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21 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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22 Beschaffenheit
f; nur Sg.1. (Eigenschaft) quality; (Art) nature; (Struktur) structure; weiche / raue etc. Beschaffenheit softness / roughness etc.; von welcher Beschaffenheit ist dieser Stoff? what is the nature of this material?2. (Zustand) state, condition* * *die Beschaffenheitcharacter; kind; quality; state; consistence; habit; nature* * *Be|schạf|fen|heitf -, no plcomposition; (von Mensch) (körperlich) constitution; (seelisch) nature, qualities pldie glatte Beschaffenheit des Steins — the smoothness of the stone
er hat für diesen Beruf nicht die seelische/körperliche Beschaffenheit — he doesn't have the right sort of psychological make-up/physique for this job
je nach Beschaffenheit der Lage — according to the situation
* * *die1) (the degree of thickness or firmness: of the consistency of dough.) consistency2) (quality; what something is or consists of: What is the nature of your work?) nature3) (the way something feels when touched, eaten etc: the texture of wood, stone, skin etc.) texture* * *Be·schaf·fen·heit<->f kein pl composition; Zustand state, nature; Material structure, quality; Körper constitution; Psyche make-updie \Beschaffenheit des Stoffes war sehr seidig the material was very silky* * *die; Beschaffenheit: properties pl.; (Konsistenz) consistency* * *weiche/raue etcBeschaffenheit softness/roughness etc;von welcher Beschaffenheit ist dieser Stoff? what is the nature of this material?2. (Zustand) state, condition* * *die; Beschaffenheit: properties pl.; (Konsistenz) consistency* * *f.character n.constitution n.nature n.quality n.structure n.texture n. -
23 shape
shape [ʃeɪp]1 noun(a) (outer form) forme f;∎ what shape is it? de quelle forme est-ce?;∎ the room was triangular in shape la pièce était de forme triangulaire ou avait la forme d'un triangle;∎ a sweet in the shape of a heart un bonbon en forme de cœur;∎ the house/garden is an odd shape la maison/le jardin a une drôle de forme;∎ they were the same shape ils étaient de la même forme, ils avaient la même forme;∎ each pebble is a different shape chaque caillou a une forme différente;∎ they come in all shapes and sizes il y en a de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles;∎ to change shape changer de forme;∎ she moulded the clay into shape elle façonna l'argile;∎ he bent/beat the copper into shape il plia/martela le cuivre;∎ my hat was knocked out of shape mon chapeau a été déformé;∎ my pullover has lost its shape or is out of shape mon pull s'est déformé(b) (figure, silhouette) forme f, silhouette f;∎ vague shapes could be seen in the mist on distinguait des formes vagues dans la brume(c) (abstract form or structure) forme f;∎ the shape of our society la structure de notre société;∎ she plans to change the whole shape of the company elle a l'intention de modifier complètement la structure de l'entreprise;∎ the new technologies have changed the shape of our lives les nouvelles technologies ont changé la façon dont nous vivons;∎ the shape of things to come ce qui nous attend, ce que l'avenir nous réserve;∎ to take shape prendre forme ou tournure;∎ her plan was beginning to take shape son projet commençait à se concrétiser ou à prendre forme;∎ to give shape to sth donner forme à qch∎ help eventually arrived in the shape of her parents ce sont ses parents qui finirent par arriver pour lui prêter secours;∎ progress, in the shape of motorways/supermarkets le progrès que représentent les autoroutes/les supermarchés;∎ wealth in the shape of a large house la richesse symbolisée par la possession d'une grande maison;∎ he can't take alcohol in any shape or form il ne supporte l'alcool sous aucune forme(e) (condition) forme f;∎ I'm rather out of shape je ne suis pas très en forme;∎ I need to get (back) into shape j'ai besoin de me remettre en forme;∎ the economy is in poor shape at the moment l'économie est mal en point actuellement;∎ to keep oneself or to stay in shape garder la forme, rester en forme;∎ what sort of shape was he in? dans quel état était-il?, comment allait-il?;∎ she was in pretty bad shape (very ill, badly injured) elle était mal en point ou dans un sale état;∎ he's in no shape to be doing this kind of work! il n'est pas en état de faire ce genre de travail!;∎ familiar to knock or to lick sth into shape mettre qch au point□ ;∎ familiar I'll soon knock or lick them into shape! (soldiers) j'aurai vite fait de les dresser, moi!; (team) j'aurai vite fait de les remettre en forme, moi!∎ she shaped the clay into rectangular blocks elle a façonné l'argile en blocs rectangulaires;∎ he shaped a pot from the wet clay il a façonné un pot dans l'argile;∎ the paper had been shaped into a cone le papier avait été plié en forme de cône(b) (influence → events, life, future) influencer, déterminer;∎ to shape sb's character former ou façonner le caractère de qn;∎ the war shaped her perception of the army la guerre a influencé sa perception de l'armée∎ the jacket is shaped at the waist la veste est ajustée à la taille(develop → plan) prendre forme ou tournure;∎ things are shaping well les choses se présentent bien ou prennent une bonne tournure;∎ how is he shaping as a teacher? comment se débrouille-t-il dans l'enseignement?∎ you'd better shape up, young man! il est temps que tu te secoues, jeune homme!;∎ familiar shape up or ship out! secouez-vous sinon c'est la porte!;∎ familiar shape up and look smart! grouille-toi!(c) (progress, develop → plans, situation) prendre (une bonne) tournure;∎ the business is beginning to shape up les affaires commencent à bien marcher;∎ our plans are shaping up nicely nos projets prennent une bonne tournure;∎ the new team is shaping up well la nouvelle équipe commence à bien fonctionner;∎ they are shaping up into a good orchestra ils commencent à former un bon orchestre;∎ how is she shaping up as a translator? comment se débrouille-t-elle ou comment s'en sort-elle en tant que traductrice?;∎ she isn't shaping up too badly elle ne se débrouille ou ne s'en sort pas trop mal -
24 נטע
נָטַע(b. h.) ( to fix, 1) = נָטָה, to pitch a tent; put up a temporary structure. Meg.5b נטיעה של שמחה נ׳ he put up a temporary structure for a festive religious occasion, v. אַכְוַרְנְקָא. Ib. היכי נ׳ נטיעהוכ׳ how dared he put up a temporary structure on Purim?Snh.111a ביקש מקום לִנְטוֹעַ אהלו (Ex. R. s. 6 לִנְטוֹת) he wanted a place to put up his tent; a. fr. 2) to insert, to plant, contrad. to זרע. Kil. II, 4 זרועה ונמלך לנוֹטְעָהּ if a field was sown, and he resolves to plant trees in it, לא יאמר אֶטַּעוכ׳ he must not say, I will first plant and then, v. אָפַךְ. Ib. I, 8 אין נוֹטְעין ירקותוכ׳ you must not plant vegetables ; a. v. fr.Part. pass. נָטוּעַ; f. נְטוּעָה; pl. נְטוּעִום, נְטוּעִין; נְטוּעוֹת. Ib. V, 1; 4; sq.; a. fr.Trnsf. to beget. Y.Yeb.I, 2b, a. e., v. נְטִיעָה. Nif. נִיטַּע, נִטַּע to be planted with trees. B. Bath.24b; Erub.23b נ׳ רובו if the larger portion of it was planted with trees, opp. נזרע. Ohol. XVIII, 3 אינה נִטַּעת כל נטע must not be planted with any kind of trees; Tosef. ib. XVII, 10; a. fr. -
25 נָטַע
נָטַע(b. h.) ( to fix, 1) = נָטָה, to pitch a tent; put up a temporary structure. Meg.5b נטיעה של שמחה נ׳ he put up a temporary structure for a festive religious occasion, v. אַכְוַרְנְקָא. Ib. היכי נ׳ נטיעהוכ׳ how dared he put up a temporary structure on Purim?Snh.111a ביקש מקום לִנְטוֹעַ אהלו (Ex. R. s. 6 לִנְטוֹת) he wanted a place to put up his tent; a. fr. 2) to insert, to plant, contrad. to זרע. Kil. II, 4 זרועה ונמלך לנוֹטְעָהּ if a field was sown, and he resolves to plant trees in it, לא יאמר אֶטַּעוכ׳ he must not say, I will first plant and then, v. אָפַךְ. Ib. I, 8 אין נוֹטְעין ירקותוכ׳ you must not plant vegetables ; a. v. fr.Part. pass. נָטוּעַ; f. נְטוּעָה; pl. נְטוּעִום, נְטוּעִין; נְטוּעוֹת. Ib. V, 1; 4; sq.; a. fr.Trnsf. to beget. Y.Yeb.I, 2b, a. e., v. נְטִיעָה. Nif. נִיטַּע, נִטַּע to be planted with trees. B. Bath.24b; Erub.23b נ׳ רובו if the larger portion of it was planted with trees, opp. נזרע. Ohol. XVIII, 3 אינה נִטַּעת כל נטע must not be planted with any kind of trees; Tosef. ib. XVII, 10; a. fr. -
26 form
fɔ:m
1. сущ.
1) форма;
внешний вид;
очертание to assume, take the form of smth. ≈ принимать форму чего-л. to assume human form ≈ принимать человеческий вид a fiend in human form ≈ волк в овечьей шкуре The cookies were in the form of squares. ≈ Булочки были квадратной формы. Syn: configuration, contour, figure, outline, shape, structure
2) фигура( особ. человека) This coat really fits one's form. ≈ Это пальто действительно хорошо сидит на фигуре. Syn: body, figure, shape, build, physique
3) форма, вид abridged, condensed form ≈ сокращенная форма, сокращенный вариант concise form ≈ краткая форма convenient form, handy form ≈ удобная форма revised form ≈ исправленная форма The book came out in abridged form. ≈ Книга издана в сокращенной форме. Ice is water in another form. ≈ Лед - это вода только в другом виде. Syn: appearance, phase, aspect, manifestation
4) вид, разновидность The ant is a form of insect. ≈ Муравей - это вид насекомых. Syn: type, variety, kind, sort;
genus, species, genre, class
5) порядок;
общепринятая форма in due form ≈ в должной форме, по всем правилам
6) бланк, образец, форма;
анкета to fill in a form брит., to fill out a form амер., to fill up a form уст. ≈ заполнить бланк tax form ≈ декларация о доходах tax return form ≈ бланк декларации о доходах application form
7) формальность;
церемония, этикет, установленный порядок They didn't follow the traditional form of the marriage service. ≈ Они не придерживались традиционных форм бракосочетания. Syn: prescribed method, rule, habit, proceeding, practice, ritual;
etiquette, conventionality
8) манеры, поведение good form, proper form ≈ хороший тон, хорошие манеры bad form ≈ дурной тон, плохие манеры It's bad form to come late to a formal reception. ≈ На официальную встречу опаздывать неприлично. Syn: social behavior, manner, deportment, conduct, style, mode;
way, manner
9) готовность, состояние;
хорошая спортивная форма The horse is in form. ≈ Лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам. off form ≈ не в форме She was in superb form today. ≈ Она была сегодня в превосходной форме. If she's in form, she can win the match easily. ≈ Если она будет сегодня в форме, она легко выиграет матч. Syn: trim, fettle, fitness, shape, top condition, healthy condition
10) скамья
11) класс( в школе) in the fourth form ≈ в четвертом классе
12) нора( зайца)
13) грам. форма bound form colloquial form combining form diminutive form free form inflectional form obsolete form plural form singular form surface form underlying form
14) иск. вид, форма;
композиция You paint well, but your work lacks form. ≈ С красками у тебя все в порядке, но в твоей картине нет формы. Syn: order, system, structure, harmony, arrangement;
shapeliness, proportion, symmetry
15) тех. модель, форма When the cement has hardened, the form is removed. ≈ Когда цемент затвердеет, форма удаляется. Syn: mold, cast, frame, framework, matrix
16) полигр. печатная форма
17) строит. опалубка
18) ж.-д. формирование( поездов)
19) расписание racing form ≈ расписание скачек, программа скачек
2. гл.
