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1 here the historian skips over half a century
Общая лексика: здесь историк перескакивает через полстолетияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > here the historian skips over half a century
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2 this book is an essential part of the historian's toolkit
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > this book is an essential part of the historian's toolkit
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3 historian function of the solution
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > historian function of the solution
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4 Sá da Bandeira, the Marquis of
(1795-1876)Famous 19th-century career soldier turned politician, colonial reformer and planner, and statesman. Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, later named the Marquis of Sá da Bandeira, was a soldier from the young age of 15 who fought against the armies of Napoleon in the Peninsular Wars. The historian Alexandre Herculano described him as "the most illustrious Portuguese of his century." Among the people, he was nicknamed "Sá-the one-handed or "one-armed," since he had lost his right arm in battle. Trained in engineering and mathematics, and with residence abroad, he first made a reputation as an outstanding military leader in the campaigns against the French in Portugal (1811) and in the civil wars of 1828-34.Devoted to the cause of King Pedro IV of maintaining Pedro's young daughter, Maria da Glória, on Portugal's throne, Sá da Bandei-ra's image and style seemed to be in conflict with those of a general more typical of the age of romanticism. Spare in body, methodical and frugal, and serene in spirit, he achieved the highest offices in government, following the triumph of the cause of constitutional monarchy by 1834. Concerned with Portugal's overseas empire, severely weakened by the loss of Brazil in 1822, Sá da Bandeira relentlessly pursued colonial reform plans and efforts to create for Portugal "another Brazil in Africa." Active in politics into his old age, in the 1870s, he worked to bring about reforms of the colonial economy, to move from an economy based on slave trade and slavery to one based on legitimate trade and industry, especially in Angola and Mozambique. This soldier and politician became, in effect, the heart and soul of Portugal's first modern colonial movement, 1835-75.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sá da Bandeira, the Marquis of
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5 Book of Judges (A narrative and historical book of Jewish and Christian Scripture, the third of the series of five books that reflect the theological viewpoint of the Deuteronomic historian)
Религия: "Книга Судей Израилевых"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Book of Judges (A narrative and historical book of Jewish and Christian Scripture, the third of the series of five books that reflect the theological viewpoint of the Deuteronomic historian)
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6 Indian Historian, The
"Индиан хисториан"Ежеквартальный журнал Исторического общества американских индейцев [ American Indian Historical Society], выпускается в г. Сан-Франциско, шт. Калифорния, с 1964. Тираж 5,5 тыс. экз.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Indian Historian, The
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7 Literature
The earliest known examples of literary writing in the Portuguese language is a collection of songbooks ( cancioneiros) that date from the 12th century, written by anonymous court troubadours, aristocrats, and clerics with poetic and musical talent. In the 13th and 14th centuries, ballads ( romanceiros) became popular at court. One of these written after the battle of Aljubarrota is considered to be the Portuguese equivalent of the English Arthurian legend. Literary prose in Portuguese began in the 14th century, with the compilation of chronicles ( chrónicos) written by Fernão Lopes de Castenhada who was commissioned by King Duarte (1430-38) to write a history of the House of Aviz.During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese chroniclers turned their attention to the discoveries and the Portuguese overseas empire. The Portuguese discoveries in India and Asia were chronicled by João de Barros, whose writing appeared posthumously under the pen name of Diogo Do Couto; Fernão Lopes de Castenhade wrote a 10-volume chronicle of the Portuguese in India. The most famous