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to+be+rigorous+in+one's+work

  • 1 rigoureux

    rigoureux, -euse [ʀiguʀø, øz]
    adjective
       a. rigorous ; [maître] strict
       b. [interdiction] strict
    * * *
    - euse ʀiguʀø, øz adjectif
    1) [morale, discipline] strict, rigorous; [règlement, personne, application] strict
    2) [climat, hiver, conditions de travail] harsh, severe; [froid] severe
    3) [observations, recherches, démonstration] meticulous; [analyse, gestion, pensée, argumentation] rigorous
    * * *
    ʀiɡuʀø, øz adj (-euse)
    1) (morale) rigorous, strict
    2) (personne) rigorous
    3) (climat, châtiment) harsh, severe
    4) (interdiction, neutralité) strict
    5) (preuves, analyse, méthode) rigorous
    * * *
    rigoureux, - euse adj
    1 ( sévère) [morale, discipline] strict, rigorous; [règlement, personne] strict;
    2 ( rude) [climat, saison] harsh, severe; [froid] severe; [température] harsh; [conditions de travail] difficult, hard;
    3 ( conduit avec précision) [observations, recherches, démonstration, description] meticulous; [travail] meticulous, scrupulous; [logique, analyse, méthode, sélection, gestion, pensée] rigorous; [argumentation] meticulous, rigorous; [application] strict; de façon rigoureuse rigorously; la construction rigoureuse d'un roman the tight structure of a novel; un raisonnement rigoureux a closely reasoned argument;
    4 ( strict) [obéissance, sens] strict; [personne] rigorous; être rigoureux dans ses observations/analyses to be rigorous ou meticulous in one's observations/analysis.
    ( féminin rigoureuse) [rigurø, øz] adjectif
    1. [sévère - personne] severe, rigorous ; [ - sanction] harsh, severe ; [ - principe] strict
    2. [scrupuleux - analyse, définition, raisonnement] rigorous ; [ - contrôle] strict ; [ - description] minute, precise ; [ - discipline] strict
    3. [rude - climat] harsh

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rigoureux

  • 2 riguroso

    adj.
    1 rigorous, severe, strict, stern.
    2 harsh.
    * * *
    1 (severo) rigorous, severe, strict
    2 (clima) rigorous, severe, harsh
    3 (exacto) exact
    4 (minucioso) meticulous
    * * *
    (f. - rigurosa)
    adj.
    rigorous, strict
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [control, dieta, disciplina] strict; [actitud, castigo] severe, harsh; [medida] tough
    2) [invierno, clima] harsh
    3) (=concienzudo) [método, estudio] rigorous
    4) liter cruel
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < método> rigorous; <dieta/control> strict

    en riguroso orden de llegada — strictly on a first come, first served basis

    en sentido riguroso... — strictly speaking...

    b) < juez> harsh; < maestro> strict; < castigo> severe, harsh
    c) < invierno> hard; < clima> harsh
    * * *
    = rigorous, severe [severer -comp., severest -sup.], strict [stricter -comp., strictest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], thoroughgoing, Draconian, hard-line, harsh [harsher -comp., harshest -sup.], conscientious.
    Ex. You are already familiar with the idea of enumerating isolate concepts in the rigorous facet analysis of CC.
    Ex. Obviously if it were not for the fact that such indexes also have severe limitations there would be little need to produce any other type of subject index.
    Ex. This may lead to deviations from the strict and most obvious alphabetical sequence.
    Ex. Title indexes suffer from absence of tight terminology control.
    Ex. The project was not an end but merely a step along the road to more thoroughgoing bibliographic control.
    Ex. Now this may sound somewhat Draconian as an approach to the problem, but I really do believe, and I have studied this and thought about it very carefully for many years, that this is the only answer, that anything else is just an amelioration of the problem and is building up problems for the future.
    Ex. Many school districts have adopted a hard-line approach to reducing unexcused absenteeism; in one such district, truancy rates were reduced 45 percent when truants and their parents were taken to court.
    Ex. In this unhappy pattern SLIS are not being singled out for especially harsh treatment.
    Ex. Then the conscientious manager can help solve his problems without engaging in original laborious research or the risky practice of trial and error.
    ----
    * hacer más riguroso = tighten, tightening up.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) < método> rigorous; <dieta/control> strict

    en riguroso orden de llegada — strictly on a first come, first served basis

    en sentido riguroso... — strictly speaking...

    b) < juez> harsh; < maestro> strict; < castigo> severe, harsh
    c) < invierno> hard; < clima> harsh
    * * *
    = rigorous, severe [severer -comp., severest -sup.], strict [stricter -comp., strictest -sup.], tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], thoroughgoing, Draconian, hard-line, harsh [harsher -comp., harshest -sup.], conscientious.

    Ex: You are already familiar with the idea of enumerating isolate concepts in the rigorous facet analysis of CC.

    Ex: Obviously if it were not for the fact that such indexes also have severe limitations there would be little need to produce any other type of subject index.
    Ex: This may lead to deviations from the strict and most obvious alphabetical sequence.
    Ex: Title indexes suffer from absence of tight terminology control.
    Ex: The project was not an end but merely a step along the road to more thoroughgoing bibliographic control.
    Ex: Now this may sound somewhat Draconian as an approach to the problem, but I really do believe, and I have studied this and thought about it very carefully for many years, that this is the only answer, that anything else is just an amelioration of the problem and is building up problems for the future.
    Ex: Many school districts have adopted a hard-line approach to reducing unexcused absenteeism; in one such district, truancy rates were reduced 45 percent when truants and their parents were taken to court.
    Ex: In this unhappy pattern SLIS are not being singled out for especially harsh treatment.
    Ex: Then the conscientious manager can help solve his problems without engaging in original laborious research or the risky practice of trial and error.
    * hacer más riguroso = tighten, tightening up.

    * * *
    1 ‹método› rigorous; ‹dieta› strict
    se vistieron de luto riguroso they wore deep mourning
    en riguroso orden de llegada strictly on a first come, first served basis
    rigurosos controles de calidad strict o rigorous quality control checks
    en sentido riguroso, ése no es el significado de la palabra strictly speaking, that is not what the word means
    2 ‹juez› harsh; ‹maestro› strict; ‹castigo› severe, harsh; ‹invierno› hard; ‹clima› harsh, severe
    * * *

    riguroso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    a) método rigorous;

    dieta/control/orden strict;
    examen thorough;

    b) juez harsh;

    maestro strict;
    castigo severe, harsh
    c) invierno hard;

    clima harsh
    riguroso,-a adjetivo
    1 (inflexible) severe, strict: es muy rigurososo con sus hijos, he's quite strict with his children
    2 (trabajo, investigador) rigorous: una rigurosa investigación, a rigorous investigation
    3 (clima) un riguroso otoño, a harsh autumn
    ' riguroso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escrupulosa
    - escrupuloso
    - investigación
    - rigurosa
    - duro
    - luto
    English:
    rigorous
    - severe
    - tight
    - vegetarian
    - exacting
    - harsh
    - intemperate
    - strict
    - stringent
    - thorough
    * * *
    riguroso, -a adj
    1. [severo] strict;
    el árbitro estuvo muy riguroso the referee was very strict;
    vestía de luto riguroso she was in strict mourning;
    sigue una dieta rigurosa he's on a strict diet;
    someten el proceso de fabricación a un riguroso control the manufacturing process is strictly o tightly controlled;
    las entradas se darán en riguroso orden de llegada the tickets will be issued strictly on a first come first served basis
    2. [exacto] rigorous;
    un análisis riguroso a rigorous analysis
    3. [inclemente] harsh;
    ha sido un invierno riguroso it has been a harsh winter
    * * *
    adj rigorous, harsh
    * * *
    riguroso, -sa adj
    : rigorous
    * * *
    1. (severo) strict
    2. (extremado) harsh

    Spanish-English dictionary > riguroso

  • 3 rigueur

    rigueur [ʀigœʀ]
    feminine noun
       a. [de condamnation, discipline] severity ; [de mesures] rigour ; [de climat, hiver] harshness
       b. [de morale] rigour ; [de personne] strictness
       c. [de raisonnement] rigour ; [de calcul] precision ; [de classification, définition] strictness
    un délit, à la rigueur, mais un crime non: le mot est trop fort an offence possibly, but not a crime - that's too strong a word
    * * *
    ʀigœʀ
    1.
    1) (de sanction, loi, personne) strictness; ( de répression) harshness
    2) (de climat, condition) harshness
    3) (d'observation, de recherche, style, démonstration) rigour [BrE]
    4) Politique, Économie austerity

    2.
    rigueurs nom féminin pluriel (de saison, climat) liter rigours [BrE]

    3.
    de rigueur locution adjective obligatory

    4.
    à la rigueur locution adverbiale

    à la rigueur je peux te prêter 20 eurosat a pinch GB ou in a pinch US I can lend you 20 euros

    il est un peu excentrique à la rigueur, mais fou certainement pas — he may be a bit eccentric, but he's certainly not mad

    ••
    * * *
    ʀiɡœʀ nf
    1) [morale] rigour Grande-Bretagne rigor USA
    2) [personne] rigour Grande-Bretagne rigor USA
    3) [châtiment] harshness
    4) [climat] harshness, rigour Grande-Bretagne rigor USA
    5)

    à la rigueur (= si nécessaire) — at a pinch, (= peut-être) possibly

    "tenue de soirée de rigueur" — "evening dress"

    être de rigueur — to be the usual thing, to be the rule

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( sévérité) (de sanction, règlement, loi, personne) strictness; ( de discipline) strictness, harshness; ( de répression) harshness; se conformer à une morale d'une grande rigueur to adhere to an extremely strict moral code; être d'une extrême/grande rigueur avec qn to be extremely/very strict with sb; traiter ses enfants avec trop de rigueur to treat one's children too harshly ou strictly;
    2 ( dureté) (de climat, saison) harshness; ( de condition) harshness;
    3 ( précision) (d'observation, de recherche, travail, style) meticulousness, rigourGB; (de logique, démonstration, d'analyse, argumentation) rigourGB; une analyse d'une grande rigueur a very rigorous analysis; faire preuve de rigueur to be rigorous; étude faite avec rigueur study meticulously carried out; leur travail manque de rigueur their work is not rigorous enough;
    4 Pol, Écon austerity; rigueur monétaire monetary austerity; plan de rigueur austerity measures.
    B rigueurs nfpl littér (de saison, climat) rigoursGB; affronter les rigueurs de l'hiver to withstand the rigoursGB of winter.
    C de rigueur loc adj obligatory, essential; précautions de rigueur necessary precautions; les gants blancs sont de rigueur white gloves are to be worn ou must be worn; la prudence reste de rigueur au ministère caution is the order of the day at the ministry; visite de rigueur obligatory social call; les banalités de rigueur the usual platitudes.
    D à la rigueur loc adv nous pouvons à la rigueur emprunter à mes parents if we absolutely must we can borrow from my parents; à la rigueur je peux te prêter 20 euros at a pinch GB ou in a pinch US I can lend you 20 euros; je peux venir trois jours ou cinq à la rigueur I can come for three days or five at the very outside; qu'il ait gagné la médaille de bronze à la rigueur, mais pas la médaille d'or he may well have deserved to win the bronze medal, but not the gold; il est un peu excentrique à la rigueur, mais fou certainement pas he may be a bit eccentric, but he's certainly not mad.
    tenir rigueur à qn de qch to bear sb a grudge for sth; il lui tient rigueur d'avoir dilapidé toute la fortune de leur père he bears him/her a grudge for having frittered away their father's fortune; il ne t'en tiendra pas rigueur he won't hold it against you.
    [rigɶr] nom féminin
    1. [sévérité] harshness, severity, rigour
    2. [austérité - d'une gestion] austerity, stringency ; [ - d'une morale] rigour, strictness, sternness
    3. [âpreté - d'un climat, d'une existence] rigour, harshness, toughness
    4. [précision - d'un calcul] exactness, precision ; [ - d'une logique, d'un esprit] rigour
    ————————
    rigueurs nom féminin pluriel
    les rigueurs de l'hiver/de la vie carcérale the rigours of winter/of prison life
    ————————
    à la rigueur locution adverbiale
    1. [peut-être]
    il a bu deux verres à la rigueur, mais pas plus he may possibly have had two drinks but no more
    2. [s'il le faut] at a pinch, if need be
    ————————
    de rigueur locution adjectivale
    la ponctualité est de rigueur punctuality is insisted upon, it's de rigueur to be on time (soutenu)
    ‘tenue de soirée de rigueur’ ‘dress formal’

