abs., to be in want or need, require, mostly in part.,

κάρτα δεόμενος Hdt.8.59

; οἱ δεόμενοι the needy, opp. οἱ κεκτημένοι τὰς οὐσίας, Isoc. 6.67.

b stand in need of, want, c. gen., Hdt.1.36, etc.;

τὰ σὰ δεῖται κολαστοῦ.. ἔπη S.OT 1148

; ῥώμης τινὸς δ. ib. 1293; οὐδὲν δεῖσθαι τροφῆς have no need of.., Th.8.43; ἤν τι δέωνται βασιλέως if they have any need of him, ib.37: c. inf.,

τοῦτο ἔτι δέομαι μαθεῖν Pl.R. 392d

, cf. Euthd. 275d, etc.; τὰ πράττεσθαι δεόμενα things needing to be done, X.Cyr.2.3.3;

τὰ δεόμενα

necessaries,

IG2.573.4

; ἐπισκευάσαι τὰ δεόμενα parts needing repair, ib.22.1176.15;

τὸ δεόμενον

the point threatened,

Plb.15.15.7

; δεῖται impers., v. δεῖ.

2 beg a thing from a person, c. dupl. gen. rei et pers.,

τῶν ἐδέετο σφέων Hdt. 3.157

, cf. Th.1.32, etc.;

μή μου δεηθῇς. ΘΗ. πράγματος ποίου; S.OC 1170

: freq. with neut. Pron. in acc.,

τοῦτο ὑμῶν δέομαι Pl.Ap. 17c

, cf. Smp. 173e, etc.: c. acc. cogn., δέημα, or oftener δέησιν, δεῖσθαί τινος, Ar.Ach. 1059, Aeschin.2.43, etc.: also c. acc. rei only, ξύμφορα

δ. Th.1.32

;

δυνατά τινος Pl.Prt. 335e

;

δίκαια καὶ μέτρια ὑμῶν D.38.2

;

διαπράξωμαι ἃ δέομαι X.An.2.3.29

: with gen. pers. only, δεηθεὶς ὑμῶν having begged a favour of you, D.21.108: c.gen.pers. et inf.,

ἐδέετο τοῦ δήμου φυλακῆς πρὸς αὐτοῦ κυρῆσαι Hdt.1.59

, cf. Pl.Prt. 336a, etc.;

δ. τινὸς ὥστε.. Th.1.119

;

ὅπως.. Plu.Ant.84

: rarely c. acc. pers.,

ἐδέοντο Βοιωτοὺς ὅπως παραδώσουσι Th.5.36

: parenthetic,

δέομαι

I pray,

LXXGe.44.18

.

------------------------------------

δέω (C),

A = δήω (A), Alc.102.

διαπαίζω, late [tense] fut.

A

- ξω Gal.8.569

: [tense] pf.

- πέπαιχα Plu.

(v. infr.):— jest, Gal. l.c.;

διαπαίζων

in jest,

J.Ap.2.37

(dub.), D.L.8.6:—[voice] Pass., παιδιὰ καλῶς διαπεπαισμένη a sport well kept up, Pl.Lg. 769a.

II laugh, jest at, c.acc., J.BJ5.7.4, Arr.Epict.2.18.22, Demetr.Eloc. 147, D.L.4.53: abs., Phld.Lib.p.57O.

III perh. imitate playfully, [

ὁ Σοφοκλῆς] διαπεπαιχὼς τὸν Αἰσχύλου ὄγκον Plu.2.79b

.

καταθύω,

A sacrifice,

πρόβατα Hdt.8.19

, cf. X.An.4.5.35, Milet.1(9).368, D.C.65.13, etc.; [ τοῖς θεοῖς]

πάντα Anon.Oxy.215i9

; ofincense, burn as an offering,

λιβανωτοῦ Χίλια τάλαντα Jul.Or.2.79b

.

2 offer, dedicate, τὴν δεκάτην Inscr. ap. X.An.5.3.13, D.S.4.21.

3 simply, kill,

αἶγα Aret.CD2.12

.

II [voice] Med., φίλτροις καταθύσομαι will compel by magic sacrifices, Theoc.2.3 (- δήσομαι Sch.).

καταλᾰλ-έω, [tense] pf.

A

- λελάληκα A.D.Synt.323.7

:—talk, babble loudly, τοῖς θύραζε ταῦτα κ. Ar.Ra. 752; τινος before another, Luc.Asin. 12.

II talk down, rail at,

ἡμᾶς IG9(2).338.6

(Thess.);

τινὰ πρὸς πάντας Plb.3.90.6

;

τὸ δόγμα Id.18.45.1

; τινος D.S.11.44;

ὑμῶν ὡς κακοποιῶν 1 Ep.Pet.2.12

;

τινὸς ψευδῆ LXXHo.7.13

; κατά τινος ib. Ps.49(50).20:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπί τινι Plb.27.13.2

; to be outdone in speech,

ὑπ' ἰδιωτῶν Phld.Rh.1.343S.

2 weary by talking, gloss on καταγλωττίζειν, Phryn.PSp.79B.