1) а) придавать форму, вид to form chopped beef into patties ≈ делать лепешки из кусков говядины б) принимать форму, вид
2) а) составлять, образовывать The sofa is formed of three separate sections. ≈ Диван составлен из трех отдельных секций. б) включать в себя, содержать ∙ Syn: compose, comprise, make up, constitute;
serve to make up
3) а) создавать;
формулировать( идею, план и т. п.) б) создаваться, возникать
4) воспитывать, вырабатывать, формировать (характер, качества и т. п.) ;
дисциплинировать;
приобретать He formed the habit of peering over his glasses. ≈ У него выработалась привычка смотреть поверх очков. Syn: develop, acquire, contract, pick up
5) а) формировать, образовывать;
воен. формировать (части) ;
ж.-д. формировать (поезда) They formed an army out of rabble. ≈ Они сформировали армию из толпы. б) формироваться, образовываться;
строиться
6) тех. формовать Syn: mould
7) забираться в нору (о зайце) ∙ form up форма;
внешний вид;
очертание - without shape or * бесформенный - in any shape or * в любом виде - in the * of a cube в форме куба - to take * принять должную форму - to take the * of smth. принимать вид /форму/ чего-л. - the cloud was changing its * облако меняло очертания фигура (человека) - well-proportioned * пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура - fair of face and * с прекрасным лицом и фигурой - I saw a well-known * standing before me я увидел перед собой хорошо знакомую фигуру обличье - Proteus was able to appear in the * of any animal Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного стать (лошади) форма, вид - literary * литературная форма - in tabular * в виде таблицы - in the * of a sonnet в форме сонета - in the * of a drama в драматической форме - * and substance форма и содержание - a sense of * чувство формы вид, разновидность;
тип - *s of animal and vegetable life формы животной и растительной жизни - it's a * of influenza это особая форма гриппа - a * of activity род деятельности стиль, манера - his * in swimming is bad он плавает плохо /плохим стилем/ - bad * дурной тон;
плохие манеры - the rules of good * правила хорошего тона состояние;
форма (часто спортивная) ;
готовность - to be in( good) * быть в хорошем состоянии;
быть в хорошей спортивной форме;
быть в ударе - to be in bad *, to be out of * быть в плохом состоянии;
быть в плохой( спортивной) форме;
быть не в ударе, "не в форме" - to round into * (спортивное) приобретать спортивную форму настроение, душевное состояние - Jack was in great * at the dinner party Джек был в приподнятом настроении на званом обеде формальность;
проформа - as a matter of *, for *'s sake для проформы, формально - to attach importance to *s придавать значение формальностям церемония, порядок - in due * по всем правилам - found in good and due * (дипломатическое) найденные в должном порядке и надлежащей форме (о полномочиях) - * of action (юридическое) процессуальная форма установившаяся форма выражения;
формула - the * of greeting формула приветствия класс (в школе) - upper *s старшие классы - first * младший класс форма, бланк, образец;
анкета - printed * печатный бланк - a * for a deed бланк /форма/ для соглашения - a * of application форма заявления - to fill in /up/ a * заполнить бланк /анкету и т. п./ длинная скамья, скамейка нора (зайца) (грамматика) форма слова( специальное) форма исполнения (машины) модель, тип, образец;
торговый сорт( металла и т. п.) (техническое) форма для литья (полиграфия) печатная форма (строительство) форма;
опалубка - * removal распалубка( математическое) выражение придавать форму, вид - to * a piece of wood into a certain shape придавать куску дерева определенную форму - to * smth. after /upon, from, by, in accordance with/ a pattern создавать /делать/ что-л. по определенному образцу - state *ed after the Roman republic государство, созданное по образцу Римской республики принимать форму, вид составлять, образовывать;
формировать - these parts together * a perfect whole эти части образуют вместе гармоничное целое - the rain *ed large pools on the lawn от дождя на газоне образовались большие лужи - the clouds *ed a veil over the mountain-top облака затянули вершину горы - the baby is beginning to * short words ребенок начинает произносить короткие слова образовываться;
формироваться - crystals *ed in the retort в реторте образовались кристаллы - clouds are *ing on the hills на вершинах холмов сгущаются облака (грамматика) образовывать - to * the plural of the noun образовать множественное число существительного создавать, составлять;
формулировать - to * an idea создавать себе представление - to * an opinion составить мнение - to * a plan создать /выработать/ план - to * a habit приобрести привычку, привыкнуть( к чему-л.) возникать, оформляться - the idea slowly *ed in my mind эта мысль постепенно становилась у меня более отчетливой представлять собой;
являться - chocolate *s a wholesome substitute for staple food шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания - bonds *ed the bulk of his estate основную часть его состояния представляли облигации тренировать, дисциплинировать;
воспитывать;
развивать - to * the mind развивать ум - to * the character воспитывать характер - to * a child by care воспитывать ребенка заботливо - to * good habits прививать хорошие привычки /навыки хорошего поведения/ формировать, организовывать;
образовывать, создавать - to * a class for beginners создать группу начинающих - to * an army формировать армию - to * a government формировать правительство - to * a society организовывать общество - the children were *ed into small groups дети были разбиты на небольшие группы - they *ed themselves into a committee они сорганизовались в комитет( военное) строить - to * a column вытягиваться в колонну (военное) строиться( специальное) формировать (специальное) формовать (садоводчество) обрезать, подвергать обрезке;
формировать крону забираться, забиваться в нору (о зайце) форма (таксономическая единица) account ~ документ бухгалтерского учета adjustment ~ схема регулирования bill ~ бланк векселя bill ~ бланк счета bill ~ вексельный формуляр blank ~ чистый бланк business tax ~ бланк налоговой декларации для предпринимателя charge ~ форма платежа cheque ~ бланк чека claim ~ бланк заявления о выплате страхового возмещения clausal ~ вчт. стандартная форма coding ~ вчт. бланк программирования company ~ форма компании complete a ~ заполнять бланк contract ~ форма контракта customs declaration ~ бланк таможенной декларации customs ~ таможенный формуляр data collection ~ вчт. форма для сбора данных deposit ~ депозитный бланк draft ~ эскиз бланка due ~ установленная форма due ~ установленный образец entry ~ вчт. бланк ввода информации export ~ экспортный формуляр form анкета ~ бланк ~ вид, разновидность ~ воспитывать, вырабатывать (характер, качества и т. п.) дисциплинировать;
тренировать ~ заключать (договор) ~ класс (в школе) ~ нора (зайца) ~ образец, бланк;
анкета ~ образовывать ~ стр. опалубка ~ основывать ~ полигр. печатная форма ~ порядок;
общепринятая форма;
in due form в должной форме, по всем правилам ~ придавать или принимать форму, вид;
to form a vessel out of clay вылепить сосуд из глины ~ скамья ~ создавать(ся), образовывать(ся) ;
I can form no idea of his character не могу составить себе представления о его характере ~ создавать ~ составить ~ составлять;
parts form a whole части образуют целое ~ составлять ~ состояние, готовность;
the horse is in form лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам ~ сформировать ~ установленный образец, проформа, бланк, формуляр, анкета ~ установленный образец ~ утверждать ~ учреждать, образовывать, основывать ~ фигура (особ. человека) ~ тех. форма, модель ~ иск. форма, вид;
literary form литературная форма ~ грам. форма ~ форма;
внешний вид;
очертание;
in the form of a globe в форме шара;
to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) ~ вчт. форма ~ форма ~ формальность, этикет, церемония;
good (bad) form хороший( дурной) тон, хорошие (плохие) манеры ~ ж.-д. формирование (поездов) ~ воен. формирование, построение ~ ж.-д. формировать (поезда) ~ воен. формировать (части) ~ формировать(-ся), образовывать(ся) ;
строиться ~ формировать ~ тех. формовать ~ формуляр forme: forme =form ~ придавать или принимать форму, вид;
to form a vessel out of clay вылепить сосуд из глины ~ for advance statement форма заявления об авансовых платежах ~ for estimating future income форма для оценки будущего дохода ~ of a summons бланк судебной повестки ~ of a writ форма искового заявления ~ of borrowing форма займа ~ of cooperation форма кооперации ~ of government форма правительства ~ of government форма правления ~ of organization форма организации ~ of request бланк заявки ~ of request форма запроса ~ of request форма требования ~ of sales форма продажи ~ of saving форма сбережения ~ of taxation форма налогообложения ~ of tender форма заявки ~ of tender форма предложения giro in-payment ~ бланк для платежа в системе жиросчетов giro transfer ~ бланк для жироперевода ~ формальность, этикет, церемония;
good (bad) form хороший (дурной) тон, хорошие (плохие) манеры horizontal ~ выч. бланк счета ~ состояние, готовность;
the horse is in form лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам ~ создавать(ся), образовывать(ся) ;
I can form no idea of his character не могу составить себе представления о его характере in (good) ~ в ударе in (good) ~ "в форме" (о спортсмене) ~ форма;
внешний вид;
очертание;
in the form of a globe в форме шара;
to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) in-payment ~ форма платежа income tax ~ бланк декларации на подоходный налог inquiry ~ анкета legal ~ правовая форма legal ~ юридическая форма letter ~ образец письма linguistic ~ лингвистическая форма ~ иск. форма, вид;
literary form литературная форма market ~ форма рынка missing letter ~ утерянный бланк письма model ~ типовая форма money order ~ бланк денежного перевода mortgage deed ~ бланк залогового сертификата mortgage deed ~ бланк ипотечного свидетельства narrative ~ форма отчета order ~ бланк заказа order ~ бланк требования order ~ форма приказа outpayment ~ форма выплаты ~ составлять;
parts form a whole части образуют целое payment notification ~ бланк уведомления о платеже postal note ~ бланк почтового перевода на сумму до 5 долл. (США) postal order ~ бланк денежного перевода printed ~ печатный бланк proposal ~ бланк заявки на торгах receipt ~ бланк квитанции receipt ~ образец расписки reduced ~ вчт. приведенная форма registration ~ регистрационный бланк reply ~ бланк для ответа report ~ анкета report ~ опросный лист report ~ переписной бланк report ~ форма статистического опросного листа requisition ~ бланк заявки requisition ~ форма заявки screen ~ file вчт. файл экранных форм sentential ~ вчт. сентенциальная форма share transfer ~ форма передачи права собственности на акции signature ~ образец подписи stamped ~ бланк со штампом standard ~ вчт. стандартная форма statement ~ форма заявления table ~ вчт. табличная форма tabular ~ полигр. плоская печатная форма tabular ~ вчт. табличная форма ~ форма;
внешний вид;
очертание;
in the form of a globe в форме шара;
to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) tax ~ бланк налоговой декларации transfer ~ бланк перевода -
27 К-12
КАК БЫ...1. (Particle) used to show that the object, action etc named is almost, but not exactly, what is named: (a) kind ofsomething of seem to... (it is) as if (though) as it were (in limited contexts) seemingly....Между ними (ёлками) образовалась как бы аллейка... (Набоков 1)....They (the fir trees) formed between them a kind of small avenue... (1a).Исключённый из Союза писателей, я был объявлен как бы вне закона (Войнович 1). Expelled from the Writers' Union, I had been declared something of an outcast (1a).Иван хотел было кинуться к окну но что-то как бы вдруг связало ему ноги и руки (Достоевский 2). Ivan wanted to rush to the window, but something seemed suddenly to bind his legs and arms (2a).Когда я, нарушив правила литературного тона, сам оказался в повествовании в качестве героя, то впервые как бы поколебалась социальная структура Лёвы... (Битов 2). When I violated literary etiquette by turning up in the narrative myself in the capacity of hero, it was as if Lyova's social structure had been shaken for the first time (2a).Публика долго лица его не знала. Его нигде не видать. Уже знаменитый, он как бы остаётся за кулисами своей деятельной, говорливой мысли (Набоков 1). For a long time the public did not know his face. Nowhere was he seen. Already famous, he remained as it were in the wings of his busy, talkative thought (1a).2.subord Conj, compar) (used to introduce an interpretation of what is stated in the main clause the interpretation takes the form of an unreal comparison) ( sth. is done, happens, looks etc) the way it would if...: as if (though).Он продолжал стоять возле своего столика, как бы сочувствуя мне по поводу этой неприятной новости (Искандер 4). Не continued to stand by his desk, as though sympathizing with me over this disagreeable news (4a).3. obs, substandsubord Conj, condit) used to introduce a conditional clauseif (only)(with neg predic only) were it not for had it not been for.(Анна Петровна:) Как бы папенька-то твой не мотал без памяти, так бы другое дело было, а то оставил нас почти ни с чем (Островский 1). (А.Р:) If only your papa hadn't spent his money like water, then everything'd be different. As it is, he left us almost nothing at all (1a). -
28 как бы...