chronicle from this period was the Peregrinação (Pilgrimage), a largely true adventure story and history of Portugal that was as popular among 17th-century readers in Iberia as was Miguel de Cer-vantes's Don Quixote. Portugal's most celebrated work of national literature, The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas), written by Luís de Camões chronicled Vasco da Gama's voyage to India (1497-99) within the context of the history of Portugal.During the period when Portugal was under Spanish domination (1580-1640), the preferred language of literary expression was Castilian Spanish. The greatest writer of this period was Francisco Manuel de Melo, who wrote in Castilian and Portuguese. His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile, Historia de los Movimientos y Separación de Cata-luna (1645), which allowed the Portuguese monarchy to regain its independence that same year.Little of note was written during the 17th century with the exception of Letters of a Portuguese Nun, an enormously popular work in the French language thought to have been written by Sister Mariana Alcoforado to a French officer Noel Bouton, Marquise de Chamilly.Modern Portuguese writing began in the early 19th century with the appearance of the prose-fiction of João Baptista de Almeida Garrett and the historian-novelist Alexandre Herculano. The last half of the 19th century was dominated by the Generation of 1870, which believed that Portugal was, due to the monarchy and the Catholic Church, a European backwater. Writers such as José Maria Eça de Queirós dissected the social decadence of their day and called for reform and national renewal. The most famous Portuguese poet of the 20th century is, without doubt, Fernando Pessoa, who wrote poetry and essays in English and Portuguese under various names. António Ferro (1895-1956) published best-selling accounts of the right-wing dictatorships in Italy and Spain that endeared him to Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who made him the Estado Novo's secretary of national propaganda.The various responses of the Portuguese people to the colonial African wars (1961-75) were chronicled by António Lobo Antunes. In 1998, the noted Portuguese novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, José Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer in the Portuguese language of whatever nationality to be so honored. His most famous novels translated into English include: Baltazar and Blimunda (1987), The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1991), and The History of the Siege of Lisbon (1996). -
8 walk
1. intransitive verb1) laufen; (as opposed to running) gehen; (as opposed to driving) zu Fuß gehenyou can walk there in five minutes — es sind nur 5 Minuten zu Fuß bis dorthin
‘walk’/‘don’t walk' — (Amer.): (at pedestrian lights) "gehen"/"warten"
walk on crutches/with a stick — an Krücken/am Stock gehen
walk tall — (fig.) erhobenen Hauptes gehen (fig.)
2) (exercise) gehen; marschieren (ugs.)2. transitive verb1) entlanggehen; ablaufen [Strecke, Weg]; durchwandern [Gebiet]walk the streets — durch die Straßen gehen/(aimlessly) laufen; (as prostitute) auf den Strich gehen (ugs.)
walk somebody off his/her feet — jemanden [bis zur Erschöpfung] durch die Gegend schleifen (ugs.)
3) (accompany) bringen3. nounhe walked his girlfriend home — er brachte seine Freundin nach Hause
1) Spaziergang, dergo [out] for or take or have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen
take somebody/the dog for a walk — jemanden/den Hund spazierenführen
a ten-mile walk — eine Wanderung von zehn Meilen; (distance)
the 10,000 metres walk — das 10 000-m-Gehen
5)people from all walks of life — Leute aus den verschiedensten gesellschaftlichen Gruppierungen
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/80894/walk_about">walk about- walk away- walk in- walk into- walk off- walk on- walk out- walk out of- walk out on- walk over- walk up* * *(to walk, stand etc on the toes: He stood on tiptoe(s) to reach the shelf.) (sich) auf Zehenspitzen gehen (stellen)* * *[wɔ:k, AM wɑ:k]I. nit's only a five minute \walk away es sind nur fünf Minuten [zu Fuß] von hierto take sb out for a \walk mit jdm einen Spaziergang machento drop into [or slow to] a \walk in Schritttempo verfallenshe slowed the horses to a \walk sie ließ die Pferde im Schritt gehen5. (spiritual journey) [spirituelle] Suche6.