3 simply, interview, address a person, PHib.1.151 (iii B. C.).

κατάτεχνος, ον,

A artificial, κίνημα (v.l. κακο-) AP5.131 (Phld., [comp] Sup.);

τὸ κ. Plu.2.79b

; epith. of Callimachus the sculptor, Vitr.4.1.10codd. (sed leg. κατατηξίτεχνος); cf. κακιζότεχνος.

κοτυλ-ίζω,

A sell by the κοτύλη: hence, sell by retail, opp. ἀθρόα πιπράσκειν, Arist.Oec. 1347b8, cf. PAmh.92.6 (ii A. D.), Phryn.PSp.79B.;

μηδὲ ἐξ ἀμφορέων μηδὲ ἐκ πιθάκνης μηδ' ἐξ ψευδοπίθου κοτυλιζέτω μηδείς BCH50.214

(Thasos, v B. C.): metaph.,

μηδὲν κ., ἀλλὰ καταπάττειν χύδην Pherecr.168

;

κίρναντες.. τὴν πόλιν ἡμῶν κοτυλίζετε τοῖσι πένησιν Ar.Fr. 683

.

πᾰνηγῠρ-ικός, ή, όν,

A of or for a public festival or assembly,

οἱ ὄχλοι οἱ π. Isoc.12.263

; πολυτέλεια, κόσμος, Plu. 2.608f.

II generally, solemn, festive, λόγος festival oration, such as those pronounced at the Olympic games, panegyric, Isoc.5.9,84, al.; Ἰσοκράτης ἐν τῷ π. in his Panegyric, Arist.Rh. 1408b15; π. εἶδος [τῆς ῥητορικῆς] Phld.Rh.2.251 S.;

τὰ π. Plu.2.79b

: [comp] Comp. - ώτερος, of Isocrates himself, D.H.Vett.Cens.5.2; - ώτεραι διηγήσεις Aps.p.257 H.

2 flattering, false,

π. λῆροι Plu.2.6a

; of style, showy, ostentatious, opp. ἀληθινός, D.H.Dem.8; of persons, pompous,

γυνὴ σοβαρὰ καὶ π. Plu.Luc.6

. Adv. - κῶς showily,

π. κατεσκευασμένος Id.Cam. 16

, cf. Ant.61; opp. στρατιωτικῶς, Posidon.36 J.: [comp] Comp.

- κώτερον Plb.5.34.3

.

περιάγω [pron. full] [ᾰ], [tense] fut. - άξω Men.532.13, etc.:—

A lead or draw round, Hdt.1.30, al.;

τὰ φορτία ἐν βάρισι περὶ τὸ Δέλτα Id.2.179

;

π. τινὰς ἐν ἁμάξῃσι κειμένους Id.4.73

: c. acc. loci, περιάγουσι τὴν λίμνην κύκλῳ (sc. τὴν παρθένον) ib. 180 (s.v.l.), cf. Men. l. c.; carry about for sale, Pl.Prt. 313d:—[voice] Med., lead round with one,

ἐλέφαντα Epin.2.4

.

b cause to revolve,

ψυχὴ π. πάντα Pl.Lg. 898d

, cf. Plot.5.1.2 :—[voice] Pass., rotate,

οἷον τροχοῦ περιαγομένου Pl.Ti. 79b

.

2 lead about with one, have always by one, X.Cyr.2.2.28, cf. 1.3.3 :—more freq. in [voice] Med.,

ἀκολούθους πολλοὺς περιάγεσθαι Id.Mem.1.7.2

, cf. Theopomp.Hist.89 (a), Posidon.7 J., etc.

b metaph., lead round and round, perplex, τὼ θεώ με περιάγουσιν, ὥστε .. And.1.113 (s.v.l.), cf. Luc.Nigr.8 :—[voice] Pass.,

περιαγόμενος τῷ λόγῳ Pl.La. 187e

.

3 turn round, turn about, τὴν κεφαλήν, τὸν τράχηλον, τὸν αὐχένα, Ar. Pax 682, Av. 176, Pl.R. 515c, cf. Hp.Art. 18;

τινὰ πρὸς τἀριστερά E.Cyc. 686

(s.v.l.);

μύλην Poll.7.180

; π. τὴν σκυταλίδα twist it round in order to tighten a noose, Hdt.4.60; τὼ χεῖρε περιαγαγὼν εἰς τοὔπισθεν καὶ δήσας twisting back the hands behind the back, Lys.1.25 ; simply

π. τὼ χεῖρε D.H.6.82

:—[voice] Pass.,

περιαχθεὶς τὼ χεῖρε Philostr.Her.10.7

; so prob. περιαχθείς alone,

π. κρεμήσεται PCair.Zen.202.9

(iii B. C.).

4 pass round,

τὸ περιαγόμενον ποτήριον Ath.10.420a

, etc., cf. Hld.3.11.

5 protract,

ἐς ὥραν τινά Luc.Merc. Cond.31

.