• КАК БЫ...=====1. [Particle]⇒ used to show that the object, action etc named is almost, but not exactly, what is named:- (a) kind of;- something of;- seem to...;- as it were;- [in limited contexts] seemingly.♦...Между ними [ёлками] образовалась как бы аллейка... (Набоков 1)....They [the fir trees] formed between them a kind of small avenue... (1a).♦ Исключённый из Союза писателей, я был объявлен как бы вне закона (Войнович 1). Expelled from the Writers' Union, I had been declared something of an outcast (1a).♦ Иван хотел было кинуться к окну; но что-то как бы вдруг связало ему ноги и руки (Достоевский 2). Ivan wanted to rush to the window, but something seemed suddenly to bind his legs and arms (2a).♦ Когда я, нарушив правила литературного тона, сам оказался в повествовании в качестве героя, то впервые как бы поколебалась социальная структура Лёвы... (Битов 2). When I violated literary etiquette by turning up in the narrative myself in the capacity of hero, it was as if Lyova's social structure had been shaken for the first time (2a).♦ Публика долго лица его не знала. Его нигде не видать. Уже знаменитый, он как бы остаётся за кулисами своей деятельной, говорливой мысли (Набоков 1). For a long time the public did not know his face. Nowhere was he seen. Already famous, he remained as it were in the wings of his busy, talkative thought (1a).2. [subord Conj, compar]⇒ (used to introduce an interpretation of what is stated in the main clause; the interpretation takes the form of an unreal comparison) (sth. is done, happens, looks etc) the way it would if...:- as if (though).♦ Он продолжал стоять возле своего столика, как бы сочувствуя мне по поводу этой неприятной новости (Искандер 4). He continued to stand by his desk, as though sympathizing with me over this disagreeable news (4a).3. obs, substand [subord Conj, condit]⇒ used to introduce a conditional clause:- if (only);- [with neg predic only] were it not for;- had it not been for.♦ [Анна Петровна:] Как бы папенька-то твой не мотал без памяти, так бы другое дело было, а то оставил нас почти ни с чем (Островский 1). [А.Р:] If only your papa hadn't spent his money like water, then everything'd be different. As it is, he left us almost nothing at all (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > как бы...
-
29 aceptación
f.1 acceptance, acknowledgment, acknowledgement, consent.2 acceptance bill.3 admissibility.* * *1 acceptance2 (aprobación) approval; (éxito) success■ la película tuvo poca aceptación the film wasn't popular, the film met with little success* * *noun f.* * *SF (=acto) acceptance; (=aprobación) approval; (=popularidad) popularity, standingmandar algo a la aceptación — (Com) to send sth on approval
* * *a) ( éxito) successde gran aceptación entre los jóvenes — very popular o successful with young people
b) ( acción) acceptance* * *= acceptance, favour [favor, -USA], take-up, uptake, assent, embrace, accommodation, thumbs up, admission.Ex. Two remarkable features of the BM code are its acceptance of corporate authorship, and its use of form headings.Ex. Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.Ex. One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.Ex. The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.Ex. The new Act, which received the royal assent in 1710, was not entirely to their taste however, for it ruled that copyright in a new book belonged not to its publisher but to its author.Ex. The Web's full embrace of constant change means that even old friend sites may be unrecognisable after technology facelifts.Ex. Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.Ex. The article 'Apple Macintosh: thumbs up? thumbs down?' considers whether online searchers should use Apple Macintosh machines.Ex. Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.----* aceptación pasiva = acquiescence.* adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.* encontrar aceptación = find + favour, find + acceptance, find + a home.* grado de aceptación = acceptance rate.* nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.* tasa de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.* * *a) ( éxito) successde gran aceptación entre los jóvenes — very popular o successful with young people
b) ( acción) acceptance* * *= acceptance, favour [favor, -USA], take-up, uptake, assent, embrace, accommodation, thumbs up, admission.Ex: Two remarkable features of the BM code are its acceptance of corporate authorship, and its use of form headings.
Ex: Since BC adheres closely to the educational and scientific consensus, BC found most favour with libraries in educational establishments.Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.Ex: The new Act, which received the royal assent in 1710, was not entirely to their taste however, for it ruled that copyright in a new book belonged not to its publisher but to its author.Ex: The Web's full embrace of constant change means that even old friend sites may be unrecognisable after technology facelifts.Ex: Whatever structure emerges will be one of accommodation and acceptance by the various stakeholders both in and outside the library.Ex: The article 'Apple Macintosh: thumbs up? thumbs down?' considers whether online searchers should use Apple Macintosh machines.Ex: Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.* aceptación pasiva = acquiescence.* adquisición pendiente de examen y aceptación = on approval acquisition, sending on approbation, sending on approval.* encontrar aceptación = find + favour, find + acceptance, find + a home.* grado de aceptación = acceptance rate.* nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.* tasa de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.* * *1 (éxito) successha tenido gran aceptación entre los jóvenes it has been very popular o successful with young peoplela película encontró poca aceptación the movie was badly received o had little success2 (acción) acceptance* * *
aceptación sustantivo femenino
◊ de gran aceptación entre los jóvenes very popular o successful with young people
aceptación sustantivo femenino
1 acceptance
2 (éxito) success: esta música tiene poca aceptación, this kind of music isn't very popular
' aceptación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bilateral
English:
acceptance
- queer
- would
- hot
* * *aceptación nf1. [aprobación] acceptance2. [éxito] success, popularity;tener gran aceptación (entre) to be very popular (with o among)3. Com & Fin acceptance* * *f1 acceptance;encontrar buena aceptación de plan receive a warm welcome, be welcomed; de producto, novela be successful ( entre with)2 éxito success* * *aceptación nf, pl - ciones1) : acceptance2) aprobación: approval* * *aceptación n acceptance -
30 rebelarse
pron.v.to rebel.* * *1 to rebel, revolt* * *verb* * *VPR to rebel* * *verbo pronominal to rebelrebelarse CONTRA alguien/algo — to rebel against somebody/something
* * *(v.) = revoltEx. When a library becomes rigid in its organizational and operational structure, the general trend of the employee is either to accept the situation passively, to revolt and leave, or to unionize.* * *verbo pronominal to rebelrebelarse CONTRA alguien/algo — to rebel against somebody/something
* * *rebelarse (contra)(v.) = rebel (against)Ex: It is still a way to rebel against the school establishment, parents and a way for non-smoking teenagers to gain one-upmanship over those who smoke.
(v.) = revoltEx: When a library becomes rigid in its organizational and operational structure, the general trend of the employee is either to accept the situation passively, to revolt and leave, or to unionize.
