like+as

sĭmŭlo (less correctly sĭmĭlo; v. assimulo fin.), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [similis].

In gen., to make a thing like another; to imitate, copy, represent a thing (mostly poet.;

syn. imitor): corpora igni simulata,

made like, like, Lucr. 1, 687:

nimbos et non imitabile fulmen simulare,

Verg. A. 6, 591:

simulet Catonem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 13:

cum sint crura tibi, simulent quae cornua lunae,

Mart. 2, 35, 1:

furias Bacchi,

Ov. M. 6, 596:

equam (sonus),

id. ib. 2, 668:

artem (natura),

id. ib. 3, 158:

anum,

to assume the form of, id. ib. 3, 275; 6, 26; 11, 310; id. F. 4, 517; so,

Homeri illa Minerva simulata Mentori,

Cic. Att. 9, 8, 2 (cf. Hom. Od. 3, 22): simulata Troja, a counterfeit Troy, i. e. which is copied after, built like Troy, Ov. M. 13, 721:

simulata magnis Pergama,

Verg. A. 3, 349:

latices simulatos fontis Averni,

id. ib. 4, 512:

cupressum simulare,

to represent, paint, Hor. A. P. 20:

antrum in ostro,

Sil. 15, 430. —With object-clause: Pallas... simulat... terram Prodere cum baccis fetum canentis olivae, represents the earth producing, etc., Ov. M. 6, 80; cf.

also, transf., of a work of art: aera Fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia,

representing, imaging, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 241.—

In partic., to represent a thing as being which has no existence, to feign a thing to be what it is not (while dissimulare is to pretend a thing not to be which really is, to conceal), to assume the appearance of a thing, to feign, pretend, counterfeit, simulate (class. and freq.).

With acc. (in Cic. in the act. perh. only with a pron.):

nec ut emat melius, nec ut vendat, quicquam simulabit aut dissimulabit vir bonus,

Cic. Off. 3, 15, 61; cf. Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 8, 4:

experiar, quid ames, quid simules,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 71:

(oportuit) non simulare mortem verbis, re ipsā spem vitae dare,

i.e. to pretend that she was dead, Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 23:

studium conjurationis vehementer simulare,

Sall. C. 41, 5:

deditionem ac deinde metum,

id. J. 36, 2:

diffidentiam rei,

id. ib. 60, 5:

pacem,

id. ib. 111, 4; cf.: pacem cum Scipione Sulla sive faciebat sive simulabat, Cic. Phil. 13, 1, 2:

constantiam,

Tac. H. 1, 81:

obsequium,

id. A. 12, 47 et saep.:

Hannibal aegrum simulabat,

pretended to be sick, Liv. 25, 8, 12:

sanum,

Ov. R. Am. 493:

furentem,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 429:

praegravem aut delumbem sese simulans,

Plin. 10, 33, 51, § 103:

supervacaneos,

Just. 6, 6, 3.—With pro:

simulat se pro uxore Nini filium, pro femina puerum,

Just. 1, 2, 1.— Pass.:

tum pol ego is essem vere, qui simulabar,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 58:

non simulatur amor,

Ov. H. 17, 36:

tecto lumine somnus,

id. ib. 21, 199:

ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis,

Sall. J. 95, 3 et saep.—Esp. freq. in part. perf.:

ficto officio simulatāque sedulitate conjunctus,

Cic. Caecin. 5, 14:

officio simulato,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 112:

simulatā amicitiā,

Caes. B. G. 1,44:

hortatur simulata conscientia adeant,

Tac. A. 2, 40 et saep.:

cum ex eo quaereretur, quid esset dolus malus? respondebat: cum esset aliud simulatum, aliud actum,

Cic. Off. 3, 14, 60:

in amicitiā nihil fictum est, nihil simulatum,

id. Lael. 8, 26; so (with fictum) id. ib. 18, 65; id. Off. 2, 12, 43;

with falsum,

id. de Or. 2, 45, 189; id. Phil. 11, 2, 5;

with fucata (opp. vera),

id. Lael. 25, 95:

simulato vecta juvenco,

Ov. Am. 1, 3, 23:

simulatae ordine justo exsequiae,

Sil. 16, 305.—

With object-clause (so most freq.):

qui omnia se simulant scire,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 168:

ille se Tarentum proficisci cum simulasset,

Cic. Clu. 9, 27:

illi reverti se in suas sedes simulaverunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 4:

simulat Jove natus abire,

Ov. M. 2, 697; 4, 338 al.; Plaut. Aul. 3, 4, 4; id. Ep. 3, 2, 37; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; id. Rud. 5, 3, 43; id. Truc. prol. 18; 1, 1, 68 sq. al.:

id mirari te simulato,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 70; id. Hec. 1, 2, 109; 1, 2, 113; Afran. ap. Non. 511, 7; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Lael. 26, 99; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 13; Caes. B. C. 3, 21; Quint. 8, 2, 24:

simulandum est, quaedam nos dicere,

Quint. 4, 5, 20; cf.:

qui per ambitionem probos sese simulavere,

Sall. J. 85, 9:

adcurrit pedes ejus feta, praegravem, delumbem sese simulans,

Plin. 10, 33, 51, § 103; Just. 3, 1, 8:

simulans a Dareo se esse praemissum,

Curt. 4, 1, 29.— Pass.:

schema, quo aliud simulatur dici quam dicitur,

Quint. 9, 1, 14.—

With quasi (mostly Plautin.):

quasi affuerim simulabo atque audita eloquar,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. As. 4, 1, 51:

quasi militi animum adjeceris simulare,

id. Mil. 3, 3, 35; id. Pers. 4, 5, 5; cf.:

praefectus, quasi et ipse conterritus, simulans cuncta pavore compleverat,

Curt. 3, 13, 10. —

Absol.:

cur simulat?

