καὶ+ἐπιϑυμίαι

σαρκικός, ή, όν (σάρξ; Aristot., HA 10, 2, 635a, 11 v.l.; a verse, perh. by Sotades Lyr. [III B.C.] 19, p. 244 Coll.; Maximus Tyr. 11, 10e v.l. [for σάρκινος]; ParJer 6:6 τῷ σαρκικῷ οἴκῳ [cp. Mel., P. 55, 402 Ch. τοῦ σαρκίνου οἴκου, but σαρκικοῦ B]; Just., Tat.—σαρκικός means ‘belonging to the σάρξ’ [opp. πνευματικός], ‘fleshly’; on the other hand, σάρκινος is ‘consisting/composed of flesh’, ‘fleshy’. Our lit., or at least its copyists, for the most part did not observe this distinction in all occurrences of the word. The forms are generally interchanged in the tradition; for exceptions s. MParsons, NTS 34, ’88, 151–55; s. also B-D-F §113, 2; Rob. 158f.)

① pert. to being material or belonging to the physical realm, material, physical, human, fleshly

ⓐ of everyday earthly things, τὰ σαρκικά in ref. to a collection for the poor in Jerusalem Ro 15:27; of material means of support 1 Cor 9:11.

ⓑ of human physical being as such: Polycarp is σαρκικὸς καὶ πνευματικός, i.e. the physical aspect makes it possible to deal with visible phenomena and the spiritual contributes a special dimension to the encounter IPol 2:2. Jesus is called σαρκικός τε καὶ πνευματικός, γεννητὸς καὶ ἀγέννητος IEph 7:2. The Risen Lord συνέφαγεν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the disciples) ὡς σαρκικός he ate with them as an ordinary human being would ISm 3:3. ἵνα ἐκ νεκρῶν ἡμᾶς ἐγείρῃ σαρκικούς that (Jesus Christ) might raise us mere humans from the dead AcPlCor 2:6.—Sim. ἀγάπη σαρκική τε καὶ πνευματική ISm 13:2. ἕνωσις IMg 13:2. ἐπιμέλεια IPol 1:2. In all these pass. Ignatius expresses his understanding of a human being as consisting of two major parts: material body and inward endowment of spirit. Thus Ignatius’s Christians function in two realms. This perspective is different (exc. for the reminiscence IEph 8:2 [s. 2]) from the qualitative judgments expressed in pass. in 2 in which ς. and πνευματικός are in opposition.

② pert. to being human at a disappointing level of behavior or characteristics, (merely) human. Old Testament perspectives respecting the fragility of bodily existence are assumed in our lit., but with a heightening of contrast between the physical and spiritual state or condition and with focus on the physical as being quite mediocre, transitory, or sinful earthly, mediocre, merely human, worldly (Anth. Pal. 1, 107; Iren. 1, 6, 3 [Harv. I 56, 2]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 42, 11; Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 18; Did., Gen. 62, 3): (ἄνθρωποι) ς. 1 Cor 3:4 v.l.; ὅπλα 2 Cor 10:4. σοφία 1:12. αἱ σαρκικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι 1 Pt 2:11; αἱ σαρκικαὶ καὶ σωματικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι D 1:4. Of immature Christians σαρκικοί ἐστε 1 Cor 3:3ab. In what appears to be a reminiscence of 2 Cor 2:14–3:3 (s. also Ro 8:5), of dissidents or schismatics in contrast to orthodox believers οἱ σαρκικοὶ τὰ πνευματικὰ πράσσειν οὐ δύνανται, οὐδὲ οἱ πνευματικοὶ τὰ σαρκικά IEph 8:2.—In addition, σαρκικός is found as v.l. (σάρκινος is in the text, as Maximus Tyr. 11, 10f; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 63) in Ro 7:14; 1 Cor 3:1; Hb 7:16; in all three places the v.l. is the rdg. of the t.r.—S. lit. s.v. σάρξ. DELG s.v. σάρξ. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ (s. ἐπιθυμέω; Pre-Socr., Hdt.+)

① a great desire for someth., desire, longing, craving

ⓐ as a neutral term, in Hdt., Pla., Thu. et al. αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐ. desires for other things Mk 4:19. ἐ. πράξεων πολλῶν desire for much business Hm 6, 2, 5 (but mng. 2 below is also poss.). ἐ. τῆς ψυχῆς desire of the soul Rv 18:14.

ⓑ of desire for good things (Diod S 11, 36, 5 ἐπιθ. τῆς ἐλευθερίας=for freedom; Pr 10:24 ἐ. δικαίου δεκτή; ἄνερ ἐπιθυμιῶν GrBar 1:3; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 111) ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχειν εἴς τι have a longing for someth. Phil 1:23 (ἐ. ἔχειν as Jos., C. Ap. 1, 255; ἐ. εἰς as Thu. 4, 81, 2). ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπιθυμεῖν (Gen 31:30) eagerly desire Lk 22:15 (s. on ἐπιθυμέω); ἐν πολλῇ ἐ. w. great longing 1 Th 2:17. ἐλπίζει μου ἡ ψυχὴ τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ μου μὴ παραλελοιπέναι τι I hope that, in accordance with my desire, nothing has been omitted B 17:1. ἡ ἐ. καὶ ἡ ἀγρυπνία 21:7. ε. ἀγαθὴν καὶ σεμνήν Hm 12, 1, 1.

② a desire for someth. forbidden or simply inordinate, craving, lust (as early as Plato, Phd. 83b ἡ τοῦ ὡς ἀληθῶς φιλοσόφου ψυχὴ οὕτως ἀπέχεται τ. ἡδονῶν τε καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν κτλ.; Polystrat. p. 30; Duris [III B.C.]: 76 Fgm. 15 Jac.; then above all, the Stoics [EZeller, Philos. d. Griechen III/1⁴, 1909, 235ff], e.g. Epict. 2, 16, 45; 2, 18, 8f; 3, 9, 21 al.; Maximus Tyr. 24, 4a μέγιστον ἀνθρώπῳ κακὸν ἐπιθυμία; Herm. Wr. 1, 23; 12, 4, also in Stob. p. 444, 10 Sc.; Wsd 4:12; Sir 23:5; 4 Macc 1:22; 3:2 al.; ApcMos 19 ἐ. … κεφαλὴ πάσης ἁμαρτίας; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 93, Leg. All. 2, 8, Vi. Cont. 74; Jos., Bell. 7, 261, Ant. 4, 143) Ro 7:7f; Js 1:14f; 2 Pt 1:4. ἐ. πονηρά (X., Mem. 1, 2, 64; Ar. 8, 4) Hv 1, 2, 4; 3, 7, 3; 3, 8, 4; m 8:5. ἐ. κακή (Pla., Leg. 9, 854a; Pr 12:12; 21:26; Just., A I, 10, 6) Col 3:5.—Of sexual desire (as early as Alcaeus [acc. to Plut., Mor. 525ab]; lead tablet fr. Hadrumetum 7 in Dssm., B 28 [BS 273ff] and IDefixWünsch no. 5 p. 23; PGM 17a, 9; 21; Sus Theod. 8; 11; 14 al., LXX 32; Jos., Ant. 4, 130; 132; Ath. 33, 1 μέτρον ἐπιθυμίας ἡ παιδοποιία; Did., Gen. 151, 27 ἄλογος ἐ.) D 3:3. πάθος ἐπιθυμίας 1 Th 4:5. κατʼ ἐπιθυμίαν (cp. Epict. 3, 15, 7; M. Ant. 2, 10, 1; 2; 3; Just., A II, 5, 4; Ath. 21, 1) in accordance with physical desire alone IPol 5:2. πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν τ. ἀνθρώπων Ox 840, 38 (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21, 401e πρὸς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τοῦ σώματος=to satisfy the desires of the body; cp. 405e: gambling, drunkenness and gluttony are called ἐπιθυμίαι.—In Ox 840, 38, since the ν in ἐπιθυμίαν is missing and restored, the word might also be ἐπιθυμίας.). ἐ. γυναικός (Da 11:37) Hm 6, 2, 5; 12, 2, 1. Pl. (oft. LXX; EpArist 256; Philo) w. παθήματα Gal 5:24. In a list of vices (cp. Philo, Congr. Erud. Grat. 172, Migr. Abr. 60, Vi. Cont. 2) 1 Pt 4:3; D 5:1. ἐ. πολλαὶ ἀνόητοι many foolish desires 1 Ti 6:9; νεωτερικαὶ ἐ. youthful desires 2 Ti 2:22 (WMetzger, TZ 33, ’77, 129–36); κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐ. in accordance w. their own desires 4:3; cp. πρὸς τὰς ἰ. ἐ. Pol. 7:1; κατὰ τὰς ἐ. αὐτῶν AcPl Ha 8, 20 (for this: ἀνομίας AcPl BMM recto, 26, restored after Ox 1602, 27). αἱ πρότερον ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ἐ. the desires that ruled over you formerly, when you were ignorant 1 Pt 1:14.—W. gen.: subjective gen. ἐ. ἀνθρώπων 1 Pt 4:2; τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν J 8:44; gen. of quality ἐ. μιασμοῦ defiling passion 2 Pt 2:10; cp. μιαρὰς ἐ. 1 Cl 28:1; βδελυκτὰς ἐ. 30:1. ἐ. τῆς ἀπάτης deceptive desires Eph 4:22. τῶν ἐ. τῶν ματαίων 2 Cl 19:2; cp. Hm 11, 8. ἐ. τῶν ἀσεβειῶν Jd 18. ἐ. τῆς πονηρίας evil desire Hv 1, 1, 8. ἐ. τῆς ἀσελγείας 3, 7, 2; the gen. can also indicate the origin and seat of the desire ἐ. τῶν καρδιῶν of the hearts (Sir 5:2) Ro 1:24. τῆς καρδίας … τῆς πονηρᾶς 1 Cl 3:4. ἐ. τοῦ θνητοῦ σώματος Ro 6:12 (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21, 401e, s. above; Sextus 448 ἐπιθυμίαι τοῦ σώματος). τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3; 1J 2:16; 2 Pt 2:18; B 10, 9. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1J 2:16; to denote someth. to which desire belongs gener. vs. 17; σαρκικαὶ ἐ. (Hippol., Ref. 5, 9, 22; Did., Gen. 62, 3) 1 Pt 2:11; D 1:4; σωματικαὶ ἐ. (4 Macc 1:32) ibid.; κοσμικαὶ ἐ. worldly desires Tit 2:12; 2 Cl 17:3; ἐ. τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ Pol 5:3; εἰς ἐ. to arouse desires Ro 13:14; ποιεῖν τὰς ἐ. act in accordance w. the desires J 8:44. τελεῖν ἐ. σαρκός gratify the cravings of the flesh Gal 5:16; ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐ. obey the desires Ro 6:12; δουλεύειν ἐ. be a slave to the desires Tit 3:3; cp. δοῦλος ἐπιθυμίας IPol 4:3. ἄγεσθαι ἐπιθυμίαις be led about by desires 2 Ti 3:6. πορεύεσθαι κατὰ τὰς ἐ. Jd 16; 18; 2 Pt 3:3; ἐν ἐπιθυμίαις (Sir 5:2) 1 Pt 4:3; ταῖς ἐ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου Hs 6, 2, 3; 6, 3, 3; 7:2; 8, 11, 3. ἀναστρέφεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ἐ. Eph 2:3.—BEaston, Pastoral Ep. ’47, 186f; RAC II 62–78. S. πόθος.—Schmidt, Syn. III 591–601. M-M. TW. Sv.

σωματικός, ή, όν (σῶμα; Aristot. et al.; ins, pap, 4 Macc; Ath. R. 18 p. 70, 32 al.)

① pert. to being corporeal as opposed to noncorporeal, bodily, corporeal, σωματικῷ (opp. ἀσώματος Ps.-Pla., Tim. Locr. 96a; Philo, Op. M. 16; 18) εἴδει bodily form i.e. the Holy Spirit descended in some kind of physical shape: ὡς περιστεράν ‘like a pigeon’ Lk 3:22.

② pert. to the physical body, body-related, bodily (Aristot. et al.; Herm. Wr. 1, 1; ins, pap, Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 430; 6, 55 ς. ἕξις) ἡ σωματικὴ γυμνασία 1 Ti 4:8. (σαρκικαὶ καὶ) σωματικαὶ ἐπιθυμίαι D 1:4 cod. (Aristot., EN 7, 7, 1149b, 26 ἐπιθυμίαι καὶ ἡδοναί; 4 Macc 1:32; Ath., R. 18 p. 70, 32).—DELG s.v. σῶμα. M-M. TW.

σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘flesh’).

① the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body, flesh lit. 1 Cor 15:39abcd; Hv 3, 10, 4; 3, 12, 1. The pl. (which denotes flesh in the mass [Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 5], whereas the sing. rather denotes the substance.—Herodas 4, 61; Gen 40:19; 1 Km 17:44; 4 Km 9:36; PsSol 4:19; TestJob 13:5; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 211; Just., A I, 26, 7; Mel., P. 52, 383; Ath. 34, 2) Lk 24:39 v.l.; Rv 19:18, 21 (4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010, 16] cannibalism out of hunger, sim. Mel., P. 52, 383; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 245: the σάρκες of the slain are food for the birds) B 10:4; metaph. Rv 17:16. It decays 1 Cl 25:3; cp. Ac 2:31 (cp. 2a below). Normally gives forth an evil odor when burned MPol 15:2. W. bones (s. ὀστέον) 1 Cl 6:3 (Gen 2:23); Lk 24:39; Eph 5:30 v.l. (metaph.). Paul speaks of his illness as a σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (s. σκόλοψ) 2 Cor 12:7. ἡ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή the physical circumcision (cp. Just., D. 10, 1 al.) Ro 2:28; cp. Eph 2:11b; Col 2:13 (ἀκροβυστία 2); Gal 6:13 (ἡ σάρξ=the flesh that is circumcised); B 9:4. Metaph.: the corrosion on the precious metals of the rich φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ Js 5:3.—Ign. describes the elements of the Eucharist as σὰρξ (or αἷμα) Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IRo 7:3; IPhld 4; ISm 7:1. Also J 6:51–56 urges that one must eat the flesh (and drink the blood) of the Human One or Son of Man (Just., A I, 66, 2; s. TPhilips, Die Verheissung der hl. Eucharistie nach Joh. 1922; Bultmann ad loc.; AWikenhauser ’48, 105f).—His anti-Docetic position also leads Ign. to use the concept ‘flesh (and blood) of Christ’ in other contexts as well ITr 8:1; IPhld 5:1.—For Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12; and 1 Cor 15:50 s. 3a.