* * *rebelarse [A1 ]to rebel rebelarse CONTRA algn/algo to rebel AGAINST sb/sthel pueblo se rebeló contra el gobierno the people rebelled against o rose up against the governmentsiempre se ha rebelado contra todo tipo de tradiciones she has always rebelled against tradition of any kind* * *
rebelarse ( conjugate rebelarse) verbo pronominal
to rebel
rebelarse verbo reflexivo to rebel, revolt [contra, against]
' rebelarse' also found in these entries:
English:
rebel
- revolt
* * *rebelarse vprto rebel ( contra against);se rebelaron contra las órdenes de sus superiores they refused to obey the orders of their superior officers;un grupo de jóvenes que se rebela contra el racismo a group of young people who reject racism* * *v/r rebel* * *rebelarse vr: to rebel* * * -
31 घन _ghana
घन a. [इन् मूर्तौ अप् घनादेशश्च Tv.]1 Compact, firm, hard, solid; संजातश्च घनाघनः Māl.9.39.; नासा घनास्थिका Y.3.89; R.11.18.-2 Thick, close, dense; घनविरलभावः U.2.27; R.8.91; Amaru.59.-3 Thick-set, full, fully developed (as breasts); घटयति सुघने कुचयुगगगने मृगमदरुचि रूषिते Gīt.7; अगुरु-चतुष्कं भवति गुरू द्वौ घनकुचयुग्मे शशिवदना$सौ Śrut.8; Bh.1.8; Amaru.31.-4 Deep (as sound); दधानः सौधानामलघुषु निकुञ्जेषु घनताम् Māl.2.12; Mu.1.21.-5 Uninterrupted, permanent.-6 Impenetrable.-7 Great, excessive, violent.-8 Complete; अभ्यङ्गभङ्ग्या पापस्य न्यस्तं घनमपश्यतः Ks.4.53.-9 Auspicious, fortu- nate.-1 Coarse, gross.-11 Engrossed by, full or re- plete with; मा ते मलीमसविकारघना मतिर्भूत् Māl.1.32; निर्वृति˚ U.6.11.-नः A cloud; घनोदयः प्राक् तदनन्तरं पयः Ś.7.3; घनरुचिरकलापो निःसपत्नो$स्य जातः V.4.22.-2 An iron club, a mace; प्रतिजघान घनैरिव मुष्टिभिः Ki.18.1.-3 The body.-4 The cube of a number (in math.).-5 Ex- tension, diffusion.-6 A collection, multitude, quantity, mass, assemblage.-7 Talc.-8 Phlegm.-9 Any com- pact mass or substance.-1 Hardness, firmness.-11 A particular manner of reciting Vedic texts: thus the padas नमः रुद्रेभ्यः ये repeated in this manner would stand thus:-- नमो रुद्रेभ्यो रुद्रेभ्यो नमो नमो रुद्रेभ्यो ये ये रुद्रेभ्यो नमो नमो रुद्रेभ्यो ये.-नम् 1 A cymbal, a bell, a gong.-2 Iron.-3 Tin.-4 Skin, rind, bark.-5 A mode of dancing; (neither quick nor slow). ind. closely; घटयति घनं कण्ठा- श्लेषे रसान्न पयोधरौ Ratn.3.9.-Com. -अत्ययः, -अन्तः 'disappearance of the cloud', the season succeeding the rains, autumn (शरद्); घनव्यपायेन गभस्तिमानिव R.3.37.-अज्ञानी N. of Durgā.-अम्बु n. rain; घनाम्बुभिर्भूरि विलम्बिनो घनाः Subhās.-आकरः the rainy season.-आगमः, -उदयः 'the approach of clouds', the rainy season; घनागमः कामिजनप्रियः प्रिये Ṛs.2.1.-आमयः the date-tree.-आश्रयः the atmosphere, firmament.-उत्तमः the face.-उदधिः a parti- cular sea (hell ?).-उपलः hail.-ऊरू a woman having thick thighs; कुरु घनोरु पदानि शनैः शनैः Ve.2.2.-ओघः gathering of clouds.-कफः hail.-कालः the rainy season.-क्षम a. what may be hammered; Bhāvapr. 5.26.53.-गर्जितम् 1 thunder, peal or thundering noise of clouds, roar of thunder.-2 a deep loud roar.-गोलकः alloy of gold and silver.-घनः the cube of a cube.-जम्बाल thick mire.-ज्वाला lightning.-तालः a kind of bird (सारंग).-तोलः the Chātaka bird.-धातुः lymph.-ध्वनि a. roaring.(-निः) 1 a deep or low tone.-2 the muttering of thunder clouds; अनुहुंकुरुते घनध्वनिं न हि गोमायुरुतानि केशरी Śi.16.25.-नाभिः smoke (being supposed to be a principal ingredient in clouds; Me.5).-नीहारः thick hoar-frost or mist.-पदम् the cube root.-पदवी 'the path of clouds', firmament, sky; क्रामद्भिर्घनपदवीमनेकसंख्यैः Ki.5.34.-पाषण्डः a peacock.-फलम् (in geom.) the solid or cubical contents of a body or of an excavation.-मानम् the measurement by the exterior of a structure; Māna. 39-64.-मूलम् cube root (in math.)-रसः 1 thick juice.-2 extract, decoction.-3 camphor.-4 water (m. or n.).-रूपा candied sugar.-वरम् the face.-वर्गः the square of a cube, the sixth power (in math).-वर्त्मन् n. the sky; घनवर्त्म सहस्रधेव कुर्वन् Ki.5.17.-वल्लिका, -वल्ली lightning.-वाच् a raven.-वातः 1 a thick op- pressive breeze or air.-2 N. of a hell; Jaina.-वीथिः the sky; घनवीथिवीथिमवतीर्णवतः Śi.9.32.-शब्दः thunder, peal of thunder.-वासः a kind of pumpkin gourd.-वाहनः 1 Śiva.-2 Indra.-श्याम a. 'dark like a cloud', deep-black, dark. (-मः) an epithet (1) of Rain (2) of Kṛiṣṇa.-संवृत्तिः profound secrecy.-समयः the rainy season.-सारः 1 camphor; घनसारनीहारहार &c. Dk.1 (mentioned among white substances).-2 mercury.-3 water.-4 a big cloud; घनसारस्तु कर्पूरे महामेघे च चन्दने Nm.-स्वनः, -शब्दः, -रवः the roaring of clouds.-हस्त- संख्या the contents of an excavation or of a solid in math.). -
32 avoir
avoir [avwaʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 34━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque avoir fait partie d'une locution comme avoir faim, avoir raison, reportez-vous à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• j'ai trois frères I have or I've got three brothers• j'ai la réponse I have or I've got the answer• il n'avait pas d'argent he had no money or didn't have any money• en avoir (inf!) ( = être courageux) to have balls (vulg!)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque avoir est utilisé pour localiser un bâtiment, un objet etc, il peut se traduire par to have (got), mais l'anglais préférera souvent une tournure avec to be.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━c. ( = obtenir) to get• pouvez-vous nous avoir ce livre ? can you get this book for us?d. ( = porter) [+ vêtements] to wear• ici, le lac a 2 km de large the lake is 2km wide hereg. ( = souffrir de) [+ rhume, maladie] to have• qu'est-ce que tu as ? what's wrong with you?• il a qu'il est jaloux he's jealous, that's what's wrong with him• qu'est-ce qu'il a à pleurer ? what's he crying for?h. ( = faire) to makei. ( = recevoir chez soi) to havej. ( = avoir un cours de, avoir à faire) to have• le vendredi, j'ai trois heures d'anglais I have three hours of English on Fridaysk. ( = atteindre, attraper) to get• on les aura ! we'll get them! (inf)• je t'aurai ! I'll get you! (inf)• je t'ai bien eu ! got you there! (inf)• je me suis fait avoir de 300 € I was conned out of 300 euros (inf!)2. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Le passé composé français peut se traduire soit par le prétérit, soit par le parfait anglais, selon le contexte.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• hier, j'ai mangé trois bananes yesterday, I ate three bananas• as-tu faim ? -- non, j'ai mangé trois bananes are you hungry? -- no, I've eaten three bananas• j'étais pressé, alors j'ai couru I was in a hurry so I ran► avoir à + infinitif ( = devoir)• c'est simple, vous n'avez qu'à lui écrire it's simple, just write to him• s'il n'est pas content, il n'a qu'à partir if he doesn't like it, he can always leave3. <► il y a• il y a voiture et voiture ! there are cars and cars!• qu'y a-t-il ? what is it?• qu'est-ce qu'il y a ? what's the matter?• qu'est-ce qu'il y a eu ? what's happened?• il n'y a pas que toi ! you're not the only one!• il n'y a que lui pour faire cela ! trust him to do that!• j'achète du pain ? -- non, il y en a encore shall I buy some bread? -- no, there's some left• il y en a qui disent... there are those who say...• il y en a qui feraient mieux de se taire ! some people would do better to keep quiet!• il n'y en a que pour mon petit frère, à la maison my little brother gets all the attention at home• il n'y en a eu que pour lui pendant l'émission the whole programme revolved around him► y a pas (inf)il y a pas, faut que je parte it's no good, I've got to go• y a pas, il faut qu'il désobéisse he just won't do as he's told• il y a pas à dire, il est très there's no denying he's very intelligent► il n'y a qu'à (+ infinitif), y a qu'à (+ infinitif) (inf)b. (temps)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Pour exprimer une durée, le présent français devient un parfait en anglais, l'imparfait un pluperfect.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Dans le cas d'une action révolue, on emploie ago et le prétérit.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• il y a dix ans, j'ai obtenu mon diplôme I graduated ten years ago• combien y a-t-il d'ici à Lille ? how far is it from here to Lille?4. <a. ( = bien) assetsb. ( = actif) credit ; ( = billet) credit note5. <* * *
I avwaʀ1) ( obtenir) to get [objet, rendez-vous]; to catch [train, avion]2) ( au téléphone)j'ai réussi à l'avoir — I managed to get through to him/her
3) ( porter) to wear, to have [something] on4) (colloq) ( triompher) to beat, to get (colloq), to havecette fois-ci, on les aura — this time, we'll get ou have them
5) ( duper) to have (colloq); ( par malveillance) to con (colloq)elle s'est fait or laissée avoir — she's been had (colloq)
6) ( éprouver moralement) to feelavoir du chagrin/de la haine — to feel sorrow/hate
qu'est-ce que tu as? — what's wrong ou the matter with you?