▶ \walk of life soziale Schicht, Gesellschaftsschicht fpeople from all \walks of life Leute aus allen GesellschaftsschichtenII. vt1. (go on foot)▪ to \walk sth etw zu Fuß gehento \walk a distance eine Strecke zu Fuß zurücklegen2. (accompany)▪ to \walk sb somewhere jdn irgendwohin begleitenhe \walked me off my feet ich konnte kaum mit ihm mithalten▪ to \walk sb through sth etw mit jdm durchgehento \walk sb home jdn nach Hause bringen3. (take for a walk)to \walk the dog den Hund ausführen, mit dem Hund Gassi gehen famIII. vi1. (go on foot)▪ to \walk [somewhere] zu Fuß [irgendwohin] gehenit takes half an hour to \walk to the office man braucht zu Fuß eine halbe Stunde ins Bürocan your toddler \walk yet? kann dein Kleiner schon laufen?to \walk on one's hands auf den Händen laufento begin to \walk laufen lernen▪ to \walk [somewhere] [irgendwo] spazieren gehento \walk into a trap in eine Falle gehen [o fam tappen5. (easily get)to \walk [right [or straight]] into a job [leicht] eine Stelle bekommen6. THEAT▪ to \walk through sth etw [ein]üben8.▶ to \walk the beat seine Runde gehen [o machen]▶ to \walk on eggs [or eggshells] einen Eiertanz aufführen▶ to \walk before one can run laufen lernen, bevor man springt* * *[wɔːk]1. n1) (= stroll) Spaziergang m; (= hike) Wanderung f; (SPORT) Gehen nt; (= competition) Geher-Wettkampf m; (= charity walk) Marsch m (für Wohltätigkeitszwecke)it's a long/short walk to the shops — zu den Läden ist es weit/nicht weit zu Fuß or zu gehen or zu laufen
it's a long walk but a short drive — zu Fuß ist es weit, aber mit dem Auto ganz nah
that's quite a walk — das ist eine ganz schöne Strecke, das ist ganz schön weit zu laufen (inf)
to go for a walk, to have or take a walk — einen Spaziergang machen, spazieren gehen
to take sb/the dog for a walk — mit jdm/dem Hund spazieren gehen or einen Spaziergang machen, den Hund ausführen or spazieren führen
he went at a brisk walk — er ging schnellen Schrittes (geh) or schnell
he ran for a bit, then slowed to a walk — er rannte ein Stück und ging dann im Schritttempo weiter
he knows some good walks in the Lake District — er kennt ein paar gute Wandermöglichkeiten or Wanderungen im Lake District
5)walk of life — Milieu nt
2. vt1) (= lead) person, horse (spazieren) führen; dog ausführen; (= ride at a walk) im Schritt gehen lassento walk sb home/to the bus —
she walked her baby up to the table — das Kind lief, von der Mutter gehalten or mit Hilfe der Mutter, zum Tisch
to walk sb off his feet or legs (inf) — jdn total erschöpfen
if we go hiking, I'll walk the legs off you (inf) — wenn wir zusammen wandern gehen, dann wirst du (bald) nicht mehr mithalten können
2) distance laufen, gehenI've walked this road many times — ich bin diese Straße oft gegangen
3)to walk the streets (prostitute) — auf den Strich gehen (inf); (in search of sth) durch die Straßen irren; (aimlessly) durch die Straßen streichen
he learned his trade by walking the boards before turning to films — er hat sein Handwerk auf den Brettern gelernt, bevor er zum Film ging
4) (US BASEBALL) einen Walk or ein Freibase geben (+dat)3. vi1) gehen, laufenyou must learn to walk before you can run (prov) — man sollte den ersten Schritt vor dem zweiten tun
to walk with a stick — am Stock gehen
you can walk there in 5 minutes — da ist man in or bis dahin sind es 5 Minuten zu Fuß
to walk home — nach Hause laufen (inf), zu Fuß nach Hause gehen
we were out walking when the telegram arrived — wir waren gerade spazieren or auf einem Spaziergang, als das Telegramm kam
3) (ghost) umgehen, spuken4) (inf: disappear) Beine bekommen (inf)* * *walk [wɔːk]A s1. Gehen n:go at a walk im Schritt gehen2. Gang(art) m(f), Schritt m3. Spaziergang m:take sb for a walk jemanden spazieren führen, mit jemandem spazieren gehen4. (Spazier)Weg m:a) Promenade fb) Strecke f:the station is just a 10-minute walk from here bis zum Bahnhof sind es nur 10 Gehminuten;quite a walk ein gutes Stück zu gehen5. Wanderung f6. Route f (eines Hausierers etc), Runde f (eines Polizisten etc)7. Allee f8. Wandelgang m9. a) (Geflügel)Auslauf m10. fig Arbeitsgebiet n, (Betätigungs)Feld n:b) Beruf mB v/i1. a) gehen (auch Leichtathletik), zu Fuß gehen, laufen:“Walk” „Gehen“;“Don’t Walk” „Warten“b) (Basketball) einen Schrittfehler machen2. im Schritt gehen (auch Pferd)3. wandern5. umgehen, spuken (Geist):walk in one’s sleep nacht-, schlafwandelnC v/t4. abschreiten, entlanggehen5. ein Pferd führen, im Schritt gehen lassen7. spazieren führen8. jemanden begleiten:9. Br um die Wette gehen mit:I’ll walk you 10 miles* * *1. intransitive verb1) laufen; (as opposed to running) gehen; (as opposed to driving) zu Fuß gehen‘walk’/‘don’t walk' — (Amer.): (at pedestrian lights) "gehen"/"warten"
walk on crutches/with a stick — an Krücken/am Stock gehen
walk tall — (fig.) erhobenen Hauptes gehen (fig.)