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rigueur

  • 4 rigor

    m.
    1 strictness.
    con rigor strictly
    2 accuracy, rigor.
    no tiene ningún rigor científico it's totally lacking in scientific rigor
    en rigor strictly (speaking)
    3 harshness (inclemencia).
    * * *
    1 (severidad) rigour (US rigor), strictness, severity
    2 (dureza) rigour (US rigor), harshness
    3 (exactitud) precision, exactness
    \
    con rigor rigorously
    de rigor essential, indispensable
    en rigor strictly speaking
    ser el rigor de las desdichas figurado to be born under an unlucky star
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=severidad) severity, harshness; (=dureza) toughness
    2) (Meteo) harshness, severity

    los rigores del climathe rigours o (EEUU) rigors of the climate

    3) (=exactitud) rigour, rigor (EEUU)
    4)

    ser de rigor(=esencial) to be de rigueur, be absolutely essential

    5)

    un rigor de cosas And (=muchos) a whole lot of things

    * (=paliza)
    * * *
    1) ( severidad) rigor*

    el rigor de estas medidasthe harshness o severity of these measures

    2) ( precisión) rigor*

    con rigor — rigorously, strictly

    en rigor — ( honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; ( estrictamente) strictly speaking

    * * *
    = precision, strictness, rigour [rigor, -USA], severity, stringency.
    Ex. Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.
    Ex. They see people as marked by one particular attribute, cleverness, or kindness, or strictness, or being a good shot, and they mind whether things are right or wrong.
    Ex. Praiseworthy piecemeal modifications of this library rigour stand out as exceptions to prove the rule.
    Ex. Exuberance and enthusiasm are proper to the young, as Quintillian remarked: 'The young should be daring and inventive and should rejoice in their inventions, even though correctiveness and severity are still to be acquired'.
    Ex. Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.
    ----
    * con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.
    * de rigor = de rigueur.
    * en rigor = strictly speaking.
    * rigores del clima = rigours of the climate.
    * rigor intelectual = intellectual rigour.
    * sin excesivo rigor = loosely.
    * * *
    1) ( severidad) rigor*

    el rigor de estas medidasthe harshness o severity of these measures

    2) ( precisión) rigor*

    con rigor — rigorously, strictly

    en rigor — ( honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; ( estrictamente) strictly speaking

    * * *
    = precision, strictness, rigour [rigor, -USA], severity, stringency.

    Ex: Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.

    Ex: They see people as marked by one particular attribute, cleverness, or kindness, or strictness, or being a good shot, and they mind whether things are right or wrong.
    Ex: Praiseworthy piecemeal modifications of this library rigour stand out as exceptions to prove the rule.
    Ex: Exuberance and enthusiasm are proper to the young, as Quintillian remarked: 'The young should be daring and inventive and should rejoice in their inventions, even though correctiveness and severity are still to be acquired'.
    Ex: Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.
    * con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.
    * de rigor = de rigueur.
    * en rigor = strictly speaking.
    * rigores del clima = rigours of the climate.
    * rigor intelectual = intellectual rigour.
    * sin excesivo rigor = loosely.

    * * *
    A (severidad) rigor*
    con todo el rigor de la ley with the utmost severity o full rigor of the law
    el rigor de las medidas disciplinarias the harshness o severity of the disciplinary measures
    el rigor del invierno the rigors of winter
    B (precisión) rigor*
    rigor científico scientific rigor
    los criterios se aplicarán con rigor the criteria will be rigorously o strictly applied, the criteria will be applied with rigor
    de rigor usual
    contéstale con la carta de rigor send him the usual o the standard reply
    los saludos de rigor the usual greetings
    después de la ceremonia, las fotos de rigor after the ceremony there were the inevitable o usual o obligatory photos
    en una ocasión así el frac es de rigor tails are de rigueur o are a must on such an occasion
    en rigor (honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; (estrictamente) strictly speaking
    ser el rigor de las desdichas to be very unfortunate
    * * *

    rigor sustantivo masculino ( en general) rigor( conjugate rigor);
    (de medidas, castigo) harshness, severity;

    el rigor del invierno the rigors of winter;
    con rigor rigorously, strictly;
    los saludos de rigor the usual greetings
    rigor sustantivo masculino
    1 (dureza, inflexibilidad) severity
    el rigor de la ley/del invierno, the severity of the law/winter
    2 (precisión, fundamento) rigour, US rigor: su teoría carece de rigor científico, her theory lacks scientific rigor
    ♦ Locuciones: de rigor, indispensable, customary
    en rigor, strictly speaking

    ' rigor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rigurosamente
    - exactitud
    English:
    rigor
    - rigor mortis
    - rigorousness
    - rigour
    - severity
    - loosely
    - strictly
    - unscientific
    * * *
    rigor nm
    1. [severidad] strictness;
    criticaron el rigor de la pena they criticized the severity o harshness of the sentence;
    con rigor strictly
    2. [exactitud] accuracy, rigour;
    a este análisis le falta rigor this analysis isn't rigorous enough;
    esta teoría no tiene ningún rigor científico this theory is totally lacking in scientific rigour;
    me dieron las instrucciones de rigor they gave me the usual instructions;
    nos cayó la bronca de rigor we got the inevitable telling-off;
    es de rigor en esas ocasiones it's de rigueur on such occasions;
    en rigor strictly (speaking)
    3. [inclemencia] harshness;
    los rigores del invierno the rigours of winter;
    los rigores del verano the harshness of the summer climate
    4. [rigidez] rigor mortis rigor mortis
    5. Comp
    Fam
    es el rigor de las desdichas she was born unlucky
    * * *
    m
    1 rigor, Br
    rigour;
    ser de rigor be a must, be obligatory
    2 ( precisión) rigor, Br
    rigour;
    rigor científico scientific rigor;
    en rigor strictly
    3 ( dureza) rigor, Br
    rigour;
    los rigores del invierno the rigors of winter;
    los rigores estivales the extremes of summer
    * * *
    rigor nm
    1) : rigor, harshness
    2) : precision, meticulousness
    3)
    de rigor : usual
    la respuesta de rigor: the standard reply
    4)
    de rigor : essential, obligatory
    5)
    en rigor : strictly speaking, in reality

    Spanish-English dictionary > rigor

  • 5 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 6 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 7 hard

    [hɑːd] 1. прил.
    1)
    а) жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийся

    hard cheese — твёрдый сыр; жёсткий сыр

    This candy is so hard no one can chew it. — Конфета такая твёрдая, что никто её не разжуёт.

    б) спорт. твёрдый, с твёрдым покрытием (асфальтовым или бетонным, о теннисном корте)
    Syn:
    Ant:

    hard money — монеты, металлические деньги

    4) крепкий, прочный, ноский; выносливый

    The horses are both in hard condition, so a race can come off in ten days. — Обе лошади в отличной форме, поэтому скачки могут состояться через десять дней.

    5)
    а) трудный, утомительный, тяжёлый; требующий усилий, напряжения
    б) трудный, причиняющий беспокойство (об объекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогами of, in + существительное, выражающее действие)

    She was hard to please. — Ей было трудно угодить.

    Chestnuts are hard of digestion. — Каштаны трудны для переваривания.

    It is a hard thing to manage. — Это дело трудно выполнить.

    в) трудноподдающийся (управлению, контролю)
    г) уст. не способный, испытывающий трудности (о субъекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогом of + существительное, выражающее действие или способность)
    Syn:
    Ant:

    The teacher asked a hard question. — Учитель задал трудный вопрос.

    It is a hard book to read. — Эта трудная для чтения книга.

    7)
    а) неопровержимый, "упрямый", реальный ( о фактах)

    The hard fact is that war, like business, reduces to a question of gain versus cost. — Неоспоримо то, что на войне, как и в бизнесе, всё сводится к вопросу соотношения прибыли и затрат.

    hard fact — неопровержимые, голые факты

    б) точный, конкретный, надёжный, обоснованный (об информации, новостях)

    Newspapers do not encourage telephone calls to the other side of the world unless they are in possession of pretty hard information. — Газеты не поощряют телефонных звонков на другую сторону планеты, если только они не содержат надёжной информации.

    Syn:
    8) упрямый, неуступчивый; чёрствый, бесчувственный, бессердечный
    Syn:
    9) скупой, скаредный, прижимистый

    Many wondered that a man could be so hard and niggardly in all pecuniary dealings. — Многие поражались, что человек может быть таким скупым и жадным в денежных делах.

    Syn:
    10) практичный, деловой, не поддающийся эмоциям

    We Americans have got hard heads. — У нас, американцев, практичный, здравый ум.

    11)
    а) труднопереносимый, давящий, гнетущий, мучительный, тягостный
    Syn:
    б) суровый, трудный, тревожный; тяжёлый, тягостный ( о времени)

    They had a hard time of it too, for my father had to go on half-pay. — У них тоже были тяжёлые времена, потому что моему отцу приходилось обходиться половиной зарплаты.

    Many families had a hard time during the Depression. — Многие семьи переживали трудные времена во время Великой Депрессии.

    Syn:
    в) холодный, суровый, жестокий (о погоде и т. п.)

    This has been a hard winter. — Это была суровая зима.

    The hard rain flattened the tomato plants. — Сильный ливень прибил томаты.

    Syn:
    12)
    а) строгий, требовательный, взыскательный; жёсткий, суровый; жестокий

    We work for a hard master. — Мы работаем на требовательного хозяина.

    Felix began to perceive that he had been too hard upon her. — Феликс начал понимать, что он был с ней слишком суров.

    Syn:
    б) резкий, грубый; враждебный

    She almost invariably took a hard view of persons and things. — Она практически всегда высказывалась резко о людях и о ситуациях.

    Hard feelings existed between the neighbours. — Между соседями были очень враждебные отношения.

    The lawyers exchanged hard words. — Адвокаты обменялись резкими репликами.

    Syn:
    в) полит. крайний

    For the foreseeable future, then, the hard right has the initiative in Turkey. — Очевидно, что в обозримом будущем инициатива в Турции будет принадлежать крайним правым.

    13) неприятный (для слуха, зрения)

    It was a hard face even when she smiled. — У неё было неприятное лицо, даже когда она улыбалась.

    14)
    б) разг. терпкий, кислый
    в) амер. крепкий ( о напитках)
    Syn:
    г) вызывающий привыкание, привычку (о лекарствах, наркотиках)

    Nothing on earth would persuade me to try LSD or the hard drugs. — Ничто в мире не заставит меня попробовать ЛСД или тяжёлые наркотики.

    Syn:
    15) тлв. контрастный
    16) защищённый (о пусковой площадке, конструкциях, ракетах с ядерными боеголовками)

    The adjective "hard" is now used to refer to the resistance to atomic explosions of airfields, missile launching pads, command posts, and other structures. — Прилагательное "hard" в настоящее время используется, когда речь идет о защищённости аэродромов, стартовых площадок, командных постов и других структур от атомных взрывов.

    17) фин. твёрдый, устойчивый
    Syn:
    18) лингв. твёрдый ( о согласном)
    19) физ.
    б) полный или почти полный ( о вакууме); содержащий полный вакуум ( об электронной лампе)
    20) упорный, усердный, энергичный, выполняемый с большой энергией, настойчивостью

    The fight must be long and hard. — Битва будет долгой и упорной.

    Syn:
    21)
    а) прилежный, усердный; энергичный

    That new employee is really a hard worker. — Этот новый сотрудник действительно очень усерден.

    Every hard worker requires sufficient and regular holidays. — Каждому работающему с полной отдачей сотруднику требуется достаточный и регулярный отдых.

    Syn:
    22) хим. биологически жёсткий, неразлагающийся
    Syn:
    persistent 3) в)
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]hard[/ref]
    ••

    hard of hearing — тугоухий, тугой на ухо

    the bigger they are, the harder they fall — чем выше забираешься, тем больнее падать

    - hard lines 2. нареч.
    1)
    а) энергично, активно, решительно, настойчиво, упорно; неистово, яростно

    The farmer worked hard to gather the hay before the rains came. — Фермер напряжённо работал, чтобы успеть убрать сено до дождей.