7) (servant à exprimer l'âge, des sensations physiques)j'ai 20 ans/faim/froid — I am 20 years old/hungry/cold
la salle a 20 mètres de long — the room is 20 metres [BrE] long
II avwaʀnom masculin2) ( possessions) assets (pl), holdings (pl)•Phrasal Verbs:
••
Dans la plupart des situations exprimant la possession, la disponibilité avoir sera traduit par to have ou to have got: j'ai des livres/enfants/employés = I have (got) books/children/employees; je n'ai pas assez de place/temps = I don't have (ou I haven't got) enough room/time; la maison a l'électricité/cinq pièces = the house has electricity/five rooms; j'aurai mon visa demain = I'll have my visa tomorrow; ils vont/elle va avoir un bébé en mai = they're/she's having a baby in MayLes autres sens de avoir, verbe transitif simple (obtenir, porter, triompher de etc), sont traités dans l'entrée plus basOn notera qu'en règle générale les expressions figées du type avoir raison, avoir beau, en avoir marre, il y a belle lurette, il y a de quoi etc seront traitées respectivement sous raison, beau, marre, lurette, quoi etcOn pourra également consulter les diverses notes d'usage répertoriées, notamment celles consacrées à l'expression de l'âge, aux maladies, à l'expression de l'heure etcOn trouvera ci-dessous les divers emplois de avoir pour lesquelles une explication est nécessaireavoir = verbe auxiliaireavoir verbe auxiliaire se traduit toujours par to have sauf dans le cas du passé composé: ils avaient révisé les épreuves quand je suis parti = they had revised the proofs when I left; quand ils eurent (ou ont eu) révisé les épreuves, ils sont partis = when they had revised the proofs, they left; ils auront fini demain = they will have finished tomorrow; il aurait (ou eût) aimé parler = he would have liked to speak. Lorsqu'on a un passé composé en français, il sera traduit soit par le prétérit: ils ont révisé les épreuves en juin = they revised the proofs in June; ils ont révisé les épreuves avant ma démission = they revised the proofs before I resigned; je suis sûr qu'il l'a laissé là en partant = I'm sure he left it here when he left; soit par le ‘present perfect’: ils ont révisé les épreuves plusieurs fois = they have revised the proofs several timesavoir = verbe semi-auxiliaireDe même, avoir semi-auxiliaire dans les tournures attributives du type avoir le coeur malade/les genoux cagneux, se traduit de façon variable ( to be ou to have) selon la structure adoptée par l'anglais pour rendre ces tournures; voir, en l'occurrence, les entrées coeur et cagneux; mais c'est en général sous l'adjectif que ce problème est traitéavoir à + infinitifExprimant l'obligation ou la convenance, cette locution verbale se rend généralement par to have to suivi de l'infinitif: j'aurais à ajouter que... = I would have to add that...; tu auras à rendre compte de tes actes = you'll have to account for your actions; je n'ai pas à vous raconter ma vie = I don't have to tell you my life-story; vous n'aviez pas à le critiquer = you didn't have to criticize him; il n'a pas à te parler sur ce ton = he shouldn't speak to you in that tone of voice; j'ai beaucoup à faire = I have (ou I've got) a lot to do; tu n'as rien à faire? = don't you have (ou haven't you got GB) anything to do?; j'ai à faire un rapport/un rapport à faire = I have to write a report/a report to writeQuand cette locution équivaut à suffir, plusieurs possibilités de traduction se présentent: tu n'avais qu'à = tu aurais dû, elle se rend par should have suivi du participe passé; tu n'as qu'à leur écrire = you only have to (ou you've only got to GB, ou all you have to do is) write to them; tu n'auras que cinq minutes à attendre = you'll only have to wait five minutes; tu n'avais qu'à faire attention/me le dire/partir plus tôt = you should have paid attention/told me/left earlierOn trouvera sous assez, marre, etc les expressions figées en avoir assez, en avoir marre etc. Voir aussi les emplois avec il y a plus basL'anglais distingue généralement entre une tâche précise ( to take) et une activité ou absence indéterminée ( to be): vous en avez (ou aurez) pour combien de temps? (à faire ce travail) = how long will it take you?, (à me faire attendre) = how long are you going to be?; j'en ai pour cinq minutes (= je reviens dans...) = I'll be five minutes; je n'en ai pas pour longtemps = I won't be long; j'en ai eu pour deux heures = it took me two hoursSe traduit par to cost suivi du pronom personnel complément correspondant au pronom sujet français (voir aussi argent): j'en ai eu pour 500 francs = it cost me 500 francs; nous en aurons pour combien? = how much will it cost us?(sl) en avoir = to have balls (sl); ne pas en avoir = to have no balls (sl)il y a du lait dans le réfrigérateur = there's some milk in the fridge; il y a des souris/des araignées au grenier = there are mice/spiders in the attic; il n'y a pas/plus de riz = there's no/no more rice ou there isn't any/any more rice; il doit y avoir (ou il y aura) des souris dans le grenier = there must be mice in the attic; il n'y a pas eu moins de 50 concurrents = there were no less than 50 competitors; il y a chapeau et chapeau = there are hats and hats; il y aura Paul, Marie,... = there will be Paul, Marie,...; et il y aura Paul et Marie! = and Paul and Marie will be there!; il n'y a pas de raison de faire/que tu fasses = there's no reason to do/for you to do; il a dû y avoir quelque chose de grave = something serious must have happened; qu'est-ce qu'il y a? (qui ne va pas) = what's wrong?, (qui se passe) = what's going on?; il y a qu'elle m'énerve = she's getting on my nerves, that's what's wrong; il y a que l'ordinateur est en panne = the computer has broken downAttention, un mot singulier en français peut être traduit par un mot fonctionnant comme un pluriel en anglais: il y a beaucoup de monde = there are a lot of people; y avait-il du monde? = were there many people?il est venu il y a longtemps/cinq ans = he came a long time/five years ago; il y a cinq ans que j'habite ici = I have been living here for five years; il y aura cinq ans demain que j'ai pris ma retraite = it will be five years tomorrow since I retired; il y aura deux mois mardi que je travaille ici = I will have been working here for two months on Tuesday; il n'y a que deux mois que je suis/travaille ici = I have only been/been working here for two months; il n'y a pas cinq minutes qu'il est parti = he left less than five minutes ago; il n'y a pas 200 ans que l'espèce est éteinte = the species has been extinct for no more than 200 years; il y a combien de temps/d'années que tu habites ici? = how long/many years have you lived here?; il y a combien de temps/d'années qu'on ne s'est vus? = how long is it/many years has it been since we last met?Elle se fait généralement à l'aide du verbe to be: combien y a-t-il jusqu'à la gare/d'ici à la gare? = how far is it to the station/to the station from here?; combien y a-t-il encore jusqu'à la gare? = how much further is it to the station?; il y a 15 kilomètres jusqu'à/d'ici à la gare = the station is 15 kilometres [BrE] away/away from here; il y a au moins 15 kilomètres = it's at least 15 kilometres [BrE] away; il y a encore 15 kilomètres = it's another 15 kilometres [BrE]; il n'y a pas/que 200 mètres d'ici à la gare = it's less than/only 200 metres [BrE] from here to the stationil y a à + infinitifil y a à manger pour quatre = there's enough food for four; il y a (beaucoup) à faire = there's a lot to be done (ceci traduit également il y a de quoi faire); souligner le danger/l'avantage qu'il y a à faire = to stress how dangerous/advantageous it is to do; les risques qu'il y avait/aurait à faire = how risky it was/would be to do; il n'y a pas à hésiter/s'inquiéter = there's no need to hesitate/worry; il n'y a pas à discuter! = no arguments!; il n'y a qu'à le repeindre! - y a qu'à (colloq), c'est facile à dire! = all you have to do is repaint it! - just repaint it! easier said than done!L'existence se rend par there is/are, le temps par to take, et le coût par to cost ou to come to: il y en a qui n'ont pas peur du ridicule! = there are some people who aren't afraid of being ridiculed!; il y en a toujours pour se plaindre (ou qui se plaignent) = there's always someone who complains; il y en a (ou aura) pour deux heures = it'll take two hours; il y en a eu/aurait eu pour deux heures = it took/would have taken two hours; il n'y en a plus que pour deux heures = it'll only take another two hours; il y en a encore pour combien de temps? = how much longer will it take?; il y en a (ou aura) pour 200 francs = it'll cost (ou come to) 200 francs; il y en a eu pour 200 francs = it cost (ou came to) 200 francsNoter aussi: il n'y en a que pour leur chien = they only think of their dog ou their dog comes firstRemarque: certaines formes personnelles du verbe avoir sont équivalentes au présentatif il y a. En corrélation avec le relatif qui, elles ne se traduisent pas; directement suivies de l'objet présenté, elles se traitent comme il y a: j'ai mon stylo qui fuit = my pen is leaking; elle avait les larmes aux yeux = there were tears in her eyes; j'ai ma cicatrice qui me fait souffrir = my scar is hurting; à droite, vous avez une tapisserie d'Aubusson = on your right, there's an Aubusson tapestry* * *avwaʀ1. nm1) (= biens) assets pl2) COMMERCE (= note de crédit) credit2. vt1) (= posséder) to have, to have gotElle a 2 enfants. — She has 2 children., she has got 2 children
Elle a une belle maison. — She has a lovely house., She has got a lovely house.
Il a les yeux bleus. — He has blue eyes., He has got blue eyes.
Tu as de beaux cheveux. — You have beautiful hair., You have got beautiful hair.
Il a beaucoup d'amis. — He has a lot of friends., He has got a lot of friends.
2) (= obtenir) to get3) (= trouver)ici, vous avez la cuisine — here we have the kitchen
4) (= éprouver) [sensation, sentiment] to haveJ'avais un pressentiment. — I had a feeling.
Il a des démangeaisons. — He is itching.
J'ai une petite douleur ici. — I've got a slight pain here.
J'ai un drôle de pressentiment. — I have a funny feeling.
qu'est-ce que tu as?; qu'as-tu? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?
See:faim, peur, mal5) (âge)avoir 3 ans — to be 3 years old, to be 3
J'avais 10 ans quand je l'ai rencontré. — I was 10 when I met him.
6) * (= duper) to do *on vous a eu! — you've been done!, you've been had!
Vous n'avez qu'à lui demander. — You only have to ask him.
Tu n'as pas à me poser des questions. — It's not for you to ask me questions.
en avoir pour...; J'en ai pour une demi-heure. — It'll take me half an hour.
On en a eu pour 100 euros. — It cost us 100 euros.
3. vb auxJ'ai déjà mangé. — I've already eaten.
Il a mangé des frites. — He had some chips.
Hier je n'ai pas mangé. — I didn't eat yesterday.
Je lui ai parlé hier. — I spoke to him yesterday.
Il a neigé pendant la nuit. — It snowed during the night.
4. vb impers1) (présence)il y a (+ singulier) — there is, (+ pluriel) there are
Il y a quelqu'un à la porte. — There's somebody at the door.
Il y a un bon film à la télé. — There's a good film on TV.
Il y a des chocolats sur la table. — There are some chocolates on the table.
Il y a beaucoup de monde. — There are lots of people.
il doit y avoir; Il doit y avoir une explication. — There must be an explanation.
qu'est-ce qu'il y a?; qu'y a-t-il? — what's the matter?, what is it?
Il n'y a qu'à... — We will just have to...
Il n'y a qu'à partir plus tôt. — We'll just have to leave earlier.
Il ne peut y en avoir qu'un. — There can only be one.
2) (temporel)Je l'ai rencontré il y a 2 ans. — I met him 2 years ago.
Il y a 10 ans qu'il est arrivé. — It's 10 years since he arrived.