2) (exercise) gehen; marschieren (ugs.)2. transitive verb1) entlanggehen; ablaufen [Strecke, Weg]; durchwandern [Gebiet]walk the streets — durch die Straßen gehen/ (aimlessly) laufen; (as prostitute) auf den Strich gehen (ugs.)
2) (cause to walk; lead) führen; ausführen [Hund]walk somebody off his/her feet — jemanden [bis zur Erschöpfung] durch die Gegend schleifen (ugs.)
3) (accompany) bringen3. noun1) Spaziergang, dergo [out] for or take or have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen
take somebody/the dog for a walk — jemanden/den Hund spazierenführen
a ten-mile walk — eine Wanderung von zehn Meilen; (distance)
the 10,000 metres walk — das 10 000-m-Gehen
4) (path, route) [Spazier]weg, der5)Phrasal Verbs:- walk in- walk off- walk on- walk out- walk up* * *v.gehen v.(§ p.,pp.: ging, ist gegangen)laufen v.(§ p.,pp.: lief, ist gelaufen)spuken durch ausdr.wandeln (gehen) v. n.Gang ¨-e m.Marsch -¨e m.Spaziergang m. -
9 compare
kəmˈpɛə
1. гл.
1) а) сравнивать, сверять, сличать We can start by comparing the work of the historian with the work of the politician. ≈ Для начала можно сравнить труд политика и труд историка. It is unfair of a man to compare his wife with his mother. ≈ Мужчина не имеет права сравнивать свою жену со своей матерью. Syn: approach, approximate, correspond, parallel Ant: contrast, oppose б) ставить наравне, уподоблять( with, to) The writer was compared to Shakespeare. ≈ Писателя сравнивали с самим Шекспиром. I can compare her poetry to the greatest poems of the present century. ≈ Ее стихи, по моему мнению, среди величайших стихов нашего века. Social life in a village cannot compare with that of a large city. ≈ Общественная жизнь деревни не идет ни в какое сравнение с общественной жизнью в большом городе. Syn: liken
2) соответствовать( требованиям, стандартам), выдерживать сравнение Syn: correspond, parallel, resemble
3) грам. изменять по степеням сравнения ∙ compare notes
2. сущ.;
архаич., поэт. сравнение;
возможность сравнения beyond compare past compare without compare( устаревшее) сравнение;
- beyond * вне всякого сравнения;
- she is lovely beyond * по красоте ей нет равных;
- her cakes are without * ее торты выше всяких похвал сравнивать, проводить параллель;
сличать;
- to * a translation with the original сравнить перевод с оригиналом;
- it is not to be *d with это не подлежит сравнению;
это не идет ни в какое сравнение с;
- as *d with по сравнению с;
- his later work does not * with his earlier его последнее произведение не идет ни в какое сравнение с прежними;
- to * favorably with smth. выигрывать при сравнении с чем-л сравнивать, уподоблять;
- shall I * thee to a summer day? (Shakespeare) сравню ли с летним днем твои черты? (грамматика) образовывать степенни сравнения;
- * the adjective "nice" образуйте сравнительную степень от прилагательного nice > to * notes обмениваться мнениями /впечатлениями/ ~ сравниться;
выдерживать сравнение;
not to be compared with (или to) не может сравниться с;
to compare favourably( with smth.) выгодно отличаться( от чего-л.) ;
as compared with по сравнению с compare проводить параллель ~ сличать ~ сравнивать, ставить наравне ~ сравнивать, сличать (with) ~ сравнивать ~ сравниться;
выдерживать сравнение;
not to be compared with (или to) не может сравниться с;
to compare favourably (with smth.) выгодно отличаться (от чего-л.) ;
as compared with по сравнению с ~ уподоблять (to) ;
to compare notes обмениваться мнениями, впечатлениями ~ уподоблять ~ сравниться;
выдерживать сравнение;
not to be compared with (или to) не может сравниться с;
to compare favourably (with smth.) выгодно отличаться (от чего-л.) ;
as compared with по сравнению с ~ уподоблять (to) ;
to compare notes обмениваться мнениями, впечатлениями note: ~ отличительный признак;
the most essential note of our time наиболее характерный признак нашего времени;
to compare notes обмениваться мнениями, впечатлениями notes: compare ~ обмениваться мнениями diskettes ~ OK вчт. сравнение дискет выполнено успешно ~ сравниться;
выдерживать сравнение;
not to be compared with (или to) не может сравниться с;
to compare favourably (with smth.) выгодно отличаться (от чего-л.) ;
as compared with по сравнению с -
10 compare
[kəm'pɛə] 1. гл.1) сравнивать, сличатьWe can start by comparing the work of the historian with the work of the politician. — Для начала можно сравнить труд историка и труд политика.
