world+definition+language

[ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ]

algorithmic language вчт. алгоритмический язык algorithmical language вчт. алгоритмическый язык applicative language вчт. функциональный язык artifical language вчт. искусственный язык artificial language вчт. искусственный язык assembler language вчт. язык ассемблера assembly language вчт. язык ассемблера authoring language вчт. язык для автоматизации творческой работы block-structured language вчт. язык с блочной структурой boolean-based language вчт. язык булевых операторов command language вчт. командный язык compiled language вчт. транслируемый язык compiler language вчт. язык транслятора computer language вчт. машинный язык computer-dependent language вчт. машинно-зависимый язык computer-oriented language вчт. машинно-ориентированный язык computer-sensitive language вчт. машинно-зависимый язык constraint language вчт. декларативный язык context-free language вчт. контекстно-свободный язык conversational language вчт. диалоговый язык conversational language вчт. язык диалога data definition language вчт. язык определения данных data description language вчт. язык описания данных data description language вчт. язык определения данных data language вчт. язык описания данных data manipulation language вчт. язык манипулирования данными data-base language вчт. язык базы данных data-query language вчт. язык запросов declarative language вчт. декларативный язык design language вчт. язык проектирования end-user language вчт. язык конечного пользователя extensible language вчт. расширяемый язык language язык; речь; finger language язык жестов, язык глухонемых foreign language иностранный язык formal language формальный язык frame language вчт. фреймовый язык high-level language вчт. язык высокого уровня host language вчт. включающий язык human language естественный язык language разг. брань (тж. bad language); I won't have any language here прошу не выражаться inflected language флективный язык information retrieval language информационно- поисковый язык information retrieval language информационно-поисковый язык input language вчт. входной язык interactive language вчт. диалоговый язык interpreted language вчт. интерпретируемый язык kernel language вчт. базовый язык knowledge representation language вчт. язык представления знаний language разг. брань (тж. bad language); I won't have any language here прошу не выражаться language стиль; язык писателя; the language of Shakespeare язык Шекспира language язык language язык; речь; finger language язык жестов, язык глухонемых language стиль; язык писателя; the language of Shakespeare язык Шекспира language of the case язык судебного делопроизводства legal language юридический язык legal language язык права low-level language вчт. язык низкого уровня machine language вчт. машинный язык machine-dependent language вчт. машинно-зависимый язык machine-independent language вчт. машинно-независимый язык machine-oriented language вчт. машинно-ориентрированный язык macro language вчт. макроязык macroinstruction language вчт. язык макрокоманд memory management language вчт. язык управления памятью meta language вчт. метаязык minority language язык национального меньшинства mnemonic language вчт. символический язык national language государственный язык native language вчт. собственный язык машины natural language вчт. естественный язык nonprocedural language вчт. непроцедурный язык object language вчт. объектный язык official language официальный язык original language исходный язык parallel language вчт. язык параллельного программирования predicate language вчт. язык предикатов problem statement language вчт. язык постановки задачи problem-oriented language вчт. проблемно-ориентированный язык procedural language вчт. процедурный язык procedural language процедурный язык procedure-oriented language вчт. процедурно ориентированный язык production language вчт. продукционный язык program language вчт. язык программирования programming language вчт. язык программирования query language вчт. язык запросов register transfer language вчт. язык межрегистровых пересылок regular language вчт. регулярный язык relational language вчт. реляционный язык representation language вчт. язык представлений restricted language вчт. упрощенная версия языка rule language вчт. язык правил rule-based language вчт. язык продукционных правил rule-oriented language вчт. язык логического программирования script language вчт. язык сценариев serial language вчт. язык последовательного программирования source language вчт. исходный язык source language cmp. исходный язык specification language вчт. язык спецификаций subset language вчт. подмножество языка symbolic language вчт. символический язык symbolic language comp. символический язык system language вчт. системный язык tabular language вчт. табличный язык target language вчт. выходной язык target language выходной язык target language объектный язык threaded language вчт. язык транслируемый в шитый код typed language вчт. широко используемый язык typeless language вчт. безтиповый язык unchecked language вчт. язык без контроля типов untyped language вчт. язык без контроля типов update language вчт. язык корректирующих запросов user language вчт. язык пользователя world language международный язык

1) Американизм: Wireless Device License

2) Военный термин: World Definition Language, weapon data link, weapons density list, wireless data link

3) Техника: waveguide directional localizer

4) Сокращение: Waveform Description Language (U.K.)

5) Театр: Wilmington Drama League

6) Текстиль: Woven Designer Label

7) Вычислительная техника: Windows Driver Library (MS, Windows)

8) Фирменный знак: Wilson Daniels, Ltd., Wup Doodle, Ltd.