Ter. And. 2, 3, 1; 1, 1, 21; 3, 4, 9:

non in perpetuom ut dares, Verum ut simulares,

id. Heaut. 4, 5, 34; Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 5, § 15:

simulandi gratiā,

Sall. J. 37, 4; Quint. 1, 3, 12; 6, 3, 85; Ov. M. 13, 299 al.— Impers. pass.:

quid est, quod amplius simuletur?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 28.—Hence,

sĭmŭlans, antis, P. a.

Imitating, imitative:

non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales (psittaco),

Ov. Am. 2, 6, 23.—

Sĭmŭlans, The Pretender, the title of a comedy of Afranius (v. the Fragm. Com. Rel. p. 172 sq. Rib.), Cic. Sest. 55, 118.— Advv.: sĭmŭlanter, feignedly, pretendedly, apparently (for the class. simulate):

simulanter revictā Charite,

App. M. 8, p. 205, 36.—

sĭmŭlātē, feignedly, pretendedly, not sincerely:

sive ex animo id fit sive simulate,

Cic. N. D. 2, 67, 168:

ficte et simulate,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 13.— Comp.: simulatius exit proditionis opus, Petr. poët. Fragm. 28, 4.

vĭcis (as a gen.; the nom. does not occur), vicem, vice; in plur., vices (nom. and acc.) and vicibus (dat. and abl.), f. [cf. Gr. eikô, to yield; root Wik-; v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 135], change, interchange, alternation, alternate or reciprocal succession, vicissitude (the gen. not ante-Aug.; the other cases class.).

Lit.

In gen. (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; for which, in class. prose, vicissitudo).

Sing.: ignotus juvenum coetus alternā vice Inibat alacris, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 214 P. (Trag. v. 151 Vahl.):

hac vice sermonum,

conversation, Verg. A. 6, 535:

vice sermonis,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 79; cf. in the foll. b:

deus haec fortasse benigna Reducet in sedem vice,

Hor. Epod. 13, 8:

solvitur acris hiems grata vice veris et Favoni,

id. C. 1, 4, 1:

commoti Patres vice fortunarum humanarum,

Liv. 7, 31, 6: dum Nox vicem peragit, performs the exchange, i. e. alternales with day, Ov. M. 4, 218:

ridica contingens vitem mutuā vice sustinetur et sustinet,

Col. 4, 16:

versā vice,

reversely, Dig. 43, 29, 3; App. Dogm. Plat. p. 32, 6; id. Flor. p. 363; Just. 6, 5, 11 al.—

Plur.:

plerumque gratae divitibus vices Mundaeque parvo sub Lare pauperum Cenae,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 13:

et interrogandi se ipsum et respondendi sibi solent esse non ingratae vices,

Quint. 9, 2, 14:

loquendi,

id. 6, 4, 11; Ov. P. 2, 10, 35:

ipsius lectionis taedium vicibus levatur,

Quint. 1, 12, 4:

habet has vices condicio mortalium, ut adversa ex secundis, ex adversis secunda nascantur,

Plin. Pan. 5 fin.:

spatium diei noctis excipiunt vices,

Phaedr. 2, 8, 10:

haec quoque non perstant... Quasque vices peragant... docebo,

what vicissitudes they undergo, Ov. M. 15, 238:

mutat terra vices,

renews her changes, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3:

perque vicis modo Persephone! modo Filia! clamat,

alternately, Ov. F. 4, 483; so,

per vicis,

id. M. 4, 40; Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23:

per vices annorum,

i. e. every other year, id. 12, 14, 30, § 54:

cur vicibus factis convivia ineant,

alternately, by turns, Ov. F. 4, 353.—

Adverb.: in vicem (also freq. one word, invĭcem; and less freq. vicem, in vices, or per vices), by turns, alternately, one after the other, mutually, reciprocally.

In vicem: bibenda aqua: postero die etiam vinum: deinde in vicem alternis diebus modo aqua modo vinum, Cels. 3, 2 med.:

reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque alios alunt: hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1:

propter vicinitatem simul eramus invicem,

Cic. Att. 5, 10, 5; Quint. 11, 3, 168:

multis invicem casibus victi victoresque,

Liv. 2, 44, 12:

non comisantium in vicem more jam diu vivimus inter nos,

id. 40, 9, 8 Weissenb. ad loc.:

in vicem inter se gratantes,

id. 9, 43, 17:

inque vicem tua me, te mea forma capit,

Ov. H. 17, 180; id. M. 6, 631; 8, 473; Verg. G. 3, 188; Hor. S. 1, 3, 141 al.—

Vicem:

ut unus fasces haberet, et hoc insigne regium suam cujusque vicem, per omnes iret,

Liv. 3, 36, 3; cf. id. 1, 9, 15.—

In vices ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

inque vices illum tectos qui laesit amores, Laedit amore pari,

Ov. M. 4, 191; 12, 161; Tac. G. 26 Halm.—

Per vices (post-Aug. and very rare):

quod ipsum imperari per vices optimum est,

Quint. 2, 4, 6 Halm.—

In partic.