It is unfair of a man to compare his wife with his mother. — Мужчина не должен сравнивать жену со своей матерью.
Syn:Ant:2) ставить наравне, уподоблятьThe writer was compared to Shakespeare. — Этого писателя сравнивали с самим Шекспиром.
I can compare her poetry to the greatest poems of the present century. — Её стихи, как мне кажется, можно поставить наравне с величайшими стихами нашего века.
Syn:3) ( compare with) соответствовать (требованиям, стандартам); выдерживать сравнение с (чем-л. / кем-л.); сопоставляться с (чем-л. / кем-л.);The remake was OK but it cannot compare with the original. — Римейк получился неплохой, но он не сравнится с оригинальным фильмом.
Syn:correspond, parallel 3.4) лингв. изменять по степеням сравнения••2. сущ.; уст.; поэт.сравнение; возможность сравнения- without compare -
11 skip
̈ɪskɪp I
1. сущ. прыжок, скачок Syn: jump, leap
2. гл.
1) прыгать, скакать;
перепрыгивать, перескакивать прям и перен. to skip the details ≈ пропускать детали описания Syn: jump, bound, hop, leap, spring б) перен. пропускать, не затрагивать (тж. skip over)
2) сл.;
амер. торопиться, спешить;
удирать;
скрываться (тж. skip off) Every time I ask that boy to do a job, he skips off and plays with his friends! ≈ Всякий раз когда я прошу этого мальчика выполнить какое-либо задание, он увиливает и играет со своими друзьями. ∙ skip across skip over skip through II сущ.;
горн. бадья;
скип;
вагонетка с откидывающимся кузовом прыжок, скачок - to give a * for joy подпрыгнуть от радости - hop, * and jump (спортивное) тройной прыжок - * jumping (спортивное) прыжки со скакалкой пропуск (при чтении) (разговорное) танец( разговорное) бег( военное) рикошет прыгать, скакать - to * out of the way отскочить в сторону прыгать через скакалку - to * for exercise with a skipping-rope тренироваться со скакалкой (разговорное) резвиться, прыгать (тж. * about) - to * (about) like children скакать как дети бежать вприпрыжку - to * along the road прыгать по дороге - to * upstairs two at a time взбираться вверх, прыгая через ступеньку (часто over) перепрыгивать, перескакивать - to * (over) a brook перепрыгнуть( через) ручей( from) перескакивать, переключаться - to * (about) from one question to another перескакивать (в разговоре) с одного вопроса на другой - to * from one thing to another приниматься то за одно дело, то за другое пропускать, делать пропуски;
обходить, не затрагивать (тж. * over) - to * every tenth row пропускать кадый десятый ряд - to * certain questions пропускать некоторые вопросы( молчанием) - to * the descriptions пропускать (не читая) описания - here the historian *s over half a century здесь историк перескакивает через полстолетия (over, through) бегло просматривать - to * over a book просматривать книгу - * over to page 105 переходите сразу к странице 105 (школьное) перескакивать (через класс) (американизм) (разговорное) торопиться, спешить - you'd better * for it если не хотите упустить, то поторопитесь ( американизм) (разговорное) скрыться, улизнуть, смыться (тж. * off) - he *ped off to America with the money он удрал в Америку, прихватив с собой деньги( разговорное) умереть (часто * out) (военное) рикошетировать заставить подскочить или отскочить - to * pebbles on the water "печь блины", бросать камешки в воду (чтобы oни подпрыгивали) (военное) наносить бомбовый удар с рикошетированием (горное) скип;
бадья;
опрокидывающаяся вагонетка сокр. от skipper( морское) (разговорное) командир корабля;
сокр. от skipper (американизм) (авиация) (разговорное) командир воздушного корабля ~ пропускать;
he skips as he reads он читает не все подряд skip горн. бадья;
скип;
вагонетка с откидывающимся кузовом ~ перескакивать (в разговоре;
обыкн. skip off, skip from) ;
to skip a grade перескочить через класс (в школе) ~ пропуск ~ вчт. пропуск ~ пропускать;
he skips as he reads он читает не все подряд ~ вчт. пропускать ~ вчт. пропустить ~ проскок ~ прыжок, скачок ~ скакать, прыгать ~ разг. съездить, махнуть ~ sl. удрать;