    The student studied hard. — Студент усердно занимался.

    The children played hard. — Дети были поглощены игрой.

    Syn:
    б) сильно, резко, интенсивно (о погоде, ветре, дожде)

    It rained hard. — Дождь льёт как из ведра.

    Hit the ball hard. — Сильно ударь по мячу.

    Syn:
    в) амер.; разг. очень, чрезвычайно, в высшей степени, чрезмерно

    He isn't a millionaire so hard that you could notice it, anyhow. — Во всяком случае, он не настолько уж крупный миллионер, чтобы ты мог это заметить.

    Mr. Hopkins is hard sick. — Мистер Хопкинс очень болен.

    Syn:
    2) жёстко, строго; сурово, безжалостно, жестоко
    3)
    а) насилу, тяжело, с трудом
    Syn:
    with difficulty, hardly, scarcely
    б) болезненно, близко к сердцу

    Mother took the bad news very hard. — Мать приняла плохие известия очень близко к сердцу.

    The team took the defeat hard. — Команда болезненно переживала поражение.

    Syn:
    4) твёрдо, крепко, так, чтобы быть твёрдым, спрессованным

    The ice is frozen hard. — Лёд очень твёрдый.

    Syn:

    to follow hard after / behind / upon smb. — следовать по пятам за кем-л.

    Defeat seemed hard at hand. — Поражение казалось совсем близко.

    It was now hard upon three o'clock. — Было почти три часа.

    hard by — близко, рядом

    Syn:
    6) мор. круто, до предела
    Syn:
    ••

    hard pressed / pushed — в трудном, тяжёлом положении

    3. сущ.
    1) трудность, трудности

    He had come through the hards himself. — Он сам преодолел все невзгоды.

    She is a lady who has given her life to nursing, and has gone through its hards. — Это женщина, которая посвятила свою жизнь уходу за больными и прошла через все трудности, с этим связанные.

    Syn:
    2) твёрдый берег, твёрдая береговая полоса; каменный мол для высадки на берег; проходимое место на топком болоте
    3) разг. каторга
    4) табак в плитках, прессованный табак
    5) разг.; = hard-on эрекция
    ••

    Англо-русский современный словарь > hard

  • 8 gründlich

    I Adj.
    1. thorough; (sorgfältig) auch careful; (erschöpfend) exhaustive; (vollständig) complete; eine gründliche Arbeit a thorough ( oder painstaking) piece of work; gründliche Kenntnisse haben in (+ Dat) be well-grounded in
    2. Irrtum: complete, total; ein gründlicher Reinfall a total letdown ( oder flop)
    II Adv.
    1. thoroughly etc.; sich gründlich vorbereiten prepare o.s. well; ich habe mich gründlich vorbereitet I’m well prepared; er hat seine Sache gründlich gemacht he’s done a very thorough job; iro. he’s made a thorough job of it; jemandem gründlich die Meinung sagen give s.o. a piece of one’s mind
    2. umg. (sehr) properly; sich gründlich blamieren make a real (umg. right, proper, Am. complete, total) fool of oneself; gründlich danebengehen go completely wrong; (die Wirkung verfehlen) fall totally flat; da hast du dich gründlich getäuscht you’re very much mistaken there; ich habe mich in ihr gründlich getäuscht I completely misjudged her
    * * *
    rigorous (Adj.); fundamental (Adj.); careful (Adj.); radical (Adj.); thoroughly (Adv.); thoroughgoing (Adj.); properly (Adv.); thorough (Adj.)
    * * *
    grụ̈nd|lich ['grʏntlɪç]
    1. adj
    thorough; Vorbereitung auch careful; Arbeit painstaking, careful
    2. adv
    thoroughly; (inf = sehr auch) really

    jdm gründlich die Meinung sagento give sb a real piece of one's mind

    * * *
    1) ((of knowledge of a subject) deep and thorough.) intimate
    2) (completely or thoroughly: I didn't have time to read the book properly.) properly
    3) (with great care, attending to every detail: She doesn't do her job very thoroughly.) thoroughly
    4) ((of a person) very careful; attending to every detail: a thorough worker.) thorough
    5) ((of a task etc) done with a suitably high level of care, attention to detail etc: His work is very thorough.) thorough
    * * *
    gründ·lich
    [ˈgrʏntlɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (gewissenhaft) thorough
    2. (umfassend) thorough
    eine \gründliche Bildung a broad education
    II. adv
    1. (fam: total) completely
    sich akk \gründlich täuschen to be completely mistaken
    2. (gewissenhaft) thoroughly
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv thorough
    2.
    1) (gewissenhaft) thoroughly
    2) (ugs.): (gehörig)

    sich gründlich täuschenbe sadly or greatly mistaken

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. thorough; (sorgfältig) auch careful; (erschöpfend) exhaustive; (vollständig) complete;
    eine gründliche Arbeit a thorough ( oder painstaking) piece of work;
    gründliche Kenntnisse haben in (+dat) be well-grounded in
    2. Irrtum: complete, total;
    ein gründlicher Reinfall a total letdown ( oder flop)
    B. adv
    1. thoroughly etc;
    sich gründlich vorbereiten prepare o.s. well;
    er hat seine Sache gründlich gemacht he’s done a very thorough job; iron he’s made a thorough job of it;
    jemandem gründlich die Meinung sagen give sb a piece of one’s mind
    2. umg (sehr) properly;
    sich gründlich blamieren make a real (umg right, proper, US complete, total) fool of oneself;
    gründlich danebengehen go completely wrong; (die Wirkung verfehlen) fall totally flat;
    da hast du dich gründlich getäuscht you’re very much mistaken there;
    ich habe mich in ihr gründlich getäuscht I completely misjudged her
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv thorough
    2.
    1) (gewissenhaft) thoroughly
    2) (ugs.): (gehörig)

    sich gründlich täuschenbe sadly or greatly mistaken

    * * *
    adj.
    radical adj.
    thorough adj.
    thoroughgoing adj. adv.
    searchingly adv.
    soundly adv.
    thoroughly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gründlich

  • 9 duro

    1. adj hard
    carne, persona tough
    inverno, voce harsh
    congegno, meccanismo stiff
    pane stale
    ( ostinato) stubborn
    duro d'orecchi hard of hearing
    tieni duro! don't give up!, hang in there!
    2. m tough guy
    * * *
    duro agg.
    1 hard; ( coriaceo) tough: duro come il diamante, as hard as a diamond; legno duro, hard wood; uova dure, hard-boiled eggs; abbiamo dovuto mangiare pane duro perché i negozi erano chiusi, we had to eat stale bread because the shops were closed; è duro da cuocere, it takes a long time to cook (o it takes a lot of cooking); mi piace dormire su un materasso duro, I like to sleep on a hard mattress // affrontare qlco. a muso duro, to face sthg. resolutely // ha la pelle dura, (fam.) he is (a) tough (chap) (o he's thick skinned) // ha il sonno molto duro, he sleeps like a log // non vuol farlo perché ha la testa dura, he will not do it because he is very stubborn; quello scolaro ha la testa dura, that pupil is a blockhead; è duro di comprendonio, he's slow on the uptake: essere duro d'orecchi, ( sordo) to be hard of hearing, ( far finta di non sentire) to turn a deaf ear // questo problema sarà un osso duro, this problem will be a hard nut to crack
    2 (fon.) hard: consonanti dolci, dure, soft, hard consonants
    3 ( difficile) hard, difficult: dura lotta, hard fight; avrai la vita dura per cominciare!, you will have to rough it at the start!; fu un inverno duro, it was a hard winter; furono tempi duri per tutti, they were hard times for everybody; le rendeva la vita dura, he made her life a burden; mi riesce duro crederlo, I find it hard to believe; quella superstizione fu dura a morire, that superstition took a long time to die out // è duro a morire, (fam.) it takes a lot to beat him
    4 ( crudo, rigido) stiff, hard: il tuo disegno ha ancora le linee dure, your drawing is still rather stiff; avere un viso con lineamenti duri, to be hard-featured
    5 ( severo, crudele) hard, severe; sad, painful: duro colpo, hard blow; un duro destino, a sad destiny; ci trovammo nella dura necessità di vendere tutto, we found ourselves in the dire necessity of selling everything; fu molto duro verso di noi, he was very hard on us // (dir.) carcere duro, rigorous imprisonment
    6 (anat., bot., zool.) sclerous
    s.m.
    1 hard part; something hard: gli piace dormire sul duro, he likes a hard bed; qui sotto c'è del duro, there is something hard under (neath) here
    2 (fam.) ( prepotente) bully: non fare il duro con tua sorella, don't bully your sister.
    duro avv.
    1 hard, harshly: colpire duro qlcu., to hit s.o. hard (o to strike s.o. a hard blow); tener duro, to hold out; parlare duro, to speak harshly; lavorare duro, to work hard
    2 ( profondamente) soundly: dormire duro, to sleep soundly.
    * * *
    ['duro] duro (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (resistente: gen) hard, (serratura) stiff, (carne) tough

    duro d'orecchi (sordo) hard of hearing

    duro di comprendonio o di testa — slow-witted

    avere la pelle dura(fig : persona) to be tough

    2) (fig : severo: persona) harsh, hard, (disciplina) harsh, strict, (atteggiamento) harsh, unbending, (inverno) hard
    3) (ostinato) stubborn, obstinate
    4) (faticoso) hard
    2. sm
    1) (durezza) hardness, (parte dura) hard part
    2) (fig : difficoltà) hard part
    3. sm/f
    (persona) tough one
    4. avv

    tener duro (resistere) to stand firm, hold out

    * * *
    ['duro] 1.
    1) (difficile da scalfire) [materiale, suolo] hard; (difficile da masticare) [ pane] hard; [ carne] tough; (acerbo) [ frutto] firm
    2) (rigido) [ cartone] stiff; [ materasso] firm, stiff; [sedia, letto] hard
    3) (difficile da manipolare) [maniglia, cambio] stiff; [ volante] stiff, heavy
    4) (spigoloso) [tratti, volto] hard; (poco armonioso) [ suono] hard
    5) (ostile) [parole, voce] harsh; [ tono] harsh, hard
    6) (intransigente) [ persona] hard (con qcn. on sb.); (inflessibile) [ regime] harsh, hard, strict; [ punizione] harsh; (severo) [ scuola] tough
    7) (freddo) [ clima] hard, harsh; [ inverno] harsh, severe
    8) (difficile) [esame, problema] hard, difficult; (faticoso) [lavoro, giornata] hard; (pesante) [ concorrenza] heavy, hard, tough; [ condizioni] harsh; [ partita] tough; [ sport] tough, rough

    fare il gioco durosport to play hard (anche fig.)

    quando il gioco si fa durofig. when the going gets tough

    rendere la vita -a a qcn. — to make life difficult for sb., to give sb. a rough ride o a hard time colloq.