② the physical body as functioning entity, body, physical body

ⓐ as substance and living entity (Aeschyl., Sept. 622: opp. νοῦς; Ex 30:32; 4 Km 6:30; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 6 [Stone p. 54] πάντα τὰ μέλη τῆς σαρκός μου; w. καρδία or ψυχή Alex. Aphr., An. p. 98, 7–10 Br.; Ps 37:8; 62:2; Eccl 2:3; Ezk 11:19; 44:7 a1.; Jos., Bell. 6, 47, Ant. 19, 325; Ar.15, 7) οὔτε ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν Ac 2:31 (but s. 1). W. ψυχή 1 Cl 49:6 (Tat. 13:2 al.). W. καρδία Ac 2:26 (Ps 15:9).—Eph 5:29. ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί they have seen me face to face Col 2:1. ἕως ἂν τὸν χριστὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἴδῃ before he had seen the Messiah in person GJs 24:4 (cp. Lk 2:26). Opp. πνεῦμα (Ath. 31:3; PGM 5, 460 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὸν κτίσαντα πᾶσαν σάρκα κ. πᾶν πνεῦμα) 1 Cor 5:5; 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5; 1 Pt 4:6; Hm 3:1; 10, 2, 6; cp. AcPl Ant 13:17 (=Aa, I 237, 2; s. οἶδα); also in relation to Christ (though this is disputed) J 6:63; Hs 5, 6, 5–7; cp. 1 Ti 3:16.—ἀσθένεια τῆς σαρκός bodily ailment Gal 4:13; s. vs. 14. ἀσθενὴς τῇ σαρκί weak in the body Hs 9, 1, 2. ὁ ἀλγῶν σάρκα the one who is ill in body B 8:6. πάσχειν σαρκί 1 Pt 4:1b. Cp. 2 Cor 7:5. ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς καθαρότης the purity of the body Hb 9:13 (opp. καθαρίζειν τὴν συνείδησιν vs. 14). σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου 1 Pt 3:21 (s. ῥύπος 1). The σάρξ is raised fr. the dead (s. ParJer 6:9; Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [74, 2]) 1 Cl 26:3; 2 Cl 9:1. ἀνάστασις σαρκός AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν Just., D. 80, 5); cp. ἀναστήσεσθε ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32. Of the body of Christ during his earthly ministry Eph 2:14 (JHart, The Enmity in His Flesh: Exp. 6th ser., 3, 1901, 135–41); Hb 10:20; 1 Pt 3:18; 4:1a; 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:1, 10f; 6:7, 9; 7:5; 12:10; IEph 7:2; Pol 7:1; AcPlCor 2:6b. Married couples form μία σάρξ (Gen 2:24; s. Ath. 33, 2 τὴν σάρκα πρὸς σάρκα … κοινωνίαν.—GAicher, Mann u. Weib ein Fleisch: BZ 5, 1907, 159–65) Mt 19:5f; Mk 10:8ab; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (on these passages, TBurkill, ZNW 62, ’71, 115–20). δικαιώματα σαρκός behind ‘all sorts of ceremonial washings’ there are regulations that concern the physical body Hb 9:10.—On ὑποτάγητε τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ ὡς ὁ Χριστὸς τῷ πατρὶ κατὰ σάρκα IMg 13:2 s. Hdb. ad loc. and MRackl, Die Christologie des hl. Ignatius v. Ant. 1914, 228.—πνεῦμα δυνάμεως … ὁ θεὸς … κατέπεμψεν εἰς σάρκα τουτέστιν εἰς τὴν Μαρίαν God sent a powerful spirit (prob. a ref. to the kind of divine breath that brought the first human being to life [Gen 2:7]) into flesh, that is, into Mary AcPl Ha 8, 26=BMM recto 34; s. AcPlCor 1:14.

ⓑ as someth. with physical limitations, life here on earth (ApcEsdr 4:4 p. 28, 3 Tdf. σάρκα ἀνθρωπίνην φορῶ) θλῖψιν τῇ σαρκὶ ἕξουσιν 1 Cor 7:28. Cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Col 1:24. Of Christ τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ his body with its physical limitations Col 1:22; cp. 2:11 and s. cα below (cp. En 102:5 τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν; 1QpHab 9:2; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 29, 25).—Of human life: ἀποδημεῖν τῆς σαρκός MPol 2:2 (s. ἀποδημέω). ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκί Phil 1:24. ζῆν ἐν σαρκί vs. 22; Gal 2:20. ἐν ς. περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 10:3a. ἐν ς. τυγχάνειν Dg 5:8a. ὄντος ἔτι ἐν ς. σου AcPlCor 1:6. τὸν ἐπίλοιπον ἐν ς. χρόνον 1 Pt 4:2. ἡ ἐπιδημία τῆς σαρκὸς ταύτης our sojourn in life 2 Cl 5:5. ἐν τῇ σαρκί in our earthly life 8:2.

ⓒ as instrument of various actions or expressions.

α. In Paul’s thought esp., all parts of the body constitute a totality known as ς. or flesh, which is dominated by sin to such a degree that wherever flesh is, all forms of sin are likew. present, and no good thing can live in the σάρξ Ro 7:18 (cp. Philo, Gig. 29 αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ἀνεπιστημοσύνης μέγιστον ἡ σὰρξ καὶ ἡ πρὸς σάρκα οἰκείωσις; Sextus 317 ἀγαθὸν ἐν σαρκὶ μὴ ἐπιζήτει. The OT lays no stress on a necessary relationship betw. flesh as a substance, and sin. But for Epicurus the σάρξ is the bearer of sinful feelings and desires as well as the means of sensual enjoyment: Ep. in Plut., Mor. 135c; 1087bf; 1089e; 1096c αἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιθυμίαι. Also Diog. L. 10, 145. Likew. Plut. himself: Mor. 101b ταῖς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡδοναῖς; 672e; 688d; 734a; Ps.-Plut., Mor. 107f σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι ταύτης; Maximus Tyr. 33, 7a. Cp. 4 Macc 7:18 τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς πάθη; Philo, Deus Imm. 143 σαρκὸς ἡδονή, Gig. 29; TestJud 19:4; TestZeb 9:7; ApcMos 25 [p. 14, 2 Tdf.] εἰς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς σαρκός); Ro 6:19; 7:25 (opp. νοῦς); 8:3a, 4–9 (cp. Persius 2, 63 scelerata pulpa, which contaminates devotion to deity), 12f; Gal 5:13, 24; Col 2:23; Jd 23; AcPlCor 2:11, 15; Dg 6:5 (opp. ψυχή, as Plut., Mor. 101b). Opp. τὸ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4, 5, 6, 9, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:16, 17ab; 6:8ab; J 3:6; B 10:9. τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 25, 8) Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. σὰρξ ἁμαρτίας sinful flesh Ro 8:3b. ἐπιθυμία (τῆς) σαρκός (cp. Maximus Tyr. 20, 9f σαρκῶν … ἐπιθυμίας) Gal 5:16; 1J 2:16; B 10:9. Pl. Eph 2:3a, cp. b; 2 Pt 2:18; cp. Ro 13:14. τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός Gal 5:19 (s. Vögtle at πλεονεξία). τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3b. ὁ νοῦς τῆς σαρκός Col 2:18. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός the body of (sinful) flesh 2:11; cp. 1:22 and s. b above (cp. Sir 23:17 σῶμα σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ; En 102:5 τῷ σώματι τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν). τὰ τῆς σαρκός what pertains to (sinful) flesh Ro 8:5b. ἐν (τῇ) σαρκὶ εἶναι be in an unregenerate (and sinful) state Ro 7:5; 8:8f. τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί Eph 2:11a. κατὰ σάρκα εἶναι Ro 8:5a; ζῆν vs. 12b; 13; Dg 5:8b; περιπατεῖν Ro 8:4; 2 Cor 10:2; βουλεύεσθαι 1:17; στρατεύεσθαι 10:3b; cp. IRo 8:3 (opp. κατὰ γνώμην θεοῦ).

β. source of the sexual urge. The σάρξ is the source of the sexual urge, without any suggestion of sinfulness connected w. it ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς ἐγεννήθησαν J 1:13.

ⓓ as someth. attractive 2 Pt 2:10 (a Hebraism, cp. Judg 2:12; 3 Km 11:10; Sir 46:10). S. also 3b.

③ one who is or becomes a physical being, living being with flesh

ⓐ of humans person, human being: πᾶσα σάρξ every person, everyone (LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72]; GrBar 4:10; ApcEsdr 7:7; ApcMos 13 [p. 7, 1 Tdf.]; Mel., P. 55, 400: for כָּל-בָּשָׂר; s. πᾶς 1aα) Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); J 17:2; Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:6); 1 Cl 59:3; 64; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5 (the last two Is 66:24); AcPlCor 2:6a. οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ no person, nobody (En 14:21 end.—W-S. §26, 10a; B-D-F §275, 4; 302, 1; Rob. 752) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20 (cp. Ps 142:2 πᾶς ζῶν); 1 Cor 1:29 (μή); Gal 2:16.—Though ς. in the foll. passages refers to body in its physical aspect, it cannot be divorced from its conjunction with αἷμα, and the unit σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα (cp. Sir 17:31; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82]; Philo, Quis Div. Rer. Her. 57; Just., D. 135, 6) refers to a human being in contrast to God and other transcendent beings Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12 (here vice versa, αἷ. καὶ ς.). τὰ παιδία κεκοινώνηκεν αἵματος καὶ σαρκός the children share mortal nature Hb 2:14, but with suggestion of its frailty, as indicated by the context with its ref. to death. Because they are the opposites of the divine nature σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύναται 1 Cor 15:50 (JJeremias, NTS 2, ’56, 151–59). For Jd 7 s. b next. Cp. AcPl Ant 13, 17 (=Aa I 237, 2) σαρκί personally (s. οἶδα 2).

ⓑ of transcendent entities ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (RSeeberg, Festgabe AvHarnack dargebracht 1921, 263–81.—Artem. 2, 35 p. 132, 27 ἐὰν σάρκινοι οἱ θεοὶ φαίνωνται; Synes., Dio 6 p. 45b).—Of flesh other than human: ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας after another kind of flesh (cp. Judg 2:12 ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων) i.e. of divine messengers who take on ς. when they appear to humans (so Windisch et al.; difft. Frame et al. of same-sex activity) Jd 7.

④ human/ancestral connection, human/mortal nature, earthly descent (Did., Gen. 144, 25) Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα Ro 4:1 (Just., D. 43, 7 al.). οἱ συγγενεῖς μου κατὰ σάρκα 9:3. τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας Hb 12:9. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ σάρκα the earthly Israel 1 Cor 10:18 (opp. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ Gal 6:16). Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29. μου τὴν σάρκα my compatriots Ro 11:14 (s. Gen 37:27).—Of Christ’s physical nature Ro 8:3c; Hb 5:7. Christ is descended fr. the patriarchs and fr. David (τὸ) κατὰ σάρκα according to the human side of his nature, as far as his physical descent is concerned Ro 1:3 (JDunn, Jesus: Flesh and Spirit [Ro 1:3f], JTS 24, ’73, 40–68); 9:5; 1 Cl 32:2; IEph 20:2. The context of 2 Cor 11:18 includes ancestry as a reason for boasting, but ς. in this pass. applies as well to other aspects of Paul’s career and therefore belongs more properly in 5.

⑤ the outward side of life as determined by normal perspectives or standards, a transf. sense of 1 and 2. Usually w. κατά indicating norm or standard σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wise (people) according to human standards 1 Cor 1:26. καυχᾶσθαι κατὰ (τὴν) σάρκα boast of one’s outward circumstances, i.e. descent, manner of life, etc. (cp. 11:22) 2 Cor 11:18. κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν Christ (the Messiah) from a human point of view or as far as externals are concerned 5:16b, cp. a (κατά B5bβ and 7a; also VWeber, BZ 2, 1904, 178–88; HWindisch, exc. ad loc.; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³, 374–76; FPorter, Does Paul Claim to Have Known the Historical Jesus [2 Cor 5:16]?: JBL 47, 1928, 257–75; RMoxon, CQR 108, 1929, 320–28). οἱ κατὰ σάρκα κύριοι those who, according to human standards, are masters Eph 6:5; Col 3:22. ὑμεῖς κατὰ τὴν ς. κρίνετε you judge by outward things, by externals J 8:15. Of the route taken in one’s earthly life ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ κατὰ σάρκα IRo 9:3.—ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθέναι place one’s trust in earthly things or physical advantages Phil 3:3f. εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί Gal 6:12. Onesimus is a beloved brother to Philemon καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ καὶ ἐν κυρίῳ both as a human being (=personally, in the external relationship betw. master and slave) and as a Christian Phlm 16. ὑμῶν δὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἐπισκόπῳ IEph 1:3 (cp. IMg 3:2).—HWindisch, Taufe u. Sünde 1908; EBurton, ICC Gal. 1920, 492–95; WSchauf, Sarx 1924; WBieder, Auferstehung des Fleisches od. des Leibes?: TZ 1, ’45, 105–20. W. special ref. to Paul: Ltzm., Hdb. exc. on Ro 7:14 and 8:11; Lohmeyer (ἁμαρτία 3a); EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33; RGrant, ATR 22, ’40, 199–203; RBultmann, Theologie des NTs ’48, 228–49 (Engl. tr. by KGrobel, ’51 I, 227–59); LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 267–70; E Schweizer, Die hellenist. Komponente im NT sarx-Begriff: ZNW 48, ’57, 237–53; two in KStendahl, The Scrolls and the NT, ’57: KKuhn, 94–113 and WDavies, 157–82; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT: RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; DLys, La chair dans l’AT ’67; ASand, D. Begriff ‘Fleisch’ ’67 (Paul); RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms ’71, 49–166. On Ign.: CRichardson, The Christianity of Ign. of Ant. ’35, esp. 49 and 61. S. also the lit. s.v. πνεῦμα, end.—B. 202. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

κενός, ή, όν, [dialect] Ion. and poet. [full] κεινός Il.3.376, 4.181, 11.160, 15.453, Pi.O.2.65, 3.45, Hdt.1.73, al.; [dialect] Ep. also [full] κενεός, as always in Hom. (exc. in Il.ll.cc., and

A

κενός Od.22.249

(s.v.l., fort. κενέ' εὔγματα or κείν' εὔγματα)), also Hp.Aph.7.24, Meliss.7, Timo 20.2 ([comp] Comp.), and in [dialect] Dor., IG42(1).121.73 (Epid., iv B.C.); [dialect] Aeol. [full] κέννος, acc. to Greg. Cor.p.610 S.: [comp] Sup. κεννότατος Sch.Tz.in An.Ox.3.356.18; but οἱ Αἰολεῖς.. οὐ λέγουσι κέννος Choerob.in An.Ox.2.242, cf. Hdn.Gr.2.302, and the true [dialect] Aeol. is prob. κένος or κένεος, from κενϝος, kenevos, cf. Cypr. [full] κενευϝός Schwyzer683.4.