скрыться;
skip it! ладно!, неважно! ~ перескакивать (в разговоре;
обыкн. skip off, skip from) ;
to skip a grade перескочить через класс (в школе) ~ sl. удрать;
скрыться;
skip it! ладно!, неважно! -
12 skip
I1. [skıp] n1. прыжок, скачокhop, skip and jump - спорт. тройной прыжок
skip jumping - спорт. прыжки со скакалкой
2. пропуск (при чтении и т. п.)3. разг. танец4. разг. бег5. воен. рикошет2. [skıp] v1. 1) прыгать, скакать2) прыгать через скакалку3) разг. резвиться, прыгать (тж. skip about)to skip (about) like children [like lambs] - скакать /резвиться/ как дети [подобно ягнятам]
2. бежать вприпрыжкуto skip along the road [from stone to stone] - прыгать по дороге [с камня на камень]
to skip upstairs two at a time - взбираться вверх, прыгая через ступеньку
3. 1) ( часто over) перепрыгивать, перескакиватьto skip (over) a brook [(over) a puddle] - перепрыгнуть (через) ручей [(через) лужу]
2) (from) перескакивать, переключатьсяto skip (about) from one question [from one subject] to another - перескакивать (в разговоре и т. п.) с одного вопроса [с одного предмета] на другой
to skip from one thing to another - приниматься то за одно дело, то за другое
4. 1) пропускать, делать пропуски; обходить, не затрагивать (тж. skip over)to skip certain questions - пропускать /обходить/ некоторые вопросы (молчанием)
to skip the descriptions [introduction] - пропускать (не читая) описания [введение]
here the historian skips over half a century - здесь историк перескакивает через полстолетия /оставляет в стороне период в пятьдесят лет/
2) (over, through) бегло просматриватьto skip over /through/ a book - просматривать /невнимательно прочитывать/ книгу
3) школ. перескакивать ( через класс)5. амер. разг.1) торопиться, спешитьyou'd better skip for it - если не хотите упустить, то поторопитесь
2) скрыться, улизнуть, смыться (тж. skip off)he skipped off to America with the money - он удрал в Америку, прихватив с собой деньги
6. разг. умереть ( часто skip out)7. 1) воен. рикошетировать2) заставить подскочить или отскочитьto skip pebbles on the water - «печь блины», бросать камешки в воду ( чтобы они подпрыгивали)
8. = skip-bombII [skıp] n горн.♢
skip it! - хватит!, брось!, ладно!, неважно!скип; бадья; опрокидывающаяся вагонеткаII [skıp] сокр. от skipper 2 -
13 fit\ in
1. Ihe didn't fit in среди нас он был чужим; people who won't fit in люди, которые не могут или не хотят приспособиться2. IIIfit in smth. / smth. in / I've put most of the broken parts together but I can't fit this piece in я подобрал / составил / большинство сломанных частей, но не знаю, куда вставить этот кусочек; it's an awkward fact for the historian to fit in историку нелегко дать объяснение этому факту3. IVfit smb. in at some time the doctor can't fit in any more patients this morning сегодня утром врач больше никого принять не может; he is very busy today, but he'll try to fit you in somewhere он очень занят сегодня, но все же постарается улучить для вас время / найти время для вас /4. XVIfit in with smth. fit in with the facts (with the times, etc.) соответствовать / отвечать / фактам и т. д.; this does not fit in with my experience мой опыт мне подсказывает / по опыту я знаю /, что это не так5. XXI11) fit in smth. to smth. fit in a new glass to one's watch вставить новое стекло в часы; fit smth. in between smth. fit smth. in between two things вставить / втиснуть, поместить / что-л. между чем-л.; fit in smth. for smb. fit in a day for smb. освободить день для кого-л.2) fit in smth. / smth. in / with smth. I must fit my holidays in with yours я должен согласовать свой отпуск с вашим; it fits in with my plans (with my arrangements, etc.) это не мешает моим планам и т. д. -
14 craft
1. сущ.1) общ. ремесло, ручной [кустарный\] трудcraft market — внутренние рынки, которые создаются профессиональными объединениями рабочих
See:2) общ. ремесленное изделиеThe shop sells local crafts. — Магазин торгует ремесленными изделиями местного производства.