    9) (crudo) [film, racconto] hard-hitting
    10) (calcareo) [ acqua] hard
    11) fon. [ consonante] hard
    2.
    sostantivo maschile (f. -a)
    2) colloq. (persona) hard person, tough

    fare il duro con qcn. — to bully sb

    3.
    avverbio [lavorare, colpire] hard
    ••

    tenere duro — to hold out, to stay the course, to stand fast, to hold o stand (one's) ground

    * * *
    duro
    /'duro/
     1 (difficile da scalfire) [ materiale, suolo] hard; (difficile da masticare) [ pane] hard; [ carne] tough; (acerbo) [ frutto] firm
     2 (rigido) [ cartone] stiff; [ materasso] firm, stiff; [ sedia, letto] hard
     3 (difficile da manipolare) [ maniglia, cambio] stiff; [ volante] stiff, heavy; duro da aprire hard to open
     4 (spigoloso) [ tratti, volto] hard; (poco armonioso) [ suono] hard
     5 (ostile) [ parole, voce] harsh; [ tono] harsh, hard
     6 (intransigente) [ persona] hard ( con qcn. on sb.); (inflessibile) [ regime] harsh, hard, strict; [ punizione] harsh; (severo) [ scuola] tough
     7 (freddo) [ clima] hard, harsh; [ inverno] harsh, severe
     8 (difficile) [ esame, problema] hard, difficult; (faticoso) [ lavoro, giornata] hard; (pesante) [ concorrenza] heavy, hard, tough; [ condizioni] harsh; [ partita] tough; [ sport] tough, rough; fare il gioco duro sport to play hard (anche fig.); è -a alzarsi così presto it's hard to get up so early; quando il gioco si fa duro fig. when the going gets tough; è la -a realtà it's the grim reality; rendere la vita -a a qcn. to make life difficult for sb., to give sb. a rough ride o a hard time colloq.
     9 (crudo) [ film, racconto] hard-hitting
     10 (calcareo) [ acqua] hard
     11 fon. [ consonante] hard
     ( f. -a)
     1 (oggetto rigido) dormire sul duro to sleep on a hard bed
     2 colloq. (persona) hard person, tough; fare il duro con qcn. to bully sb.
     [ lavorare, colpire] hard
    essere duro di cuore to be hard-hearted; essere duro a morire to die hard; tenere duro to hold out, to stay the course, to stand fast, to hold o stand (one's) ground.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > duro

  • 10 hard

    1. n твёрдая мощёная или бетонированная дорожка

    hard page break — «твёрдая» граница страницы

    hard copy — удобочитаемый, печатный или машинописный текст

    2. n твёрдый грунт, по которому можно пройти через топкое болото

    hard court — твёрдое поле, корт с твёрдым покрытием

    3. n звонкая монета
    4. n сл. каторга

    imprisonment at hard labour — лишение свободы с каторжными работами; каторжные работы, каторга

    5. n разг. прессованный табак
    6. a жёсткий, неприятный на ощупь

    a hard unwilling man — жёсткий, упрямый человек

    7. a трудный, тяжёлый; требующий напряжения

    hard cases make bad law — трудные дела — плохая основа для законодательства, запутанные дела не могут служить прецедентом

    8. a такой, с которым трудно; с трудом поддающийся

    things hard to imagine — вещи, которые трудно себе представить

    9. a крепкий, закалённый, сильный
    10. a строгий, суровый; безжалостный, жестокий
    11. a тяжёлый, трудный

    is hard — трудный; твердый

    are hard — трудный; твердый

    12. a тяжёлый, суровый, полный трудностей и лишений
    13. a суровый, холодный
    14. a резкий; грубый; неприятный
    15. a усердный, упорный; прилежный
    16. a не знающий удержу, усиленно предающийся
    17. a стойкий, устойчивый

    hard fault — устойчивая неисправность; отказ

    18. a спец. стойкий, не поддающийся биологическому распаду
    19. a звонкий
    20. a реальный; практичный, лишённый романтики; приземлённый

    hard common sense — грубый практицизм; жёсткий рационализм

    21. a жёсткий, частый

    she abbreviated so much that it was hard to understand her letters — она так часто сокращала слова, что её письма было трудно понимать

    22. a крепко завязанный
    23. a амер. крепкий; алкогольный
    24. a разг. кислый, терпкий
    25. a спец. контрастный

    hard light — фото, кино «жёсткий» свет

    26. a густой, тягучий
    27. a физ. проникающий, жёсткий
    28. a фон. твёрдый
    29. a создающий привыкание

    no hard feelings? — вы не обиделись?; вы не будете на меня обижаться?

    hard knocks — удары судьбы; напасти, несчастья

    he took some hard knocks — ему не везло; несчастья сваливались на него одно за другим

    hard lines — незадача, невезение; полоса неудач

    hard and fast — непоколебимый; твёрдый; жёсткий ; строго определённый; незыблемый, раз навсегда установленный

    hard of hearing — тугоухий; тугой на ухо, глуховатый

    30. adv сильно, интенсивно; энергично

    extremely hard — настойчиво; энергичный

    31. adv настойчиво, упорно; усердно

    hard sell — навязывание товара; настойчивое рекламирование; броская реклама

    32. adv твёрдо, крепко; накрепко

    to hold hard — крепко держать или держаться, не отпускать

    33. adv вкрутую
    34. adv тяжело, с трудом

    to take hard — принимать близко к сердцу; тяжело переживать

    35. adv неумеренно, чрезмерно

    to drink hard — крепко выпивать; пить запоем

    36. adv близко, на небольшом расстоянии; около

    hard at hand — близко, рядом

    hard by — близко; рядом

    37. adv мор. круто, до отказа
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. actual (adj.) absolute; actual; factual; genuine; positive; sure-enough
    2. alcoholic (adj.) alcoholic; ardent; inebriating; intoxicating; spirituous; stimulating; strong
    3. arduous (adj.) arduous; difficile; exhausting; fatiguing; labored; operose; serious; slavish; sticky; strenuous; terrible; toilful; toilsome; uphill; wearisome
    4. complicated (adj.) complex; complicated; effortful; enigmatic; formidable; intricate; perplexing; puzzling
    5. cruel (adj.) cruel; grinding; oppressive; rough; stony; unmerciful; unrelenting; unsparing
    6. grim (adj.) austere; bitter; bleak; brutal; dour; grim; stringent
    7. hardy (adj.) casehardened; hardened; hardy; rugged; tough
    8. heavy (adj.) heavy; hefty
    9. insensible (adj.) anesthetic; bloodless; dull; impassible; insensate; insensible; insensitive; rocky
    10. intense (adj.) intense; powerful; violent
    11. intensive (adj.) blood-and-guts; deep; intensive; profound
    12. irrefutable (adj.) incontrovertible; irrefutable; undeniable
    13. realistic (adj.) down-to-earth; earthy; hard-boiled; hardheaded; hard-headed; matter-of-fact; objective; practic; practical; pragmatic; pragmatical; realistic; sober; tough-minded; unfantastic; unidealistic; unromantic; utilitarian
    14. severe (adj.) adamant; exacting; hard hearted; indifferent; intemperate; relentless; rigorous; severe
    15. shrewd (adj.) callous; shrewd; unsentimental; unsympathetic
    16. solid (adj.) adamantine; compact; firm; flinty; impenetrable; inflexible; resistant; resisting; rigid; solid
    17. stormy (adj.) inclement; stormy; tempestuous; vigorous; vigourous
    18. taxing (adj.) backbreaking; burdensome; demanding; difficult; knotty; laborious; onerous; taxing; trying; weighty
    19. unfriendly (adj.) harsh; unfriendly; unkind; unpleasant
    20. arduously (other) arduously; burdensomely; difficultly; laboriously; onerously; toilsomely
    21. assiduously (other) assiduously; dingdong; exhaustively; intensely; intensively; painstakingly; thoroughly; unremittingly
    22. badly (other) badly; gallingly; harshly; painfully; rigorously; roughly; severely; with difficulty
    23. bitterly (other) bitterly; keenly; rancorously; resentfully; sorely
    24. close (other) at close hand; close; near; nearby; nigh
    25. closely (other) closely; searchingly; sharply
    26. earnestly (other) earnestly; incessantly; intently
    27. energetically (other) energetically; forcefully; forcibly; hammer and tongs; might and main; mightily; powerfully; strongly; vigorously; with might and main
    28. fast (other) fast; firm; firmly; fixedly; hardly; solid; solidly; steadfastly; tight; tightly
    29. fiercely (other) fiercely; frantically; frenziedly; furiously; madly; stormily; tumultuously; turbulently; vigourously; violently; wildly
    Антонимический ряд:
    brittle; compassionate; delicate; ductile; easy; effeminate; elastic; fair; feeble; fluid; frail; gentle; impressible; intelligible; lenient; mild; simple; soft

    English-Russian base dictionary > hard

  • 11 Kirkaldy, David

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotland
    d. 25 January 1897 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.
    [br]
    The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.
    With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.
    The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.
    After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.
    Bibliography
    1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).
    Further Reading
    D.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).
    LRD / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Kirkaldy, David