6 bring round to.., [

τὴν πολιτείαν] πάλιν εἰς τὴν ἑτέραν πολιτείαν Arist.Pol. 1265a4

;

εἰς αὑτὸν τὴν ἀρχήν Hdn.4.3.1

:—[voice] Pass.,

π. εἰς ὁμόνοιαν Id.3.15.7

; εἰς τόδε, εἰς ἀνάγκην, Luc.Nigr.5, J.AJ5.2.8.

7 Rhet., round a period, etc., περίοδος, σύνθεσις περιηγμένη, Demetr.Eloc.19, 30.

II intr., come round,

πάλιν κύκλῳ π. εἰς τὴν ἀρχήν Arist.Mete. 356a8

;

περιφερομένης καὶ περιαγούσης Epicur.Nat. 11.2

.

2 c. acc. loci, go round,

π. τὴν ἐσχατιάν D.42.5

;

π. τὰς πόλεις Ev.Matt.9.35

, cf. 4.23, etc.

ἀθρόος, α, ον, (ος, ον D.19.228, Arist.PA 675b21, etc.), [full] ἁθρόος in Hom. acc. to Aristarch. ap. Sch.Ven.ll.14.38 and [dialect] Att.(also some times [full] ἅθρους, ουν, as Ar.Fr. 633, Hyp.Eux.33, D.27.35), poet.acc.pl.

A

ἁθρόᾰς h.Merc. 106

; dat. pl.

ἁθροῖσιν Epigr.Gr.1034

26 ([place name] Callipolis):—but in later writers the spir. lenis prevailed: (

ἀ- 11

, θρόος):—in crowds, heaps, or masses, crowded together, Hom. only in pl., as Il.2.439, al.;

ἁθρόοι.. ἅπαντες Od.3.34

, etc.: sg. first in Pi.P.2.35; ἀθρόοι, of soldiers, in close order, Hdt.6.112, X.An.1.10.13, etc.; opp. ἀσύντακτοι, Id.Cyr.8.1.46; in column, ib.5.3.36; πολλαὶ κῶμαι ἁ. close together, Id.An.7.3.9.

II together, in a body, ἁθρόα πάντ' ἀπέτεισε he paid for all at once, Od.1.43; ἁ. πόλις the citizens as a whole, opp. καθ' ἕκαστον, Th.2.60, cf. 1.141;

ἁ. δύναμις Id.2.39

; ἁ. ἦν αὐτῷ τὸ στράτευμα was assembled, X.Cyr.3.3.22; τὸ ἁ. their assembled force, ib.4.2.20, cf. An.5.2.1; ἁθρόῳ στόματι with one voice, E.Ba. 725; ἁ. δάκρυ one flood of tears, Id.HF 489; ἁ. λόγος a flood of words, Pl.R. 344d; ἁθρόους κρίνειν to condemn all by a single vote, Id.Ap. 32b;

πολλοὺς ἁ. ὑμῶν D.21.131

; ἄθρους ὤφθη was seen with all his forces, Plu. Them.12, cf. Id.Sull.12; ἁ. λεγόμενον used in a collective sense, opp. κατὰ μέρος, Pl.Tht. 182a; ἀθρόας γινομένης μεταβολῆς taking place all at once, Arist.Ph. 186a15; opp. ἐκ προσαγωγῆς, Id.Pol. 1308b16; κατήριπεν ἀ. he fell all at once, Theoc. 13.50, cf. 25.252; ἀθρόαι πέντε νύκτες five whole nights, PiP.4.130;

κατάστασις ἀθρόα καὶ αἰσθητή Arist. Rh. 1369b34

; κάθαρσις ἀ., opp. κατ' ὀλίγον, Id.HA 582b7; καταπιεῖν ἅθρους τεμαχίτας at a gulp, Eub.9, cf. Plu.2.650c, etc.; ἀθρόον ἐκκαγχάζειν burst out laughing, Arist.EN 1150b11, cf. Hp.Ep.17.

2 continuous,

κίνησις Plot.3.7.8

, cf. ib.1 ([comp] Comp.).

3 sudden, ἔφοδος Malch.p.412 D.; τῷ ἀ. μὴ καταπλαγῆναι Men.Prot.p.68 D.:— this sense may perh. be found in Plu. Them. l.c., Sull.l.c.

4 ἀθρόον, τό, = ἄθροισμα 11, Epicur.Ep.1p.16U., Fr. 314, Zeno Sidon. ap. Phld.Herc.1005.7.

III complete, overwhelming,

ἀ. κακότης Pi.P. 2.35

; continuous, incessant,

πνεῦμα Arist.Mete. 367a30

; concentrated, of noise, D.H. Comp.22, etc.

IV Adv. ἀθρόον all at once;

ἄθρουν

in one payment,

PPetr.2p.27

, cf. D. 27.35; generally,

εἰρῆσθαι Aret. SA1.6

:—regul. Adv.

ἀθρόως X.Smp.2.25

, Arist.HA 533b10, etc.; ἀ. λέγειν to speak collectively or generally, Aristid.Rh.2.547S.