9) Океанография: Water Data Library

10) Расширение файла: Windows Driver Library (Microsoft)

11) Майкрософт: библиотека драйверов Windows

Исходный код Скрипт World Definition Language

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] third

[Swahili Word] -a tatu

[Part of Speech] adjective

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] third

[English Plural] thirds

[Swahili Word] theluthi

[Swahili Plural] theluthi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[English Definition] one of three equal parts of a whole

[Swahili Definition] uwiano wa fungu moja kwa tatu za zima

[English Example] so as to avoid fracas, each one of the three persons got a third of the chapati

[Swahili Example] ili kusiwe na vurugu kati ya watu wale watatu, kila mmoja alipata thuluthi ya chapati ile moja

[Terminology] general / mathematics

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] third world

[Swahili Word] ulimwengu wa tatu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 11

[English Example] Ninety percent of bad illnesses in the Third World are caused by water that is not good.

[Swahili Example] Asilimia tisini ya magojwa mabaya katika Ulimwengu wa

Tatu yanasababishwa na maji yasiyo bora. [ www.alliance21.org/fr/platform/docs/pf_ks.rtf MAAZIMIO JUU YA ULIMWENGU

WA KUAMINIKA NA ULIOJIUNGA

]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] third world

[Swahili Word] dunia ya tatu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9

[English Example] to get rid of the debts of the nations of the third world.

[Swahili Example] kufutwa kwa madeni ya nchi za dunia ya tatu. [ http://phmovement.org/charter/pch-swahili.html Mkataba Wa Afya Ya Jamii]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] two thirds

[Swahili Word] theluthi mbili

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] mbili

[Terminology] general / mathematics

------------------------------------------------------------

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be considered

[Swahili Word] -fikiriwa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] fikiri v

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -fanya akili

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] -fanya

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -aza

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -chukulia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -chukua

[Swahili Definition] kuamini kuwa

[English Example] in some places this school is the first years of university education but in other states it is considered to be part of secondary school

[Swahili Example] mahali pengine chuo huwa ni miaka ya mwanzo ya chuo kikuu walakini majimbo mengine hukichukulia kama sehemu ya elimu ya sekondari [Masomo 263]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -dhani

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] dhana, udhani

[Swahili Definition] kufikiri

[English Example] the fools of the world, consider color a stigma

[Swahili Example] wajinga wa ulimwengu, rangi hudhani kashifa [Shaaban Robert, "Rangi Zetu" 3 iii]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -dhukuru

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] Arabic

[Swahili Example] hata sijamdhukuru [Ya]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -fikiri

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -fikiria

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -fikiri

[English Example] this is a good time to consider new plans

[Swahili Example] huu ni wakati mwema wa kufikiria mipango mipya [Nyota 1968]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -ghairi

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -hesabia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Swahili Example] alihesabiwa kuwa ana hekima

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -hesabu

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -nia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] ania, nuia, nuio, manuwio

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider

[Swahili Word] -waza

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider carefully

[Swahili Word] -tanabahi

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider carefully

[Swahili Word] -kisi

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] kisio, makisi

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider critically

[Swahili Word] -pima

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] I have weighed his words and found that they are untrue.

[Swahili Example] nimeyapima maneno yake nimeyaona si kweli

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] consider something

[Swahili Word] -wazia

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] marathon

[English Plural] marathons

[Swahili Word] marathon

[Swahili Plural] marathon

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] English

[Derived Word] marathon

[English Definition] a footrace of 26 miles 385 yards

[Swahili Definition] mbio ya kilomita 41.2

[English Example] Tanzania Breweries (TBL) is the chief race sponsor of the 42 kilometer Kilamanjaro Marathon competition

[Swahili Example] Kampuni ya Bia Tanzania (TBL) ndiyo mdhamini mkuu katika mbio za kilomita 42 kwenye mashindano hayo ya Kilimanjaro Marathon (http://bcstimes.com/majira/viewnews.php?category=2&newsID=1031 Majira 6 Machi 2004)

[Terminology] sport

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] marathon

[English Plural] marathons

[Swahili Word] mbio za masafa marefu

[Swahili Plural] mbio za masafa marefu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 10

[English Definition] a footrace of 26 miles 385 yards

[Swahili Definition] mbio ya kilomita 41.2

[English Example] The marathon, called the Kilimanjaro Marathon, which was started two years ago, has helped improve the level of Tanzanian athletes and their participation in marathons around the world.

[Swahili Example] Mbio za masafa marefu, Kilimanjaro Marathon, zilizoanzishwa miaka miwili iliyopita zimesaidia kuboresha viwango vya wanariadha wa Tanzania na ushiriki wao katika mbio za masafa marefu duniani. (http://196.41.49.109/ipp/itv/2005/01/23/30673.html IPP TV 23 Januari 2005)

[Terminology] sport

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] dado

[Swahili Plural] madado

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] dadu

[Swahili Plural] madadu

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] kodwe

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] jiwe, mbwe N

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -fa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] fu, kifa, kifo, kifu, mafa, mafu, mfisha, mfiwa, mfu, ufu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -fariki

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] faraka, farakano, mfariki, mfaruku

[Swahili Definition] kufa [Masomo 303]

[English Example] before my grandfather died

[Swahili Example] kabla babu yangu alipokuwa hajafariki [Masomo 303]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -hiliki

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] -hilikiwa

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -kata roho

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[English Example] the little bird lost contact and died

[Swahili Example] [kidege] kikijiachia viungo kukata roho [Moh]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -ondoka

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] lit.: depart from the world.