  • 12 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 13 метод

    method, process, procedure, approach, technique, practice, tool, strategy
    Безо всяких изменений данный метод подходит для... - The method lends itself readily to...
    Более подходящим методом является... - A better technique is to...
    Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    Более подходящим методом является определение... - A more satisfactory method is to establish...
    Большинство из этих более продвинутых методов требует... - Most of these more advanced methods require...
    Были предложены несколько методов. - Several techniques have been suggested.
    Было довольно нелегко разработать метод для... - It was fairly difficult to develop a method for...
    Было довольно сложно разработать метод для... - It was quite difficult to develop a method for...
    Было легко разработать метод для... - It was easy to develop a method for...
    Было относительно легко (= просто) разработать метод для... - It was relatively easy to develop a method for... (not easy on an absolute scale, but less challenging than other tasks)
    Было почти невозможно разработать метод для... - It was almost impossible to develop a method for... (so hard that we nearly failed)
    В альтернативном методе мы вычисляем... - In the alternative method we calculate...
    В данной главе мы представим метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    В данном приближенном методе существенно... - In this approximation procedure it is essential to...
    В качестве примера применения описанного выше метода мы показываем, что... - As an example of the method described above we show that...
    В недавние годы этот метод был улучшен посредством использования (чего-л). - In recent years the subject has been enriched by the use of...
    В основном мы следуем методу... - In essence we follow the procedure of...
    В последние годы несколько авторов отказались от этого метода. - Several authors have, in recent years, departed from this procedure.
    В своих основных чертах это был метод, использовавшийся Смитом [1]. - In essence, this was the method employed by Smith [1].
    В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    Вместо этого давайте разработаем (один) общий метод, посредством которого... - Instead, let us develop a general method whereby...
    Во многих случаях необходимо обращаться за помощью к приближенным методам. - In many cases it is necessary to resort to approximate methods.
    Возможно, безопасно применить метод... к... - It is probably safe to apply the method of... to...
    Возможно, наилучшим методом является... - Perhaps the best approach is to...
    Все вышеупомянутые методы не применимы для малых х. - The foregoing methods all fail for small x.
    Второй метод вывода уравнения (1) формулируется следующим образом. - A second method of obtaining (1) is as follows.
    Второй метод точно согласуется с... - The latter method agrees precisely with...
    Вышеуказанным методом обнаружено (= найдено), что... - By the above method it is found that...
    Геометрически метод состоит в следующем. - Geometrically, the procedure is as follows.
    Главное преимущество данного метода заключается в том, что... - The chief advantage of the method is that...
    Главным преимуществом данного метода является его общность. - The principal advantage of the method is its generality.
    Главным преимуществом данного метода по сравнению с традиционными является то, что... - The major advantage of this procedure over the traditional method is that...
    Главным преимуществом данного метода является его простота. - The principal virtue of the method is its simplicity.
    Далее, в данном методе заранее предполагается, что... - Further, the method presupposes...
    Данное свойство является основой одного метода нахождения... - This property provides one method of determining...
    Данный метод был предложен в статье [1]. - The method was suggested by Smith, et al. [1].
    Данный метод намного точнее, чем... - The present method is much more precise than...
    Данный метод не применим для/в... - The method does not apply to...
    Данный метод невозможно применить, когда/ если... - The method is not applicable when...
    Данный метод одинаково успешно можно применять к... - The method can equally well be applied to...
    Данный метод особенно подходит в случае, когда... - The method is particularly appropriate when...
    Данный метод позволяет... - The method enables one to...
    Данный метод позволяет исследователю... - The method allows an investigator to...
    Данный метод применим к широкому классу (в широком классе)... - The method is applicable to a large class of...
    Данный метод прост и довольно интересен, однако... - This method is simple and quite interesting, but...
    Данный отчет описывает новый метод... - This report describes a new method of...
    Данным методом можно решить ряд важных практических задач. - This method enables us to solve several problems of practical importance.
    Детали этого метода можно найти в [1]. - Details of the method can be found in Smith [1].
    Для... можно применить несколько методов. - Several methods are available for...
    Для получения... был использован ряд методов. - A number of methods have been used to obtain...
    Для преодоления этой трудности был разработан один метод. - One method has been advanced for overcoming this difficulty.
    Должны быть развиты методы для измерения... - Methods should be developed for measuring...
    Достоинство этого метода состоит в том, что... - The advantage of the method is that...
    Другим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The other disadvantage of this procedure is that...; Another disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Его метод доказательства весьма оригинален. - The method of proof is quite ingenious.
    Единственный доступный нам в настоящее время метод - это... - The only method available to us so far is...
    Единственным известным недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The only known disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Еще одним методом является... - Still another approach is to...
    Здесь рассматривается (один) общий метод получения этих решений. - A general method of obtaining these solutions is considered here.
    Важность наших методов состоит в том, что они будут давать... - The significance of our methods is that they will yield...
    Значительно более удобный метод состоит в том, что... - A far more convenient approach is to...
    Имеются два обычно используемых метода для... - There are two commonly used methods for...
    Имеются три метода решения такой задачи. - There are three ways of attacking such a problem.
    Интересным альтернативным методом является следующий. - An interesting alternative procedure is as follows.
    Используя данный метод, следует помнить, что... - In using this method it is well to remember that...
    Используя любой подобный метод, необходимо (помнить и т. п.)... - With any method such as this it is necessary to...
    Используя этот метод, они нашли, что... - Using the method, they found that...; Using the method, they learned that...; Using the method, they determined that...; Using the method, they discovered that...
    Используя этот новый метод, мы можем... - By this new method it will be possible to...
    Итак, мы наметим несколько методов, которые могут использоваться для того, чтобы... - We therefore outline some procedures which can be used to...
    К сожалению, этот метод оказался неприменим. - Unfortunately, the method was not applicable; The method, unfortunately, was not applicable.
    К счастью, имеется один простой и подходящий для этого метод. - Fortunately, there is a simple technique available for doing this.
    Каков недостаток этого метода? - What is the disadvantage of this procedure?
    Каковы преимущества данного метода? - What are the advantages of this procedure?
    Конечно, это могло бы быть следствием неподходящих методов. - Of course, this could reflect the use of inappropriate methods.
    Конечно, этот метод не всегда применим. - Of course, this method will not always work.
    Коротко, мы будем интересоваться методами, которые... - In short, we will inquire into the ways in which...
    Кратко опишем метод для его оценки. - A method for estimating this will be given shortly.
    Метод... должен быть применен к/в... - The method of... should apply to...
    Метод... мог бы быть надежно применен для... - The method of... could safely be applied to,..
    Метод анализа, намеченный в предыдущем абзаце, показывает... - The method of analysis outlined in the last paragraph shows...
    Метод может использоваться для оценки... - The method can be used to estimate...
    Метод обладает очевидным преимуществом... - The method possesses the obvious advantage of...
    Метод основывается на принципе, что... - This method is based on the principle that...
    Метод перестает быть достаточно точным, если... - The method ceases to be reasonably accurate if...
    Метод состоит в следующем. - The procedure is as follows.
    Метод состоит из двух шагов. - The approach is in two steps.
    Метод требует от пользователя обеспечить... - The method requires the user to provide...
    Метод, который здесь описывается, требует... - The method to be described here involves...
    Метод, который мы описали, в общем случае не подходит для... - The procedure we have described is not, in general, suitable for...
    Метод, приведенный в этом параграфе, подобным образом может быть применен к... - The method of sections may be applied in a similar way to...
    Метод, с помощью которой это было получено, известен как... - The technique by which this is achieved is known as...
    Методы, которые мы рассмотрели, позволяют нам... - The methods we have considered enable us to...
    Можно использовать множество методов. Например,... - A variety of methods may be employed, e. g.,...
    Можно ожидать, что метод обеспечит нахождение по меньшей мере одного корня. - The method can be expected to provide at least one root.
    Мы будем придерживаться этого метода. - We shall follow this method.
    Мы ввели широкий класс методов решения... - We have introduced a wide range of procedures for solving...
    Мы можем обратить метод и вывести, что... - We can reverse the process and deduce that...
    Мы наметим в общих чертах метод, основанный на... - We will outline a procedure based on...
    Мы откладываем обсуждение подобных методов до параграфа 5. - We defer the discussion of such methods to Section 5.
    Мы принимаем полностью отличный от данного метод. - We adopt an entirely different method.
    Мы проиллюстрируем данный метод для случая... - We shall illustrate the procedure for the case of...
    Мы считаем, что метод... можно применять к/в... - We believe that the method of... is applicable to...
    Мы увидим, что эти методы могут использоваться лишь тогда, когда... - It will be observed that these methods are only applicable when...
    Мы упоминаем лишь два таких метода... - We mention only two such methods of...
    На данный метод часто ссылаются как на... - This process is often referred to as...
    На самом деле оба метода используются на практике. - Both methods are in fact used in practice.
    На сегодняшний день важность этого метода заключается в том, что... - For the present, the significance of this process lies in the fact that...
    Наиболее важным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - The primary advantage of this procedure is that...
    Наиболее просто следовать этому методу в случае... - The procedure is most simply followed for the case of...
    Наиболее часто используемые методы перечислены ниже:... - The methods that are most often used follow:...
    Наиболее широко используемые методы основываются на... - The techniques most widely used are based on...
    Наиболее широко используемый метод это тот, что был введен Смитом [1]. - The method most commonly employed is that introduced by Smith [1].
    Наш метод будет весьма существенно отличаться от данного. - Our procedure will be quite different from this.
    Нашей основной целью является описание систематических методов для... - Our first concern is to describe systematic methods for...
    Не существует систематического метода определения... - There is no systematic way of determining...
    Недостатком данного метода является то, что он требует... - The disadvantage of this procedure is that it requires...
    Недостаток этого метода можно видеть... - The flaw in this approach can be seen by...
    Несколько методов анализа были введены с помощью... - Several methods of analysis are introduced by means of...
    Ни один из этих методов не требует... - Neither of these methods requires...
    Ниже описываются два подобных метода. - Two such methods are described below.
    Обнаружилось, что данный метод (здесь) не приложим. - It turned out that the method was not applicable.
    Обнаружилось, что данный метод успешно используется в широкой области... - The method is found to be successful on a wide range of...
    Обычно считают, что Смит [1] положил начало этому методу. - Smith [1] is usually credited with originating this method.
    Обычным методом является измерение... - A common procedure is to measure...
    Один такой несколько искусственный метод занимается... - One such trick is concerned with...
    Одна элегантная версия данного метода использует... - An elegant version of this method employs...
    Однако данный метод требует предварительного знания... - However, this method presupposes a knowledge of...
    Однако лучше всего ввести этот метод, рассматривая... - However, the method is best introduced by considering...
    Однако метод может не сработать даже при отсутствии... - However, the procedure may fail even in the absence of...
    Однако мы воспользуемся здесь более общим методом, разработанным Воровичем [1]. - But we shall follow here a more general method due to Vorovich [1].
    Однако мы легко можем разработать метод для... - We can, however, easily devise a means for...
    Однако решения все еще могут быть получены при помощи чисто численных методов. - Solutions can still be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical methods.
    Однако существует стандартный метод работы с... - However, there is a standard method of dealing with...
    Однако этот метод не работает, будучи примененным к... - This approach, however, breaks down when applied to...
    Однако этот метод совершенно не удовлетворяет нашим целям. - This procedure, however, falls far short of our goal.
    Одним из преимуществ этого метода является то, что... - One advantage of this procedure is that...
    Одним общим недостатком данного метода является наличие... - One common drawback of this method is the presence of...
    Оказывается, данный метод первоначально появился в работах Смита [1]. - The method appears to have originated in the works of Smith [1].
    Описанная выше процедура представляет один строгий метод... - The procedure described above represents a rigorous method of...
    Описанный выше метод может быть использован для построения... - The procedure described above can be used to construct...
    Описанный здесь метод всегда приводит... - The procedure described here always yields...
    Основной слабостью метода является... - The main weakness of the method is...
    Отличительным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - A distinct advantage of the procedure is that...
    Отличный от вышеупомянутого метод был предложен Джонсом [1]. - A different method has been given by Jones [1].
    Перед этим не имелось общепризнанного метода... - Prior to this, there was no generally accepted method of...
    Подобные методы могут использоваться в более сложных ситуациях. - Similar methods may be employed in more complicated cases.
    Подобный метод был рассмотрен Смитом [1], который... - Such a procedure has been considered by Smith [1], who...
    Подобный метод может быть принят, когда... - A similar method may be adopted when...
    Подобный метод применяется к/в... - A similar method applies to...
    Пользуясь такими методами, мы можем избежать... - By such expediencies we can avoid...
    Потенциальное преимущество данного метода состоит в том, что... - A potential advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that...
    Поэтому мы применяем слегка модифицированный метод. - We therefore adopt a slightly different method.
    Предпочтительным, однако, является метод... - The preferred method, however, is to...
    Преимущество этого метода заключается в том, что... - The advantage of this method lies in the fact that...
    Преимущество этого метода, следовательно, состоит в том, что он обеспечивает простой... - The advantage < this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a simple...
    Применение данного метода ограничено... - The application of this method is confined to...
    Применение данного метода показывает... - An application of this process shows...
    Применение данного специального метода оправдано (чем-л). - The adoption of this particular method is justified by...
    Проиллюстрируем общий метод, рассматривая... - We illustrate the general method by considering...
    Рассматриваемые до сих пор методы касаются... - The methods considered so far have been concerned with...
    Результаты всех этих методов согласуются с... - The results of all these methods are consistent with...
    Решающим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The crucial disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    С другой стороны, этот метод даст... - On the other hand, this method will give...
    Открытие Смита сделало возможным новый метод... - Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...
    Самым простым из таких методов является (метод)... - The simplest such method is...
    Следовательно, необходимо развить общий метод для... - It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general method for...
    Следует подчеркнуть, что этот метод должен использоваться только если... - It is to be emphasized that this method should be used only; if...
    Следует уделить внимание методам... - Attention should be given to methods of...
    Следующее рассуждение иллюстрирует метод... - The following treatment illustrates the method of...
    Следующим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - A further disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Смит [lj обнаружил метод для... - Smith [1] discovered a method for...
    Смит [1] предложил метод вычисления... - Smith [l] has proposed a method of calculating...
    Смит [1] применил этот метод к... - Smith [1] has applied this method to.,.
    Стандартным методом является следующий. - The standard procedure is as follows.
    Таким образом, мы имеем метод, который позволяет... - Thus we have a method which yields...
    Тем не менее, развитые нами методы обеспечивают основу для... - However, the methods we have developed provide a basis for...
    Теперь мы (полностью) готовы использовать методы, разработанные во втором параграфе. - We are now ready to use the methods of Section 2.
    Теперь мы обсудим систематические методы, которые f можно использовать в/ при... - We now discuss systematic methods which can be applied to...
    Теперь мы применим метод Римана, чтобы... - We now apply Riemann's method in order to...
    Только что описанный метод известен как... - The procedure we have described is known as...
    Тот же метод можно применять в/к... - The same method may be applied to...
    Удобным методом достижения необходимой цели является... - A convenient way to accomplish this is to...
    Усовершенствованные экспериментальные методы сделали возможным... - Refined experimental methods have made it possible to...
    Фундаментальным преимуществом этого метода является то, что... - A fundamental advantage of this procedure is that...
    Хотя этот метод и несколько необычен, он справедлив (= работает) как и любой из известных методов. - Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar methods.
    Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...
    Чтобы воспользоваться преимуществами данного метода, необходимо... - In order to take advantage of this procedure, one must...
    Чтобы проиллюстрировать применение метода, мы... - То illustrate the process we...
    Эдисон изобрел новый метод для... - Edison invented a new method for...
    Эдисон обдумывал новый метод для... - Edison devised a new method for...
    Эти методы вводятся в следующем параграфе. - These methods are introduced in the next section.
    Эти методы весьма громоздки. - These processes are tedious.
    Эти методы настолько чувствительны, что... - These methods are so sensitive that...
    Эти методы нельзя применять в случае, когда... - These methods are not applicable in the case of...
    Эти методы очень чувствительны к малым изменениям в... - These methods are very sensitive to small changes in...
    Эти методы получают своих сторонников, так как... - These methods attract proponents because...
    Этим методом (= На этом пути) мы можем получить (вывести и т. п.)... - In this way we can arrive at...
    Это будет объяснено примерами, когда мы будем изучать метод... - This point will be clarified by examples when we study the method of...
    Это известный метод, принятый во многих работах... - This is a familiar procedure, undertaken in many studies of...
    Это иллюстрирует важный метод... - This illustrates an important method of...
    Это можно увидеть двумя методами. - This can be seen in two ways.
    Это несущественный недостаток метода, поскольку... - This is not a serious defect of the method because...
    Это приводит к полезным методам обращения с... - This leads to useful ways of dealing with...
    Это простой метод, который можно проиллюстрировать, рассматривая... - This is a simple procedure which can be illustrated by considering...
    Этот метод аналогичен использованному в... - The procedure is similar to that used in...
    Этот метод был описан Смитом [1]. - The method has been described by Smith [1].
    Этот метод был последовательно доведен до полной эффективности Смитом [3]. - This method was subsequently brought to full fruition by Smith [3].
    Этот метод вполне очевиден. - This procedure is quite straightforward.
    Этот метод доказательства довольно общий и применим к... - The method of proof is quite general and applies to...
    Этот метод известен как... - The procedure is known as...
    Этот метод имеет следующие недостатки. - The procedure has the following disadvantages.
    Этот метод интересен по следующей причине. - This method is of interest for the following reason.
    Этот метод легко адаптируется к/ для... - This procedure is readily adaptable to...
    Этот метод легко понять, замечая, что... - The process is easily understood by noting that...
    Этот метод лучше всего иллюстрируется примером. - The procedure is best illustrated by an example.
    Этот метод наиболее успешен в случае, когда он применяется в... - The method is most successful when applied to...
    Этот метод очевидным образом может быть распространен на (случай)... - This process can clearly be extended to...
    Этот метод принимается, поскольку... - This approach is adopted because...
    Этот метод являлся стандартным в течение многих лет. Несмотря на более новые разработки он будет использоваться и далее. - This approach has been standard for many years, and will continue to be of great use regardless of newer developments.
    Этот технически простой метод действительно требует... - This technically simple method does require...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > метод