2 suddenly,

ἀετὸς ἀ. φανείς Hsch.Mil.4.11

, cf.19(perh.also in Arist.HA l.c.).

V [comp] Comp.

ἁθροώτερος Th.6.34

, etc.;

ἀθρουστέρα Phylotim.

ap.Ath.3.79b: [comp] Sup.

ἀθρούστατος Plu.Caes.20

.

ἄλλο τι,

A anything else, in interrog. sentences, mostly foll. by ἤ, ἤ σοι ἄλλο τι φαίνεται.. ἢ λόγος; Pl.Phdr. 258a, cf. Phd. 64c:—hence freq. (esp. in Pl.) elliptical, implying an affirm. answer, ἄλλο τι ἢ πεινήσουσι; (i.e. ἄλλο τι πείσονται ἢ πεινήσουσι;) will they not be starved? Hdt.2.14, cf.1.109; ἄλλο τι ἢ ἠρέμα ἐπανασκεψόμεθα; shall we not calmly reconsider? (i.e. let us do so) Pl.Tht. 154e, cf. Phd. 70c, Men. 82d, Grg. 481c, etc.; ἄλλο τι ἢ καταγελῴης ἄν; Id.Alc.1.116d:— with other words interposed,

σκόπει εἰ ἄλλο τι λέγεις ἢ τόδε Id.Smp. 200d

, cf. Phd. 106a, Sph. 228a, etc.:— ἄλλοτιπλήν .. ; Id.Sph. 228a:—but often ἄλλο τι with or without οὖν stands alone, ἄλλο τι οὖν.. ἔλεγες; did not you say? Id.Grg. 495c, cf. 470b, Phd. 79b, Tht. 165e, R. 337c, etc.

2 rarely without a question,

ἀπόγνοια τοῦ ἄλλο τι ἢ κρατεῖν τῆς γῆς Th.3.85

.

ἕδρ-α, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [full] ἕδρη, ἡ: ([etym.] ἕδος):

I sitting-place:

1 seat, chair, stool, bench, Il.19.77, Od.3.7;

ἀγοραί τε καὶ ἕδραι 8.16

, cf. 3.31; seat of honour,

περὶ μέν σε τίον.. ἕδρῃ τε κρέασίν τε Il.8.162

, 12.311;

ἕδραις γεραίρειν τινά X.Cyr.8.1.39

;

τιμίαν ἕ. ἔχειν A.Eu. 855

; throne,

ἐκβαλεῖν ἕδρας Κρόνον Id.Pr. 203

; θακεῖν παγκρατεῖς ἕ. to sit on an almighty throne, ib. 391, cf. Pers. 466.

2 seat, abode, freq. in pl., Pi.O.7.76, P.11.63, etc.; esp. of the gods, sanctuary, temple, Id.I.7(6).44, A.Ag. 596, etc.; also νέοικος ἕ. station for ships, Pi.O.5.8;

ναύλοχοι ἕδραι S.Aj. 460

: periphr.,

ἕδραισι Θεράπνας Pi.P.11.63

;

Παρνησοῦ ἕδραι A.Eu.11

, cf. E.Tr. 557 (lyr.); βλεφάρων ἕ. the eye, Id.Rh. 8 (anap.); ὄμματος ἕ. ib. 554 (lyr.).

3 seat or place of anything, ἐξ ἕδρας out of its right place, Id.Ba. 928, cf. Plu.Fab.3;

καταναγκάσαι ἐς ἕδρην Hp.Mochl.38

;

ὁ ἥλιος ἐκλιπὼν τὴν ἕ. Hdt.7.37

; τὴν τοῦ ἥπατος ἕ., σπλάγχνου, etc., Pl.Ti. 67b, 72c, etc.; ἐκ τῆς ἕ. ὠθεῖν ib. 79b; ἔχειν ἕδραν to keep its place, Arist.Mete. 356a4;

μεταθέσεις ἐξ ἕδρας ἀτόμων Epicur.Fr.61

; ἕδραν στρέφειν to wriggle, Thphr.Char.27.14;

στοὰν εἰς τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἕ. ἐπαναγαγεῖν D.C.57.21

; base, Plu.Demetr.21: metaph. in Rhet., D.H.Dem.31, etc.; of a plant, Gp.5.9.9.

4 ἡ ἕ. τοῦ ἵππου the back of the horse, on which the rider sits, X.Eq.5.5, 12.9, Eq. Mag.4.1.

5 in pl., quarters of the sky in which omens appear, A.Ag. 118 (lyr.), E.HF 596.

6 seat of a physiological process,

ἕ. ἀναθρέψεως Gal.18(2).105

.

II sitting, esp. of suppliants,

ἕδραν ἔχειν προστρόπαιον A.Eu.41

, cf. S.OT13, OC 112.

2 sitting still, Hp.Aër.20: hence, inactivity, delay,

περιημέκτεε τῇ ἕδρῃ Hdt.9.41

;

ἀχθομένων τῇ ἕ. Th.5.7

;

οὐχ ἕδρας ἀκμή S.Aj. 811

;

οὐχ ἕδρας ἀγών E.Or. 1291

;

οὐχ ἕδρας ἔργον B.Fr.11

; also οἰκίης ἕδρῃ sitting at home, Herod.4.92.