I mostly of things, empty, opp. πλέως, Ar.Eq. 280; opp. πλήρης, Id.Nu. 1054; opp. μεστός, Diph.12;

κενεὰς σὺν χεῖρας ἔχοντες Od.10.42

;

νοστήσαντας κεινῇσι χερσί Hdt.1.73

;

κεναῖς χερσίν Pl.Lg. 796b

(v. infr. 11.2); τὸ κ. (sc. τάλαντον ) the empty one, Ar.Fr.488.5;

κ. οἴκησις S.Ph.31

;

γῆ Id.OT55

;

εὐνή Id.Ant. 424

; χώματα κεινά, = κενοτάφια, Hdt.9.85;

κ. τάφος E.Hel. 1057

; κατέθισαν ἐπὶ κενευϝῶν (sc. τάφων gen. sg.) Schwyzer l.c. (Cypr.); κ. χρόνος a pause in music, Anon.Bellerm.83;

σφυγμὸς κ. Agathin.

ap. Gal.8.936; of wool and wine, dub. sens. in Archig. ap. Gal.8.945; τὸ κ. the void of space, Democr.9, Meliss.l.c., Emp.13,al., Epicur.Ep.1p.6U., etc.; τὸ κ., = τόπος ἐστερημένος σώματος, Arist.Ph. 208b26, cf. 213a13 sqq., Cael. 279a13;

κ. χώρα Pl.Ti. 58a

; ἢν κενεὸν λάβῃ [ἡ διακοπή] if it penetrates the (brain-) cavity, Hp.Aph. l.c.; esp.Astrol., not occupied by a planet,

κ. δρόμος Man.2.452

, cf.Vett. Val.94.27; cf. κενοδρομέω.

2 empty, fruitless, void,

κενὰ εὔγματα εἰπών Od.22.249

(v. supr.); ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδες, Simon.5.16, A.Pers. 804;

γνώμα Pi.N.4.40

, cf. S.Ant. 753;

ἔξοδοι Id.Aj. 287

;

φροντίδες Id.Fr. 949

; τέρψις ib. 577;

φόβοι E.Supp. 548

, cf.X.An.2.2.21;

φρόνημα Pl.R. 494d

, etc.;

κ. πρόφασις καὶ ψευδής D.18.150

;

λοιδορία κ. Id.2.5

; μάταιον καὶ κ. ib.12; κενὸν ἆρα καὶ τὸ φάρμακον πρὸς τὸ κ. prob. in Men.530.19; ἀπόντων κενὴν κατηγορεῖν bring an idle charge, Arist.Resp. 470b12; ineffectual,

λύγξ Th.2.49

; πουλυμαθημοσύνης, τῆς οὐ κενεώτερον ἄλλο Timo l.c.;

πολλὰ κ. τοῦ πολέμου Arist.EN 1116b7

;

κ. δόξαι Epicur. Sent.15

; ἐπιθυμίαι, opp. φυσικαί, Id.Ep.3p.62U., Diog.Oen.59;

κ. ὀρέξεις Metrod.Herc.831.16

; freq.in adverbial usages, neut.pl.,

κενεὰ πνεύσαις Pi.O.10(11).93

; ἡ διὰ κενῆς ἐπανάσεισις τῶν ὅπλων empty flourishing of arms, Th.4.126; διὰ κενῆς ῥίπτειν throw without a projectile, Arist.Pr. 881a39; κεκλάγγω διὰ κενῆς ἄλλως to no purpose, Ar. V. 929;

μάτην διὰ κ. Pl.Com.174.21

;

οὐ μαχοῦμαί σοι διὰ κ. Men.Sam. 260

;

ἐν κενοῖς S.Aj. 971

;

κατὰ κενῆς Procl.in Ti.2.167

D.;

εἰς κενόν D.S. 19.9

, Hld.10.30;

εἰς κ. ἡ δαπάνη IG14.1746

;

εἰς κ. μοχθεῖν Men.Mon. 51

; κατὰ κενοῦ χανεῖν Suid.s.v. λύκος ἔχανεν; κατὰ κενοῦ φέρειν τὰς χεῖρας Ph.1.153; κατὰ κ. βαίνειν, = κενεμβατεῖν, Plu.2.463c: regul. Adv.

κενῶς, διαλεκτικῶς καὶ κ. Arist.de An. 403a2

;

λογικῶς καὶ κ. Id.EE 1217b21

;

μὴ κ. πόνει Men.1101

, cf. Epicur.Ep.3p.61U., Polystr. p.7 W., Arr.Epict.2.17.6, Plu.2.35e.

II of persons and things,

1 c.gen., destitute, bereft,

τοῦ νοῦ S.OC 931

;

φρενῶν Id.Ant. 754

;

δακρύων E.Hec. 230

;

συμμάχων κ. δόρυ Id.Or. 688

;

πεδίον κ. δένδρων Pl.R. 621a

; κ. φρονήσεως, ἐπιστήμης, Id.Ti. 75a, R. 486c; κ. πόνου without the fruits of toil, A.Fr. 241.

2 abs., empty-handed,

αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μενειν κενεόν τε νέεσθαι Il.2.298

, cf. Od.15.214; ἀπίκατο, οἱ μὲν κεινοί, οἱ δὲ φέροντες κτλ. Hdt.7.131;

κενὸς κενὸν καλεῖ A.Th. 353

(lyr.);

ἥκεις οὐ κενή S.OC 359

, cf.Tr. 495;

οὐθ' ὑπεργέμων.. οὔτε κ. Alex.216

; of camels, without burdens, unloaded, opp. ἔγγομοι, OGI629.166 (Pal- myra, ii A.D.);

κ. ἂν ἴῃ.., κ. ἄπεισιν Pl.R. 370e

;

κ. τινὰ ἐξαποστεῖλαι LXX Ge.31.42

; bereft of her mate,

λέαινα S.Aj. 986

; orphan,

Ἔρωτες Bion 1.59

; ὑπ' ἄσθματος κενοί exhausted.., A.Pers. 484; of places, without garrison,

χῶραι Aeschin.3.146

, cf. Hdt.5.15; of the body, without flesh, Plu.2.831c.

b devoid of wit, vain, pretentious,

κεινὸς εἴην Pi.O.3.45

;

διαπτυχθέντες ὤφθησαν κενοί S.Ant. 709

;

ἀνόητον καὶ κ. Ar.Ra. 530

, cf.Ep.Jac.2.20.

III [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup.,

κενότερος Stratt.10

D.; - ότατος D.27.25, Phld.Rh.1.67 S., al., cf. Choerob.in Theod.2.76, EM275.50; κενώτερος, -ώτατος, Pl.Smp. 175d, v.l. in Arist.EN 1107a30 ([comp] Comp.); κενεώτερος Timo (v. supr.); κενεώτατος v.l. in Hp.Acut.62.

πυκνός [(A)], ή, όν, poet. also [full] πῠκῐνός, ή, όν, both forms in [dialect] Ep. (v. infr.) and Lyr., Pi.O.13.52 ([comp] Sup.), B.Fr.1; [dialect] Aeol. [full] πύκνος Sapph.1.11, Alc.Supp.14.9 ( πύκινος is dub. l. Id.82); Trag. [full] πυκνός, exc. S. in lyr., Aj. 1208, Ph. 854; πυκινός once in Com., Eub.38 (s.v.l.): [dialect] Lacon. [comp] Sup. πουκότατος is corrupt in Simm.26.17:—

A close, compact.

I of a thing with reference to the close union of its parts, close, firm, solid,

πυκινὸς θώρηξ Il.15.529

;

χλαῖναν πυκνὴν καὶ μεγάλην Od.14.521

;

πυκινὸν νέφος Il.5.751

; πυκινὸν λέχος well-stuffed, firm bed, 9.621, Od.7.340;

πυκνὸν καὶ μαλακόν Il.14.349

;

Ἁρμονίης πυκινῷ κρυφῷ Emp.27.3

;

σπάρτα πυκνὰ ἐστραμμένα X.An.4.7.15

;

π. δέμας Parm. 8.59

; of a sponge, Hp.Ulc.2;

π. ὀστοῦν Pl.Ti. 75b

, cf. Hp.VM22; [ σάρκες] Pl.Ti. 74e; χρυσοῦ πυκνότερον ib. 59b;

ἔβενος Thphr.HP1.5.5

;

πλεύμων Plu.2.698b

; χωρία ib.650d;

πυκινὴν νάπαις Ἄζιλιν Call. Ap.89

; [ὁ ἐλαιὼν] πυκνός ἐστι τοῖς φυτοῖς overgrown with plants, PFay.113.8 (i/ii A.D.);

ξοῒς χαρακτὴ π. IG7.3073.104

(Lebad., ii B.C.); of a woman, thick-set, stocky, Sor.1.34.

2 narrow, constricted,

οὐ διέρχεται.. ἀρκέουσα ἰκμάς.., πυκνῆς τῆς ὁδοῦ ἐούσης Hp.Mul.1.73

;

πυκνοὺς ἔχουσι τοὺς πόρους τοῦ σώματος Alex.Aphr.Pr.1.6

.

II of the parts of a thing, close-packed, crowded,

πυκιναὶ κίνυντο φάλαγγες Il.4.281

;

τῶν δὲ στίχες ἥατο πυκναί 7.61

, etc.;

πυκινὸν λόχον εἷσαν 4.392

, etc.(v. infr. 111.1);

πυκνὰ καρήατα λαῶν 11.309

;

πυκνοὶ ἐφέστασαν ἀλλήλοισιν 13.133

, cf. Od.5.480;

σταυροῖσιν πυκινοῖσι Il.24.453

;

σταυροὺς.. πυκνοὺς καὶ θαμέας Od.14.12

; of thick plumage,

πυκινὰ πτερά 5.53

;

πτερὰ πυκνά Il.11.454

, 23.879; but πύκνα πτέρα fast-beating wings, Sapph.1.11 (and so perh. Hom. ll. cc.); freq. of thick foliage, ὕλη, λόχμη, θάμνοι, ὄζοι, ῥωπήϊα, δρυμά, πέταλα, Il.18.320, Od.19.439, 5.471, Il.21.245, Od.14.473, 10.150, 19.520;

π. νέφεα Hes.Op. 553

; πυκινοῖσι λίθοισι with close-laid stones, Il.16.212; πυκινοῖσι.. βελέεσσι with a thick shower of darts, 11.576;

πυκνῆσιν λιθάδεσσιν Od.14.36

;

τοξεύματα πολλὰ καὶ π. Hdt.7.218

; πυκνοῖς ὄσσοις δεδορκώς, of Argus, A.Pr. 678; πεπλεκτανημέναι π. δράκουσιν, of the Furies, Id.Ch. 1050; of thick-falling rain, snow, etc.,

πυκνῆς ἀκοῦσαι ψακάδος S.Fr. 636

;

πυκιναῖς δρόσοις Id.Aj. 1208

(lyr.);

πυκνῇ νιφάδι E.Andr. 1129

; π. ῥόος a dense current, Emp.100.14;

π. θρίξ X.Cyn.4.6

;

π. τρίχες Pl.Prt. 321a

; [ δένδρεα] Hdt.4.22, cf. X.An.4.8.2;

τὰ μὲν π... τὰ δὲ μανὰ κατὰ τὴν φυτείαν Thphr.HP1.8.2

.

b in Tactics, in close order, opp. ἀραιός, Ascl.Tact.4.1 ([comp] Sup.), Arr.Tact.11.1 ([comp] Comp.).

2 of a repeated action, frequent, numerous,

πυκνοὺς θεοπρόπους ἴαλλε A.Pr. 658

;

τῶν π. φιλημάτων Id.Fr. 135

;

ὀδύναι πυκνόταται Hp.VM22

;

πυκινῶν κρεγμῶν ἀκροαζομένα Epich.109

(anap.);

π. ὁδοὺς ἐλθόντα E.Tr. 235

; π. βαίνων ἤλυσιν, of a blind man, Id.Ph. 844; ἐν πυκνῷ θεοῦ τροχῷ κυκλεῖται on the oft-revolving wheel, S.Fr.871.1;

μεταβολαὶ πυκνόταται Hp.

Aër.13; πνεῦμα πυκνότερον quicker breathing, Id.Acut.16;

π. σφυγμὸς ἢ μανός Plu.2.136f

; continuous, constant,

φῶς Corp.Herm. 16.10

;

ἐρωτήμασι πυκνοῖς χρώμενοι Th.7.44

;

ἡ.. εἰωθυῖά μοι μαντικὴ.. πάνυ πυκνὴ ἦν Pl.Ap. 40a

;

ἐπιθυμίαι π. τε καὶ σφοδραί Id.R. 573e

;

τὰς ἐντεύξεις π. ποιεῖσθαι Isoc.1.20

: c. inf., πυκνοτέραν εἰσαφικνεῖσθαι πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ποιεῖν τὴν πόλιν more frequently visited by.., X.Vect.5.1 codd.

III of artificial union, well put together, compact, strong, πυκινὸς δόμος, χηλός, θύραι, θάλαμος, κευθμῶνες (v. infr. B. 111.1), Il.10.267, Od.13.68, Il.14.167, Od.23.229, 10.283;

ἀσπὶς ῥινοῖσιν πυκινή Il.13.804

;

π. δῶμα Xenoph.17

: hence, close, concealed,

πυκινὸς δόλος Il.6.187

; and so perhaps π. λόχος, v. supr. 11.1.