3) общ. профессия [специальность\], требующая высокой квалификации4) общ., с большой буквы, с опр. артиклем, ист. масонская ложа5) общ. мастерство6) общ. плутовство, искусство вводить в обманHer cousin was not her equal in guile and evasive craft. — Ее двоюродный брат не сравнится с ней в хитрости и искусном плутовстве.
7) общ. транспортное средствоа) морское, речное судноThese crafts are narrow enough. — Эти суда достаточно узкие.
б) самолет2. гл.1) общ. мастерить, проявлять мастерство (в чем-л.)He crafted the chair lovingly. — Он смастерил этот стул с любовью.
2) общ. выполнять ручную работуEach doll will be crafted individually by specialists. — Каждая кукла должна быть выполнена вручную специалистами.
* * *
ремесло, вид ремесла, народный промысел. -
15 documentation
documentation n ¢2 ( act of recording) one of the historian's tasks is the documentation of social change l'une des tâches de l'historien est de rendre compte des changements sociaux. -
16 toolkit
инструментальные средства, инструментарий набор инструментов - this book is an essential part of the historian's * (образное) без этой книги не может обойтись ни один историк, эта книга - необходимая часть научного багажа любого историка toolkit вчт. пакет разработчика -
17 toolkit
[ʹtu:lkıt] nнабор инструментовthis book is an essential part of the historian's toolkit - образн. без этой книги не может обойтись ни один историк, эта книга - необходимая часть научного багажа любого историка
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18 Catholic church
The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation. -
19 Myth
The contrast between myth and reality has been a major philosophical concern since the time of the Pre-Socratics. Myth is a many-faceted personal and cultural phenomenon created to provide a reality and a unity to what is transitory and fragmented in the world that we experience.... Myth provides us with absolutes in the place of ephemeral values and a comforting perception of the world that is necessary to make the insecurity and terror of existence bearable.It is disturbing to realize that our faith in absolutes and actual truth can be easily shattered. "Facts" change in all the sciences; textbooks in chemistry, physics, and medicine are sadly (or happily, for progress) soon out of date. It is embarrassingly banal but fundamentally important to reiterate the platitude that myth, like art, is truth on a quite different plane from that of prosaic and transitory factual knowledge. Yet myth and factual truth need not be mutually exclusive, as some so emphatically insist. A story embodying eternal values may contain what was imagined, at any one period, to be scientifically correct in every factual detail; and the accuracy of that information may be a vital component of its mythical raison d'e€tre. Indeed one can create a myth out of a factual story, as a great historian must do: any interpretation of the facts, no matter how credible, will inevitably be a mythic invention. On the other hand, a different kind of artist may create a nonhistorical myth for the ages, and whether it is factually accurate or not may be quite beside the point.Myth in a sense is the highest reality; and the thoughtless dismissal of myth as untruth, fiction, or a lie is the most barren and misleading definition of all. (Morford & Lenardon, 1995, p. 4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Myth
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20 Oliveira Marques, Antônio Henriques de
(1933-2007)Historian, scholar, and editor. Since 1970, Portugal's most widely published, prolific historian, he was born in Estoril in 1933. Trained as a medieval historian, Oliveira Marques mastered other fields of history as well, including the history of the First Republic (1910-26), the Estado Novo (1926-74), and the general history of Portugal. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, he received his advanced degrees from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. His doctoral dissertation treated Portugal's trade with the Hanseatic League, a topic of medieval economic history. Oliveira Marques taught as a junior faculty member at his alma mater from 1957 to 1964, but left after a falling out with senior faculty and political authorities. For some years he taught at several institutions in the United States, including the Universities of Florida and Minnesota.Returning to Portugal during the last phase of the Marcello Caetano government, Oliveira Marques taught at the University of Lisbon. In November 1974, he was appointed director of the National Library of Lisbon, a prestigious but trying cultural post he held for some years. In the 1980s, he changed universities and joined the Faculty of Germanic Studies, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Of his vast bibliography, two of his historical works were published in English in the United States: Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages (1971) and History of Portugal (2 vols., 1972, 1976, and later editions). In terms of public acclaim and book sales in Portugal, his most consistently popular work in print continues to be his survey, História de Portugal, in several volumes, published in many editions since the early 1970s.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Oliveira Marques, Antônio Henriques de
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