3 position, γονυπετεῖς ἕδραι kneeling, E.Ph. 293 (lyr.); βέλεος ἕδρη place occupied by a weapon which fixes itself in the skull, Hp.VC7.

4 sitting, session of a council, etc., εὐθὺς ἐξ ἕδρας when he rose from the sitting, S.Aj. 780 (but ἐξ ἕδρας ἀνίσταται ib. 788, means from quietude); ἕδραν ποιεῖν to hold a sitting, And.1.111, cf.IG12.110.41.

III seat, breech, fundament, Hdt.2.87, Hp. Aph.5.22, Ar.Th. 133, etc.; of birds and animals, rump, Arist.HA 633b8, Simon Eq.9, etc.

IV Geom., face of a regular solid, Theol.Ar.37.

ὄγκος (A), ὁ,

A barb of an arrow, in pl., the barbed points,

νεῦρόν τε καὶ ὄγκους Il.4.151

, cf. 214 ;

ὄγκοι τοῦ βέλους Philostr.Im.2.23

: sg., Onos.19.3.

2

οἱ τῆς νεὼς ὄ.

brackets,

Moschio

ap.Ath.5.208b.

------------------------------------

ὄγκος (B), ὁ,

A bulk, size, mass of a body,

μελέων ἀριδείκετον ὄ. Emp. 20.1

;

ἀέρος ὄ. Id.100.13

;

σφαίρης ἐναλίγκιον ὄγκῳ Parm.8.43

: freq. in Pl.,

μήτε ὄγκῳ μήτε ἀριθμῷ Tht. 155a

; τὸν.. ὄ. τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ their total number, Lg. 737c ; τὸν τῶν σαρκῶν ὄ. ib. 959c ; σμικρᾶς πόλεως ὄ. a city of small size, Plt. 259b ;

ἔχθρας ὄ. μέγαν Lg. 843b

; θαυμαστὸν ὄ. ἀράμενοι τοῦ μύθου taking on my shoulders a monstrous great story, Plt. 277b, etc.: freq. also in Arist., the space filled by a body, opp. τὸ κενόν, Ph. 203b28, al. ;

ἴσος τὸν ὄ.

in bulk, GC

326b20

;

ὄγκῳ μικρόν EN 1178a1

, etc.

b flatulent distentions, Diocl.Fr.43 (pl.).

2 bulk, mass, body, ὄ. φρυγάνων a heap of faggots, Hdt. 4.62 ; ὄ. μαλθακός mass or roll of something soft, Hp.Art.26 ; σμικρὸς ὄ. ἐν σμικρῷ κύτει, of a dead man's ashes, S.El. 1142 ; γαστρὸς ὄ., of a child in the womb, E. Ion15 ;

ὄ. πλήρης φλεβίων Arist.HA 515b1

: pl.,

ὄγκοι

bodies, material substances,

Id.Metaph. 1085a12

, 1089b14 ; also ὁ ὄ. τῆς φωνῆς the volume of the note, Id.Aud. 804a15.

3 a bushy top-knot, Poll.4.133.

4 the human body,

τῆς χολῆς ἀναχεομένης εἰς τὸν ὄ. Ruf.Anat.30

, cf. Sor.1.26, Plu.2.653f, Gal.1.272.

II metaph., bulk, weight, trouble,

βραχεῖ σὺν ὄ. S.OC 1341

.

2 weight, dignity, pride, and in bad sense, self-importance, pretension, ὄ. ὀνόματος μητρῷος pride in the name of mother, Id.Tr. 817 ; ὄγκον αἴρειν exalt one's dignity, Id.Aj. 129 ;

βραχὺν.. μῦθον οὐκ ὄγκου πλέων

of pretension,

Id.OC 1162

;

μείζον' ὄ. δορὸς ἤ φρενῶν E. Tr. 1158

;

ἔχει τιν' ὄ. Ἄργος Ἑλλήνων πάρα Id.Ph. 717

;

ἐς ὄ. βλέπειν τύχης Id.Fr.81

;

τοῖς ζῶσι δ' ὄγκος Id.Rh. 760

;

ὁ τῶν ὑπεροπτικῶν ὄ. Isoc.1.30

;

τῷ.. γένους ὄγκῳ Pl.Alc.1.121b

;

πραγμάτων ὄ. Epicur. Fr. 548

;

τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸ μέγεθος καὶ ὁ ὄ. Plu.Fab.4

;

ὄγκον περιθεῖναί τινι Id.Per.4

, etc.

3 of style, loftiness, majesty,

ὄ. τῆς λέξεως Arist. Rh. 1407b26

;

ὁ τοῦ ποιήματος ὄ. Id.Po. 1459b28

, cf. Demetr.Eloc.36, al.: in bad sense, bombast,

ὁ Αἰσχύλου ὄ. Plu.2.79b

.