2 in Music, πυκνόν, τό, part of the tetrachord in which the intervals are small, defined as

τὸ ἐκ δύο διαστημάτων συνεστηκὸς ἃ συντεθέντα ἔλαττον διάστημα περιέξει τοῦ λειπομένου διαστήματος ἐν τῷ διὰ τεσσάρων Aristox.Harm. p.24M.

, cf. Plu.2.1135b, etc.

IV generally, strong of its kind, sore, excessive,

ἄτη Il.24.480

;

μελεδῶναι Od.19.516

;

ἄχος Il.16.599

.

V metaph. of the mind, shrewd, wise,

πυκιναὶ φρένες 14.294

, cf. Alc.Supp.14.9, B. l.c.;

νόος Il.15.461

;

μήδεα 3.208

;

βουλή 2.55

;

ἐφετμή 18.216

;

μῦθοι Od.3.23

;

ἔπος Il.11.788

; θυμός, βουλαί, Pi.P.4.73, I.7(6).8;

φρήν E.IA67

; μήτιδι πυκνῇ Orac. ap. Hdt.7.141, cf. IG3.1320: in Prose,

πυκνὴ διάνοια Pl.R. 568a

; τὸ π. terseness of expression, D.H.Th.24.

2 of persons, sagacious, shrewd, crafty, cunning,

Σίσυφος πυκνότατος παλάμαις Pi.O.13.52

;

κύων πυκινώτατον ἑρπετόν Id.Fr. 106

; πυκινοί the wise, S.Ph. 854 (lyr.);

πυκνότατον κίναδος Ar.Av. 430

(lyr.);

πυκνός τις καὶ σοφὸς γνώμην ἀνήρ Critias 25.12

.

B Adv. πυκινῶς, and after Hom. πυκνῶς, θύραι or σανίδες πυκινῶς ἀραρυῖαι close or fast shut, Il.9.475, Od.2.344, etc.

2 sorely (v. supr. A. IV),

πυκινῶς ἀκαχήμενος Il.19.312

, cf. Od.19.95, al.; constantly,

ὅταν π. διᾴττωσι X.Cyn.6.22

.

3 sagaciously, shrewdly,

π. ὑποθήσομαι Od.1.279

, cf. Il.21.293;

πυκνῶς ἀνευρεῖν Ar.Th. 438

(lyr., s.v.l.).

II neut. sg. and pl., πυκνόν, πυκνά, πυκινόν, πυκινά as Adv., esp. in the sense much, often, πήρην πυκνὰ ῥωγαλέην a much torn wallet, a wallet full of holes, Od.13.438, 17.198;

πυκινόν περ ἀχεύων 11.88

;

τέττιξ.. καταχεύετ' ἀοιδὴν πυκνόν Hes.Op. 584

: in Prose,

πυκνὰ ἐκπίπτει ὦμος Hp.Art.2

;

πυκνὰ ἀποβλέπειν Pl.R. 501b

;

πυκνὰ στρέφεσθαι X.An.6.1.8

;

πυκνὸν ἀναπνεῖν Arist.Rh. 1357b19

; πυκνότερον ἰέναι, παρέρχεσθαι, Pl.R. 328d, D.41.24;

πυκνότερα ἐπάγειν Pl.Cra. 420d

. Adv.

- οτέρως Lesb.Gramm.23

, PLond.5.1929(iv A.D.): [comp] Sup.

πυκνότατα X.Eq.11.11

.

2 πυκινὰ φρονεῖν (v. supr. A.V) Od.9.445.

III poet. Adv. [full] πύκα [[pron. full] ?πυκνόςX?πυκνόςX], thickly, solidly,

θαλάμου πύκα ποιητοῖο 1.436

;

π. π. δόμοιο 22.455

;

σάκεος π. π. Il.18

. 608;

Λυκίων π. θωρηκτάων 12.317

, cf. 15.689, 739;

πύλαι π. στιβαρῶς ἀραρυῖαι 12.454

.

2 θάλαμος πύκ' ἐβάλλετο with thick-falling darts, 9.588.

3 wisely, π. φρονεῖν ib. 554, 14.217, Q.S.1.449, al.; τρέφειν rear carefully, Il.5.70.

------------------------------------

πυκνός [(B)], gen. of πνύξ (q.v.).

σύντονος, ον,

A strained tight, ἔχειν τὸ ς. to be strained tight, X. Cyn.6.7; χορδὴν κατατείνας ς. Arist.GA 787b23.

II intense,

κεφαλῆς πόνος Hp.Coac. 156

;

ἐπιθυμίαι τε καὶ ἔρωτες Pl.Lg. 734a

; σπουδή, ὄρεξις, Epicur.Sent.30, Fr. 483; ὀργαί, δείματα, Ti.Locr.102e, 104d;

βήξ Aret.SA2.2

.

2 of actions and the like , impetuous, eager,

συντόνῳ χερὶ λύει τὸν αὑτῆς πέπλον S.Tr. 923

;

συντόνῳ.. αὐλῶν πνεύματι E.Ba. 126

(lyr.); σ. δραμήματα ib. 1091;

τάχος -ώτερον Epicur.Ep.2p.46U.

; οἱ ἀπὸ κραιπάλης γέμοντες συντόνοις κινήσεσιν ἐλέγχονται jerking or violent movements, Sor.1.26, cf. Gal.6.153,413 ([comp] Comp.);

τοῦ χειμῶνος τοὺς περιπάτους καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ γυμνάσια συντονώτερα δεῖ ποιεῖσθαι Diocl.Fr.141

;

σ. πῦρ Arist.HA 560b2

; σ. πορεία forced march, Plb.5.47.4.

3 of persons, earnest, eager, vehement, ἀνδρεῖος ὢν.. καὶ ς. Pl.Smp. 203d, cf. Arist.EN 1125a15; τὰ περὶ τὴν δίαιταν ἀκριβὴς καὶ ς. Plu.Cat.Mi.3.

4 of Music, Μοῦσα ς. severe, opp. ἀνειμένη, Pratin.Lyr.5; τῶν Μουσῶν αἱ συντονώτεραι (sc. Heraclitus), opp. μαλακώτεραι, Pl.Sph. 242e; σ. ἁρμονίαι, opp. ἀνειμέναι καὶ μαλακαί, Arist.Pol. 1342b21, cf. a24, 1290a27: metaph., συντονωτέραν ποιεῖν τὴν πολιτείαν ib. 1304a21.

5 of sound, also, high-pitched, acute, opp. βαρύς, ὀξύς, Id.GA 787a1, Pr. 904b23;

οἰμωγά Tim.Pers. 181

.

III in harmony, accordant with, only Ps.-E.IA 118 (anap.).

IV Adv. - νως intensely, earnestly, βλέπειν, μένειν, Pl.Phdr. 253a, R. 539d; σ. ἰέναι eagerly, rapidly, Id.Ti. 88a; κτείνοντα συντόνως, of poisons, Diocl. Fr.145; τρέχειν, βαδίζειν, Arist.Pr. 882b1, MM 1188b22 ([comp] Comp.), al.;

πορεύεσθαι Diocl.Fr.142

;

ὁδοιπορεῖν Gal.16.496

;

διογκούμενοι σ. οἱ μαστοί Sor.1.76

; σ. ζῆν strictly, Pl.R. 619b;

ὀργίζεσθαι Phld.Ir. p.95

W.: also neut. pl. σύντονα intently, carefully, E.Hipp. 1361 (lyr.): [comp] Comp.

- ώτερον Arist.Pol. 1312b28

, etc.; also

- ωτέρως Thphr. Vent.58

: [comp] Sup.

-ώτατα, τὸ θεῖον θεραπεύων Eun.VSp.502

B.

καρδία, ας, ἡ (since Hom. [καρδίη, κραδίη]. Rather rare in other wr. in the period of the Gk. Bible [s. Diod S 32, 20; Plut., Mor. p. 30a; 63a; Epict. 1, 27, 21; M. Ant. 2, 3, 3; 7, 13, 3; Ps.-Apollod. 1, 4, 1, 5; Lucian; pap, incl. PGM 5, 157; 13, 263; 833; 1066; s. below 1bη], but common LXX, pseudepigr.; Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 39, 5; 46, 5 al.; Ath. 31, 3. On Philo and Joseph. s. ASchlatter, D. Theol. d. Judentums nach d. Bericht d. Jos. ’32, 21).

① heart as seat of physical, spiritual and mental life (as freq. in Gk. lit.), fig. extension of ‘heart’ as an organ of the body (Il. 13, 282 al.), a mng. not found in our lit.

ⓐ as the center and source of physical life (Ps 101:5; 103:15) ἐμπιπλῶν τροφῆς … τὰς κ. satisfying the hearts w. food Ac 14:17. τρέφειν τὰς κ. fatten the hearts Js 5:5.

ⓑ as center and source of the whole inner life, w. its thinking, feeling, and volition (νοῦν κ. φρένας κ. διάνοιαν κ. λογισμὸν εἶπέ τις ποιητὴς [Hes., Fgm. 247 Rz.] ἐν καρδίᾳ περιέχεσθαι=some poet said that the heart embraces perception, wit, intellect, and reflection), of humans whether in their pre-Christian or Christian experience

α. in an all-inclusive sense: said of God’s or Christ’s awareness about the inner life of humans γινώσκειν τὰς καρδίας (cp. 1 Km 16:7; 1 Ch 28:9; s. also Did., Gen. 170, 24) Lk 16:15; δοκιμάζειν 1 Th 2:4; ἐρευνᾶν Ro 8:27; Rv 2:23 (νεφροὺς κ. καρδίας as Ps 7:10; Jer 17:10; 20:12); κριτικὸς ἐνθυμήσεων καὶ ἐννοιῶν καρδίας Hb 4:12; τὰ κρυπτὰ τῆς κ. 1 Cor 14:25 (cp. TestReub 1:4). Generally, of human attitudes ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς κ. ἄνθρωπος 1 Pt 3:4. ἐκ καρδίας from (the bottom of) the heart=sincerely (Aristoph., Nub. 86) Ro 6:17. Also ἀπὸ τῶν καρδιῶν (M. Ant. 2, 3, 3 ἀπὸ καρδίας εὐχάριστος τ. θεοῖς; Lucian, Jupp. Tr. 19; Is 59:13; La 3:33) Mt 18:35. ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας 1 Ti 1:5; 2 Ti 2:22; 1 Pt 1:22. ἐξ ὅλης τ. καρδίας (TestLevi 13:1) Ac 8:37 v.l. Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς κ. ὑμῶν 1 Pt 3:15. Opp. κοιλία Mk 7:19. Opp. πρόσωπον and καρδία externals and inner attitude of heart (cp. 1 Km 16:7 ἄνθρωπος ὄψεται εἰς πρόσωπον, ὁ δὲ θεὸς ὄψεται εἰς καρδίαν) 2 Cor 5:12. The same contrast προσώπῳ οὐ καρδίᾳ outwardly, not inwardly 1 Th 2:17. As seat of inner life in contrast to mouth or lips, which either give expression to the inner life or deny it Mt 15:8; Mk 7:6 (both Is 29:13); Mt 15:18; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14); vs. 9f; 2 Cor 6:11. ψάλλοντες (+ ἐν v.l.) τῇ καρδίᾳ Eph 5:19. ᾂδειν ἐν ταῖς κ. Col 3:16.

β. of inner awareness (see the ‘poet’ under 1b above; Aesop, Fab. 254P.=232H/134b H-H./184 Ch.; 3 Km 10:2; Job 12:3; 17:4): 2 Cor 4:6; Eph 1:18; 2 Pt 1:19. τῇ κ. συνιέναι understand Mt 13:15b; Ac 28:27b (both Is 6:10). νοεῖν τῇ κ. think J 12:40b. ἐν τῇ κ. λέγειν (Dt 8:17; 9:4; Ps 13:1. Also Aesop Fab. 62 H.=283b 5 H-H./179c Ch. βοῶν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ alternating w. ταῦτα καθʼ ἑαυτὸν λέγοντος) say to oneself, i.e. think, reflect, without saying anything aloud Mt 24:48; Lk 12:45; Ro 10:6; Rv 18:7; διαλογίζεσθαι Mk 2:6, 8; Lk 3:15; 5:22; Hv 1, 1, 2; 3, 4, 3. The κ. as the source of διαλογισμοί Mt 15:19; Mk 7:21; Lk 2:35; 9:47. διαλογισμοὶ ἀναβαίνουσιν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Lk 24:38. ἀναβαίνει τι ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν τινός someth. enters someone’s mind=someone thinks of someth. (s. ἀναβαίνω 2) Ac 7:23; 1 Cor 2:9; Hv 3, 7, 2; m 12, 3, 5; Hs 5, 7, 2. Also of memory Hv 3, 7, 6; m 4, 2, 2; 6, 2, 8. θέσθαι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Lk 1:66. διατηρεῖν ἐν τ. καρδίᾳ Lk 2:51 (cp. TestLevi 6:2). συμβάλλειν vs. 19. ἐνθυμεῖσθαι Mt 9:4. διακρίνειν Hv 1, 2, 2. πάντα τὰ ῥήματά μου ἐν καρδίᾳ λαμβάνων taking all my words to heart AcPl Ha 1, 6.—Likew. of a lack of understanding: ἡ ἀσύνετος κ. the senseless mind Ro 1:21; βραδὺς τῇ κ. slow of comprehension Lk 24:25 (cp. Tetr. Iamb. 2, 31a, 6 the mocking words of the fox ὦ ἀνόητε κ. βραδὺ τῇ καρδίᾳ). ἐπαχύνθη ἡ κ. τοῦ λαοῦ Mt 13:15a; Ac 28:27a (both Is 6:10). πωροῦν τὴν κ. J 12:40a; κ. πεπωρωμένη Mk 6:52; 8:17; ἡ πώρωσις τῆς κ. 3:5; Eph 4:18. ἀπατᾶν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ Js 1:26; cp. Ro 16:18. κάλυμμα ἐπὶ τὴν κ. κεῖται 2 Cor 3:15 (cp. ἐστί τι ‘κάλλυμα’ ἀγνοίας ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ Orig., C. Cels. 4, 50, 5).—As the seat of thought, κ. is also the seat of doubt διακρίνεσθαι ἐν τῇ κ. Mk 11:23. διστάζειν Hm 9:5.—The gospel is sown in the heart Mt 13:19 v.l.; Mk 4:15 v.l.; Lk 8:12, 15. God opens the heart Ac 16:14 or the eyes of the heart Eph 1:18; 1 Cl 59:3 to Christian knowledge.