  • 14 condition

    n
    1) положение, состояние
    2) pl конъюнктура
    3) pl обстоятельства, условия

    to abandon one's conditions for smth — отказываться от условий, выдвинутых для чего-л.

    to accept smb's conditions — принимать чьи-л. условия

    to attach conditions to smthсопровождать что-л. условиями

    to drop one's conditions for smth — отказываться от условий, выдвинутых для чего-л.

    to fix / to formulate conditions — формулировать / определять условия

    to impose one's conditions on smb — ставить / навязывать кому-л. свои условия

    to lay down conditions — формулировать / определять условия

    to provide conditions — создавать / обеспечивать условия

    to restore conditions to normal — нормализовывать обстановку / положение

    to satisfy a conditionудовлетворять какому-л. условию

    to set (up) conditions — формулировать / определять условия

    to spell out one's conditions — излагать свои условия

    to stand by one's conditions — настаивать на своих условиях

    to state one's conditions — излагать свои условия

    to stick by one's conditions — настаивать на своих условиях

    to worsen smb's material condition — ухудшать чье-л. материальное положение

    - actual conditions
    - adverse conditions
    - armistice conditions
    - balance-of-payments condition
    - basic conditions
    - business conditions
    - competitive conditions
    - compulsory conditions
    - concrete conditions
    - conditions of assistance
    - conditions of life
    - conditions of political stability
    - credit conditions
    - deteriorating conditions
    - deterioration of conditions
    - economic conditions
    - educational conditions
    - emergency conditions
    - equal conditions
    - essential conditions
    - existing conditions
    - extreme conditions
    - financing conditions
    - fundamental conditions
    - general conditions
    - historical conditions
    - improvement of conditions
    - indispensable condition
    - key condition
    - knowledge of local conditions
    - labor conditions
    - living conditions
    - national conditions
    - objective conditions
    - on certain conditions
    - paying conditions
    - political conditions
    - preliminary conditions
    - present conditions
    - present-day conditions
    - prior conditions
    - profitable conditions
    - real condition
    - realistic condition
    - reasonable condition
    - repugnant conditions
    - return to normal conditions
    - rigorous conditions
    - socioeconomic conditions
    - specific conditions
    - squalid living conditions
    - stable condition
    - strict conditions
    - strike over paying conditions
    - stringent conditions
    - today's conditions
    - tough conditions
    - unacceptable condition
    - under certain conditions
    - under present-day conditions
    - unfavorable conditions
    - unstable market conditions
    - war conditions
    - war-time conditions
    - working conditions
    - worsening conditions

    Politics english-russian dictionary > condition

  • 15 задача

    (-= проблема, задание) problem, task
    Аналитически эта задача весьма трудноразрешима. - Prom an analytical point of view, the problem is quite formidable.
    В связи с данной задачей стоит заметить, что... - In connection with this problem it is worth noting that...
    В такой постановке эта задача не может быть решена. - Thus stated, the problem can't be solved.
    Вместо того, чтобы пытаться сделать общее исследование задачи, мы... - Rather than attempt a general investigation of the problem, we...
    Возвращаясь к нашей первоначальной задаче, мы видим, что... - Returning to our original problem, we see that...
    Возможно, что первой серьезной попыткой решить задачу была... - Perhaps the first serious attempt to solve the problem was...
    Давайте рассмотрим эту задачу о... еще раз. - Let us reconsider the problem of...
    Давайте решим еще одну более простую задачу. - Let us work one more simple problem.
    Далее наша задача состоит в том, чтобы определить... - Our problem is then to determine...
    Данная задача решается при помощи... - The problem is solved by means of...
    Для любой сформулированной задачи всегда можно... - In any given problem, one can always...
    До сих пор мы не упоминали о задаче... - We have not yet mentioned the problem of...
    Другие подходы к той же задаче будут намечены ниже. - The different approaches to this problem will be outlined below.
    Другой способ решения задачи начинается с уравнения... - Another attack on the problem starts from the equation...
    Задача конкретизируется следующим образом. - The problem is specified as follows.
    Задача состоит в нахождении численных решений для... - The problem is to find numerical solutions for...
    Задача усложняется тем обстоятельством, что... - The problem is complicated by the fact that...
    Задача, которая будет рассматриваться в данном параграфе... - The problem to be considered in this section...
    Затем задача сводится к выводу формулы для... - The problem is then to deduce a formula for...
    Значительно более простая, однако имеющая практический интерес задача состоит в вычислении... - A much simpler problem, but one of practical interest, is to calculate...
    Известно, что эта задача является достаточно трудной, хотя... - This problem is known to be quite difficult, although...
    Имеются три способа (= метода) решения такой задачи. - There are three ways of attacking such a problem.
    Используя эту простую задачу, мы сможем проиллюстрировать... - With this simple problem we will be able to illustrate...
    Математически можно поставить задачу следующим образом. - The problem can be stated mathematically as follows.
    Мы немедленно обобщим задачу следующим образом:... - We immediately generalize the problem as follows:...
    Мы рассматриваем задачу нахождения... - We are concerned with the problem of finding the...
    Мы рассматриваем здесь задачу, которая... - We are dealing here with a problem which is...
    Мы также уже обсудили эту задачу в главе 2. - We have also discussed this problem in Chapter 2.
    Мы часто будем встречаться с задачей (нахождения, определения и т. п.)... - We shall often be faced with the problem of...
    Наша задача состоит в том, чтобы найти... - Our task now is to find...
    Нашей задачей является нахождение общей формулы для... - The problem is to find a general formula for...
    Некоторые из этих задач возникают из (того) факта, что..., - Some of the problems arise from the fact that...
    Непосредственное обобщение является нашей следующей задачей. - A direct extension is the following problem.
    Общую задачу можно поставить математически в терминах... - The general problem can be stated mathematically in terms of...
    Обычно это сложная задача. - This is usually a tricky problem.
    Один класс интересных задач посвящен... - A class of interesting problems is concerned with...
    Одна из интерпретаций этой задачи состоит в том, что... - One interpretation of this problem is that...
    Однако задача становится много проще, если... - The problem, however, becomes much simpler if...
    Однако подавляющее большинство практических задач рассматривает... - However, the vast majority of practical problems are concerned with...
    Она (задача) будет иметь решение тогда и только тогда, когда... - This will have a solution if and only if...
    Основной вопрос состоит в том, как мы должны подойти к задаче... - The main question is how we should approach the problem of...
    Позднее мы узнаем как решать более практические задачи. - We shall learn how to treat more practical problems later.
    Последний результат особенно полезен для задач, имеющих дело с... - The above result is particularly useful for problems involving...
    Прежде чем рассматривать задачу, удобно напомнить, что... - Before considering the problem it will be convenient to recall...
    При решении данной задачи важно отметить, что... - In solving this problem it is important to notice that...
    Решения этой задачи легко вытекают из... - Solutions of this problem follow readily from...
    Следующие задачи помогут показать важность... - The following problems will help show that importance of...
    Строгое рассмотрение задачи показывает, что... - A rigorous treatment of the problem shows that...
    Существенный интерес представляет задача определения... - It is a problem of considerable interest to determine...
    Существует много способов решения данной задачи. - There are many ways to solve this problem.
    Существуют разные пути решения этой задачи. - There are various ways of tackling this problem.
    Существуют три способа, которыми мы могли бы решить задачу... - There are three ways by which we may approach the problem of...
    Та же самая задача может быть решена непосредственно (применяя, путем и т. п.)... - The same problem might be solved directly by...
    Таким образом, наша задача сводится к вычислению... - Our problem becomes, therefore, one of evaluating...
    Часто возникающая задача состоит в следующем:... - A problem which arises very frequently is...
    Чтобы поставить задачу однозначно, требуется дополнительное условие. - A further condition is required to specify the problem uniquely.
    Чтобы решить задачу такого типа, мы... - То solve this type of problem, we...
    Чтобы решить нашу задачу, нам необходимо знать величину... - То solve our problem we need the value of...
    Чтобы упростить задачу, давайте предположим, что... - То simplify the problem, let us suppose that...
    Эта задача изучается, поскольку... - This problem is studied because...
    Эта задача особенно трудна в случае... - The problem is particularly severe in the case of...
    Эта задача решается применением... - The problem is solved by applying...
    Эта задача также рассматривается Смитом [1]. - This problem is also treated by Smith [1].
    Эти задачи поддаются исследованию (с помощью)... - These problems are amenable to treatment by...
    Это завело бы нас слишком далеко от задачи обсудить... - It would lead us too far a field to discuss...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > задача

  • 16 процедура

    (см. также метод, способ) procedure, method
    Альтернативная процедура состоит в том, чтобы использовать... - An alternative procedure is to make use of...
    Все подобные процедуры могут иметь неожиданное воздействие на... - АН such procedures can have unexpected effects on...
    Главным преимуществом данной процедуры по сравнению с традиционным методом является то, что... - The major advantage of this procedure over the traditional method is that...
    Давайте проведем здесь данную процедуру в частном случае... - Let us carry out this procedure here for the special case of...
    Данная процедура имеет следующие достоинства. - The merits of this procedure are as follows.
    Для... можно разработать довольно очевидные численные процедуры. - Straightforward numerical procedures can be devised for...
    Другим недостатком этой процедуры является то, что... - Another disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Другим недостатком этой процедуры является то, что... - The other disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Единственным известным недостатком этой процедуры является то, что... - The only known disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Каков недостаток этой процедуры? - What is the disadvantage of this procedure?
    Каковы преимущества данной процедуры? - What are the advantages of this procedure?
    Можно увидеть недостаток этой процедуры. - One can see the disadvantage of this procedure.
    Мы сомневаемся, будет ли эта процедура работать. - We doubt whether this procedure would work.
    Наиболее важным преимуществом данной процедуры является то, что... - The primary advantage of this procedure is that...
    Все еще открыт вопрос, может ли эта процедура дать какие-либо реальные преимущества. - It is doubtful that this procedure can be used to any real advantage.
    Недостатком данной процедуры является то, что... - A disadvantage of this procedure is the fact that...
    Недостатком данной процедуры является то, что она требует... - The disadvantage of this procedure is that it requires...
    Необходимо/следует избегать подобной процедуры, потому что... - Such a procedure is to be avoided because...
    Одним из преимуществ этой процедуры является то, что... - One advantage of this procedure is that...
    Одно специальное достоинство данной процедуры состоит в том факте, что... - One special merit of the procedure lies in the fact that...
    Описанная выше процедура представляет один строгий метод... - The procedure described above represents a rigorous method of...
    Остается увидеть, действительно ли эта процедура работоспособна. - It remains to be seen whether this procedure is viable.
    Отличительным преимуществом данной процедуры является то, что... - A distinct advantage of the procedure is that...
    Первым преимуществом данной процедуры является то, что становится легче... - The first advantage of this procedure is that it is easier to...
    Пожалуйста, объясните достоинства и недостатки данной процедуры. - Please explain the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure.
    Потенциальное преимущество данной процедуры состоит в том, что... - A potential advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that...
    Почему эта процедура лучше всех других? - Why is this procedure better than the others?
    Прежде чем выполнить эту процедуру, заметим, что... - Before carrying out this procedure, note that...
    Преимущество (= достоинство) этой процедуры состоит в том, что... - The advantage of this procedure is that...
    Преимущество этой процедуры, следовательно, состоит в том, что она обеспечивает простой... - The advantage of this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a simple...
    Рабочеспособность этой процедуры все еще находится под вопросом. - The viability of this procedure is still in question; This procedure is still open to question.
    Решающим недостатком этой процедуры является то, что... - The crucial disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Следующим недостатком этой процедуры является то, что... - A further disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Сначала мы описываем процедуру для... - We first give a procedure for...
    Стандартной процедурой является проверка, что... - It is a routine matter to verify that...
    Тем не менее, мы могли бы упростить процедуру, используя... - However, we may simplify matters by using...
    Фундаментальным преимуществом этой процедуры является то, что... - A fundamental advantage of this procedure is that...
    Чтобы воспользоваться преимуществами данной процедуры, необходимо... - In order to take advantage of this procedure, one must...
    Эта процедура до сих пор еще полностью не оттестирована. - This procedure has not yet been fully tested.
    Эта процедура имеет следующие недостатки. - The procedure has the following disadvantages.
    Это стандартная процедура, чтобы... - It is standard procedure to...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > процедура