III in Philos., particle, mass, body, Epicur.Ep.1p.16U., Nat.12G., Asclep. Bith. ap. S.E.M.9.363 ; so in the physiology of the Methodics, ὄγκοι καὶ πόροι, = molecules and pores, Id. ap. Gal.1.499.

------------------------------------

ὄγκος (C), ον, as Adj. ;

A v. ὀγκηρός fin.

ὅμοιος or (as in Hom., [dialect] Ion., and old [dialect] Att.) [full] ὁμοῖος, α, ον (cf. ἐρῆμος, ἑτοῖμος): later [dialect] Ep. also [full] ὁμοίιος (B, q.v.) ; [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὔμοιος Theoc.29.20 (Adv.

A

- ως IG12(2).69a6

) ; Arc. [full] ὑμοῖος Schwyzer 665A15 (Orchom., iv B.C.): ([etym.] ὁμός):—like, resembling, ὡς αἰεὶ τὸν ὁ. ἄγει θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὁ. 'birds of a feather flock together', Od.17.218 ;

ὁ ὅ. τῷ ὁ. Pl.Grg. 510b

;

ὁ ὅ. ὡς τὸν ὅ. Arist.EN 1155a34

; τὸ ὅ. τῷ ὁ. φίλον ib. 1165b17, v. infr. 6 ; ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν ὁ. as in similar cases (of persons), BGU79.18 (ii A.D.), etc.: [comp] Comp.

- ότερος

more like,

Pl.Phd. 79b

: [comp] Sup.

- ότατος

most like,

Hdt.2.92

, S.Ant. 833 (lyr.), etc.

2 the same,

ἄμφω γὰρ πέπρωται ὁμοίην γαῖαν ἐρεῦσαι Il.18.329

;

χρὼς οὐκέθ' ὁ. Od.16.182

; hence (sc. ἑαυτῷ), always the same, unchanging,

αἰεὶ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ὁμοῖοι Hes.Op. 114

;

ὅ. τὴν γνώμην

the same as ever,

Antipho 5.76

;

γνῶμαι πρὸς τοὺς αὐτοὺς κινδύνους ὁμοῖαι Th.2.89

;

ἀεὶ ὅ. εἶ, ὦ Ἀπολλόδωρε Pl.Smp. 173d

; ἓν καὶ ὅ. one and the same, Id.Phdr. 271a.

3 equal in force, a match for one, Il.23.632, Hdt.9.96.

4 of things, suiting, according with,

πολλά τε καὶ ὅ. ἑαυταῖς Id.R.549e

;

ὅ. τῇ φύσει Ar.Th. 167

.

5 ὁμοῖον ἡμῖν ἔσται it will be all the same, all one to us, Hdt.8.80 ;

σὺ δ' αἰνεῖν εἴτε με ψέγειν θέλεις, ὁμοῖον A.Ag. 1404

, cf. 1239, E.Supp. 1069 ;

ἐν τῷ ὁ. καθειστήκει Th.2.49

.

6 τὸ ὅ. ἀνταποδιδόναι give 'tit for tat', Hdt.1.18 ; so τὴν ὁμοίην (sc. δίκην, χάριν)

ἀποδιδόναι τινί Id.4.119

, 6.21,62 ; τὴν ὁ. φέρεσθαι παρά τινος to have a like return made one, ibid. ; ἐπ' ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίᾳ, v. ἴσος 11.2.

7 ἐν ὁμοίῳ ποιεῖσθαί τι hold a thing in like esteem, Id.7.138,8.109.

8

ἐκ τοῦ ὁ.

in like fashion, likewise,

Th.6.78

,87 ;

ἐκ τῶν ὁ.

ceteris paribus,

Pl.Phdr. 243d

; on equal terms, in fair fight, A.Ag. 1423 ; so ἐν τῷ ὁ. στρατεύεσθαι καὶ ὅτε.. as when.., Th.6.21, etc.

II of the same rank or station, Hdt.1.134 ;

γαμεῖν ἐκ τῶν ὁ. Cleobul.

ap. Stob.3.1.172, POxy.124.2 (iii A.D.), PSI 2.120.33 (iv A.D.?): hence οἱ ὅμοιοι, in aristocratic states, peers, all citizens who had equal right to hold state-offices, esp. at Sparta, X.HG 3.3.5, Lac.13.1,7, Arist.Pol. 1306b30 ;

Περσέων ὁμοίους τοῖσι πρώτοισι δυώδεκα Hdt.3.35

.

III Geom., of figures, similar, Euc.6 Def.1, 3 Def.11, al. ; of angles, similar, i.e. equal, Arist.Cael. 296b20, 297b19, 311b34, cf. Thalesap.Procl.in Euc.1p.251F.

2 of Numbers, square, the product of two equal factors, Plot.6.2.21 ; cf.

ἀνόμοιος 2

.

B Construction:

1 abs., freq. in Hom., etc. (v. supr.).