* * *I.avoir ⇒ Note d'usage verb table: avoir vtr1 ( obtenir) to get [objet, rendez-vous]; to catch [train, avion]; j'ai pu vous avoir votre visa I managed to get your visa for you; j'ai eu ce vase pour cinq euros I got this vase for five euros; pouvez-vous m'avoir un des traducteurs? can you get me one of the translators?; je n'ai pas eu mon train I didn't catch my train; il l'a eue◑ le soir même he had○ her that very evening;2 ( au téléphone) j'ai réussi à l'avoir I managed to get through to him/her; essayer d'avoir le ministre to try to get through to the minister; pouvez-vous m'avoir son adjoint/Hongkong can you put me through to ou get me his assistant/Hong Kong;3 ( porter) to wear, to have [sth] on; elle avait une robe bleue à son mariage she wore a blue dress at her wedding; elle a toujours une écharpe autour du cou she's always got a scarf round her neck; il avait un béret (sur la tête) he had a beret on ou he was wearing a beret;4 ○( triompher) to beat, to get○, to have; l'équipe de Marseille nous a eus the Marseilles team beat us; ne nous laissons pas avoir par la concurrence let's not let the competition beat us; cette fois-ci, on les aura this time, we'll get ou have them;5 ( duper) to have○; ( par malveillance) to con○; j'ai été eu I've been had○; il t'a bien eu! ( l'escroc) he conned○ you!; ( le plaisantin) he was having you on○! GB, he put one over on you○!; elle s'est fait or laissé avoir she's been had○; j'ai failli me faire avoir I was nearly conned○; je ne me laisserai pas avoir par un abruti○ I won't be conned○ by a moron;6 ( éprouver moralement) to feel; avoir du chagrin/de la haine to feel sorrow/hate; qu'est-ce que tu as? what's wrong ou the matter with you?; j'ai qu'il m'énerve he's getting on my nerves, that's what's wrong; qu'est-ce que tu as à crier comme ça? what are you shouting like that for?; j'ai que mon ordinateur ne marche pas because my computer doesn't work; qu'est-ce qu'il a à conduire comme ça? why is he driving like that?; il a qu'il est soûl because he's drunk, that's why;7 (servant à exprimer l'âge, des sensations physiques) j'ai 20 ans/faim/froid I am 20 years old/hungry/cold; la salle a 20 mètres de long the room is 20 metresGB long.en avoir○ to have balls◑; ne pas en avoir○ to have no balls◑.II.avoir nm2 ( possessions) assets (pl), holdings (pl); avoirs à l'étranger foreign assets ou holdings; avoirs en caisse cash holdings; avoirs en dollars dollar-based assets;avoir fiscal tax credit.I[avwar] nom masculin[en comptabilité] credit side2. ÉCONOMIE & FINANCEavoirs assets, holdingsavoirs numéraires ou en caisse cash holdingsII[avwar] verbe auxiliaireA.1. [avec des verbes transitifs]as-tu lu sa lettre? did you read ou have you read his letter?non content de les avoir humiliés, il les a jetés dehors not content with humiliating them, he threw them out2. [avec des verbes intransitifs]3. [avec le verbe 'être']il aurait été enchanté he would've ou would have been delightedB.1. [exprime la possibilité]a. [conseil] all they have to do ou all they've got to do is write to the managerb. [menace] just let them (try and) write to the managers'il vous manque quelque chose, vous n'avez qu'à me le faire savoir if you're missing anything, just let me know2. [exprime l'obligation]et voilà, je n'ai plus qu'à recommencer! so now I've got to start all over again!3. [exprime le besoin]il a à te parler he's got something to ou there's something he wants to tell youtu n'as pas à t'inquiéter you shouldn't worry, you have nothing to worry about4. (locution)————————[avwar] verbe transitifA.1. [être propriétaire de - action, bien, domaine etc.] to have, to own, to possess ; [ - chien, hôtel, voiture] to have, to owntu n'aurais pas un stylo en plus? have you got ou do you happen to have a spare pen?2. [ami, collègue, famille etc.] to haveavoir un/une/des... qui: elle a un mari qui fait la cuisine she's got the sort ou kind of husband who does the cookingavoir son/sa/ses... qui (familier) : j'ai la chaîne de mon vélo qui est cassée the chain on my bike is broken3. [détenir - permis de conduire, titre] to have, to hold ; [ - droits, privilège] to have, to enjoy ; [ - emploi, expérience, devoirs, obligations] to have ; [ - documents, preuves] to have, to possessavoir le ballon to be in possession of ou to have the ball[au téléphone] to get through toj'ai essayé de t'avoir toute la journée I tried to get through to you ou to contact you all day5. [jouir de - beau temps, bonne santé, liberté, bonne réputation] to have, to enjoy ; [ - choix, temps, mauvaise réputation] to haveil a tout pour lui et il n'est pas heureux! he's got everything you could wish for and he's still not happy!6. [recevoir chez soi]avoir de la famille/des amis à dîner to have relatives/friends over for dinnerbientôt, nous aurons les chaînes européennes soon, we'll be able to get the European channels8. [attraper - otage, prisonnier] to have10. [monter à bord de - avion, bus, train] to catchB.1. [présenter - tel aspect] to have (got)elle a un joli sourire she's got ou she has a nice smileton père a le défaut de ne pas écouter ce qu'on lui dit your father's weakness is not listening to what people tell him[avec pour complément une partie du corps] to havefaites attention, il a une arme careful, he's got a weapon ou he's armed3. [faire preuve de]avoir du talent to have talent, to be talentedayez la gentillesse de... would you ou please be kind enough to...4. [exprime la mesure] to bele voilier a 4 m de large ou largeur the yacht is 4 m widetu en as pour 12 jours/deux heures it'll take you 12 days/two hours5. [exprime l'âge] to beC.1. [subir - symptôme] to have, to show, to display ; [ - maladie, hoquet, mal de tête etc.] to have ; [ - accident, souci, ennuis] to have ; [ - difficultés] to have, to experience ; [ - opération] to undergo, to have ; [ - crise] to have, to go through (inseparable)avoir de la fièvre to have ou to be running a temperatureje ne sais pas ce que j'ai aujourd'hui I don't know what's the matter ou what's wrong with me todayle car n'a rien eu du tout, mais la moto est fichue (familier) there wasn't a scratch on the bus but the motorbike's a write-offun enfant/chaton qui a des vers a child/kitten with wormselle eut cette phrase devenue célèbre she said ou uttered those now famous words3. [ressentir]avoir faim to be ou to feel hungryavoir peur to be ou to feel afraidavoir du chagrin to feel ou to be sadavoir de l'amitié pour quelqu'un to regard ou to consider somebody as a friendavoir du respect pour quelqu'un to have respect for ou to respect somebodyce chien/cette guêpe en a après toi! this dog/wasp has got it in for you!en avoir après ou contre quelque chose to be angry about something4. [élaborer par l'esprit - avis, idée, suggestion] to haveD.1 500 euros pour ce buffet? tu t'es fait avoir! 1,500 euros for that dresser? you were conned ou had ou done!tu t'es fait avoir! you've been had ou taken in ou taken for a ride!tu essaies de m'avoir! you're having ou putting me on!————————il y a verbe impersonnel1. [dans une description, une énumération - suivi d'un singulier] there is ; [ - suivi d'un pluriel] there areil n'y a qu'ici qu'on en trouve this is the only place (where) you can find it/themmerci — il n'y a pas de quoi! thank you — don't mention it ou you're welcome!il n'y a rien à faire, la voiture ne démarre pas it's no good, the car won't startil n'y a pas à dire, il sait ce qu'il veut there's no denying he knows what he wantsqu'est-ce qu'il y a? — il y a que j'en ai marre! (familier) what's the matter? — I'm fed up, that's what!2. [exprimant la possibilité, l'obligation etc.]il n'y a qu'à lui dire you/we etc. just have to tell him3. [indiquant la durée]4. [indiquant la distance]il doit y avoir une raison there must be a ou some reason -
33 mammoth
['mæməθ] 1.nome mammut m.2.aggettivo [project, structure] enorme, mastodontico* * *['mæməƟ] 1. noun(a large hairy elephant of a kind no longer found living.) mammut2. adjective(very large (and often very difficult): a mammoth project/task.) gigantesco* * *mammoth /ˈmæməɵ/A n.(paleont.) mammutB a. attr.enorme; gigantesco; mastodontico: a mammoth enterprise, un'impresa gigantesca.* * *['mæməθ] 1.nome mammut m.2.aggettivo [project, structure] enorme, mastodontico -
34 form
[fɔːm] 1. сущ.1) форма; внешний вид; внешнее очертаниеThe cookies were in the form of squares. — Печенья были квадратной формы.
Syn:This coat really fits one's form. — Это пальто действительно хорошо сидит.
Syn:3)а) форма, видabridged / condensed form — сокращённая форма, сокращённый вариант
convenient / handy form — удобная форма
- take the form ofThe book came out in abridged form. — Книга издана в сокращённом виде.
Syn:б) лингв. форма- colloquial form
- combining form
- diminutive form
- free form
- inflectional form
- obsolete form
- plural form
- singular form
- surface form
- underlying formв) мат. формаname form — лог. называющая форма
4) вид, разновидностьThe ant is a form of insect. — Муравей - это вид насекомых.
Ice is water in another form. — Лёд - это вода в ином виде.
Syn:6) иск. вид, форма; композицияYou paint well, but your work lacks form. — С красками у тебя всё в порядке, но твоя картина плохо построена.
In painting colour is subordinate to form. — В живописи цвет подчиняется форме.
Syn:7) установленный порядок, церемония, этикет, обряд; формальность- as a matter of formThey didn't follow the traditional form of the marriage service. — Они не придерживались традиционной церемонии бракосочетания.
- in due form
- in proper formSyn:8)Syn:б) бланк, образец, форма; анкетаto fill in a form брит., to fill out a form амер., to fill up a form уст. — заполнить бланк
tax return form — амер. бланк декларации о доходах
9) манеры, поведениеgood / proper form — хороший тон, хорошие манеры
bad form — дурной тон, плохие манеры
in full / great form — со всеми церемониями, по всей форме
It's bad form to come late to a formal reception. — На официальную встречу опаздывать неприлично.
Syn:The horse is in form. — Лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам.
She was in superb form today. — Она была сегодня в превосходной форме.
If she's in form, she can win the match easily. — Если она будет в форме, она легко выиграет матч.
Syn:11) разг. весёлость, живость, хорошее настроениеHe was in great form after his breakfast. — Он был в прекрасном настроении после завтрака.
Syn:12) судимость, "полицейское досье"You can get at least a five for getting captured with a shooter especially if you've got a bit of form behind you. — Ты можешь получить по крайней мере пять лет за ношение огнестрельного оружия, особенно, если за тобой есть судимости.
There's loads of form written down on my conviction card. — В моём досье записана масса судимостей.
13) скамьяSyn:14)а) тех. модель; (литейная) формаWhen the cement has hardened, the form is removed. — Когда цемент затвердел, форма удаляется.
Syn:б) амер.; = formeв) стр. опалубка••2. гл.1)а) придавать форму; строить, создавать (по образцу, модели; в соответствии с чем-л.)to form of / out of / from smth. — делать, создавать из чего-л. (какого-л. материала)
to form into smth. — придавать форму чего-л.
state formed along republican lines — государство, созданное в соответствии с республиканскими идеями
Syn:б) принимать форму, вид- form layers- form strataв) ( form into) воен. строить, строиться ( в определённом порядке)The soldiers formed into battle order. — Солдаты выстроились в боевом порядке.
2)а) воспитывать, вырабатывать, формировать (характер, качества, стиль)mind formed by classical education — ум, сформированный классическим образованием
to form one's style on / upon good models — вырабатывать свой стиль на хороших образцах
Syn:б) строить (поведение по какому-л. образцу)3) приобретатьHe formed the habit of peering over his glasses. — У него выработалась привычка смотреть поверх очков.
He formed no friends. — Он не приобрёл друзей.
Syn:4)а) составлять, образовыватьThe sofa is formed of three separate sections. — Диван составлен из трёх отдельных секций.
Yeomen and tradesmen formed the bulk of the insurgents. — Мелкие землевладельцы и торговцы составили основу повстанцев.
б) включать в себя, содержать•Syn:5)а) организовывать, формировать, образовыватьThey formed an army out of rabble. — Они создали армию из сброда.
We were commanded to form ourselves into a ring. — Нам приказали встать в круг.
Syn:б) организовываться, формироватьсяThe dancers formed a line. — Танцоры выстроились в ряд.
Each column of soldiers marched away as soon as it formed. — Как только солдаты выстраивались в колонну, она тут же выступала.
Syn:6)а) создавать, составлятьHenry VIII was the first English king to form a gallery of pictures. — Генрих VIII был первым английским королём, создавшим картинную галерею.