γ. of the will and its decisions (Diod S 32, 20) ἕκαστος καθὼς προῄρηται τῇ κ. each of you must give as you have made up your mind 2 Cor 9:7 (NRSV) (cp. TestJos 17:3 ἐπὶ προαιρέσει καρδίας). θέτε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν (s. 1 Km 21:13) make up your minds Lk 21:14; cp. Ac 5:4. πρόθεσις τ. καρδίας 11:23. βάλλειν εἰς τὴν κ. ἵνα put it into someone’s heart to J 13:2. Also διδόναι εἰς τ. κ. (2 Esdr 17:5) w. inf. foll. Rv 17:17, or πληροῦν τὴν κ. w. inf. foll. Ac 5:3. Cp. 1 Cor 4:5; 7:37; 2 Cor 8:16; in citation Hb 3:8, 15; 4:7 (each Ps 94:8) al. πλανᾶσθαι τῇ κ. 3:10. God’s law written in human hearts Ro 2:15; 2 Cor 3:2f. In citation Hb 8:10; 10:16 (both Jer 38:33). Stability in the face of dissident teaching Hb 13:9.

δ. of moral decisions, the moral life, of vices and virtues: ἁγνίζειν τὰς κ. Js 4:8; καθαρίζειν τὰς κ. Ac 15:9; Hv 3, 9, 8; w. ἀπό τινος Hm 12, 6, 5; καθαρὸς τῇ κ. pure in heart (Ps 23:4) Mt 5:8; καθαρὰ κ. (Sextus 46b) Hv 4, 2, 5; 5:7; m 2:7 cj.; Hs 7:6. ῥεραντισμένοι τὰς κ. ἀπὸ συνειδήσεως πονηρᾶς with hearts sprinkled clean from a consciousness of guilt Hb 10:22. κ. ἄμεμπτος 1 Th 3:13. ἀμετανόητος Ro 2:5. κ. πονηρὰ ἀπιστίας Hb 3:12; λίθιναι κ. B 6:14 (Ezk 36:26). γεγυμνασμένη πλεονεξίας trained in greediness 2 Pt 2:14 (cp. κ. … ἐπὶ τὸ κακὸν ἔγκειται Did., Gen. 104, 14). Cp. Lk 21:34; Ac 8:21f. περιτομὴ καρδίας (cp. Jer 9:25; Ezk 44:7, 9) Ro 2:29.—B 9:1; 10:12. Cp. Ac 7:51.

ε. of the emotions, wishes, desires (Theognis 1, 366; Bacchylides 17, 18): ἐπιθυμίαι τῶν κ. desires of the heart Ro 1:24. ἐπὶ τὴν κ. σου ἀνέβη ἡ ἐπιθυμία τ. πονηρίας Hv 1, 1, 8; cp. Hs 5, 1, 5. ἐνθύμησις m 4, 1, 2; 6, 2, 7. μὴ ἀναβαινέτω σου ἐπὶ τὴν κ. περὶ γυναικός m 4, 1, 1; cp. Hv 1, 2, 4; Mt 5:28.—6:21; 12:34f; Lk 6:45; 12:34; 24:32 (s. καίω 1b); Js 3:14; 5:8. Of joy: ηὐφράνθη ἡ κ. Ac 2:26 (Ps 15:9). χαρήσεται ἡ κ. J 16:22. Of sorrow: ἡ λύπη πεπλήρωκεν τὴν κ. 16:6; λύπη ἐγκάθηται εἰς τὴν κ. grief sits in the heart Hm 10, 3, 3. ἡ κ. ταράσσεται (Job 37:1; Ps 142:4) J 14:1, 27; ὀδύνη τῇ κ. Ro 9:2. συνοχὴ καρδίας anguish of heart 2 Cor 2:4; διαπρίεσθαι ταῖς κ. Ac 7:54; κατανυγῆναι τὴν κ. 2:37; συνθρύπτειν τὴν κ. 21:13. κ. συντετριμμένη a broken heart B 2:10; 1 Cl 18:17b (Ps 50:19). συντετριμμένοι τὴν κ. Lk 4:18 v.l. παρακαλεῖν τὰς κ. Eph 6:22; Col 2:2; 4:8; 2 Th 2:17. Of hope (Ps 111:7) Hm 12, 5, 2. Of repentance ἐξ ὅλης κ. Hv 3, 13, 4; m 5, 1, 7; 12, 6, 1. Of sensitivity about doing what is right (1 Km 24:6; 2 Km 24:10) 1J 3:19, 20, 21 (s. ASkrinjar, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 340–50). Of a wish εὐδοκία τῆς κ. (s. εὐδοκία 3) Ro 10:1. Of a longing for God τὴν κ. ἔχειν πρὸς κύριον Hm 10, 1, 6. ἐπιστρέφεσθαι πρὸς τὸν κύριον ἐξ ὅλης τῆς κ. 12, 6, 2 (cp. 3 Km 8:48). προσέρχεσθαι μετὰ ἀληθινῆς κ. with sincere desire (cp. Is 38:3; TestDan 5:3 ἀλ. κ.) Hb 10:22. Cp. the opposite Ac 7:39.—Also of the wish or desire of God ἀνὴρ κατὰ τὴν κ. (τοῦ θεοῦ) after God’s heart i.e. as God wishes him to be Ac 13:22 (cp. 1 Km 13:14).

ζ. esp. also of love (Aristoph., Nub. 86 ἐκ τῆς κ. φιλεῖν; M. Ant. 7, 13, 3 ἀπὸ κ. φιλεῖν τ. ἀνθρώπους) ἀγαπᾶν τινα ἐξ ὅλης τ. καρδίας Mk 12:30, 33; Lk 10:27 (cp. Dt 6:5 and APF 5, 1913, 393 no. 312, 9 ἐκ ψυχῆς κ. καρδίας). ἐν ὅλῃ τ. καρδίᾳ Mt 22:37; ἐπιστρέψαι καρδίας πατέρων ἐπὶ τέκνα Lk 1:17 (Mal 3:23); εἶναι ἐν τῇ κ. have a place in the heart 2 Cor 7:3; ἔχειν τινὰ ἐν τῇ κ. Phil 1:7; Hm 12, 4, 3; Hs 5, 4, 3; cp. m 12, 4, 5; κατευθύνειν τὰς κ. εἰς τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ 2 Th 3:5.—The opp. κατά τινος ἐν τῇ κ. ἔχειν have someth. against someone Hv 3, 6, 3.

η. of disposition (TestJob 48:1 ἀνέλαβεν ἄλλην κ.) διάνοια καρδίας Lk 1:51; ἁπλότης (τ.) καρδίας (TestReub 4:1, Sim 4:5 al.) Eph 6:5; Col 3:22; ἀφελότης καρδίας Ac 2:46. κ. καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32 (cp. Iren. 1, 10, 2 [Harv. I 92, 5]; combination of ψυχή and καρδία as PGM 7, 472; IDefixWünsch 3, 15; Dt 11:18; 1 Km 2:35; 4 Km 23:3 and oft. LXX—on such combinations s. Reader, Polemo p. 260 and cp. Demosth. 18, 220 ῥώμη καὶ τόλμη). πραῢς καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ κ. Mt 11:29 (cp. TestReub 6:10). ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Χριστοῦ βραβευέτω ἐν ταῖς κ. ὑμῶν let the peace of Christ control you Col 3:15; cp. Phil 4:7.

θ. The human καρδία as the dwelling-place of heavenly powers and beings (PGM 1, 21 ἔσται τι ἔνθεον ἐν τῇ σῇ κ.): of the Spirit Ro 5:5; 2 Cor 1:22; Gal 4:6; of the Lord Eph 3:17; of the angel of righteousness Hm 6, 2, 3; 5.

② interior, center, heart, fig. ext. of 1 (Ezk 27:4, 25; Jon 2:4; Ps 45:3; EpJer 19) τῆς γῆς Mt 12:40.—S., in addition to works on Bibl. anthropology and psychology (πνεῦμα end): HKornfeld, Herz u. Gehirn in altjüd. Auffassung: Jahrb. für jüd. Gesch. u. Lit. 12, 1909, 81–89; ASchlatter, Herz. u. Gehirn im 1. Jahrh.: THaering Festschr. 1918, 86–94; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 216–22 (Paul), tr., Theol. of the NT, KGrobel, ’51, I, 220–27; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 305–33. For OT viewpoints s. RNorth, BRev 11/3, ’95, 33 (lit.)—B. 251. EDNT. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

περί (Hom.+) prep. w. gen. and acc., in our lit. not w. dat. (B-D-F §203; Rob. 617; see the lit. s.v. ἀνά, beg.) lit. ‘round about’

① w. the gen. to denote the object or pers. to which (whom) an activity or esp. inward process refers or relates, about, concerning

ⓐ after verbs that denote an oral or written expression or its reception, a mental action, knowing, thinking, recognizing, etc., about, concerning; s. the entries ἀκούω 1c and 3c, ἀναγγέλλω 2 end, ἀπαγγέλλω 1, ἀπολογέομαι, γνωρίζω 1, γογγύζω, γράφω 2c, δηλόω, διαβεβαιόομαι, διαλέγομαι 1, διδάσκω 2d, διηγέομαι, εἶπον 1a, ἐντέλλω, ἐπιστέλλω, κατηχέω, λαλέω 2aγ, λέγω 1bδ; λόγον αἰτεῖν, ἀποδιδόναι, διδόναι, ποιεῖσθαι (s. λόγος 2a); μαρτυρέω 1b, μνημονεύω 1c, ὁμιλέω, πυνθάνομαι, προκαταγγέλλω, προφητεύω, ὑπομιμνῄσκω, χρηματίζομαι; ἀγνοέω 1a, ἀπορέω, ἐπινοέω, ἐπίσταμαι 2, οἶδα 1h, πέπεισμαι (s. πείθω 4), πιστεύω 1aβ. Also used w. the substantives belonging to these verbs or verbs w. similar mngs.: ἀπολογία 2a, γογγυσμός; διήγησις, εὐαγγέλιον, ἦχος 2, πρόφασις, φήμη; s. these entries. γινώσκω J 7:17. συμφωνέω Mt 18:19. τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ; what do you think of the Christ? 22:42.

ⓑ after verbs that express considering, asking, examining, charging, judging, censuring, punishing, praising, etc., on account of, because of, for, concerning. S. the entries ἀποστοματίζω, ἀπορέω, διαπορέω, ἐγκαλέω, εἶδον (3: deliberate concerning), ἐκζητέω 1, ἐλέγχω 2 and 3, ἐξετάζω 1 and 2b, ἐπερωτάω 1a, ἐπιζητέω 1b, ἐρωτάω 1, ζητέω 2, κατηγορέω, παραμυθέομαι.—διαλογίζομαι Lk 3:15. κρίνω J 8:26. λιθάζω 10:33. θεὸν αἰνέω Lk 19:37. περὶ οὗ … οἱ κατήγοροι οὐδεμίαν αἰτίαν ἔφερον his accusers brought no charge of this kind Ac 25:18 (BWeiss, Preuschen take περὶ οὗ w. σταθέντες, which immediately follows it, and understand it to mean ‘around him’, ‘near him’ [περί τινος in this sense IG XIV, 2508, 4]).—S. also the entry ζήτημα.

ⓒ after verbs that denote emotion. S. the entries ἀγανακτέω, θαυμάζω 1aβ, καυχάομαι, σπλαγχνίζομαι.

ⓓ after verbs of caring (for). S. the entries μέλει 1b, μεριμνάω, προβλέπω.

ⓔ after other verbs and expressions, mostly with regard to, with reference to, in relation to, w. respect to εὐλογεῖν Hb 11:20. ἀναβαίνειν περὶ τοῦ ζητήματος go up about the question Ac 15:2. ἐντολὰς λαμβάνειν Col 4:10. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν 1 Cor 7:37 (s. ἐξουσία 1). περὶ πάντων εὐοδοῦσθαι be well off in all respects 3J 2 (περὶ π.=‘in all resp.’: Pla., Gorg. 23, 467d.—Others take it as ‘above all’; cp. Il. 1, 287; 21, 566).

ⓕ w. certain verbs and nouns such as ‘ask’, ‘pray’, ‘prayer’, etc., περί introduces the pers. or thing in whose interest the petition is made. Thus it takes the place of ὑπέρ (B-D-F §229, 1; Rob. 618; WSchulze, Zeitschr. für vergl. Sprachforschung 44, 1911, 359: Callim., Epigr. 55, 3.—SIG 1170, 30 περὶ τούτου παρεκάλεσα τὸν θεόν; POxy 1298, 4; 1494, 6; JosAs 28:5 ἐξιλάσομαι αὐτοὺς περὶ ὑμῶν; EpArist 273) for. S. the entries δέομαι b, δέησις, ἐρωτάω 2, παρακαλέω 3. προσεύχεσθαι (Gen 20:7; 1 Km 7:5; 2 Macc 1:6; 15:14) Lk 6:28; Col 1:3 (v.l. ὑπέρ); 4:3; 1 Th 5:25; 2 Th 1:11; 3:1; Hb 13:18. προσευχὴ γίνεται Ac 12:5. Παῦλος ἐσταυρώθη περὶ ὑμῶν; 1 Cor 1:13 v.l. (for ὑπέρ). τὸ αἷμα τὸ περὶ πολλῶν ἐκχυννόμενον Mt 26:28 (cp. Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 730, 29 p. 415, 29 Jac. περὶ τῶν διαδόχων αὐτοῦ ἅπαν … παθεῖν). ἀγῶνα ἔχω περὶ ὑμῶν Col 2:1 v.l. (for ὑπέρ).

ⓖ when used w. ἁμαρτία the word ‘for’ has the sense to take away, to atone for περὶ ἁμαρτίας (Num 8:8) Ro 8:3 (difft. TThornton, JTS 22, ’71, 515–17). Ἰ. Χρ. τοῦ δόντος ἑαυτὸν περὶ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν Gal 1:4 v.l. (for ὑπέρ; CBreytenbach, Versöhnung ’89, 197). περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν 1 Pt 3:18 (v.l. ἀπέθανεν). Cp. Hb 5:3c. προσφορὰ περὶ ἁμαρτίας 10:18. θυσία περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν vs. 26. εἰσφέρεται τὸ αἷμα περὶ ἁμαρτίας 13:11. τὸ περὶ τῆς ἁμαρτίας (i.e. προσφερόμενον) the sin-offering (Lev 6:23; 14:19) Hb 10:6, 8 (both Ps 39:7).