[Swahili Example] ondoka katika ulimwengu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -pita

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -salimu roho

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -tupa mkono

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] mkono

[English Example] he has died (literally: he has thrown us his hand)

[Swahili Example] ametutupa mkono

[Note] figurative

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -kata kamba

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] -kata

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die

[Swahili Word] -fia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -fa

[English Example] where did he die?

[Swahili Example] amefia wapi?

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die a natural death

[Swahili Word] -fa upinda

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die a natural death

[Swahili Word] -fa kipinda

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die a natural death (of animals)

[Swahili Word] -fa udusi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Related Words] udusi

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die away

[Swahili Word] -fifia

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] die of old age

[Swahili Word] -fa kibudu

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] arbitary use of power

[Swahili Word] Kabwela

[Swahili Plural] makabwela

[Part of Speech] noun

[Swahili Example] hakimu wa korti amenipa kabwela kubwa ya nguvu kushinda mastaka yangu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be in power

[Swahili Word] -tawala

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] electric power station

[English Plural] electric power stations

[Swahili Word] kiwanda cha nguzo za umeme

[Swahili Plural] viwanda vya nguzo za umeme

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] great power

[English Plural] great powers

[Swahili Word] nchi kubwa

[Swahili Plural] nchi kubwa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[English Definition] a nation or state that, through its great economic, political, military and diplomatic strength, is able to exert power in the world [wikipedia]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] have power

[Swahili Word] -weza

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] have power over

[Swahili Word] -talmaleki

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] have power over

[Swahili Word] -tamalaki

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] invest with power

[Swahili Word] -enzi

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] one who has power over something

[Swahili Word] mweza

[Swahili Plural] weeza

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] weza V

[English Example] ruler of a country.

[Swahili Example] mweza nchi

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] possessor of power

[Swahili Word] mwenyezi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Swahili Example] mwenyezi Mungu

[Terminology] religious

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] adhama

[Swahili Plural] adhama

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] adhima

[Swahili Plural] adhima

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] amri

[Swahili Plural] amri, maamri

[Part of Speech] noun

[English Example] he has power over them

[Swahili Example] ana amri juu yao

[Note] Cf. amiri, '-amuru

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] bavu

[Swahili Plural] mabavu

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] daula

[Swahili Plural] madaula

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] dola

[Swahili Plural] madola

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[English Plural] powers

[Swahili Word] enzi

[Swahili Plural] enzi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[English Plural] powers

[Swahili Word] hukumu

[Swahili Plural] hukumu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] hakama, hakimu, hekima, hekimiza, mahakma

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] imara

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] imarika, uimara, uimarisho

[Swahili Example] kipa imara

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] kudura

[Swahili Plural] kudura

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Swahili Example] kudura ya Mungu [Rec]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] makadara

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6

[Derived Word] kudura N

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] mamlaka

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] miliki

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] miliki, malki

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] milki

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] miliki, malki

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] nguvu

[Swahili Plural] nguvu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[English Example] electric power

[Swahili Example] nguvu ya umeme

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] ukubwa

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] utwala

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] uweza

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 14

[Derived Word] weza V

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[Swahili Word] uwezo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 14

[Derived Word] weza V

[Swahili Example] kiburi ni mali ya mwenye uwezo wa kujitegemea [Sul]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power

[English Plural] powers

[Swahili Word] kipeo

[Swahili Plural] vipeo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -pea

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power (of God)

[Swahili Word] makadara

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Note] rare, rel

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power (of God)

[Swahili Word] makadari

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Note] rare, rel

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power (physical)

[English Plural] power

[Swahili Word] kibavu

[Swahili Plural] vibavu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power of holding together

[Swahili Word] ushikamano

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 11

[Derived Word] shika v

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power plant

[English Plural] power plants

[Swahili Word] kinu cha stimu

[Swahili Plural] vinu vya stimu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Related Words] stimu

[Terminology] electricity

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] power plant

[English Plural] power plants

[Swahili Word] kinu cha taa

[Swahili Plural] vinu vya taa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Related Words] taa

[Terminology] electricity

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] put in power

[Swahili Word] -tawalisha

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] put in power

[Swahili Word] -tawaza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] causative

[Derived Word] caus. of -tawala

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be reported

[Swahili Word] -arifiwa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] passive

[English Example] it is reported that the number of prisoners could be increased until it reached 20,000