Syn:б) создавать, вырабатывать, формулировать (план, мнение и т. п.)в) возникать, создаваться, образовыватьсяFog forms in the valleys. — Туман возникает в долинах.
A sheet of ice had formed in front of Proctor's house. — Перед домом Проктора образовалась ледяная корка.
Syn:7) лингв. образовыватьThe verbs of the strong conjugation form the past tense by a change of the root vowel. — Глаголы, относящиеся к сильному спряжению, образуют прошедшее время изменением корневой гласной.
8) тех. формоватьSyn:9) ( form into) преим. страд. включать как часть (чего-л.)The new train will be formed into the regular timetable from next Monday. — Со следующего понедельника новый поезд будет включён в регулярное расписание.
•- form up -
35 grain
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36 aedificium
aedĭfĭcĭum, i, n. [aedifico], a building of any kind, an edifice, structure, even though not suitable for a dwelling (while aedes designates only a structure for habitation).—Hence:aedes aedificiaque,
Liv. 38, 38; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin.:exstruere aedificium in alieno,
id. Mil. 27:omnibus vicis aedificiisque incensis,
Caes. B. G. 3, 29; Nep. Att. 13, 2; Sall. J. 23; Liv. 5, 41:aedificiorum prolapsiones,
Suet. Aug. 30; cf. id. Oth. 8:regis,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 9, 1:paries aedificii,
ib. Ezech. 41, 12.—In late Lat., = aedificatio:aedificium domūs Domini,
Vulg. 3 Reg. 9, 1:murorum,
ib. 1 Macc. 16, 23. -
37 form
1. n форма; внешний вид; очертаниеnormalized form — нормализованная форма; нормализованный вид
analytic form — аналитическая форма; аналитическое выражение
2. n фигураwell-proportioned form — пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура
3. n обличьеProteus was able to appear in the form of any animal — Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного
4. n стать5. n форма, вид6. n вид, разновидность; тип7. n стиль, манераbad form — невоспитанность, вульгарность, плохие манеры
8. n состояние; форма; готовность9. n настроение, душевное состояние10. n формальность; проформа11. n церемония, порядок12. n установившаяся форма выражения; формулаconjuctive normal form — конъюктивная нормальная форма; КНФ
13. n класс14. n форма, бланк, образец; анкета15. n нора16. n грам. форма словаsnap-apart business form — «отрывная» конторская форма
17. n спец. форма исполнения18. n спец. модель, тип, образец; торговый сорт19. n спец. тех. форма для литья20. n спец. полигр. печатная форма21. n спец. стр. форма; опалубка22. n спец. выражение23. v придавать форму, вид24. v принимать форму, вид25. v составлять, образовывать; формировать26. v образовываться; формироваться27. v грам. образовывать28. v создавать, составлять; формулировать29. v возникать, оформляться30. v представлять собой; являтьсяchocolate forms a wholesome substitute for staple food — шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания
31. v тренировать, дисциплинировать; воспитывать; развивать32. v формировать, организовывать; образовывать, создавать33. v воен. строить34. v воен. строиться35. v спец. формовать36. v спец. сад. обрезать, подвергать обрезке; формировать кронузабираться, забиваться в нору
to form and display an intention — сформировать и обнаружить намерение, умысел
Синонимический ряд:1. appearance (noun) appearance; body; build; cast; configuration; conformation; cut; figure; format; framework; matrix; plan; shape; structure; style2. business form (noun) application; blank; business form; document; duplicate; paper; questionnaire; report3. ceremony (noun) ceremonial; ceremony; conformity; formality; liturgy; rite; ritual; rule4. convenance (noun) convenance; convention; usage5. formula (noun) approach; formula; method; mode; practice; procedure; system6. group (noun) assemblage; group; organisation; organization7. kind (noun) arrangement; kind; manner; sort; type8. model (noun) model; mold; mould; pattern9. order (noun) condition; fitness; order; trim10. acquire (verb) acquire; contract; develop11. arrange (verb) arrange; combine; dispose; order; organise; organize; systematise; systematize12. cast (verb) carve; cast; chisel; construct; contrive; design; devise; fashion; frame; mold; pattern13. make (verb) assemble; build; compose; comprise; constitute; create; erect; fabricate; forge; invent; make; make up; manufacture; originate; produce; put together; shape14. model (verb) model; mould; shape15. teach (verb) discipline; educate; instruct; rear; teach; trainАнтонимический ряд:damage; defacement; deform; deformity; demolish; derange; destroy; devastate; disarrange; disintegrate; dislocate; dismantle; dismember -
38 tender
1. n няня; сестра; сиделка2. n сторож3. n диал. помощник; официант4. n амер. механик, оператор5. n мор. посыльное судно6. n мор. судно-матка7. n мор. плавучая база8. n мор. вспомогательное судно9. v переправлять на посыльном судне10. n предложение11. n юр. официальное предложение12. n сумма, вносимая в уплату долга13. n платёжное средство14. n стр. заявка на подряд15. n ком. тендер, договор-подряд16. v предоставлять или вносить; оплачиватьto tender a thousand dollars in full satisfaction of a debt — полностью оплатить долг размером в тысячу долларов
17. v выполнять18. v предлагать; представлять; давать, приносить19. v устраивать20. v подавать заявку21. v подавать заявление о подписке22. v брать подряд23. a нежный, мягкий, ласковый; любящий24. a мягкий, ненастойчивый25. a мягкий, лёгкий26. a делающий мягким, нежным27. a такой, от которого можно расчувствоватьсяtender of amends — предложение стороны возместить вред, причинение которого она признаёт
28. a заботливый, заботящийся; чуткий, внимательный29. a осторожный30. a слабый31. a хрупкий, ломкий32. a незрелый; молодойtender age — юные годы; незрелый возраст
33. a чувствительный; отзывчивый, чуткий34. a болезненный; уязвимый35. a обидчивый; легко ранимый36. a щекотливый, деликатный37. a мягкий, приглушённый38. a диал. жалкийtender sight — жалкое валкий, малоостойчивый
39. v уст. делать мягким, нежным; размягчать40. v уст. заботиться; быть внимательным41. v уст. оказывать уважениеСинонимический ряд:1. careful (adj.) careful; chary; considerate; reluctant2. kind (adj.) affectionate; compassionate; kind; kindhearted; loving; merciful; pitiful; responsive; softhearted; sympathetic; warm; warmhearted3. mild (adj.) delicate; gentle; mild; soft; soft-hearted; tender-hearted4. sensitive (adj.) aching; acute; painful; raw; sensitive; sore; ticklish; touchy5. weak (adj.) feeble; fragile; frail; supple; weak6. youthful (adj.) childish; childlike; immature; young; youthful7. boat (noun) boat; dinghy; lifeboat; motorboat; skiff8. evidence (noun) evidence; proof; sign9. offer (noun) bid; offer; offering; proffer; proposal10. give (verb) extend; give; hold out; offer; pose; present; proffer; submit; volunteerАнтонимический ряд:adult; apathetic; appropriate; callous; coarse; cruel; gentle; hardy; harsh; insensitive; iron; mature; merciless; pitiless; retain; tough -
39 качественное различие
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > качественное различие
-
40 of
acknowledgement of receiptподтверждение приемаactual time of arrivalфактическое время прибытияaerodrome of callаэродром выхода на радиосвязьaerodrome of departureаэродром вылетаaerodrome of intended landingаэродром предполагаемой посадкиaerodrome of originаэродром припискиaircraft center - of - gravityцентровка воздушного суднаairport of departureаэропорт вылетаairport of destinationаэропорт назначенияairport of entryаэропорт прилетаallocation of dutiesраспределение обязанностейallocation of frequenciesраспределение частотallotment of frequenciesвыделение частотalternative means of communicationрезервные средства связиamount of controlsстепень использованияamount of feedbackстепень обратной связиamount of precipitationколичество осадковangle of allowanceугол упрежденияangle of approachугол захода на посадкуangle of approach lightугол набора высотыangle of ascentугол набора высотыangle of attackугол атакиangle of climbугол набора высотыangle of coverageугол действияangle of crabугол сносаangle of descentугол сниженияangle of deviationугол отклоненияangle of dipугол магнитного склоненияangle of diveугол пикированияangle of downwashугол скоса потока внизangle of elevationугол местаangle of exitугол сходаangle of glideугол планированияangle of incidenceугол атакиangle of indraftугол входа воздушной массыangle of lagугол отставанияangle of landingпосадочный уголangle of pitchугол тангажаangle of rollугол кренаangle - of - sideslip transmitterдатчик угла скольженияangle of sightугол прицеливанияangle of slopeугол наклона глиссадыangle of stallугол сваливанияangle of turnугол разворотаangle of upwashугол скоса потока вверхangle of visibilityугол обзораangle of yawугол рысканияantimeridian of Greenwichмеридиан, противоположный Гринвичскомуapparent drift of the gyroкажущийся уход гироскопаapplication of tariffsприменение тарифовapproach rate of descentскорость снижения при заходе на посадкуarc of a pathдуга траекторииarc of equal bearingsдуга равных азимутовarea of coverageзона действияarea of coverage of the forecastsрайон обеспечения прогнозамиarea of occurenceрайон происшествияarea of responsibilityзона ответственностиarrest the development of the stallпрепятствовать сваливаниюassessment of costsустановление размеров расходовassignment of dutiesраспределение обязанностейAssociation of European AirlinesАссоциация европейских авиакомпанийAssociation of South Pacific AirlinesАссоциация авиакомпаний южной части Тихого океанаassumption of control messageприем экипажем диспетчерского указанияat a speed ofна скоростиat the end ofв конце циклаat the end of segmentв конце участка(полета) at the end of strokeв конце хода(поршня) at the start of cycleв начале циклаat the start of segmentв начале участка(полета) aviation-to-aviation type of interferenceпомехи от авиационных объектовavoidance of collisionsпредотвращение столкновенийavoidance of hazardous conditionsпредупреждение опасных условий полетаaxial of bankпродольная осьaxis of precessionось прецессии гироскопаaxis of rollпродольная осьaxis of rotationось вращенияaxis of yawвертикальная осьbackward movement of the stickвзятие ручки на себяbe out of trimбыть разбалансированнымbest rate of climbнаибольшая скороподъемностьbias out of viewвыходить из поля зренияbill of entryтаможенная декларацияbill of ladingгрузовая накладнаяblanketing of controlsзатенение рулейbody of compass cardдиск картушки компасаboundary of the areaграница зоныBureau of Administration and ServicesАдминистративно-хозяйственное управлениеcamber of a profileкривизна профиляcare of passengersобслуживание пассажировcarriage of passengersперевозка пассажировcarry out a circuit of the aerodromeвыполнять круг полета над аэродромомcause of aircraft troubleпричина неисправности воздушного суднаcenter of air pressureцентр аэродинамического давленияcenter of depressionцентр низкого давленияcenter of forceцентр приложения силыcenter of gravityцентр тяжестиcenter of massцентр массcenter of pressureцентр давленияCentral Agency of Air ServiceГлавное агентство воздушных сообщенийcertificate of revaccinationсертификат ревакцинацииcertificate of safety for flightсвидетельство о допуске к полетамcertificate of vaccinationсертификат вакцинацииchoice of fieldвыбор посадочной площадкиclass of liftкласс посадкиclearance of goodsтаможенное разрешение на провозclearance of obstaclesбезопасная высота пролета препятствийclearance of the aircraftразрешение воздушному суднуcoefficient of heat transferкоэффициент теплопередачиcome clear of the groundотрываться от землиcomplex type of aircraftкомбинированный тип воздушного