ⓗ περί τινος abs. at the beginning of a sentence concerning, with reference to (GrBar 8:6; Just., A I, 15, 1 al.; SIG 736, 1; PEleph 13, 4f; BGU 246, 13; 17; 1097, 5 [c. 50 A.D.]; 1095, 9 [57 A.D.]) περὶ ὧν (=περὶ τούτων ἃ) ἐγράψατε concerning the things you wrote (to me) 1 Cor 7:1 (s. γράφω 2c). Cp. 8:1; 16:1, 12. In other, seemingly similar, places it is to be connected w. the verb that follows: Mt 22:31; 24:36; Mk 12:26; 13:32; 1 Cor 7:25; 8:4; 12:1; 2 Cor 9:1; 1 Th 4:9; 5:1. (Cp. the formulation of answers by Claudius in PLond 1912; on Paul’s rhetorical use, cp. Demosth. 7, 1; 14; 18; 30; 39; MMitchell NovT 31, ’89, 229–56.)

ⓘ w. the art. τὰ περί τινος what concerns someone or someth., his or its circumstances, situation, condition (X., An. 2, 5, 37 ὅπως μάθοι τὰ περὶ Προξένου; Sir 19:30; TestJob 41:3; JosAs 19:2; GrBar 4:12; Just., A I, 33, 5; Tat. 36, 2) τὰ περὶ (τοῦ) Ἰησοῦ the reports about Jesus, concerning his miracles Mk 5:27; of Jesus’ passion experiences Lk 24:19; of the preaching about Jesus Ac 18:25; cp. 28:31. τὰ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ (αὐτοῦ, ἐμοῦ, ἐμαυτοῦ, ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν) Lk 24:27; Ac 23:11, 15; 24:10; 28:15; Eph 6:22; Phil 1:27; 2:19f; Col 4:8.—τὰ περὶ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ the things concerning the Kgdm. of God Ac 1:3; 19:8 (v.l. without the art.). τὰ περὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ 24:22 (ὁδός 3c).

② w. the acc., gener. in ref. to position rather than mental or emotional considerations as in the use of the gen., about

ⓐ of place around, about, near (TestJob 40:6 περί τινα φάτνην; 12 περὶ τὴν οἰκίαν; Ath. 25, 1 ἄγγελοι … περὶ τὸν ἀέρα ἔχοντες καὶ τὴν γῆν)

α. (all) around ἕως ὅτου σκάψω περὶ αὐτήν until I dig (all) around it Lk 13:8. περιαστράψαι φῶς περὶ ἐμέ Ac 22:6b. αἱ παρθένοι ἑστηκυῖαι περὶ τὴν πύλην who stood about the door Hs 9, 3, 2.

β. of a part of the body around which someth. goes (Heraclid. Pont. Fgm. 55 W. περὶ τὸ μέτωπον; PsSol 2:20 περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν; TestJob 46:9 περὶ τὸ στῆθος; JosAs 3:9 περὶ τὰς χεῖρας): a belt περὶ τὴν ὀσφύν around the waist Mt 3:4; Mk 1:6 (JosAs 14:16); cp. Rv 15:6. A millstone περίκειται περὶ τὸν τράχηλον Mk 9:42; Lk 17:2 (JosAs 18:5); cp. Mt 18:6.

γ. of nearby places: αἱ περὶ αὐτὰς πόλεις the towns near them (Sodom and Gomorrah) Jd 7. τὰ περὶ τὸν τόπον the region around the place Ac 28:7 (Diod S 1, 50, 6 τὰ π. τὴν Μέμφιν; Strabo 12, 7, 3). Without the art. περὶ Τύρον καὶ Σιδῶνα the neighborhood of T. and S. Mk 3:8.

δ. of persons who are standing, sitting, working or staying close to someone ὄχλον περὶ αὐτόν Mt 8:18; cp. Mk 9:14. τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν κύκλῳ καθημένους Mk 3:34; cp. vs. 32. οἱ περὶ αὐτόν those about him, his followers Mk 4:10; Lk 22:49. The central person in the group can be included: οἱ περὶ Παῦλον Paul and his companions Ac 13:13; 21:8 v.l. οἱ περὶ τὸν Πέτρον Peter and those with him short ending of Mark; GHb 356, 38f= ISm 3:2; cp. GHb 22, 39 (Pla., Thu., X.; Diod S 11, 40, 3; 11, 61, 3 οἱ περὶ τὸν Κίμωνα=Cimon and his men; ins, pap; 2 Macc 1:33; 8:30; 4 Macc 2:19; JosAs 26:5; Jos., Bell. 5, 10, Ant. 18, 354 al.; Tat. 36, 1 al.; B-D-F §228; Rob. 620). οἱ περὶ τὸν κεντυρίωνα the centurion and his men GPt 11:45. πρὸς τὰς περὶ Μάρθαν καὶ Μαριάμ J 11:19 v.l. prob. means only the two sisters to Martha and Mary (cp. Phalaris, Ep. 136; Polyb. 4, 36, 6; 21, 11, 2; Diod S 1, 16, 1; 1, 37, 3; 16, 85, 2 οἱ περὶ Χάρητα καὶ Λυσικλέα=Chares and Lysicles [are made generals]; Plut., Tib. Gracch. 825 [2, 3] οἱ περὶ Δροῦσον = Δροῦσος, Pyrrh. 395 [20, 1] οἱ περὶ Γάϊον Φαβρίκιον = Γάϊος Φαβρίκιος; Diog. L. 2, 43 οἱ περὶ Αἰσχύλον=Aeschylus; 2, 105; EpArist 51; Philo, Vi. Cont. 15; Jos., Ant. 13, 187; 15, 370, C. Ap. 1, 17). οἱ π. τὸν Παῦλον Ac 27:1a v.l.=Παῦλος vs. 1b.

ⓑ of time about, near (Hdt., Thu., X. et al.; PGen 17, 10; PGiss 70, 7; Gen 15:12; Ex 11:4) περὶ τρίτην ὥραν (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 45 §182; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 11 [Stone p. 12] and B 6 p. 109, 27 [Stone p. 66]; Jos., Vi. 239; cp. 243; PSI 184, 5 χθὲς περὶ ἕκτην ὥραν) about the third hour Mt 20:3. Likew. w. the hour given vs. 5f, 9; 27:46; Ac 10:3 (ὡσεὶ περὶ ὥραν ἐνάτην; ApcMos 17 περὶ ὥραν, ὅταν), 9; cp. Mk 6:48; Ac 22:6a.

ⓒ of being occupied with (Just., D. 2, 5 χρόνον ἐκτρίβειν περὶ ἐκεῖνα τὰ μαθματα; 8, 3 τῆς περὶ τὸ θεῖον ὁρμῆς; Tat. 27, 3; Ath. 17, 3) περισπᾶσθαι (q.v. 2), θορυβάζεσθαι περί τι Lk 10:40f. οἱ π. τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐργάται the workers who were occupied with such things (s. ἐργάτης 1a) Ac 19:25.

ⓓ with regard or respect to (Diod S 2, 18, 2 ἡ περὶ αὐτὴν ἀρετή=her valor; Lucian, Vit. Auct. 17 οἱ περὶ μοιχείαν νόμοι; ApcEsdr 1:6 δικάσασθαι … περὶ τὸ γένος τῶν χριστιανῶν; Jos., Ant. 5, 259; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13 σου τὸ σπουδαῖον περὶ τὴν πίστιν) ἀστοχεῖν 1 Ti 6:21; 2 Ti 2:18. ναυαγεῖν 1 Ti 1:19. νοσεῖν have a morbid craving for someth. (s. νοσέω) 6:4. περὶ πάντα in all respects Tit 2:7.—Pol 4:3; παράδοξον περὶ Ἰοῦστον … γέγονος a miracle that took place involving Justus Papias (2:9). On 2 Cl 17:2 s. ἀνάγω 5.—τὰ περὶ ἐμέ my situation, how I am getting along (Menand., Sam. 623 S. [Kö. 278]; UPZ 68, 6 [152 B.C.] τὰ περὶ Ἀπολλώνιον; Just., A I, 54, 2 τὰ περὶ τὸν Χριστόν; Tat. 8, 4 τὰ περὶ σέ; Jos., Ant. 2, 60) Phil 2:23. αἱ π. τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι desires for other things Mk 4:19.—DELG. M-M. TW.

διαχέω, [tense] fut. -χεῶ, later

A

- χύσω Gp.7.8.4

: [tense] aor. -έχεα, [dialect] Ep. - έχευα (the only tense used by Hom.):—pour different ways, scatter,

τὸν χοῦν Hdt.2.150

.

b in Hom., cut up a victim into joints,

αῖψ' ἄρα μιν διέχευαν Od.3.456

, cf. Il.7.316, al.;

χαλκὸς ἔγκατα διέχευεν Theoc.22.203

.

2 disperse,

τὰ συγκεκριμένα Pl.Phlb. 46e

;

ἡ θερμότης δ. τὸ ὑγρόν Arist.Pr. 869a15

; melt, fuse,

χαλκόν Paus.9.41.1

; liquefy, opp. πηγνύναι, Pl.Ti. 46d;

νῆα.. διέχευαν ἄελλαι A.R.3.320

; δ. ἀποστήματα disperse abscesses, Thphr.Od. 59(61); δ. ἴχνη to destroy the scent, X.Cyn.5.3:—[voice] Pass., ib.8.1:—also [voice] Med., dissolve, Nic. Al. 373.

3 metaph., confound,

τὰ βεβουλευμένα Hdt.8.57

.

4 put in a good humour,

τινὰ ὁμιλίαις καὶ λόγοις Plu.2.74d

, cf. Philostr. VS2.10.1, Hermog.Id.2.9.

II more freq. in [voice] Pass., to be poured from one vessel into another, Hdt.6.119.

2 run through, spread, Th.2.75,76, Arist.Fr. 243.

3 to be dissolved, liquefied, X.Cyn. 8.1, Arist.Pr. 890b17, etc.; of a corpse, Hdt.3.16; disperse, of soldiers, X.HG7.4.34; of humours, Hp.Epid.4.45.

4 metaph., to be or become diffused or relaxed, εὐφραινόμενον -χεῖται, opp. λυπούμενον συσπειρᾶται, Pl.Smp. 206d;

ὑπὸ μέθης διακεχυμένος Id.Lg. 775c

, cf. Plb.8.27.4; [

αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι] οὐ διαχέονται Epicur.Sent.30

;

μαλακὸν καὶ διακεχυμένον βλέπειν Arist.Phgn. 813a26

;

φαιδρὸν καὶ δ. πρόσωπον Plu.Alex.19

; τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ παθητικὸν διακεχυμένον ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου Zeno ap.eund.2.82f, cf. Tryph. Trop.p.205S.

πολύ-τροπος, ον, ([etym.] τρέπω)

A much-turned, i.e. much-travelled, much-wandering, epith. of Odysseus, Od.1.1, 10.330.

II turning many ways: metaph., shifty, versatile, wily, of Hermes, h.Merc.13, 439;

τοῖς ἀσθενέσι καὶ π. θηρίοις Pl.Plt. 291b

; and in this sense Plato took the word as applied to Odysseus, Hp.Mi. 364e ([comp] Sup.), al.; τὸ π. τῆς γνώμης their versatility of mind, Th.3.83; τὸ π., of Alcibiades, Plu.Alc. 24.

2 fickle,

ὅμιλος Ps.-Phoc.95

.

3 of diseases, changeful, complicated, Plu.Num.22; also

πόλεμος τοῖς πάθεσι ποικίλος καὶ ταῖς τύχαις πολυτροπώτατος Id.Mar.33

;

στρατεία Eun.Hist. p.223D.

III various, manifold,

ξυμφοραί Th.2.44

; ἐπιθυμίαι, ἐθισμοὶ τῶν λέξεων, Epicur.Fr. 471, Nat.28.1 (p.7V.);

κακά Ph.2.567

;

ἔθνη Plu.Marc.12

;

τύχαι Id.Alc.2

;

ὄργια Lyr.Alex.Adesp.36.3

;

τὸ π. Phld.Sign.26

. Adv.

- πως

in many manners,

Meno Iatr.20.31

, Ph.2.512, Ep.Hebr.1.1, Iamb.Comm.Math.12: [comp] Comp.,

- ωτέρως καὶ ποικιλωτέρως Epicur.Nat.5

G.

χᾰλάω, A.Eu. 219, etc., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.

A

χαλόωσιν Opp.H.2.451

; [dialect] Aeol. [ per.] 3pl.

χόλαισι Alc.18.9

codd. Heraclit.: [tense] fut. χᾰλάσω [λᾰ] Hp.Aër.8, Epid.7.80: [tense] aor.

ἐχάλᾰσα A.Pr. 177

(anap.), Hp.Epid.7.23, etc.; [dialect] Ep.

χάλασσα h.Ap.6

, pl. subj.

χαλάσσομεν Alc.Supp.23.10

; [dialect] Dor. part.

χᾰλάξαις Pi.P.1.6

; [ per.] 3sg. [tense] fut. or [tense] aor. subj. χαλάξει (dub. sens.) Berl.Sitzb.1927.164 ([place name] Cyrene):—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor.

χαλάσαντο A.R. 2.1264

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. ἐχαλάσθην, subj.

χᾰλασθῇ A.Pr. 991

, Pl. Phd. 86c: [tense] pf.

κεχάλασμαι AP9.297

(Antip.), App.Mith.74, Plot. 4.3.16: [tense] plpf.

ἐκεχάλαστο Aristid.1.315J.

I trans., slacken, loosen, χ. βιόν, τόξα, unstring the bow, h.Ap.6, h.Hom.27.12; χ. τὰ νεῦρα, opp. συντείνειν, Pl.Phd. 98d; χ. τὸν πόδα, of a ship, v. πούς 11.2: metaph., τὰ τῆς πολιτείας χ., opp. ἐπιτείνειν, Plu.2.827b:—[voice] Pass., opp. ἐπιτείνεσθαι, Pl.Phd. 86c, 94c;

χαλᾶσθαι καὶ διαφθείρεσθαι Id.Lg. 653c

;

χαλᾶσθαι ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς Porph.Marc.7

.