[Swahili Example] inaarifiwa kwamba idadi ya wafungwa inaweza kuongezeka hadi kufikia 20,000 [ http://www2.dw-world.de/kiswahili/vermischtes/1.138575.1.html DW 19 Mei 2005]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] give a report

[Swahili Word] -toa habari

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] hubiri, mhubiri

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] make a report

[Swahili Word] -hutubu

[Part of Speech] verb

[Dialect] recent

[Derived Word] hatiba, hutuba

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] fununu

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] habari

[Swahili Plural] habari

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] hubiri, mhubiri

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] hadithi

[Swahili Plural] hadithi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] hubiri

[Swahili Plural] mahubiri

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Word] habari, mhubiri

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] kauli

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] kisa

[Swahili Plural] visa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Word] mkasa N

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] lumba

[Part of Speech] noun

[Swahili Example] (= simulia, hadithia, hoji)

[Note] rare

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] mlio

[Swahili Plural] milio

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[Derived Word] lia V

[English Example] rifle shot.

[Swahili Example] mlio wa bunduki

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] ripoti

[Swahili Plural] ripoti

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] eng

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] simulizi

[Swahili Plural] masimulizi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Word] simulia V

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] taarifa

[Swahili Plural] taarifa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] arifu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[English Plural] reports

[Swahili Word] taarifu

[Swahili Plural] taarifu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] arifu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -arifu

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] Arabic

[Swahili Definition] kutoa taarifa [Masomo, 103]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -bashiri

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -hubiri

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -hubiri

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] habari, mhubiri

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -ripoti

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] eng

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -simulia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] msimulizi N

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report

[Swahili Word] -sumulia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] msimulizi N

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report (news)

[Swahili Word] -dokolea

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] report to someone

[Swahili Word] -taarifia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] taarifa

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] dictionary

[English Plural] dictionaries

[Swahili Word] kamusi

[Swahili Plural] kamusi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Derived Word] قاموس.

[English Definition] a reference resource containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them

[Swahili Definition] marejeo ya maandishi yenye orodha ya maana ya maneno

[English Example] The Internet Living Swahili Dictionary is the only dictionary of its kind in the world

[Swahili Example] Kamusi Hai ya Kiswahili Kwenye Mtandao ni kamusi ya pekee duniani

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] arouse interest

[Swahili Word] -vutia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Derived Word] vuta V

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be interested in

[Swahili Word] -vutiwa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] appl-pass

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] common interest

[English Plural] common interests

[Swahili Word] kiwili

[Swahili Plural] viwili

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Terminology] anthropology

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] riba

[Swahili Plural] riba

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] mlariba

[English Definition] the cost of borrowing money

[Swahili Definition] gharama za kukopa pesa

[English Example] The World Bank gives loans at low rate of interest to member countries

[Swahili Example] Benki ya Dunia hutoa mikopo kwa riba ndogo kwa nchi wanachama

[Terminology] finance

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] masilahi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6

[Derived Word] Arabic

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] maslahi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6

[Derived Word] Arabic

[English Example] This fiance doesn't think about your interests but just about his own.

[Swahili Example] Huyu mchumba hafikiri maslahi yalko bali yake mwenyewe [Masomo 39]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] mwamali

[Swahili Plural] miamali

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] amali

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[English Plural] interests

[Swahili Word] shauku

[Swahili Plural] shauku

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] usikilivu

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] usikivu

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] usikizi

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] interest

[Swahili Word] -sisitiza

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

1) (indicating belonging, connection, possession)

2) (indicating starting point) von

3) (indicating origin, cause)

4) (indicating material) aus

5) (indicating closer definition, identity, or contents)

6) (indicating concern, reference)

7) (indicating objective relation)

8) (indicating description, quality, condition)

9) (indicating classification, selection) von

* * *

1) (belonging to: a friend of mine.) von

2) (away from (a place etc); after (a given time): within five miles of London; within a year of his death.) von

3) (written etc by: the plays of Shakespeare.) von

4) (belonging to or forming a group: He is one of my friends.) von

5) (showing: a picture of my father.) von

6) (made from; consisting of: a dress of silk; a collection of pictures.) aus

7) (used to show an amount, measurement of something: a gallon of petrol; five bags of coal.) mit

8) (about: an account of his work.) von

9) (containing: a box of chocolates.) mit

10) (used to show a cause: She died of hunger.) an

11) (used to show a loss or removal: She was robbed of her jewels.) Genitiv

12) (used to show the connection between an action and its object: the smoking of a cigarette.) Genitiv

13) (used to show character, qualities etc: a man of courage.) mit

14) ((American) (of time) a certain number of minutes before (the hour): It's ten minutes of three.) vor

* * *

[ɒv, əv, AM ɑ:v, əv]

1. after n (belonging to) von + dat

people \of this island Menschen von dieser Insel

the language \of this country die Sprache dieses Landes

the cause \of the disease die Krankheitsursache

the colour \of her hair ihre Haarfarbe

the government \of India die indische Regierung

a friend \of mine ein Freund von mir

smoking is the worst habit \of mine Rauchen ist meine schlimmste Angewohnheit

this revolting dog \of hers ihr widerlicher Hund

the smell \of roses Rosenduft m

2. after n (expressing relationship) von + dat

an admirer \of Picasso ein Bewunderer Picassos

3. after n (expressing a whole's part) von + dat

five \of her seven kids are boys fünf ihrer sieben Kinder sind Jungen

there were ten \of us on the trip wir waren auf der Reise zu zehnt

nine \of the children came to the show neun Kinder kamen zur Vorstellung

can you please give me more \of the beans? könntest du mir noch etwas von den Bohnen geben?