2 c. dat. of the person or thing which another resembles: so always in Hom., Hes., and usu. in Hdt. and [dialect] Att. (v. supr.): but sts. c. gen., τοῖσι τούτων ὁμοίοις χύμασι v.l. in Hp.Art.12 (DielsZtschr.f.vergl. Sprachf.47.200), v. l. in Hdt.3.37 and Pl.R. 472d ; τουτέων οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλο ἔθνος ὁμοίας τὰς κεφαλὰς ἔχον οὐδέν (ellipt. as in b. infr.) Hp. Aër.14 ;

ὁ λεκτικὸς πῇ μὲν ὅμοιος Ἡροδότου, πῇ δὲ ἐνδεέστερος D.H. Pomp.4

;

ὁμοία ἀνδριάντος Dion.Byz.53

;

ὅμοιον ἱέρακος Cyran.22

, cf. 12.

b ellipt. phrases, κόμαι Χαρίτεσσιν ὁμοῖαι, for κόμαι ταῖς τῶν Χαρίτων ὁμοῖαι, Il.17.51 ; οὔ τις ὁμοῖα νοήματα Πηνελοπείῃ ᾔδη, for τοῖς τῆς Πηνελοπείης, Od.2.121 : also in Prose, ἅρματα ὅ. ἐκείνῳ, for τοῖς ἐκείνου, X.Cyr.6.1.50 ; ὁμοίαν ταῖς δούλαις ἐσθῆτα, for τῇ τῶν δουλῶν, ib.5.1.4 ; cf.

ἴσος 1.1

,

συγγενής 111.2

.

3 c. acc. of that in which a person or thing resembles another,

ἀθανάτῃσι φυὴν καὶ εἶδος ὁμοίη Od.6.16

, cf. 3.468, Il.5.778 ;

ὀργὴν ὁ. τῷ κάκιστ' αὐδωμένῳ A.Th. 678

, cf. S.Aj. 1153, etc.: also with Preps.,

ὁμοῖοι ἐν πολέμῳ Il.12.270

;

ἐς φύσιν οὐδὲν ὁ. Batr.32

;

ὅ. τινὶ πρός τι X.Cyn.5.29

; but οὐδὲν ὁμοῖον ἦν μοι πρὸς τοῦτον I had nothing in common with him, Is. 8.26.

4 c. inf., θείειν ἀνέμοισιν ὁμοῖοι like the winds in running, Il. 10.437 ; τῷ οὔ πώ τις ὁμοῖος κοσμῆσαι ἵππους like him to marshal or in marshalling horses, 2.553, cf. 14.521 ; ὅμοιοι ἦσαν θαυμάζειν (s. v.l., θαυμάζοντες codd. dett.) X.An.3.5.13.

b

ὅμοιον εἰπεῖν

approximately,

Men.Epit. 548

.

5 folld. by a Relat., ὁμοίη, οἵην με τὸ πρῶτον ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσι νόησας like as when thou saw'st me first, h.Ven. 178 ;

ὅμοιον.., οἷόνπερ τὸ τῶν ποταμῶν X.HG4.2.11

, cf. Hier.7.5, Cyr.6.1.37 : folld. by ὅσπερ, Id.An.5.4.34 ; by

ὥσπερ, ὁ. ἀτμὸς ὥσπερ ἐκ τάφου πρέπει A.Ag. 1311

, cf. X.Smp.4.37 ; by ὥστε, E.Or. 697 ; v. infr. c.

6 folld. by καί (='as'),

γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι καὶ σύ Hdt.7.50

, cf. Th.1.120, Pl.Cri. 48b, Tht. 154a ;

οὐδέν τι γενόμενος ἐς Ἀχαιοὺς ὅμοιος [ἢ] καὶ Καλλίστρατος.. Paus.7.16.4

; v. καί A. 111.

C Adv., freq. in the neut. sg. and pl. ὅμοιον, ὅμοια (older ὁμοῖον, ὁμοῖα) in like manner with, c. dat., ὁμοῖα τοῖσι μάλιστα 'second to none', Hdt.3.8, cf. Th.7.29 ;

ὁμοῖα τοῖσι πλουσιωτάτοισι Hdt.3.57

;

ὅμοιον μουσίσδει.. ταῖσιν ἀηδονίσι Theoc.8.37

: folld. by a relat. Partic., ὁμοῖον ὥστε.. even as, S.Ant. 587 (lyr.) ;

ὁ. ὡς εἰ.. Pl.Lg. 628d

;

ὁμοῖα καὶ βοῦς ἐργάτης S.Fr. 563

.

2 alike,

ὅμοια χέρσον καὶ θάλασσαν ἐκπερῶν A.Eu. 240

.

II regul. Adv. ὁμοίως in like manner with, c. dat., Hdt.1.32, al. ;

τοῖς μάλισθ' ὁ. D.Ep.2.24

: folld. by a relat. Partic.,

ὁ. ὡς εἰ.. Hdt.1.155

;

ὁ. ὥσπερ.. X.Cyr.1.4.6

;

ὁ. καὶ.. Hdt. 7.86

, 8.60.β' : abs., ὁ. δέ and in like manner, PEleph.15.1 (iii B. C.), etc.