  • 17 शिव _śiva

    शिव a. [श्यति पापं शो-वन् पृषो˚]
    1 Auspicious, propi- tious, lucky; इयं शिवाया नियतेरिवायतिः Ki.4.21;1.38; R.11.33.
    -2 In good health or condition, happy, pros- perous, fortunate; तीर्थेन मूर्ध्न्यधिकृतेन शिवः शिवो$भूत् Bhāg. 3.28.22; शिवानि वस्तीर्थजलानि कच्चित् R.5.8. (= अनुपप्लवानि, 'undisturbed'); शिवास्ते पन्थानः सन्तु 'a happy journey to you', 'God bless (or speed) you on your journey'.
    -वः 1 N. of the third god of the sacred Hindu Trinity, who is entrusted with the work of destruction, as Brah- man and Viṣṇu are with the creation and preserva- tion, of the world; एको देवः केशवो वा शिवो वा Bh.2.115.
    -2 The male organ of generation, penis.
    -3 An aus- picious planetary conjunction.
    -4 The Veda; अट्टशूलाः जनपदाः शिवशूलाश्चतुष्पथाः Mb.3.188.42.
    -5 Final beatitude.
    -6 A post to which cattle are tied.
    -7 A god, deity.
    -8 Quick-silver.
    -9 Bdellium.
    -1 The black variety of thorn-apple.
    -11 Rum, spirit.
    -12 Buttermilk.
    -13 A ruby.
    -14 Time (काल).
    -वौ (m. dual) Śiva and Pārvatī; कथयति शिवयोः शरीरयोगं विषमपदा पदवी विवर्तनेषु Ki.5.4.
    -वम् 1 Prosperity, welfare, well-being, happi- ness; तं धर्मे$ग्निषु पुत्रेषु शिवं पृष्ट्वा Rām.7.33.13; तव वर्त्मनि वर्ततां शिवम् N.2.62; Ratn.1.2; R.1.6.
    -2 Bliss, auspiciousness.
    -3 Final beatitude.
    -4 Water.
    -5 Sea- salt.
    -6 Rock-salt.
    -7 Refined borax.
    -8 Iron.
    -9 Myrobalan.
    -1 Sandal.
    -Comp. -अक्षम् = रुद्राक्ष q. v.
    - अपर a. cruel.
    -अरातिः a heretic (lit. a disbeliever in Śiva).
    -आत्मकम् rock-salt.
    -आदेशकः 1 the bearer of auspicious news.
    -2 a fortune-teller.
    -आलयः 1 Śiva's abode.
    -2 the red basil.
    (-यम्) 1 a temple of Śiva.
    -2 a cemetery.
    - इतर a. inauspicious, unlucky; शिवेतरक्षतये K. P.1.
    -इष्टा Dūrvā grass.
    -कर (शिवंकर also) a. conferring happiness, auspicious.
    -कीर्तनः N. of Bhṛiṅgi.
    -केसरः Mimusops Elengi (बकुल).
    -गति a. prosperous, happy.
    -धर्मजः the planet Mars; cf. पुरा दक्षविनाशाय कुपितस्य त्रिशूलिनः । अपतद् भीमवक्त्रस्य स्वेदबिन्दु- र्ललाटजः ॥ शान्तिप्रदानात् सर्वेषां ग्रहाणां प्रथमो भव । अङ्गारक इति ख्यातिं गमिष्यसि धरात्मज ॥ Matsya P.
    -चतुर्दशी the four- teenth day of the dark half of Māgha; see शिवरात्र.
    -ज्ञा a female devotee of the Śaiva sect.
    -ताति a.
    1 having an auspicious end, conferring or conducive to happiness, propitious; प्रयत्नः कृत्स्नो$यं फलतु शिवतातिश्च भवतु Māl.6.7; न्यषेवेतां विशेषेण शिवतातिममुं शिवम् Śiva B.23.56.
    -2 tender, merciful, not demoniacal; मा पूतनात्वमुपगाः शिवतातिरेधि 9.49. (
    -तिः) auspiciousness, happiness.
    -तालः (in music) a kind of measure.
    -दत्तम् the discus of Viṣṇu (सुदर्शन).
    -दारु n. the Devadāru tree.
    -दिश् the north-east.
    -दूती epithet of Durgā.
    -द्रुमः the Bilva tree.
    -द्विष्टा the Ketaka tree.
    -धातुः 1 quick- silver.
    -2 milk stone.
    -पदम् final liberation, emanci- pation.
    -पुरम्, -पुरी N. of Vārāṇasī.
    -पुराण N. of one of the eighteen Purāṇas.
    -प्रियः 1 a crystal.
    -2 the Baka tree.
    -3 the thorn-apple. (
    -यम्) = रुद्राक्ष q. v. (
    -या) the goddess Durgā.
    -बी(वी)जम् quick-silver.
    -भारतम् the historic poem on the life of Shivājī the great (163-168) by his contemporary poet Paramā nanda.
    -मल्लकः the Arjuna tree.
    -मार्गः final liberation.
    -रसः the water of boiled rice (three days old, hence fermented).
    -राजधानी N. of Benares,
    -रात्रिः f. the fourteenth day of the dark half of Māgha on which a rigorous fast is observed in honour of Śiva; शैवो वा वैष्णवो वापि यो वा स्यादन्यपूजकः । सर्वं पूजाफलं हन्ति शिवरात्रिबहिर्मुखः ॥ Īśvarasaṁhitā.
    -लिङ्गम् 1 Śiva worshipped in the form of a Phallus.
    -2 a temple dedicated to the worship of the Liṅga.
    -लोकः the world of Śiva.
    -वल्लभः the mango tree.
    (-भा) 1 white rose.
    -2 Pārvatī.
    -वल्ली Acacia Concinna (Mar. शिकेकाई).
    -वाहनः a bull.
    -व्रतिन् one engaged in a vow of standing on one foot.
    -शेखरः 1 the moon.
    -2 the thorn-apple.
    -सायुज्यम् final emancipation (lit. unification with Śiva).
    -सुन्दरी an epithet of Durgā.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > शिव _śiva

  • 18 right

    1. n правильность, правота, справедливость
    2. n право; привилегия

    right of legation — право посольства; право посылать дипломатическое представительство

    right of common — право на совместное пользование ; общее право

    right of war — право войны, право обращения к войне

    to claim a right — предъявить претензию ; требовать своего, требовать причитающегося по праву

    as of right — как полагающийся по праву; как само собой разумеющийся

    3. n l
    4. n право на использование произведения искусства
    5. n обыкн. действительные факты, истинное положение вещей
    6. n порядок

    doing all right — дела идут хорошо, всё в порядке

    7. a правый, справедливый

    to do what is right — правильно поступать; сделать то, что следует

    right on — правильно, справедливо; что надо; в самую точку

    let us suppose you are right — предположим, что вы правы

    I should say that he was right — я бы сказал, что он прав

    I should say that he is right — я бы сказал, что он прав

    8. a верный, правильный
    9. a надлежащий; подходящий, уместный

    the right man in the right place — человек на своём месте, подходящий для данного дела человек

    10. a здоровый, в хорошем состоянии; исправный

    not right in the head — ненормальный, безумный

    11. a наиболее удобный, предпочтительный
    12. a прямой
    13. a лицевой, правый
    14. a редк. праведный
    15. a ирон. часто занимающий положение в обществе
    16. adv справедливо
    17. adv верно, правильно

    in the right way — правильно; надлежащим образом

    18. adv надлежащим образом
    19. adv точно, как раз
    20. adv прямо
    21. adv эмоц. -усил. совершенно, полностью

    to turn right round — повернуться кругом, сделать полный поворот

    22. adv эмоц. -усил. арх. очень

    right now — в этот момент; сейчас, сегодня же, сразу

    right away, right off — сразу, немедленно

    right off the bat — с места в карьер, сразу же

    23. v исправлять; восстанавливать справедливость

    to right a wrong — восстановить справедливость; компенсировать вред

    24. v защищать права
    25. v выпрямлять
    26. v выпрямляться
    27. v приводить в порядок

    to right a room — убирать комнату, наводить порядок в комнате

    not in the right order — не по порядку, не в обычном порядке

    28. v компенсировать, возмещать
    29. n правая сторона

    denial of right — отказ в праве; умаление права

    30. n воен. правый фланг
    31. n собир. полит. правая партия, правые, консерваторы
    32. n удар правой рукой; правая рука
    33. a полит. правый; реакционный

    right brocket — знак "больше"; правый уголок

    right turn — правый поворот; поворот направо

    34. adv направо
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. authentic (adj.) actual; authentic; blown-in-the-bottle; bona fide; genuine; indubitable; pukka; questionless; real; simon-pure; sure-enough; undoubted; undubitable; unquestionable; veritable; very
    2. conservative (adj.) conservative; die-hard; fogyish; old-line; orthodox; reactionary; rightist; right-wing; tory; traditionalist; traditionalistic
    3. decent (adj.) acceptable; adequate; all right; common; decent; satisfactory; sufficient; tolerable; unexceptionable; unexceptional; unimpeachable; unobjectionable
    4. decorous (adj.) au fait; Christian; civilized; comely; conforming; de rigueur; decorous; done
    5. directly (adj.) directly; straight
    6. exactly (adj.) exactly; properly; suitably
    7. fit (adj.) applicable; appropriate; apt; becoming; befitting; condign; convenient; deserved; due; exemplary; felicitous; fit; fitting; happy; meet; merited; nice; requisite; respectable; rhadamanthine; seemly; suitable; suited
    8. front (adj.) front; obverse; outer; outward; principal; top; upper
    9. just (adj.) conscientious; equitable; fair; good; honest; honorable; just; scrupulous; upright
    10. moral (adj.) ethical; moral; principled; proper; righteous; right-minded
    11. rightful (adj.) lawful; legal; legitimate; rightful
    12. sane (adj.) all there; compos mentis; lucid; normal; rational; reasonable; sane; sound; wise
    13. true (adj.) accurate; correct; exact; faithful; perfect; precise; rigorous; strict; true; undistorted; valid; veracious; veridical
    14. well (adj.) hale; healthy; hearty; well; well-conditioned; well-liking; whole; wholesome
    15. authority (noun) authority; faculty
    16. claim (noun) claim; due; interest; ownership; title
    17. diehard (noun) bitter-ender; conservative; diehard; fundamentalist; old liner; praetorian; pullback; right wing; rightist; right-winger; standpat; standpatter; tory
    18. liberty (noun) appanage; birthright; liberty; license; perquisite; power; prerogative; privilege
    19. rectitude (noun) equity; fairness; good; integrity; justice; rectitude; righteousness; straight; uprightness; virtue
    20. correct (verb) amend; correct; emend; mend; rectify; remedy; solve
    21. doctor (verb) doctor; fix; overhaul; patch; repair; revamp
    22. stand up (verb) stand up
    23. away (other) at once; away; first off; forthwith; instanter; instantly; now; PDQ; right away; right off; straight away; straight off; straightway
    24. directly (other) as the crow flies; dead; direct; directly; due; immediately; in a beeline; straight; straight ahead; straightly; undeviatingly
    25. favourably (other) advantageously; favourably
    26. just (other) accurately; bang; exactly; just; sharp; spang; square; squarely
    27. justly (other) equitably; fairly; justly; lawfully; righteously; rightfully; rightly; uprightly
    28. precisely (other) actually; precisely; truly
    29. very (other) awfully; damned; dreadfully; eminently; exceedingly; exceptionally; extremely; greatly; highly; hugely; insatiably; mightily; mighty; mortally; most; much; notably; parlous; pesky; rattling; remarkably; snapping; so; spanking; staving; strikingly; super; surpassingly; terribly; very
    30. well (other) acceptably; adequately; afond; altogether; amply; appropriately; becomingly; befittingly; clear; completely; correctly; entirely; fitly; fittingly; fully; perfectly; properly; quite; roundly; satisfactorily; suitably; thoroughly; utterly; well; wholly
    Антонимический ряд:
    elastic; erroneous; false; faulty; flexible; immoral; improper; incorrect; lenient; poorly; soft; wrong