I don't want to hear any more \of that! ich will nichts mehr davon hören!

he's the best-looking \of the three brothers er sieht von den drei Brüdern am besten aus

a third \of the people ein Drittel der Leute

the whole \of the garden der ganze Garten

the best \of friends die besten Freunde

the days \of the week die Wochentage

all \of us wir alle

all \of us were tired wir waren alle müde

\of all von allen

best \of all, I liked the green one am besten gefiel mir der grüne

that \of all his films is my favourite er gefällt mir von allen seinen Filmen am besten

both \of us wir beide

most \of them die meisten von ihnen

one \of the cleverest eine(r) der Schlauesten

he's one \of the smartest \of the smart er ist einer der Klügsten unter den Klugen

4. after n (expressing quantities)

a bunch \of parsley ein Bund Petersilie nt

a clove \of garlic eine Knoblauchzehe

a cup \of tea eine Tasse Tee

a drop \of rain ein Regentropfen

hundreds \of people Hunderte von Menschen

a kilo \of apples ein Kilo Äpfel nt

a litre \of water ein Liter Wasser m

a lot \of money eine Menge Geld

a piece \of cake ein Stück Kuchen

a pride \of lions ein Rudel Löwen [o Löwenrudel] nt

5. after vb (consisting of) aus + dat

the sweater is made \of the finest lambswool der Pullover ist aus feinster Schafwolle

a land \of ice and snow ein Land aus Eis und Schnee

dresses \of lace and silk Kleider aus Spitze und Seide

a house \of stone ein Steinhaus, ein Haus aus Stein

6. after n (containing) mit + dat

a book \of short stories ein Buch mit Kurzgeschichten

7. after adj (done by) von + dat

that was stupid \of me das war dumm von mir

8. after n (done to)

the massacre \of hundreds \of innocent people das Massaker an Hunderten von Menschen

the destruction \of the rain forest die Zerstörung des Regenwalds

9. after n (suffered by) von + dat

the anguish \of the murdered child's parents die Qualen der Eltern des ermordeten Kindes

the suffering \of millions das Leiden von Millionen

10. (expressing cause)

to die \of sth an etw dat sterben

he died \of cancer er starb an Krebs

\of one's own free will aus freien Stücken, freiwillig

\of oneself von selbst

she would never do such a thing \of herself so etwas würde sie nie von alleine tun

11. (expressing origin)

the works \of Shakespeare die Werke Shakespeares

she is \of noble birth sie ist adliger Abstammung

12. after vb (concerning)

we will notify you \of any further changes wir werden Sie über alle Änderungen informieren

he was accused \of fraud er wurde wegen Betrugs angeklagt

I know \of a guy who could fix that for you ich kenne jemanden, der das für dich reparieren kann

\of her childhood, we know very little wir wissen nur sehr wenig über ihre Kindheit

let's not speak \of this matter lass uns nicht über die Sache reden

speaking \of sb/sth,... wo [o da] wir gerade von jdm/etw sprechen,...

speaking \of time, do you have a watch on? da wir gerade von der Zeit reden, hast du eine Uhr?

she's often unsure \of herself sie ist sich ihrer selbst oft nicht sicher

I'm really appreciative \of all your help ich bin dir für all deine Hilfe wirklich dankbar

he was worthy \of the medal er hatte die Medaille verdient

I am certain \of that ich bin mir dessen sicher

this is not uncharacteristic \of them das ist für sie nichts Ungewöhnliches

to be afraid \of sb/sth vor jdm/etw Angst haben

to be fond \of swimming gerne schwimmen

to be jealous \of sb auf jdn eifersüchtig sein

to be sick \of sth etw satthaben, von etw dat genug haben

there was no warning \of the danger es gab keine Warnung vor der Gefahr

he has a love \of music er liebt die Musik

he's a doctor \of medicine er ist Doktor der Medizin

the idea \of a just society die Idee einer gerechten Gesellschaft

the memories \of her school years die Erinnerungen an ihre Schuljahre

the pain \of separation der Trennungsschmerz

it's a problem \of space das ist ein Raumproblem

his promises \of loyalty seine Treueversprechen

to be in search \of sb/sth auf der Suche nach jdm/etw sein

she's in search \of a man sie sucht einen Mann

thoughts \of revenge Rachegedanken pl

▪ what \of sb? was ist mit jdm?

and what \of Adrian? was macht eigentlich Adrian?

what \of it? was ist schon dabei?, na und?