A time, turn (late Lat.; cf. Orell. ad Hor. C. 4, 14, 13):

ager tertiā vice arabitur,

Pall. 10, 1:

tribus per diem vicibus,

id. 1, 3 fin.; cf.:

tesserulas in medium vice suā quisque jaciebamus,

Gell. 18, 13, 1:

vice quādam,

once, Sid. Ep. 7, 1; Aus. Pan. Grat. Aug. 4.—

Reciprocal behavior or conduct, i. e. return, requital, reciprocal service, recompense, remuneration, retaliation (rare but class.):

recito praedicationem amplissimi beneficii, vicem officii praesentis,

Cic. Sest. 4, 10:

tanto proclivius est injuriae quam beneficio vicem exsolvere,

Tac. H. 4, 3; Prop. 1, 13, 10:

redde vicem meritis,

Ov. Am. 1, 6, 23:

non poteris ipsa referre vicem,

id. A. A. 1, 370; cf.:

dejecit acer plus vice simplici (i. e. non tantam solum cladem illis intulit quantam ipsi dederant, sed duplum, Schol.),

Hor. C. 4, 14, 13 Orell. ad loc.— Plur.:

spernentem sperne, sequenti Redde vices,

Ov. M. 14, 36:

neque est ullus affectus... qui magis vices exigat,

Plin. Pan. 85, 3.—

The changes of fate, fate, hap, lot, condition, fortune, misfortune:

mihi uni necesse erit et meam et aliorum vicem pertimescere?

Cic. Dom. 4, 8:

indignando et ipse vicem ejus,

Liv. 40, 23, 1:

tacite gementes tristem fortunae vicem,

Phaedr. 5, 1, 6; cf.:

vicem suam conquestus est,

Suet. Aug. 66:

convertere humanam vicem,

Hor. Epod. 5, 88:

publicā vice commoveri,

Quint. 11, 1, 42; cf. id. 4, 1, 33.— Plur.:

fors et Debita jura vicesque superbae Te maneant ipsum,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 32:

testor in occasu vestro nec tela nec ullas Vitavisse vices Danaūm,

dangers, contests, Verg. A. 2, 433.—

Transf., the position, place, room, stead, post, office, duty of one person or thing as assumed by another (the usual signif. of the word):

heredum causa justissima est: nulla est enim persona, quae ad vicem ejus, qui e vitā emigrarit, propius accedat,

Cic. Leg. 2, 19, 48:

ego succedens in vicem imperii tui,

Liv. 38, 48, 7:

ipse in locum vicemque consulis provolat,

id. 3, 18, 9:

postquam (Juppiter) te dedit, qui erga omne humanum genus vice suā fungereris,

stand in the place of, represent, Plin. Pan. 80, 6:

fungar vice cotis,

Hor. A. P. 304:

per speciem alienae fungendae vicis opes suas firmavit,

Liv. 1, 41, 6:

ne sacra regiae vicis desererentur,

id. 1, 20, 2:

vestramque meamque vicem explete,

Tac. A. 4, 8 fin.:

cujus... ego vicem debeo inplere,

Plin. Ep. 6, 6, 6:

(Manus) adverbiorum atque pronominum obtinent vicem,

Quint. 11, 3, 87:

in ordine vicis suae,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 8.— Plur.: non ad suum pertinere officium rati, quando divisae professionum vices essent, Quint. Inst. prooem. § 4.—

Adverb.

Vicem, with the gen. or a pers. pron., in the place of, instead of, on account of, for, for the sake of:

eri vicem meamque,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 11:

qui hodie sese excruciari meam vicem possit pati,

id. Most. 2, 1, 8; cf. id. ib. 5, 2, 24:

vos respondetote istinc istarum vicem,

id. Rud. 3, 5, 34:

tuam vicem saepe doleo,

Cic. Fam. 12, 23, 3:

suam vicem indignantem magistratu abisse,

Liv. 2, 31, 11: remittimus hoc tibi, ne nostram vicem irascaris. id. 34, 32, 6:

sollicito consuli... eorum vicem quos, etc.,

id. 44, 3, 5:

rex, vicem eorum quos ad tam manifestum periculum miserat,

Curt. 7, 11, 20:

maestus non suam vicem, sed propter, etc.,

id. 7, 2, 5: cum Pompeius aedem Victoriae dedicaturus foret, cujus gradus vicem theatri essent, Tiro Tull. ap. [p. 1987] Gell. 10, 1, 7:

quoniam res familiaris obsidis vicem esse apud rempublicam videbatur,

Gell. 16, 10, 11.—

Sometimes in a more general sense, after the manner of, like:

Sardanapali vicem in suo lectulo mori,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 7: ceteri vicem pecorum obtruncabantur, Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 497, 26; cf. the foll.—