    English-Russian base dictionary > right

  • 19 true

    1. n истина, правда; реальность, действительное положение дел

    out of true — плохо установленный; неточный; невертикальный, неотвесный

    let us assume that this is true — допустим, что это правда

    unluckily it is not true — к несчастью, это неправда

    I admit it to be true — я признаю, что это правда

    2. a верный, правильный

    the rumour proved only too true — слух, к сожалению, полностью подтвердился

    the novel is based on a true story — в основу романа положена подлинная история, роман имеет документальную основу

    fiction is truer than history — художественная литература ближе к истине, чем исторические сочинения

    is it true that you are going away? — правда, что вы уезжаете?

    strange and yet very true — странно, но тем не менее верно

    3. a в функции вводного слова правда

    true, the book is peppered with rhetorical questions — правда, книга приправлена большим количеством риторических вопросов

    it might be true — может быть, это и правда

    4. a надёжный, верный; не обманывающий ожиданий
    5. a преданный; верный; не отступающий

    honest true — верный, преданный

    6. a настоящий, подлинный, истинный

    true love — истинная любовь; любовь в полном смысле слова

    the true inwardness — истинная природа, подлинная сущность

    7. a реальный, действительный; практически достижимый или существующий
    8. a истинный, заслуживающий данного названия

    true reptiles are lizards and not frogs — рептилиями в собственном смысле слова являются ящерицы, а не лягушки

    true track angle — истинный путевой угол; истинный курс

    9. a настоящий, связанный по крови, родной
    10. a правильный, точный

    true complement — точное дополнение; дополнительный код

    true to nature — точно такой; как в натуре

    11. a соответствующий, подходящий
    12. a законный, действительный
    13. a тех. точно пригнанный

    the blocks of granite were so true that practically no mortar was used — глыбы гранита были так точно пригнаны друг к другу, что строительный раствор почти не использовался

    14. a честный, добродетельный
    15. adv правдиво, честно

    admittedly true statement — заявление, признанное правдивым

    16. adv точно; в соответствии с нормой
    17. v тех. выверять; править; пригонять; регулировать

    true up — настраивать; регулировать; проверять

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. actual (adj.) actual; indisputable; undeniable
    2. authentic (adj.) authentic; blown-in-the-bottle; bona fide; good; indubitable; original; pukka; questionless; simon-pure; sure-enough; truthful; undoubted; undubitable; unquestionable; veritable; very
    3. certain (adj.) certain; correct; factual; proven
    4. faithful (adj.) allegiant; ardent; faithful; fast; firm; liege; resolute; staunch; steadfast; steady; strict; undistorted
    5. genuine (adj.) genuine; heart-whole; sincere; undesigning; undissembled; unfeigned
    6. lawful (adj.) lawful; legitimate; rightful
    7. real (adj.) actual; heartfelt; hearty; indisputable; real; unaffected; undeniable; unfabled; veridical
    8. right (adj.) accurate; agreeing; appropriate; desired; exact; fitting; precise; proper; right; rigorous; veracious
    9. trusty (adj.) authoritative; constant; convincing; credible; dependable; loyal; reliable; trustable; trustworthy; trusty; unfailing; valid
    10. upright (adj.) conscientious; equitable; fair; honest; honorable; honourable; incorruptible; just; righteous; scrupulous; upright; upstanding
    11. adjust (verb) adjust; place; shape
    Антонимический ряд:
    contradictory; disloyal; erroneous; fabulous; faithless; false; fickle; fictional; fictitious; illusive; illusory; imaginary; inaccurate; spurious

    English-Russian base dictionary > true

  • 20 глава

    (см. также абзац, параграф, книга, обзор) chapter
    Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    Большая часть материала, представленного в данной главе, имела дело с... - Much of the material presented in this chapter has dealt with...
    В дальнейших главах излагается методология для... - The following chapters outline the methodology involved in...
    В данной главе мы будем заниматься подобными процессами. - This chapter will be concerned with such processes.
    В данной главе мы будем рассматривать лишь... - In this chapter we shall be concerned only with...
    В данной главе мы заложим теоретические основания для... - In this chapter we lay the theoretical foundations for...
    В данной главе мы предлагаем обсудить... - In this chapter we propose to discuss...
    В данной главе мы представим некоторые избранные материалы... - In the present chapter we shall give a selection of...
    В данной главе мы продолжим наше изучение (проблемы и т. п.)... - In this chapter, we will continue our study of...
    В данной главе мы разовьем теорию... - In this chapter we shall develop the theory of...
    В данной главе мы рассмотрим путь, которым... - In this chapter, we consider the way in which...
    В данной главе мы сформулируем метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    В данной главе мы уделим некоторое внимание (чвму-л)... - In this chapter we shall devote some attention to...
    В данной главе мы, главным образом, интересуемся... - We are concerned mainly in this chapter with...
    В данной главе позднее станет очевидно, что... - It will become evident later in this chapter that...
    В данной главе рассматривается... - It is the object of the present chapter to...
    В данной главе рассматривается еще один подход... - This chapter is concerned with yet another approach to...
    В предшествующих главах мы видели, что... - We have seen in preceding chapters that...
    В следующей главе мы (еще) вернемся к этому выражению. - We shall return to this expression in the next chapter.
    В следующей главе мы дадим количественное представление... - In the next chapter we give a more quantitative account of...
    В следующей главе мы увидим, что... - We shall see in the next chapter that...
    В следующих четырех главах мы будем рассматривать исключительно... - In the next four chapters we shall be concerned exclusively with...
    В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    В третьей главе (= В главе 3) мы встретим другое обобщение той же самой основной идеи. - In Chapter 3 we shall meet another generalization of the same basic idea.
    В этой вводной главе мы сделаем обзор... - In this introductory chapter we shall review...
    В этой главе будут описываться два подхода к... - This chapter will describe two approaches to...
    В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    В этой главе мы рассматриваем различные случаи... - In this chapter we consider various cases of...
    В этой главе мы сосредоточимся на (проблеме, вопросе и т. п.)... - In this chapter we concentrate on...
    В этой главе не делалось попыток обсудить очень сложную проблему... -In this chapter no attempt has been made to discuss the very difficult problem of...
    В этой главе основное внимание будет направлено на... - In this chapter we will direct most of the attention toward...
    В этой главе рассматривается... - This chapter is concerned with...
    В этой главе формулируются основные положения... - This chapter provides an outline of...
    Данная глава будет посвящена описанию... - This chapter will be devoted to an exposition of...
    Данная глава начинается с описания... - This chapter begins with a description of...
    Данная глава завершается обсуждением... - The chapter concludes with a discussion of...
    Данная глава, в основном, посвящена объяснению... - This chapter is devoted primarily to explaining...
    Данная методика будет использоваться в последующих главах. - This procedure will be followed in subsequent chapters.
    Заключим данную главу несколькими словами относительно... - We conclude this chapter with a few words on...
    Значительная часть настоящей главы посвящена... - A large proportion of the present chapter is concerned with...
    Из содержания предыдущих глав мы уже знаем, что... - We already know from earlier chapters that...
    Книга состоит из восьми глав. - The book is divided into eight chapters.
    Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...
    Многие идеи, рассматриваемые в данной главе,... - Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter are...
    Мы (еще) вернемся к этой аналогии во второй главе. - We shall return later to this analogy in Chapter 2.
    Мы завершаем данную главу демонстрацией того, что... - We end this section by showing that...
    Мы можем применить некоторые результаты этой главы, чтобы проиллюстрировать... - We may apply some of the results of this chapter to illustrate...
    Мы обсудим этот эффект в другой главе. - We shall discuss this effect in a later chapter.
    Мы откладываем обсуждение этого явления до главы 5. - We defer discussion of this phenomenon until Chapter 5.
    Мы продолжим это (исследование) в главе 4. - We shall go further into this in Chapter 4.
    Мы также уже обсудили эту задачу в главе 2. - We have also discussed this problem in Chapter 2.
    Некоторые дальнейшие замечания могут быть найдены в главе 2. - Some further remarks may be found in Chapter 2.
    Некоторые из этих вопросов будут развиваться в следующей главе. - Some of these points will be developed further in the next chapter.
    Основная часть этой работы была проделана в главе 2. - The bulk of the work was done in Chapter 2.
    Основным вопросом данной главы является... - Our main business in this chapter is to...
    Остальная часть этой главы посвящена... - The rest of the chapter deals with... (
    Первые четыре главы данной книги должны быть доступны... - The first four chapters of this book should be accessible to...
    Всюду в данной главе мы будем предполагать, что... - Throughout this chapter we have assumed that...
    Позднее в этой главе мы узнаем, что... - Later in this chapter we will learn that...
    Пример его (метода) использования уже приведен в Главе 2. - An example of its use has already been given in Chapter 2.
    Рассуждение, приведенное в конце последней главы, показывает, что... - The argument at the end of the last chapter shows that...
    Результаты данной главы позволяют нам... - The results of the present chapter enable us to...
    Строгое обсуждение будет дано в главе 2. - A rigorous discussion will be given in Chapter 2.
    Теперь возвратимся к вопросу, поставленному в начале этой главы. - We now return to the question posed at the beginning of the chapter.
    Целью данной главы является представление... - It is the purpose of this chapter to present...
    Целью данной главы является разработка... - The aim of this chapter is to develop...
    Мы собираемся сделать в этой главе... - What we seek to do in this chapter is to...
    Что такое тензоры объясняется подробно в главе 3. - The subject of tensors is explained at length in Chapter 3.
    Эта глава почти полностью посвящается... - This chapter has been almost wholly concerned with...
    Эта глава представляет один подход к решению... - This chapter presents one approach to the solution of...
    Эта тема будет развиваться в следующей главе. - This subject will be developed in the following chapter.
    Эти данные будут использованы в следующей главе. - This information will be put into use in the next chapter.
    Эти явления обсуждаются в главе 5. - These phenomena are discussed in Chapter 5.
    Это будет темой следующей главы. - This will be the theme of the next chapter.
    Далее это обсуждается в главе 4 в связи с... - This is further discussed in Chapter 4 in conjunction with...
    Это не согласуется с терминологией главы 1. - This is at variance with the terminology of Chapter 1.
    Этот факт был отмечен без доказательства в главе 4. - This fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.
    Этот эффект будет обсуждаться в главе 2, где будет показано, что... - This effect will be discussed in Chapter 2, where it will be shown that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > глава

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  • Hand work — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • In one's hand — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • In one's hands — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Off one's hands — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • On one's hands — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • To get one's hand in — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • To have one's hands full — Hand Hand (h[a^]nd), n. [AS. hand, hond; akin to D., G., & Sw. hand, OHG. hant, Dan. haand, Icel. h[ o]nd, Goth. handus, and perh. to Goth. hin[thorn]an to seize (in comp.). Cf. {Hunt}.] 1. That part of the fore limb below the forearm or wrist in …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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