13. after n (expressing condition)

on the point [or verge] \of doing sth kurz davor [o im Begriff] sein, etw zu tun

I'm on the point \of telling him off ich werde ihn jetzt gleich rausschmeißen

14. after n (expressing position) von + dat

in the back \of the car hinten im Auto

the zipper was on the back \of the dress der Reißverschluss war hinten am Kleid

on the corner \of the street an der Straßenecke

on the left \of the picture links auf dem Bild

a lake north/south \of the city ein See im Norden/Süden der Stadt

I've never been north \of Edinburgh ich war noch nie nördlich von Edinburgh

on the top \of his head [oben] auf seinem Kopf

15. after n (with respect to scale) von + dat

a rise \of 2% in inflation ein Inflationsanstieg von 2 Prozent

the stocks experienced an average rise \of 5% die Aktien sind im Durchschnitt um 5 % gestiegen

16. (expressing age) von + dat

at the age \of six im Alter von sechs Jahren

he's a man \of about 50 er ist um die 50 Jahre alt

17. after n (denoting example of category)

I hate this kind \of party ich hasse diese Art von Party

the city \of Prague die Stadt Prag

18. after n (typical of)

she has the face \of an angel sie hat ein Gesicht wie ein Engel

the grace \of a dancer die Anmut einer Tänzerin

the love \of a good woman die Liebe einer guten Frau

19. after n (expressing characteristic)

she gave a scream \of terror sie stieß einen Schrei des Entsetzens aus

a man \of honour ein Mann von Ehre

a moment \of silence ein Moment m der Stille

I want a few minutes \of quiet! ich will ein paar Minuten Ruhe!

a subject \of very little interest ein sehr wenig beachtetes Thema

a woman \of great charm and beauty eine Frau von großer Wärme und Schönheit

20. after n (away from) von + dat

we live within a mile \of the city centre wir wohnen eine Meile vom Stadtzentrum entfernt

she came within two seconds \of beating the world record sie hat den Weltrekord nur um zwei Sekunden verfehlt

21. after n (in time phrases)

I got married back in June \of 1957 ich habe im Juni 1957 geheiratet

the eleventh \of March der elfte März

the first \of the month der erste [Tag] des Monats

the most memorable events \of the past decade die wichtigsten Ereignisse des letzten Jahrzehnts

22. after vb (expressing removal)

they were robbed \of all their savings ihnen wurden alle Ersparnisse geraubt

I've him \of that nasty little habit ich habe ihm diese dumme Angewohnheit abgewöhnt

his mother had deprived him \of love seine Mutter hat ihm ihre Liebe vorenthalten

to get rid \of sb jdn loswerden

the room was devoid \of all furnishings der Raum war ganz ohne Möbel

free \of charge kostenlos, SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR meist gratis

23. after n (apposition) von + dat

this complete idiot \of a man dieser Vollidiot

the month \of June der Monat Juni

the name \of Brown der Name Brown

24. ( dated: during) an + dat

she died \of a Sunday morning sie starb an einem Sonntagmorgen

I like to relax with my favourite book \of an evening ich entspanne mich abends gerne mit meinem Lieblingsbuch

\of late in letzter Zeit

25. AM (to) vor

it's quarter \of five es ist viertel vor fünf [o BRD drei viertel fünf

▶ \of all gerade

Jane, \of all people, is the last one I'd expect to see at the club gerade Jane ist die letzte, die ich in dem Klub erwartet hätte

I can't understand why you live in Ireland, \of all places ich kann nicht verstehen, warum du ausgerechnet in Irland lebst

today \of all days ausgerechnet heute

▶ \of all the cheek [or nerve] das ist doch die Höhe!

▶ to be \of sth:

she is \of the opinion that doctors are only out to experiment sie glaubt, Ärzte möchten nur herumexperimentieren

this work is \of great interest and value diese Arbeit ist sehr wichtig und wertvoll

* * *

1) (indicating possession or relation) von (+dat), use of gen

2)

3)

4)

5) (indicating material) aus

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11) (obs, liter

12)

* * *

of [ɒv; əv; US əv; ɑv] präp

1. allg von

2. zur Bezeichnung des Genitivs:

the tail of the dog der Schwanz des Hundes;

the tail of a dog der oder ein Hundeschwanz;

the folly of his action die Dummheit seiner Handlung

3. Ort: bei:

4. Entfernung, Trennung, Befreiung:

a) von:

south of London südlich von London;

within ten miles of London im Umkreis von 10 Meilen um London;

cure (rid) of sth von etwas heilen (befreien)

b) (gen) he was robbed of his wallet er wurde seiner Brieftasche beraubt, ihm wurde die Brieftasche geraubt

c) um:

5. Herkunft: von, aus:

of good family aus einer guten Familie;

Mr X of London Mr. X aus London

6. Teil: von oder gen:

the best of my friends;

a friend of mine ein Freund von mir, einer meiner Freunde;

that red nose of his seine rote Nase

7. Eigenschaft: von, mit:

a man of courage ein mutiger Mann, ein Mann mit Mut;

a man of no importance ein unbedeutender Mensch;

a fool of a man ein (ausgemachter) Narr

8. Stoff: aus, von:

a dress of silk ein Kleid aus oder von Seide, ein Seidenkleid;

(made) of steel aus Stahl (hergestellt), stählern, Stahl…

9. Urheberschaft, Art und Weise: von:

the works of Byron;

it was clever of him;

of o.s. von selbst, von sich aus;

he has a son of his first marriage er hat einen Sohn aus erster Ehe

10. Ursache, Grund:

a) von, an (dat):

die of cancer an Krebs sterben

b) aus:

c) vor (dat): → academic.ru/1052/afraid">afraid

d) auf (akk):

e) über (akk):

f) nach:

11. Beziehung: hinsichtlich (gen):

it is true of every case das trifft in jedem Fall zu

12. Thema:

a) von, über (akk):

b) an (akk):

13. Apposition, im Deutschen nicht ausgedrückt:

a) the city of London die Stadt London;

the month of April der Monat April

b) Maß:

a piece of meat ein Stück Fleisch

14. Genitivus obiectivus:

a) zu:

b) vor (dat): → fear A 3

c) bei:

an audience of the king eine Audienz beim König

15. Zeit:

a) umg an (dat), in (dat):

of an evening eines Abends;

of late years in den letzten Jahren

b) von:

your letter of March 3rd Ihr Schreiben vom 3. März

c) US vor (bei Zeitangaben):

* * *

1) (indicating belonging, connection, possession)

2) (indicating starting point) von

3) (indicating origin, cause)

4) (indicating material) aus

5) (indicating closer definition, identity, or contents)

6) (indicating concern, reference)

7) (indicating objective relation)

8) (indicating description, quality, condition)

9) (indicating classification, selection) von

* * *

aus präp.

von präp.

vor präp.

über präp.

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread

[Swahili Word] -sambaa

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread

[Swahili Word] -tangaa

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] these news have spread throughout the whole world

[Swahili Example] habari hizi zimetangaa ulimwengu mzima

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread

[Swahili Word] -tapakaa

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] a disease has spread throughout the whole country

[Swahili Example] ugonjwa umetapakaa nchi nzima

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread about

[Swahili Word] -sambaa

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread around

[Swahili Word] -sambazwa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] caus-pass

[English Example] big televisions have been spread around in different districts of the city of Rome to enable mourners to see the funeral proceedings for themselves

[Swahili Example] Televisheni kubwa zimesambazwa katika maeneo mbali mbali ya jiji la Roma kuwawezesha waombolezaji kujionea shughuli za mazishi [ http://www.bbc.co.uk/swahili/news/story/2004/06/000000_dirayadunia.shtml BBC 8 Aprili 2005]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread out

[Swahili Word] -tandaa

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] be spread out over a large area (ie a plain)

[Swahili Word] -tandaa

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] one who spreads

[English Plural] people who spread

[Swahili Word] mtanda

[Swahili Plural] watanda

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

[Derived Word] tanda V

[English Example] "spreader of lies, gossip, talebearer".

[Swahili Example] mtanda miongo

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] something spread

[Swahili Word] utando

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] something spread

[Swahili Word] utandu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Swahili Example] utandu wa buibui

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] something spread out

[English Plural] things spread out

[Swahili Word] mtande

[Swahili Plural] mitande

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[Derived Word] tanda V

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] something spread out

[English Plural] things spread out

[Swahili Word] tando

[Swahili Plural] matando

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[English Example] veil spread out

[Swahili Example] tando la buibui

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] something spread out

[English Plural] things spread out

[Swahili Word] tandu

[Swahili Plural] matandu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[English Example] veil spread out

[Swahili Example] tandu la buibui

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[English Plural] spreads

[Swahili Word] enezi

[Swahili Plural] maenezi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Word] -enea

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -enea

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] spread the news, advertise

[Swahili Example] enea habari

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -eneza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] -enea

[Swahili Definition] kuwezesha kuenea [Masomo 312]

[English Example] Different ways were used to spread education.

[Swahili Example] Njia tofauti zilitumika kueneza elimu [Masomo 312]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -paka

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] kipaku, mpaka, mpakato, mpako, upakizi

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -sambaza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] causative

[English Example] the padre spread the hands

[Swahili Example] Padri alisambaza mikono [Kez]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -tangaza

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -tokomeza

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -vuma

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] vumi, vumilivu, kivumi, mvumi, mvumo, uvumi, uvumilivu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -zagaa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Language] Arabic

[English Example] his orange tree has spread oranges (he has very many oranges)

[Swahili Example] mchungwa wake umezagaa machungwa [Rech]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread

[Swahili Word] -pamba

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread (anything)

[Swahili Word] -shamiri

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread (fire or water or disease)

[Swahili Word] -moma

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread apart

[Swahili Word] -panua

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] "spread apart the legs, take long steps".