Vice, instead of, for, on account of:

in pane salis vice utuntur nitro,

Plin. 31, 10, 46, § 115:

temonis vice trahitur,

Col. 6, 2, 7:

murum urbi cocto latere circumdedit, harenae vice bitumine interstrato,

Just. 1, 2, 7:

exanimes vice unius,

Liv. 1, 25, 6:

senatus vice populi,

Just. Inst. 1, 2, 5.—

In a more general sense (cf. the preced. numbers), after the manner of, like:

jactari se passa fluctu algae vice,

Plin. 9, 45, 68, § 147:

moveri periclitantium vice possumus,

Quint. 6, 2, 35:

diebus ac noctibus vice mundi circumagi,

Suet. Ner. 31:

quaeque dixerat, oracli vice accipiens,

Tac. A. 6, 21 fin.:

ut deorum vice mortuos honorarent,

like gods, Lact. 4, 28 fin.:

vice navium,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 47, 22:

vice pecudum occidi,

Lact. 5, 10, 6:

vice imbellium proculcati,

Dict. Cret. 3, 24.—

In vicem, instead of, for, in place of:

potest malleolus protinus in vicem viviradicis conseri,

Col. 3, 14, 3:

defatigatis in vicem integri succedunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 85:

in omnium vicem regni unius insatiabilis amor Successit,

Liv. 40, 8, 18:

missis in vicem eorum quinque milibus sociorum,

id. 31, 11, 3; Col. 5, 6, 1; so dat. vici, Quint. Decl. 6, 4.—

Ad vicem, instead of, for:

ad tegularum et imbricum vicem,

Plin. 36, 22, 44, § 159:

ad vicem solis cinis calidus subjectus,

Pall. 4, 10 fin.; 3, 28;

very rarely, ad invicem,

Veg. Vet. 2, 7 fin. —

In a more general sense (cf. in the preced. numbers a. and b.), after the manner of, like:

majores natu a majoribus colebantur ad deum prope ad parentum vicem,

Gell. 2, 15, 1.

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

ad-verto (archaic advor-), ti, sum, 3, v. a., to turn a thing to or toward a place (in this signif., without animus; mostly poet.; syn.: observare, animadvertere, videre, cognoscere).

Lit.

In gen., with in or dat.:

illa sese huc advorterat in hanc nostram plateam,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

in quamcunque domus lumina partem,

Ov. M. 6, 180; cf. id. ib. 8, 482:

malis numen,

Verg. A. 4, 611:

huc aures, huc, quaeso, advertite sensus,

Sil. 16, 213; cf. id. 6, 105.—

Esp., a naut. t. t., to turn, direct, steer a ship to a place:

classem in portum,

Liv. 37, 9 Drak.:

terrae proras,

Verg. A. 7, 35; id. G. 4, 117 al.:

Colchos puppim,

Ov. H. 12, 23.— Absol.:

profugi advertere coloni,

landed, Sil. 1, 288;

hence also transf. to other things: aequore cursum,

Verg. A. 7, 196:

pedem ripae,

id. ib. 6, 386:

urbi agmen,

id. ib. 12, 555: adverti with acc. poet. for verti ad:

Scythicas advertitur oras,

Ov. M. 5, 649 (cf. adducor litora remis, id. ib. 3, 598, and Rudd. II. p. 327).

Fig.

Animum (in the poets and Livy also animos, rarely mentem) advertere; absol., or with adv. or ad aliquid, or alicui rei, to direct the mind, thoughts, or attention to a thing, to advert to, give attention to, attend to, to heed, observe, remark:

si voles advortere animum, Enn. ap. Var. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.): facete advortis animum tuum ad animum meum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 39:

nunc huc animum advortite ambo,

id. ib. 3, 1, 169:

advertunt animos ad religionem,

Lucr. 3, 54:

monitis animos advertite nostris,

Ov. M. 15, 140:

animum etiam levissimis rebus adverterent,

Tac. A. 13, 49.—With ne, when the object of attention is expressed:

ut animum advertant, ne quos offendant,

Cic. Off. 2, 19, 68:

adverterent animos, ne quid novi tumultūs oriretur,

Liv. 4, 45.—

Animum advertere, to observe a thing by directing the mind to it, to observe, to notice, to remark, to perceive (in the class. period contracted to animadvertere, q. v.).—Constr. with two accusatives, animum advertere aliquid (where aliquid may be regarded as depending on the prep. in comp., Roby, § 1118, or on animum advertere, considered as one idea, to observe), with acc. and inf., or rel. clause (the first mode of construction, most frequent with the pronouns id, hoc, illud, etc., is for the most part ante-class., and appears in Caes., Cic., and Sall. as an archaism):

et hoc animum advorte,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 43:

hanc edictionem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

haec animum te advertere par est,

Lucr. 2, 125:

animum adverti columellam e dumis eminentem,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 65; id. Inv. 2, 51, 153:

Postquam id animum advertit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 24; 4, 12:

quidam Ligus animum advortit inter saxa repentīs cocleas,

Sall. J. 93, 2. In Vitruv. once with hinc:

ut etiam possumus hinc animum advertere,

as we can hence perceive, Vitr. 10, 22, 262.—With the acc. and inf.:

postquam tantopere id vos velle animum advorteram,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 16:

animum advertit magnas esse copiashostium instructas,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18: cum animum adverteret locum relictum esse, Auct. B. Alex. 31; ib. 46.—With the rel. clause: nunc quam rem vitio dent, quaeso, animum advortite, Ter. And. prol. 8: quid ille sperare possit, animum adverte, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9:

quam multarum rerum ipse ignarus esset... animum advertit,

Liv. 24, 48. Sometimes advertere alone = animum advertere; so once in Cicero's letters: nam advertebatur Pompeii familiares assentiri Volcatio, Fam. 1, 1 (although here, as well as almost everywhere, the readings fluctuate between advertere and animadvertere; cf. Orell. ad h. l.; animadvertebatur, B. and K.). So Verg. in the imp.:

qua ratione quod instat, Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo,

attend! Verg. A. 4, 115.—In the histt., esp. Tac. and Pliny, more frequently:

donec advertit Tiberius,

Tac. A. 4, 54:

Zenobiam advertere pastores,

id. ib. 12, 51:

advertere quosdam cultu externo in sedibus senatorum,

id. ib. 13, 54:

quotiens novum aliquid adverterat,

id. ib. 15, 30 al.:

hirudo quam sanguisugam appellari adverto,

Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 29:

ut multos adverto credidisse,

id. 2, 67, 67, § 168. Still more rarely, advertere animo:

animis advertite vestris,

Verg. A. 2, 712:

hanc scientiam ad nostros pervenisse animo adverto,

Plin. 25, 2, 3, § 5; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 4, 27, 8.—

To draw or turn something, esp. the attention of another, to or upon one's self (in the histt.):

gemitus ac planctus militum aures oraque advertere,

Tac. A. 1, 41:

octo aquilae imperatorem advertere,

id. ib. 2, 17: recentia veteraque odia advertit, drew them on himself, id. ib. 4, 21 al.—

To call the attention of one to a definite act, i. e. to admonish of it, to urge to it (cf. II. A.):

non docet admonitio, sed advertit,

i. e. directs attention, Sen. Ep. 94:

advertit ea res Vespasiani animum, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 48.—

Advertere in aliquem, for the more usual animadvertere in aliquem, to attend to one, i. e. to punish one (only in Tac.):

in P. Marcium consules more prisco advertere,

Tac. A. 2, 32:

ut in reliquos Sejani liberos adverteretur,

id. ib. 5, 9 (cf. id. Germ. 7, 3: animadvertere).—Hence,

adversus (archaic advor-), a, um, P. a., turned to or toward a thing, with the face or front toward, standing over against, opposite, before, in front of (opp. aversus).

In gen.:

solem adversum intueri,

Cic. Somn. Scip. 5:

Iris... Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores,

Verg. A. 4, 701; id. G. 1, 218:

antipodes adversis vestigiis stant contra nostra vestigia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39: dentes adversi acuti ( the sharp front teeth) morsu dividunt escas, Cic. N. D. 2, 54:

quod is collis, tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8 Herz. So, hostes adversi, who make front against one advancing or retreating, id. ib. 2, 24:

L. Cotta legatus in adversum os fundā vulneratur,

in front, Caes. B. G. 5, 35; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 1; Liv. 21, 7 fin. al.; hence, vulnus adversum, a wound in front (on the contr., vulnus aversum, a wound in the back), Cic. Har. Resp. 19:

adversis vulneribus,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 35, 4:

judicibus cicatrices adversas ostendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28:

cicatrices populus Romanus aspiceret adverso corpore exceptas,

id. Verr. 5, 3:

impetus hostium adversos, Auct. B. Alex. 8: Romani advorso colle evadunt,

ascend the hill in front, Sall. J. 52:

adversa signa,

Liv. 30, 8:

legiones quas Visellius et C. Silius adversis itineribus objecerant,

i. e. marches in which they went to meet the enemy, Tac. A. 3, 42: sed adverso fulgure ( by a flash of lightning falling directly before him) pavefactus est Nero, Suet. Ner. 48:

armenta egit Hannibal in adversos montes,

Quint. 2, 17, 19; cf. Lucr. 3, 1013; so Hor. S. 1, 1, 103; 2, 3, 205:

qui timet his adversa,

the opposite of this, id. Ep. 1, 6, 9 al. —Hence, of rivers: flumine adverso, up the stream, against the stream:

in adversum flumen contendere,

Lucr. 4, 423:

adverso feruntur flumine,

id. 6, 720; so Verg. G. 1, 201:

adverso amne,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 33;

adverso Tiberi subvehi,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 22, 3 (opp. to secundā aquā, down stream, with the stream:

rate in secundam aquam labente,

Liv. 21, 47, 3); and of winds, opposed to a vessel's course, head winds, contrary winds, consequently unfavorable, adverse:

navigationes adversis ventis praecluduntur, Auct. B. Alex. 8: adversissimi navigantibus venti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 107.— Subst.: adversum, i, the opposite: hic ventus a septentrionibus oriens adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus, [p. 50] holds the opposite to those sailing from Athens, i. e. blows against them, Nep. Milt. 1 (so Nipperdey; but v. Hand, Turs. I. p. 183). — Adv.: ex adverso, also written exadverso and exadversum, opposite to, over against, ek tou enantiou:

portus ex adverso urbi positus,

Liv. 45, 10.—With gen.:

Patrae ex adverso Aetoliae et fluminis Eveni,

Plin. 4, 4, 5, § 11.—Without case:

cum ex adverso starent classes,

Just. 2, 14; so Suet. Caes. 39; Tib. 33.—In adversum, to the opposite side, against:

et duo in adversum immissi per moenia currus,

against each other, Prop. 3, 9, 23; so Gell. 2, 30; cf. Verg. A. 8, 237;

in adversum Romani subiere,

Liv. 1, 12; 7, 23.—

In hostile opposition to, adverse to, unfavorable, unpropitious (opp. secundus; frequent and class.): conqueri fortunam adversam, Pac. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 50:

hic dies pervorsus atque advorsus mihi obtigit,

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 1:

advorsus nemini,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 37:

mentes improborum mihi infensae et adversae,

Cic. Sull. 10:

acclamatio,

id. de Or. 2, 83: adversā avi aliquid facere, vet. poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 16:

adversis auspiciis,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 64, 6:

adversum omen,

Suet. Vit. 8:

adversissima auspicia,

id. Oth. 8: adversae res, misfortune, calamity, adverse fortune:

ut adversas res, sic secundas immoderate ferre levitatis est,

Cic. Off. 1, 26; cf.:

adversi casus,

Nep. Dat. 5:

adversae rerum undae,

a sea of troubles, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 22: omnia secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 9 (the sup. is found also in Cæs. B. C. 3, 107):

quae magistratus ille dicet, secundis auribus, quae ab nostrum quo dicentur, adversis accipietis?

Liv. 6, 40:

adversus annus frugibus,

id. 4, 12:

valetudo adversa,

i. e. sickness, id. 10, 32:

adversum proelium,

an unsuccessful engagement, id. 7, 29; cf.

8, 31: adverso rumore esse,

to be in bad repute, to have a bad reputation, Tac. Ann. 14, 11:

adversa subsellia,

on which the opposition sit, Quint. 6, 1, 39.—Sometimes met. of feeling, contrary to, hated, hateful, odious:

quīs omnia regna advorsa sint,

Sall. J. 83; cf. Luc. 2, 229 Bentl.— Comp.:

neque est aliud adversius,

Plin. 32, 4, 14, § 35.—

* Adv.: adver-sē, self-contradictorily, Gell. 3, 16.— ad-versum, i, subst., esp. in the plur. adversa, misfortune, calamity, disaster, adversity, evil, mischief:

advorsa ejus per te tecta sient,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 28:

nihil adversi,

Cic. Brut. 1, 4:

si quid adversi accidisset,

Nep. Alc. 8; cf. Liv. 22, 40; 35, 13:

secunda felices, adversa magnos probant,

Plin. Pan. 31;

esp. freq. in Tac.: prospera et adversa pop. Rom., Ann. 1, 1: adversa tempestatum et fluctuum,

id. Agr. 25; so id. A. 3, 24; 45; 2, 69; 4, 13 al.— Subst.: adversus, i, m., an opponent, adversary (rare):

multosque mortalīs ea causa advorsos habeo,

Sall. C. 52, 7.—In Quint. also once ad-versa, ae, f., subst., a female opponent or adversary: natura noverca fuerit, si facultatem dicendi sociam scelerum, adversam innocentiae, invenit, 12, 1, 2.—

In rhet., opposed to another of the same genus, e. g. sapientia and stultitia: “Haec quae ex eodem genere contraria sunt, appellantur adversa,” Cic. Top. 11.

adversus or adversum (archaic advor-) (like rursus and rursum, prorsus and prorsum, quorsus and quorsum), adv. and prep., denoting direction to or toward an object (syn.: contra, in with acc., ad, erga).

Adv.: opposite to, against, to, or toward a thing, in a friendly or hostile sense:

ibo advorsum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 29:

facito, ut venias advorsum mihi,

id. Men. 2, 3, 82:

obsecro te, matri ne quid tuae advorsus fuas, Liv. And. ap. Non. s. v. fuam, 111, 12 (Trag. Rel. p. 3 Rib.): quis hic est, qui advorsus it mihi?

Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 22:

adversus resistere,

Nep. Pelop. 1, 3:

nemo adversus ibat,

Liv. 37, 13, 8 al. In Plaut. and Ter. advorsum ire, or venire, to go to meet; also of a slave, to go to meet his master and bring him from a place (hence adversitor, q. v.):

solus nunc eo advorsum hero ex plurimis servis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 23:

ei advorsum venimus,

id. ib. 4, 2, 32; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 2 Ruhnk.—

Prep. with acc., toward or against, in a friendly or a hostile sense.

In a friendly sense.

Of place, turned to or toward, opposite to, before, facing, over against: qui cotidie unguentatus adversum speculum ornetur, before the mirror, Scipio ap. Gell. 7, 12:

adversus advocatos,

Liv. 45, 7, 5:

medicus debet residere illustri loco adversus aegrum,

opposite to the patient, Cels. 3, 6:

adversus Scyllam vergens in Italiam,

Plin. 3, 8, 14, § 87:

Lerina, adversum Antipolim,

id. 3, 5, 11, § 79.—

In the presence of any one, before:

egone ut te advorsum mentiar, mater mea?