2 let down, let fall, πτέρυγα χαλάξαις Pi.l.c.; χαλάσας ὀλίγον τὸ μέτωπον having unbent the brow, Ar.V. 655 (anap.); μαστοὺς χάλασον, says the Cyclops to his ewe, E.Cyc.55 (lyr.); κράββατον, δίκτυα χ., Ev.Marc. 2.4, Ev.Luc.5.5;

τὴν ἱερὰν ἄγκυραν Suid.

; dip in a liquid,

εἰς αἷμα PMag.Par.1.2886

; soak, PHolm.14.33:—[voice] Med., ἱστὸν χαλάσαντο lowered it, A.R.2.1264.

3 let loose, release,

τινὰ ἐκ δεσμῶν A.Pr. 177

(anap.); abs., let go, slacken one's hold, μηδαμῇ χάλα ib.58.

4 ἡνίας χ. slacken the reins, esp. in metaph. sense,

χ. τὰς ἡνίας τοῖς λόγοις Pl.Prt. 338a

, cf. E.Fr. 409.

5 κλῇθρα χ. loose the bars or bolts, i.e. undo or open the door, S.Ant. 1187, E.Hipp. 808;

κλῇδας Id.Med. 1314

;

χ. τοὺς μοχλούς Ar.Lys. 310

; but also

πύλας μοχλοῖς χαλᾶτε A.Ch. 879

.

6 loosen or undo things drawn tightly together,

χ. κρεμαστὴν ἀρτάνην S.OT 1266

;

χ. πᾶν κάλυμμ' ἀπ' ὀφθαλμῶν Id.El. 1468

;

χ. δεσμά E.Andr. 577

;

ἀσκόν Id.Cyc. 161

;

τὸ στόμα X.Eq.6.8

:—[voice] Pass.,

τὰ χαλώμενα ὅπλα Hp.Art.43

;

πρὶν ἂν χαλασθῇ δεσμά A.Pr. 991

.

7 of the bowels, etc.,

ὑγρὰ χ. Hp.Prorrh.1.99

, cf. Coac.20;

ἢν αἱ μῆτραι μὴ χαλάσωσι τὰ ἐπιμήνια Id.Mul.1.61

.

8 metaph., τὴν ὀργήν χ. let it go, Ar.V. 727 (anap.);

χ. [τὸν νόον] ἐς ὄψιν τινός Ti.Locr.104c

;

χ. ἐπιθυμίαν Plu.2.133a

;

τὸ βαρὺ καὶ ἀμειδές Alciphr.3.3

; remit,

μήτε τῆς προνοίας χαλώσης τὴν.. ὑπεροχήν Procl.Inst. 122

; τὸ ἀεὶ ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχειν ἐχάλασαν relaxed the strict principle that.. Pl.Sph. 242e:—[voice] Pass., to be softened,

λίθος εἰς ὑγρότητα κεχαλασμένος Callistr.Stat.5

; also κεχαλάσθαι εἰς τὸ αὐτεξούσιον to have free play, opp. συντετάχθαι, Plot.4.3.16.

II intr., become slack or loose, opp. συντείνω, Pl.Phd. 98d;

χόλαισιν ἄγκυρραι Alc.18.9

(s. v.l.);

ζῶναι χαλῶσι E.Ba. 935

; πύλαι χαλῷσαι open gates, X.Cyr.7.5.29: metaph. c. gen., have a remission of,

χαλάσσομεν τὰς θυμοβόρω λύας Alc.Supp.23.10

;

τί χαλᾷ μανιῶν; A.Pr. 1057

(anap.); (also abs., S.OC 203 (lyr.), 840); relax,

φρονήματος χ. E.Fr. 716

;

τῆς ὀργῆς Ar.Av. 383

(troch.); [

τὸ ὂν] χαλάσαν τῆς τοῦ ἑνὸς ἁπλότητος Dam.Pr.13

.

2 c. dat. pers., χ. τινι give way or yield to any one, be indulgent to him,

εἰ τοῖσιν.. κτείνουσιν ἀλλήλους χαλᾷς A.Eu. 219

;

χάλα τοκεῦσιν E.Hec. 403

; with gen. add.,

μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς χάλασον Pl.Men. 86e

, cf. Plu.Lyc.7: abs., give way,

εἴκειν ὁδοῦ χαλῶντα τοῖς κακίοσιν E. Ion 637

.

3 abs., grow slack or weak,

ἐπειδὰν αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι παύσωνται κατατείνουσαι καὶ χαλάσωσι Id.R.329c

; abate,

χαλάσει ὁ παγετός Hp.

Aër.8;

ὀδύνη Id.Acut.16

.

λοιπός, ή, όν (Pind., Hdt.+) gener. ‘remaining’.

① pert. to that which remains over, esp. after action has been taken, left

ⓐ adj. αἱ λοιπαὶ φωναί the remaining blasts Rv 8:13.

ⓑ subst. οἱ λοιποί those who were left Rv 11:13. W. gen. (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 251) οἱ λ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων 9:20.

② pert. to being one not previously cited or included, other, rest of

ⓐ adj. (LXX; JosAs 2:10; ApcMos 29; Jos., Ant. 5, 129 αἱ λ. φυλαί; Ar. 3:2) οἱ λ. ἀπόστολοι the other apostles Ac 2:37; 1 Cor 9:5; Pol 9:1. αἱ λ. παρθένοι Mt 25:11. τὰ λ. ἔθνη the rest of the nations (gentiles) Ro 1:13; Eph 4:17 v.l. οἱ λ. Ἰουδαῖοι Gal 2:13. αἱ λ. ἐκκλησίαι 2 Cor 12:13; IMg 15:1. οἱ λ. συνεργοί the other coworkers Phil 4:3. αἱ λ. γραφαί the rest of the scriptures 2 Pt 3:16. ὡς τὰ λοιπὰ (ἰχθύδια) B 10:5. καὶ τῶν λ. ἀρωμάτων and (of) other spices 1 Cl 25:2. τὰ δὲ λ. σκῆπτρα αὐτοῦ the rest of his tribes 32:2. προφῆται 43:1. τὰ δὲ λ. πάντα ἄστρα all the other stars IEph 19:2. τὰς λ. τῆς ζωῆς ἡμέρας the remaining days of (your) lives Hv 4, 2, 5; cp. 5:2; m 12, 3, 2; 12, 6, 2; Hs 6, 3, 6. ἐντολάς m 5, 2, 8; μέρη Hs 8, 1, 15; 8, 5, 6; λίθοι 9, 7, 2; 4; 9, 8, 2f; 5–7; 9, 9, 4. Cp. 5, 2, 9 τὰ δὲ λ. (ἐδέσματα; opp. τὰ ἀρκοῦντα αὐτῷ). σκεύη Dg 2:4; ἄνθρωποι 5:1; κτίσματα 8:3; δοῦλοι AcPl Ha 4, 10.—Sg. τῆς λ. ὑπάρξεως and other property Hs1:5. ἐν … τῷ λ. βίῳ in the rest of (their) style of life Dg 5:4

ⓑ subst.

α. οἱ λοιποί, αἱ λοιπαί the others (LXX, En; TestJob 41:1; Plut., Mor. 285d; Herodian 4, 2, 10; Jos., Bell. 3, 497; Ath. 8:2) Mt 22:6; 27:49; Mk 16:13; Lk 8:10; 18:9; 24:10; Ac 5:13 (difft. CTorrey, ET 46, ’35, 428f); 16:30 D; 17:9; 27:44; Ro 11:7; 1 Cor 7:12; 2 Cor 2:17 v.l.; Eph 2:3; 1 Th 5:6; 1 Ti 5:20; Rv 19:21; Hv 3, 2, 1; Hs 9, 22, 4; 9, 23, 2; 9, 26, 8; MPol 15:1. οἱ λ. πάντες all the others 2 Cor 13:2; Phil 1:13; AcPl Ha 5, 8 (SIG 593, 2f καὶ ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς πᾶσιν φανερὰν πεποιήκαμεν τὴν προαίρεσιν). πάντες οἱ λ. all the rest Lk 24:9. οἱ λ. ἔχοντες ἀσθενείας the others who were sick Ac 28:9. οἱ λ. οἱ μὴ ἔχοντες ἐλπίδα the rest who have no hope 1 Th 4:13. οἱ λ. οἱ ἐν Θυατίροις Rv 2:24. W. gen. foll. (TestJob 16:5 τὰ λ. τῶν κτηνῶν μου; Lucian, Tox. 28 οἱ λ. τῶν οἰκετῶν) οἱ λ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων other people Lk 18:11 (Just., D. 102, 6). οἱ λ. τῶν νεκρῶν the rest of the dead Rv 20:5. οἱ λ. τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῆς the rest of her offspring 12:17.

β. τὰ λοιπά the other things, the rest (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 67 §284; TestSol 23:4; TestJob 16:5; Jos., Ant. 2, 312; Ar. 1, 1; Just., D. 56, 2) Lk 12:26; 1 Cor 11:34; 15:37; Rv 3:2 (but s. Mussies 124, of pers.; cp. B-D-F §138, 1); Hs 1:4; 8, 3, 8; 8, 11, 5; 9, 2, 7ab; 9, 5, 5. τῶν λ. τῶν ἀκολουθούντων πάντων all the rest that follow 5, 5, 1; αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι desires for other things Mk 4:19.

③ adverbial uses (B-D-F §160; 451, 6)

ⓐ of time

α. (τὸ) λοιπόν from now on, in the future, henceforth (Pind. et al.) 1 Cor 7:29 (but see 3b below); Dg 9:2; ISm 9:1; Hv 3, 13, 2; m 5, 2, 7; Hs 5, 7, 4; AcPl Ha 6, 6. λοιπὸν ἀπόκειταί μοι for the future there is reserved for me 2 Ti 4:8 (but see 3b below). τὸ λοιπὸν ἐκδεχόμενος then waiting Hb 10:13. καθεύδετε τὸ λοιπόν, which is variously interpreted, conveys a mild rebuke: you are still sleeping! or: do you intend to sleep on and on?; the expression is prob. colloquial and is succinctly rendered by numerous versions: Still asleep? Mt 26:45; Mk 14:41. Also poss. for this pass.: meanwhile, you are sleeping! you are sleeping in the meantime? (so τὸ λ. Jos., Ant. 18, 272) w. the sense: ‘A fine time you’ve chosen to sleep!’—λοιπόν finally (τότε λοιπόν TestJob 16:20 and TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 19 [Stone p. 32]. καὶ λοιπόν ‘and then’ TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 12 [Stone p. 70]; TestJob 17:5. TestJud 16:2 ἐὰν … λοιπὸν γίνεται μέθη. Jos., Ant. 6, 46; Tat. 42, 1) Ac 27:20; MPol 9:1. τὰ λοιπά in the future Hs 6, 3, 6.

β. τοῦ λοιποῦ from now on, in the future (Hdt. 2, 109; Aristoph., Pax 1084; X., Cyr. 4, 4, 10, Oec. 10, 9; SIG 611, 17; 849, 12; PHal 1, 171 [III B.C.]; POxy 1293, 14; GrBar 1:7; 16:10; Jos., Ant. 4, 187.—B-D-F §186, 2; Rob. 295) Gal 6:17; Hs 9, 11, 3.—In Eph 6:10 the mng. is prob. rather finally, bringing the matter to a conclusion (s. b, below; a v.l. has τὸ λοιπόν).

ⓑ (τὸ) λοιπόν (Herodas 2, 92; Longus 2, 22, 2) as far as the rest is concerned, beyond that, in addition, finally λοιπὸν οὐκ οἶδα beyond that I do not know 1 Cor 1:16 (POxy 120, 1 [IV A.D.] λοιπὸν … οὐκ οἶδα). σκάψω λοιπὸν τ. ἀμπελῶνα in addition I will dig the vineyard Hs 5, 2, 4. As a transition to someth. new (Phil 3:1), esp. when it comes near the end of a literary work finally (UPZ 78, 43 [159 B.C.]; POxy 119, 13) 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:8; 1 Th 4:1 (λ. οὖν as BGU 1079, 6 [41 A.D.]); 2 Th 3:1; 1 Cl 64:1.—ὧδε λοιπόν (Epict. 2, 12, 24) in this connection, then; furthermore 1 Cor 4:2.—Inferentially therefore (Epict. 1, 24, 1; 1, 27, 2 al.; POxy 1480, 13 [32 A.D.]; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 27 [Stone p. 16]; TestJob 53:4) IEph 11:1; perh. also 1 Cor 7:29; 2 Ti 4:8.—ACavallin, Eranos 39, ’41, 121–44; AFridrichsen, K. Human. Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Upps. Årsbok ’43, 24–28.—DELG s.v. λείπω. M-M. Sv.

πρότερος, α, ον (Hom.+; cp. πρό)

① pert. to a period of time preceding another period of time, earlier

ⓐ adj. (Hom. et al.) former, earlier ἡ πρ. ἀναστροφή Eph 4:22. οἱ πρ. (sc. λίθοι) Hs 9, 4, 3. τάς χρόας τὰς προτέρας 9, 4, 5; τὰ πρ. ἁμαρτήματα 2 Cl 13:1; Hm 12, 6, 2; Hs 9, 23, 5. ἡ πρ. ἁμαρτία m 4, 1, 11; pl. v 2, 3, 1; m 4, 3, 3; Hs 6, 1, 4; 8, 11, 3; αἱ ἁμαρτίαι αἱ πρ. m 4, 3, 1. τὰ πρ. ἀγνοήματα Hs 5, 7, 3f. τὰ πρ. παραπτώματα m 4, 4, 4. ἡ πρ. ὅρασις v 4, 1, 1. αἱ πρ. λύπαι 3, 13, 2. τὰ πρ. ὁράματα 4, 2, 2. τὰ πρ. χαλεπά 1, 4, 2 v.l. πρῶτα. οἱ πρ. χρόνοι Hs 9, 20, 4. ἡ ζωὴ ἡ πρ. 9, 16, 2.

ⓑ the neut. πρότερον as adv. earlier, formerly, in former times (Pind., Hdt.+).

α. without art.; opp. νῦν (Ael. Aristid. 33, 16 K.=51 p. 576 D.; Procop. Soph., Ep. 88) νῦν καὶ οὐ πρότερον now and not in former times Dg 1. πρότερον … ἔπειτα (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 7, 6; cp. Artem. 2, 39 p. 144, 27f πρότερον … εἶτα) Hb 7:27. Oft. the time which is later than the one designated by πρ. is not expressed, but is understood fr. the context earlier, beforehand, previously (oft. Pind., Hdt. et al.) J 7:50 v.l., 51 v.l.; 2 Cor 1:15; 1 Ti 1:13 v.l.; Hb 4:6.—Schwyzer I 533f.