[Swahili Example] panua miguu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread it over

[Swahili Word] -ikiza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Swahili Example] ikiza nyumba boriti

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread on

[Swahili Word] nata

[Part of Speech] adjective

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread on oneself

[Swahili Word] -jikunjulia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] appl-refl

[Swahili Example] akajikunjulia kanzu yake mpya na kujaribu kufumba macho [Sul]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread open

[Swahili Word] -kunjua

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] converse

[Swahili Example] akiikunjua sehemu iliyojipeta [Sul]

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread or make (a bed)

[Swahili Word] -tandika

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread out

[Swahili Word] -tanda

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread out

[Swahili Word] -tandaza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] causative

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread out

[Swahili Word] -tandisha

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] causative

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread out (goods or wares)

[Swahili Word] -omeka

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread over

[Swahili Word] wamba

[Part of Speech] adverb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread the legs

[Swahili Word] -banua miguu

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] inversive

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -bana

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] spread widely

[Swahili Word] -sambaa

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

   1) A Comparison of the Digital Computer and the Brain

   The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)

   2) Computers Do Not Crunch Numbers, They Manipulate Symbols

   It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....

   The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)

   3) Getting Computers to Explain Things to Themselves

   The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)

   4) Some Limits of Artificial Intelligence

   In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)

   5) The Computer as a Humanizing Influence

   A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.

   In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....

   It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)

   6) The Intentionality of Computers Is Essentially Borrowed, Hence Derivative

   [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)

   7) The Possibility of Computer Thought

   he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)

   8) We Are Getting Better at Building Even Better Computers, an Ever- Escalating Upward Spiral

   t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.

   According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)

    10) Why People Are Smarter Than Computers

   What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.

   What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.

   In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] capital

[English Plural] capital

[Swahili Word] mtaji

[Swahili Plural] mitaji

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[English Example] "We live in a world of competition for everything, in competition to attract capital and investments, competition for employment, and business competition." Benjamin William Mkapa, 1 May 2001.

[Swahili Example] "Tunaishi katika dunia ya ushindani kwenye kila jambo, ikiwemo ushindani katika kuvutia mitaji na vitegauchumi, ushindani wa ajira, na ushindani wa biashara." http://www.tanzania.go.tz/hotuba.htm Benjamin William Mkapa, 1 Mei 2001.

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] capital

[Swahili Word] rasilimali

[Swahili Plural] rasilimali

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Terminology] economics

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] capital

[Swahili Word] rasilmalii

[Swahili Plural] rasilmalii

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] capital

[Swahili Word] utajiri

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] capital (city)

[English Plural] capitals (cities)

[Swahili Word] mji mkuu

[Swahili Plural] miji mikuu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[English Definition] a seat of government

[English Example] opposition supporters have gathered in Lebanon's capital Beirut

[Swahili Example] wafuasi wa upinzani wamekusanyika katika mji mkuu wa Lebanon, Beirut [ http://www.bbc.co.uk/swahili/news/story/2004/06/000000_dirayadunia.shtml BBC 14 March 2005]

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] attend a council

[Swahili Word] -barizi

[Part of Speech] verb

[Derived Word] baraza

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] convene a council

[Swahili Word] -barizi

[Part of Speech] verb

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] council

[English Plural] councils

[Swahili Word] baraza

[Swahili Plural] mabaraza

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Swahili Definition] halmashauri [Masomo 220]

[English Example] World Peace Council

[Swahili Example] baraza la Amani la Dunia

[Note] cf. barizi

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] council

[English Plural] councils

[Swahili Word] halmashauri

[Swahili Plural] halmashauri

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] shauri

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] council

[English Plural] councils

[Swahili Word] kikundi

[Swahili Plural] vikundi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] kundi

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] council

[Swahili Word] mtaguso

[Swahili Plural] mitaguso

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[English Example] general council

[Swahili Example] mtaguso mkuu

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] council

[English Plural] councils

[Swahili Word] baraza

[Swahili Plural] baraza

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Swahili Example] Mkuu wa Sheria adhiusishwe na baraza za mawaziri na pia maamuzi ya Bunge (www.kenyaconstitution.org/docs/06bd018.htm The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission)

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] council of kings

[Swahili Word] diwani

[Swahili Plural] madiwani

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] secret council

[Swahili Word] mzengwe

[Swahili Plural] mizengwe

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] secret council

[English Plural] secret councils

[Swahili Word] njama

[Swahili Plural] njama

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

------------------------------------------------------------