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 9: idque gratum fuisse advorsum te habeo gratiam, I am thankful that this is acceptable before ( to) thee, Ter. And. 1, 1, 15: paululum adversus praesentem fortitudinem mollitus, somewhat softened at such firmness (of his wife), Tac. A. 15, 63.—Hence very often with verbs of speaking, answering, complaining, etc., to declare or express one's self to any one, to excuse one's self or apologize, and the like: te oportet hoc proloqui advorsum illam mihi, Enn. ap. Non. 232, 24 (Trag. v. 385 Vahl.):

immo si audias, quae dicta dixit me advorsum tibi,

what he told me of you, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 47: de vita ac morte domini fabulavere advorsum fratrem illius, Afran. ap. Non. 232, 25:

mulier, credo, advorsum illum res suas conqueritur,

Titin. ib. 232, 21:

utendum est excusatione etiam adversus eos, quos invitus offendas,

Cic. Off. 2, 19, 68; Tac. A. 3, 71.— With that to which a reply is made, to (= ad):

adversus ea consul... respondit,

Liv. 4, 10, 12; 22, 40, 1; cf. Drak. ad 3, 57, 1.—

In comparison, as if one thing were held toward, set against, or before another (v. ad, I. D. 4.); against, in comparison with, compared to:

repente lectus adversus veterem imperatorem comparabitur,

will be compared with, Liv. 24, 8, 8:

quid autem esse duo prospera bella Samnitium adversus tot decora populi Rom.,

id. 7, 32, 8.—

Of demeanor toward one, to, toward:

quonam modo me gererem adversus Caesarem,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 11:

te adversus me omnia audere gratum est,

i. e. on my account, on my behalf, for my advantage, id. ib. 9, 22, 15:

lentae adversum imperia aures,

Tac. A. 1, 65.—Esp. often of friendly feeling, love, esteem, respect toward or for one (cf. Ruhnk. ad Ter. And. 4, 1, 15; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 22; Heusing. ad Cic. Off. 1, 11, 1;

Hab. Syn. 49): est enim pietas justitia adversus deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 116; id. Off. 3, 6, 28:

adhibenda est igitur quaedam reverentia adversus homines,

id. ib. 1, 28, 99 Beier:

sunt quaedam officia adversus eos servanda, a quibus injuriam acceperis,

id. ib. 1, 11, 33:

adversus merita ingratissimus,

Vell. 2, 69, 5:

summa adversus alios aequitas erat,

Liv. 3, 33, 8:

ob egregiam fidem adversus Romanos,

id. 29, 8, 2; so id. 45, 8, 4 al.:

beneficentiā adversus supplices utendum,

Tac. A. 11, 17.— More rarely

of the general relation of an object or act to a person or thing (v. ad, I. D. 1.), in relation, in respect, or in regard to a thing:

epistula, ut adversus magistrum morum, modestior,

as addressed to a censor of manners, Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 8:

quasi adversus eos acquieverit sententiae,

in regard to the same, Dig. 49, 1; 3, 1.—

In a hostile sense, against (the most usual class. signif. of this word): “Contra et adversus ita differunt, quod contra, ad locum, ut: contra basilicam; adversus, ad animi motum, ut: adversus illum facio; interdum autem promiscue accipitur,” Charis. p. 207 P.; cf. Cort. ad Sall. J. 101, 8:

advorsum legem accepisti a plurimis pecuniam,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 48:

advorsum te fabulare illud,

against thy interest, to thy disadvantage, id. Stich. 4, 2, 11:

stultus est advorsus aetatem et capitis canitudinem, id. ap. Fest. s. v. canitudinem, p. 47: advorsum animi tui libidinem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 19:

adversum leges, adversum rem publicam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 195:

respondebat, SI PARET, ADVERSUM EDICTUM FECISSE,

id. ib. 2, 3, 28, §

69: me adversus populum Romanum possem defendere,

id. Phil. 1, 13 al. —In the histt., of a hostile attack, approach, etc.:

gladiis districtis impetum adversus montem in cohortes faciunt,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

adversus se non esse missos exercitus,

Liv. 3, 66:

bellum adversum Xerxem moret,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 3:

copiis quibus usi adversus Romanum bellum,

Liv. 8, 2, 5:

adversus vim atque injuriam pugnantes,

id. 26, 25, 10 al.:

T. Quintius adversus Gallos missus est,

Eutr. 2, 2: Athenienses adversus tantam tempestatem belli duos duces deligunt, Just. 3, 6, 12 al.—Among physicians, of preventives against sickness, against (v. ad, I. A. 2.):

adversus profusionem in his auxilium est,

Cels. 5, 26; 6, 27 al.:

frigidus jam artus et cluso corpore adversum vim veneni,

Tac. A. 15, 64.— Trop.:

egregium adversus tempestates receptaculum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 4; so id. ib. 2, 15, 36.—Hence: firmus, invictus, fortis adversus aliquid (like contra), protected against a thing, firm, fixed, secure:

advorsum divitias animum invictum gerebat,

Sall. J. 43, 5:

invictus adversum gratiam animus,

Tac. A. 15, 21:

adversus convicia malosque rumores firmus ac patiens,

Suet. Tib. 28:

Adversus omnes fortis feras canis,

Phaedr. 5, 10, 1; and in opp. sense: infirmus, inferior adversus aliquid, powerless against, unequal to:

fama, infirmissimum adversus vivos fortes telum,

Curt. 4, 14:

infirmus adversum pecuniam,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 6:

inferior adversus laborem,

id. Epit. 40, 20.