2 alike, equally, Pi.P.9.78, Hdt.7.100 ;

Δαναοῖσι Τρωσί θ' ὁ. A.Ag.67

(anap.) ;

λέγειν.. σιγᾶν θ' ὁ. Id.Eu. 278

, etc. ;

τῷ νῷ θ' ὁ. κἀπὸ τῆς γλώσσης S.OC 936

;

ὁ. μὲν.., ὁ. δὲ.. Pl.Prt. 319d

;

ὁ. ἀμφοῖν ἀκροάσασθαι D.18.2

;

ὁ. ἔχειν

to be uniform,

Arist.Ph. 261b25

: prov.,

οὐδ' ὅκου χώρης οἱ μῦς ὁ. τὸν σίδηρον τρώγουσιν

like any other food,

Herod. 3.76

(but perh. all alike, cf. Ar.Eq. 1296 cod. R, Th.5.15 (s. v.l.), Plu.2.763c): [comp] Comp.

- ότερον AP11.233

(Lucill.): [comp] Sup.

- ότατα Ar.Fr. 281

.

ὑπονιτρώδης, ες,

A somewhat alkaline, Phylotim. ap. Ath.3.79b.

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀναπληρόω fut. ἀναπληρώσω; 1 aor. ἀνεπλήρωσα. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. ἀναπληρωθήσονται Is 60:20; aor. ἀνεπληρώθην LXX; pf. 3 pl. ἀναπεπλήρωνται Gen 15:16 (s. πληρόω; Eur.+).

① to complete the quantity of someth., make complete fig. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 47 §191 a body of troops, 4, 89 §374 of outstanding obligations; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 447 τὴν ἡλικίαν=period of childhood; EpArist 75; Just., D. 81, 3 χίλια ἔτη) ἀ. αὐτῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας (cp. Gen 15:16) fill up the measure of their sins 1 Th 2:16 (unless this belongs in 2 as a commercial metaphor).

② to carry out an agreement or obligation, fulfill (a contract: UPZ 112 V, 3 [203/202 B.C.]; O. Wilck. I 532–34. A duty: POxy 1121, 11. An order for work: Jos., Ant. 8, 58) of prophecies (1 Esdr 1:54 εἰς ἀναπλήρωσιν τ. ῥήματος τ. κυρίου) ἀναπληροῦται αὐτοῖς ἡ προφητεία with them the prophecy is being fulfilled Mt 13:14. Of claims upon one: ἀ. τὸν νόμον τ. Χριστοῦ Gal 6:2. ἀ. πᾶσαν ἐντολήν B 21:8.

③ to supply what is lacking, fill a gap, replace (Pla., Symp. 188e; SIG 364, 62; OGI 56, 46; PLille I, 8, 14 [III B.C.]; Jos., Bell. 4, 198, Ant. 5, 214) τὸ ὑστέρημα (Herm. Wr. 13, 1 τὰ ὑστερήματα ἀναπλήρωσον; TestBenj 11:5) w. gen. of pers. make up for someone’s absence or lack, represent one who is absent (PMonac 14, 17f [VI A.D.] τῷ βικαρίῳ Ἑρμώνθεως ἀναπληροῦντι τὸν τόπον τοῦ τοποτηρητοῦ) 1 Cor 16:17; Phil 2:30; 1 Cl 38:2. τὸν τ. ὑπακοῆς τόπον ἀναπληρῶσαι take the attitude of obedience 1 Cl 63:1. τοὺς τύπους τῶν λίθων ἀ. fill up the impressions left by the stones (cp. EpArist 75) Hs 9, 10, 1.

④ to occupy a place, occupy, fill ὁ ἀναπληρῶν τ. τόπον τ. ἰδιώτου 1 Cor 14:16, because of the ἰδ. of vss. 23f, cannot mean ‘the one who occupies the position’ (for this mng. of τόπος see s.v. 1e; ἀναπληρ. in such a connection: Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 60; cp. the use of ἀποπληρόω Epict. 2, 4, 5; Jos., Bell. 5, 88) of an ‘outsider’, i.e., in contrast to those speaking in tongues, one who is not so gifted (PBachmann, w. ref. to Talmudic usage; Ltzm., w. ref. to Whitaker, s. below; JSickenberger; H-DWendland). Rather ἀ. τὸν τόπον τινός means take or fill someone’s place (cp. Diod S 19, 22, 2 τὸν τόπον ἀ.; Hero Alex. I p. 8, 20 τὸν κενωθέντα τόπον ἀ.; Pla., Tim. 79b ἀ. τὴν ἕδραν), and τόπος here means a place actually occupied by an ἰδιώτης in the meeting (a view not shared by most Eng. translators), but it is not necessary to assume that a section was reserved for catechumens (so GHeinrici; JWeiss). On the other hand, Ltzm. asks whether baptized Christians would be better informed. S. ἰδιώτης 2 and GWhitaker, JTS 22, 1921, 268.—M-M. TW.