β. w. art. and functioning as an adj. former (Hdt. 6, 87; Aristoph., Equ. 1355; Diod S 17, 69, 3) αἱ πρότερον ἡμέραι Hb 10:32. αἱ πρότερον ἐπιθυμίαι 1 Pt 1:14.—W. the art. simply adverbially τὸ πρότερον before, once, formerly (X., Mem. 3, 8, 1; Menand., Dyscolus 15; Hero Alex. I, 190, 19; TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 9 and 11 [Stone p. 48]; ApcMos 9; Jos., Ant. 20, 173) J 6:62; 7:50; 9:8; 1 Ti 1:13; Hv 3, 3, 5. The first time Hv 3, 12, 1; Hs 9, 1, 3. So prob. also Gal 4:13. Naturally the transl. once is also prob., but from a linguistic point of view it is not poss. to establish the thesis that Paul wished to differentiate betw. a later visit and an earlier one.

② prior to someone/someth. else in importance, superior, preferable, more prominent (Pla., Lach. 183b πρότεροι ἡμῶν; Aristot. Cat. 14b, 5ff εἰώθασι δὲ καὶ οἱ πολλοὶ τοὺς ἐντιμοτέρους καὶ μᾶλλον ἀγαπωμένους ὑπʼ αὐτῶν προτέρους φάσκειν εἶναι=ordinary people are accustomed to say that those who are especially esteemed and held in affection by them enjoy priority in their thinking; Wsd 7:29) ἄλλοι σου πρότεροί εἰσιν others are superior to you Hv 3, 4, 3.—As equivalent of an ordinal numeral τῆς Ἰωάννου προτέρας ἐπιστολῆς the first letter of John Papias (2:17),—DELG. M-M.

γλῠκύτης, ητος, ἡ,

A sweetness of taste, Hdt.4.177, Thphr.CP6.9.4;

ὑδάτων D.S.4.84

, cf. Arr.Peripl.M.Eux.49.

2 sweetness, pleasantness, γ. φυσική, of life, Arist.Pol. 1278b30;

τῆς λέξεως D.H.Comp.11

;

μέλος καὶ γ. Phld.Mus.p.49K.

; of persons, Plu.2.67b: in pl., delights,

ἐπιθυμίαι πονηραὶ καὶ γλυκύτητες Phld.Lib.p.61

O.

ποικίλος, η, ον (Hom.+)

① pert. to existence in various kinds or modes, diversified, manifold (Pind. et al.; 2 Macc 15:21; EpArist 78; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 393, Ant. 10, 142) ἄνθη (Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13 p. 371c) ApcPt 3:10. ἀρνήσεις Hs 8, 8, 4. ἀσθένειαι 6, 3, 4c. βάσανοι many/various kinds of torments Mt 4:24; Hs 6, 3, 4b; of torture MPol 2:4. βοτάναι Hm 10, 1, 5. δυνάμεις Hb 2:4. ἔθνη Hs 9, 17, 2b; ἐπιθυμίαι 2 Ti 3:6; cp. Tit 3:3. ἰδέαι Hs 9, 17, 1. καρποί 9, 28, 3; Dg 12:1. νόσοι (Tat. 20, 2; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 58 νοσήματα) Mt 4:24; Mk 1:34; Lk 4:40. ὄρη Hs 9, 17, 2ac; 3. πειρασμοί Js 1:2; 1 Pt 1:6 (πολλοῖς P⁷²). πονηρίαι Hs 9, 18, 3. πραγματεῖαι (cp. Philo, In Flacc. 3) 9, 20, 1. τιμωρίαι 6, 3, 3; 4a. τρυφαί m 6, 2, 5. π. χάρις θεοῦ the grace of God, that manifests itself in various ways 1 Pt 4:10. χρόαι Hs 9, 4, 5ac. W. ξένος: διδαχαί Hb 13:9 (s. also 2b below). W. πολύς (Diod S 5, 62, 1 πολλοὶ κ. ποικίλοι λόγοι=many and varied reports; 17, 13, 1; Maximus Tyr. 11, 11e; Ps.-Plut., Hom. 122) Hm 4, 2, 3; Hs 9, 20, 2. ἐν πολλαῖ θλίψεσι π. in many kinds of afflictions 7:4.

② pert. to existence in various aspects

ⓐ of things, many-colored, variegated (Hom.+; Polyaenus 6, 1, 4; Lucian, Deor. Conc. 10; PGM 4, 2709; LXX [Gen 37:3 al.]; TestJob 46:7; TestZeb 1:3; Jos., Ant. 11, 235). This mng. is to be preferred in οἱ λίθοι οἱ π. the many-colored stones (JosAs 2:3; 13:5; IG IV²/1, 106 I, 96; 113 [IV B.C.]) Hs 9, 4, 5b.

ⓑ of persons, esp. w. ref. to devious ways of thinking, words, actions, fig. ext. of 2a: ambiguous, crafty, sly, deceitful (Hes. et al.; Trag.; Pind., N. 5, 28 βουλεύματα; Aristoph., Thesm. 438 λόγοι; Polyb. 8, 18, 4 Κρὴς ὑπάρχων καὶ φύσει ποικίλος; Just., D. 134, 5) Hb 13:9 (s. also 1 above). ἀπατη[λοὺς] καὶ π. … λόγους AcPl Ox 6, 12 (restored after Aa I 241, 14).—DELG. M-M. TW.

κᾰκουργ-ος, [dialect] Ep. [full] κακοεργός (also late Prose, Porph.Abst. 2.38;

A

δαιμόνια κακοεργά Aen.Gaz.Thphr.p.60B.

), ον, ([etym.] ἔργον) doing ill, mischievous, knavish, once in Hom., ἀλλά με γαστὴρ ὀτρύνει κακοεργός importunate, Od.18.54; freq. later,

κλῶπες κακοῦργοι Hdt. 1.41

;

κ. ἀνήρ S.Aj. 1043

; also

κακουργότατος λόγος D.20.125

;

κ. μάχαιρα AP11.136

(Lucill.);

- ότατα εἰπεῖν Antipho 2.4.2

. Adv.

- γως Poll.3.132

.

2 as Subst., malefactor, criminal in the eye of the law, Ps.-Phoc.133, Th.1.134, PLille 1.7.20 (iii B.C.), Ev.Luc. 23.32, etc.;

οὐδεὶς κακοεργός Theoc.15.47

; at Athens, technically, thief, robber,

ὁ τῶν κακούργων νόμος Antipho5.9

, cf. 16, Lys.13.78, D.22.28, 24.102.

II c. gen., doing harm to, κ. μὲν τῶν ἄλλων, ἑαυτοῦ δὲ πολὺ -ότερος, X.Mem.1.5.3, cf. Pl.R. 421b: abs., harmful, κ. ἐπιθυμίαι ib. 554c;

καρτερία Id.La. 192d

;

ἄγνοια -οτάτη καὶ αἰσχίστη Id.Alc.1.118a

.

ἀόριστ-ος, ον,

A without boundaries, debatable,

γῆ Th.1.139

.

2 limitless, ὀρέξεις, φόβοι, ἐπιθυμίαι, Epicur.Fr. 202, 203.

II indeterminate, Pl.Lg. 643d, Arist.Metaph. 1087a17, al.;

οὐδὲν ἀνεξέταστον οὐδ' ἀ. D.4.36

; ἄτακτα, ἀδιόρθωτα, ἀόρισθ' ἅπαντα ibid.; ἀ. ἀξιώματα indefinite propositions, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.5,al.; ἀ. καὶ κρίσεως προσδεόμενον, opp. ὡρισμένον, Epicur. Nat.p.31 G.; ἀ. [ἄρχων] one who holds office without limit of time, Arist.Pol. 1275a26; uncertain,

ζωῆς τελευτή AP9.499

: [comp] Comp.

πρόληψις Phld.Rh.2.189S.

, cf. Plot.3.9.2. Adv.

- τως Pl.Lg. 916e

, Arist. Cat. 8b9,al.

2 ἀ. ὄνομα or ῥῆμα an indefinite term, as

οὐκ-ἄνθρωπος Id.Int. 16a32

, 16b14; of pronouns, A.D.Pron.7.1, al.

3 ὁ ἀ. (sc. χρόνος) the aorist tense, D.T.638.24, A.D.Synt.276.5,al.

ῥέπ-ω, mostly used in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf.: [tense] fut.

A

ῥέψω Hdt.7.139

, Paus.9.37.8: [tense] aor.

ἔρρεψα Hp. Art.38

,48, Pl.Phlb. 46e; poet.

ἔρεψα Cerc.4.32

:—turn the scale, sink, ἐτίταινε τάλαντα, ἕλκε δὲ μέσσα λαβών, ῥέπε δ' αἴσιμον ἦμαρ Ἀχαιῶν, implying defeat and death, Il.8.72;

ῥέπε δ' Ἕκτορος αἴσιμον ἦμαρ 22.212

;

τὸ τοῦδέ γ' αὖ ῥέπει Ar.Ra. 1393

;

τοῦ ταλάντου τὸ ῥέπον κάτω βαδίζει τὸ δὲ κενὸν πρὸς τὸν Δία Id.Fr.488.4

, cf. Cerc. l.c.;

τὸ μὲν κάτω ῥέπον.., βαρύ· τὸ δὲ ἄνω, κοῦφον Pl.Just. 373e

; ἀεὶ τοὐναντίον ῥ. Id.R. 550e, cf. Archim.Aequil.1 Praef.

2 more generally, of things, incline one way or the other, ὅ τι πολλᾷ ῥέποι what is always shifling, never steady, Pi.O.8.23; βλεμμάτων ῥέπει βολή inclines downward, falls, of a young girl's eye, A.Fr. 242; ὕπνος ἐπὶ γλεφάροις ῥέπων sleep falling upon the eyes, Pi.P.9.25; ἐς τὸ λορδόν, κυφόν, Hp.Art.48;

ῥ. πρὸς τὴν γῆν Arist.PA 686a32

, etc.

3 of one of two contending parties, preponderate, prevail,

ἐπὶ ὁκότερα [οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι] ἐτράποντο, ταῦτα ῥέψειν ἔμελλε Hdt.7.139

; μοι σκοπουμένῳ ἔρρεψε δεῖν on consideration [the opinion] that it was necessary prevailed, Pl.Ep. 328b;

ἠθῶν.., ἃ ἂν ὥσπερ ῥέψαντα τἄλλα ἐφελκύσηται Id.R. 544e

.

4 of persons, εὖ ῥέπει θεός is favourably inclined, A.Th.21; ἐπὶ τὸ πρηνές the doctor should incline towards ( prefer) pronation, Hp.Fract.1 (unless in signf. 2, the subject being τὴν χεῖρα)

; ῥ. ἐπὶ τὸ πείθεσθαι Isoc.15.4

;

ἐπὶ τὸ λῆμμα D.18.298

;

πρὸς τὴν ἀνδρείαν Pl.Plt. 308a

, cf. Lg. 802e; also

ῥ. ταῖς γνώμαις ἐπὶ τοὺς Ῥοδίους Plb.33.16.2

;

εἴς τινα Luc.

Bis Acc.6; but νομίζων τούτους πλεῖστον ῥέπειν ἐπὶ τὸ ἀγαθὸν τῇ πόλει avail most, have the greatest influence, X.Lac.4.1, cf. Isyll.24; so also

εἰς ἕν τι αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι σφόδρα ῥέπουσιν Pl.R. 485d

, cf. Phlb. 46e; ῥ. πρὸς [τὴν ἡδονήν] Arist.EN 1172a31;

ῥ. πρὸς τὴν ὀλιγαρχίαν Id.Pol. 1293b20

.

5 ῥ. εἴς τινα fall to, be directed towards,

τὸ μητρὸς ἔς δέ μοι ῥέπει στέργηθρον A.Ch. 240

; τοὔργον εἰς ἐμὲ ῥέπον that this deed points to me, S.OT 847.

6 of events, fall, happen, in a certain way,

φιλεῖ τοῦτο μὴ ταύτῃ ῥέπειν Id.Ant. 722

; τῇδε or ἐκείνῃ ῥ. Pl.Lg. 862c, Ti. 79e; ῥ. εἴς τι turn or come to something,

συμφορὰν.. κακῶν ῥέπουσαν ἐς τὰ μάσσονα A.Pers. 440

; τὸ μηδὲν εἰς οὐδὲν ῥ. naught comes to naught, E.Fr. 532; ὁ χρησμὸς ἐς τοῦτο ῥ. Ar.Pl.51; ὁ γρῖφος ἐνταῦθα ῥ. Antiph.124.11.

II trans., cause the scale to incline one way or the other, only in compds. ἐπιρρέπω, καταρρέπω, exc. that A. uses the [voice] Pass., τῶνδ' ἐξ ἴσου ῥεπομένων being equally balanced, Supp.405 (lyr.):—in B.16.25, ὅ τι μὲν ἐκ θεῶν μοῖρα παγκρατὴς ἄμμι κατένευσε καὶ Δίκας ῥέπει τάλαντον, ῥ. is prob. intrans. (sc. ἐπ' αὐτό). (Perh. cogn. with Lith. virpti 'quiver'.)

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `morbid `longing' of pregnant women craving for strange food' (Dsc., S. E., Sor., Gal.).

Other forms: Att. κίττα.

Derivatives: κισσάω, κιττάω `have κ.' (Ar., Arist.), `become pregnant' (LXX), with κίσσησις (Gal.). κισσώδης `full of κίσσα' (Dsc.).

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: Age and frequency of the attestations suggest, that κισσάω as opposed to 2. κίσσα is primary, so a backformation (thus Lagercrantz Lautgeschichte 86ff., but with wrong etymology). But κισσάω is a denominative of 1. κίσσα `jay, magpie' and refers to the wellknown gluttony of the bird ( ὄρνεον ἀδηφάγον καὶ παμφάγον sch. Ar. Pax 496); so κισσάω prop. popular-expressive `behave like a jay (magpie)'. - The usual connection with Skt. kéta- `will, desire', Lith. kviečiù `invite' etc. (Solmsen KZ 33, 294ff.) must be given up. Other wrong etymologies in Bq. The gloss κοῖται γυναικῶν ἐπιθυμίαι is just an incidental use of κοίτη = `marital bed, sexual intercourse'.

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