суднаcomposition of a crewсостав экипажаconcept of separationэшелонированиеconditions of carriageусловия перевозокcone of raysпучок лучейcongestion of informationнасыщенность информацииcontinuity of guidanceнепрерывность наведенияcontour of perceived noiseконтур воспринимаемого шумаcontrol of an investigationконтроль за ходом расследованияcorrelation of levelsприведение эшелонов в соответствиеcountry of arrivalстрана прилетаcountry of originстрана вылетаcourse of trainingкурс подготовкиcoverage of the chartкартографируемый районcurve of equal bearingsлиния равных азимутовdanger of collisionsопасность столкновенияdegree of accuracyстепень точностиdegree of freedomстепень свободыdegree of skillуровень квалификацииdegree of stabilityстепень устойчивостиdenial of carriageотказ в перевозкеDepartment of TransportationМинистерство транспортаderivation of operating dataрасчет эксплуатационных параметровdetermination of causeустановление причиныdetermine amount of the errorопределять величину девиацииdetermine the extent of damageопределять степень поврежденияdetermine the sign of deviationопределять знак девиацииdevelopment of the stallпроцесс сваливанияdirection of approachнаправление захода на посадкуdirection of rotationнаправление вращенияdirection of turnнаправление разворотаduration of noise effectпродолжительность воздействия шумаelevation of the stripпревышение летной полосыelevation setting of light unitsустановка углов возвышения глиссадных огнейeliminate the cause ofустранять причинуeliminate the source of dangerустранять источник опасности(для воздушного движения) end of runwayначало ВППenforce rules of the airобеспечивать соблюдение правил полетовen-route change of levelизменение эшелона на маршрутеerection of the gyroвосстановление гироскопаestimated position of aircraftрасчетное положение воздушного суднаestimated time of arrivalрасчетное время прибытияestimated time of departureрасчетное время вылетаestimated time of flightрасчетное время полетаeven use of fuelравномерная выработка топливаextension of ticket validityпродление срока годности билетаextent of damageстепень поврежденияfacilitate rapid clearance ofобеспечивать быстрое освобождениеfactor of safetyуровень безопасностиfiling of statistical dataпредставление статистических данныхfirst freedom of the airпервая степень свободы воздухаfirst type of occurenceпервый тип событияflow of air trafficпоток воздушного движенияfly under the supervision ofлетать под контролемfor reasons of safetyв целях безопасностиfreedom of actionсвобода действийfreedom of the airстепень свободы воздухаfrequency of operationsчастота полетовgathering of informationсбор информацииgeneral conditions of carriageосновные условия перевозкиGeneral Conference of Weights and MeasureГенеральная конференция по мерам и весамGeneral Department of International Air Services of AeroflotЦентральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиацииget out of controlтерять управлениеgiven conditions of flightзаданные условия полетаgo out of controlстановиться неуправляемымgo out of the spinвыходить из штопораgrade of serviceкатегория обслуживанияgrade of the pilot licenceкласс пилотского свидетельстваgrading of runwayнивелирование ВППheight at start of retractionвысота начала уборкиhover at the height ofзависать на высотеidentification of signalsопознавание сигналовinconventional type of aircraftнестандартный тип воздушного суднаincrease a camber of the profileувеличивать кривизну профиляindication of a requestобозначение запросаin interests of safetyв интересах безопасностиinitial rate of climbначальная скороподъемностьinitial stage of go-aroundначальный участок ухода на второй кругinlet angle of attackугол атаки заборного устройстваintake angle of attackугол атаки воздухозаборникаintegrated system of airspace controlкомплексная система контроля воздушного пространстваinterception of civil aircraftперехват гражданского воздушного суднаInternational Co-ordinating Council of Aerospace Industries AssociationМеждународный координационный совет ассоциаций авиакосмической промышленностиInternational Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot AssociationsМеждународный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотовInternational Federation of Air Line Pilots' AssociationsМеждународная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотовInternational Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' AssociationsМеждународная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеровInternational Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil AviationУправление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиацииinterpretation of the signalрасшифровка сигналаinterpretation of weather chartчтение метеорологической картыintersection of air routesпересечение воздушных трассin the case of delayв случае задержкиin the event of a mishapв случае происшествияin the event of malfunctionв случая отказаintroduction of the correctionsввод поправокkeep clear of rotor bladesостерегаться лопастей несущего винтаkeep clear of the aircraftдержаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного суднаkeep out of the wayне занимать трассуlayout of aerodrome markingsмаркировка аэродромаlayout of controlsрасположение органов управленияlessee of an aircraftарендатор воздушного суднаlevel of airworthinessуровень летной годностиlevel of safetyуровень безопасностиlevel of speech interferenceуровень помех речевой связиlimiting range of massпредел ограничения массыline of flightлиния полетаline of positionлиния положенияline of sightлиния визированияlocation of distressрайон бедствияloss of controlпотеря управленияloss of pressurizationразгерметизацияloss of strengthпотеря прочностиmagnetic orientation of runwayориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиануmargin of errorдопуск на погрешностьmargin of liftзапас подъемной силыmargin of safetyдопустимый уровень безопасностиmargin of stabilityзапас устойчивостиmarking of pavementsмаркировка покрытияmean scale of the chartсредний масштаб картыmeans of communicationсредства связиmeans of identificationсредства опознаванияmeridian of Greenwichгринвичский меридианmethod of steepest descentспособ резкого сниженияmode of flightрежим полетаmoment of inertiaмомент инерцииmoment of momentumмомент количества движенияname-code of the routeкодирование названия маршрутаonset of windрезкий порыв ветраoperation of aircraftэксплуатация воздушного суднаout of ground effectвне зоны влияния землиout of serviceизъятый из эксплуатацииovershoot capture of the glide slopeпоздний захват глиссадного лучаperiod of rating currencyпериод действия квалифицированной отметкиpersonal property of passengersличные вещи пассажировpilot's field of viewполе зрения пилотаplane of rotationплоскость вращенияplane of symmetry of the aeroplaneплоскость симметрии самолетаpoint of arrivalпункт прилетаpoint of callпункт выхода на связьpoint of departureпункт вылетаpoint of destinationпункт назначенияpoint of discontinuityточка разрываpoint of intersectionточка пересеченияpoint of loadingпункт погрузкиpoint of no returnрубеж возвратаpoint of originпункт вылетаpoint of turn-aroundрубеж разворотаpoint of unloadingпункт выгрузкиportion of a flightотрезок полетаportion of a runwayучасток ВППprevention of collisionsпредотвращение столкновенийprimary element of structureосновной элемент конструкцииprohibition of landingзапрещение посадкиprolongation of the ratingпродление срока действия квалификационной отметкиpromotion of safetyобеспечение безопасности полетовproof of complianceдоказательство соответствияpropagation of soundраспространение шумаprotection of evidenceсохранение вещественных доказательствpull out of the spinвыводить из штопораpull the aircraft out ofбрать штурвал на себяradar transfer of controlпередача радиолокационного диспетчерского управленияradius of curvatureрадиус кривизныrange of coverageрадиус действияrange of motionдиапазон отклоненияrange of revolutionsдиапазон оборотовrange of visibilityдальность видимостиrange of visionдальность обзораrate of climbскороподъемностьrate of closureскорость сближенияrate of descentскорость сниженияrate of disagreementскорость рассогласованияrate of dutyскорость таможенной пошлиныrate of exchangeкурс обмена валютыrate of flaps motionскорость отклонения закрылковrate of growthтемп ростаrate of pitchскорость по тангажуrate of rollскорость кренаrate of sideslipскорость бокового скольженияrate of trimскорость балансировкиrate of turnскорость разворотаrate of yawскорость рысканияreception of telephonyприем телефонных сообщенийrecord of amendmentsлист учета поправокrecord of revisionsвнесение поправокregularity of operationsрегулярность полетовrelay of messagesпередача сообщенийrelease of controlпередача управленияremoval of aircraftудаление воздушного суднаremoval of limitationsотмена ограниченийreplacement of partsзамена деталейrepresentative of a carrierпредставитель перевозчикаreservation of a seatбронирование местаretirement of aircraftсписание воздушного суднаright - of - entryпреимущественное право входаroll out of the turnвыходить из разворотаrules of the airправила полетовsafe handling of an aircraftбезопасное управление воздушным судномsecond freedom of the airвторая степень свободы воздухаsecond type of occurenceвторой тип событияselection of engine modeвыбор режима работы двигателяsequence of fuel usageочередность выработки топлива(по группам баков) sequence of operationпоследовательность выполнения операцийshowers of rain and snowливневый дождь со снегомsimultaneous use of runwaysодновременная эксплуатация нескольких ВППsite of occurrenceместо происшествияslope of levelнаклон кривой уровня(шумов) source of dangerисточник опасностиStanding Committee of PerformanceПостоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикамstart of leveloffначало выравниванияstart of takeoffначало разбега при взлетеstate of aircraft manufactureгосударство - изготовитель воздушного суднаstate of dischargeстепень разряженности(аккумулятора) state of emergencyаварийное состояниеstate of occurenceгосударство места событияstate of transitгосударство транзитаsteadiness of approachустойчивость при заходе на посадкуsteady rate of climbустановившаяся скорость набора высотыstructure of frontsструктура атмосферных фронтовsubmission of a flight planпредставление плана полетаsystem of monitoring visual aidsсистема контроля за работой визуальных средств(на аэродроме) system of unitsсистема единиц(измерения) table of cruising levelsтаблица крейсерских эшелоновtable of intensity settingsтаблица регулировки интенсивностиtable of limitsтаблица ограниченийtable of toleranceтаблица допусковtake out of serviceснимать с эксплуатацииtarget level of safetyзаданный уровень безопасности полетовtemporary loss of controlвременная потеря управляемостиtermination of controlпрекращение диспетчерского обслуживанияtheory of flightтеория полетаtime of lagвремя запаздыванияtime of originвремя отправленияtitl of the gyroзавал гироскопаtop of climbконечный участок набора высотыtransfer of controlпередача диспетчерского управленияtransmission of telephonyпередача радиотелефонных сообщенийtransmit on frequency ofвести передачу на частотеtriangle of velocitiesтреугольник скоростейunder any kind of engine failureпри любом отказе двигателяuneven use of fuelнеравномерная выработка топливаunit of measurementединица измеренияvelocity of soundскорость звукаwall of overpressureфронт избыточного давленияwarn of dangerпредупреждать об опасностиwithin the frame ofв пределахworking language of ICAOрабочий язык ИКАОzone of intersectionзона пересеченияzone of silenceзона молчания
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