Adversus is rarely put after the word which it governs:

egone ut te advorsum mentiar,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 9:

hunc adversus,

Nep. Con. 2, 2; id. Tim. 4, 3:

quos advorsum ierat,

Sall. J. 101, 8.—

It sometimes suffers tmesis:

Labienum ad Oceanum versus proficisci jubet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

animadvortit fugam ad se vorsum fieri,

Sall. J. 58:

animum advortere ad se vorsum exercitum pergere,

id. ib. 69: ad Cordubam versus iter facere coepit, Auct. B. Hisp. 10 and 11; cf. in-versus:

in Galliam vorsus castra movere,

Sall. C. 56; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12; Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 78; the Eng. to-ward: to us ward, Psa. 40, 5; and the Gr. eis-de: eis halade, Hom. Od. 10, 351.

ad-verto (archaic advor-), ti, sum, 3, v. a., to turn a thing to or toward a place (in this signif., without animus; mostly poet.; syn.: observare, animadvertere, videre, cognoscere).

Lit.

In gen., with in or dat.:

illa sese huc advorterat in hanc nostram plateam,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

in quamcunque domus lumina partem,

Ov. M. 6, 180; cf. id. ib. 8, 482:

malis numen,

Verg. A. 4, 611:

huc aures, huc, quaeso, advertite sensus,

Sil. 16, 213; cf. id. 6, 105.—

Esp., a naut. t. t., to turn, direct, steer a ship to a place:

classem in portum,

Liv. 37, 9 Drak.:

terrae proras,

Verg. A. 7, 35; id. G. 4, 117 al.:

Colchos puppim,

Ov. H. 12, 23.— Absol.:

profugi advertere coloni,

landed, Sil. 1, 288;

hence also transf. to other things: aequore cursum,

Verg. A. 7, 196:

pedem ripae,

id. ib. 6, 386:

urbi agmen,

id. ib. 12, 555: adverti with acc. poet. for verti ad:

Scythicas advertitur oras,

Ov. M. 5, 649 (cf. adducor litora remis, id. ib. 3, 598, and Rudd. II. p. 327).

Fig.

Animum (in the poets and Livy also animos, rarely mentem) advertere; absol., or with adv. or ad aliquid, or alicui rei, to direct the mind, thoughts, or attention to a thing, to advert to, give attention to, attend to, to heed, observe, remark:

si voles advortere animum, Enn. ap. Var. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.): facete advortis animum tuum ad animum meum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 39:

nunc huc animum advortite ambo,

id. ib. 3, 1, 169:

advertunt animos ad religionem,

Lucr. 3, 54:

monitis animos advertite nostris,

Ov. M. 15, 140:

animum etiam levissimis rebus adverterent,

Tac. A. 13, 49.—With ne, when the object of attention is expressed:

ut animum advertant, ne quos offendant,

Cic. Off. 2, 19, 68:

adverterent animos, ne quid novi tumultūs oriretur,

Liv. 4, 45.—

Animum advertere, to observe a thing by directing the mind to it, to observe, to notice, to remark, to perceive (in the class. period contracted to animadvertere, q. v.).—Constr. with two accusatives, animum advertere aliquid (where aliquid may be regarded as depending on the prep. in comp., Roby, § 1118, or on animum advertere, considered as one idea, to observe), with acc. and inf., or rel. clause (the first mode of construction, most frequent with the pronouns id, hoc, illud, etc., is for the most part ante-class., and appears in Caes., Cic., and Sall. as an archaism):

et hoc animum advorte,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 43:

hanc edictionem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

haec animum te advertere par est,

Lucr. 2, 125:

animum adverti columellam e dumis eminentem,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 65; id. Inv. 2, 51, 153:

Postquam id animum advertit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 24; 4, 12:

quidam Ligus animum advortit inter saxa repentīs cocleas,

Sall. J. 93, 2. In Vitruv. once with hinc:

ut etiam possumus hinc animum advertere,

as we can hence perceive, Vitr. 10, 22, 262.—With the acc. and inf.:

postquam tantopere id vos velle animum advorteram,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 16:

animum advertit magnas esse copiashostium instructas,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18: cum animum adverteret locum relictum esse, Auct. B. Alex. 31; ib. 46.—With the rel. clause: nunc quam rem vitio dent, quaeso, animum advortite, Ter. And. prol. 8: quid ille sperare possit, animum adverte, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9:

quam multarum rerum ipse ignarus esset... animum advertit,

Liv. 24, 48. Sometimes advertere alone = animum advertere; so once in Cicero's letters: nam advertebatur Pompeii familiares assentiri Volcatio, Fam. 1, 1 (although here, as well as almost everywhere, the readings fluctuate between advertere and animadvertere; cf. Orell. ad h. l.; animadvertebatur, B. and K.). So Verg. in the imp.:

qua ratione quod instat, Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo,

attend! Verg. A. 4, 115.—In the histt., esp. Tac. and Pliny, more frequently:

donec advertit Tiberius,

Tac. A. 4, 54:

Zenobiam advertere pastores,

id. ib. 12, 51:

advertere quosdam cultu externo in sedibus senatorum,

id. ib. 13, 54:

quotiens novum aliquid adverterat,

id. ib. 15, 30 al.:

hirudo quam sanguisugam appellari adverto,

Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 29:

ut multos adverto credidisse,

id. 2, 67, 67, § 168. Still more rarely, advertere animo:

animis advertite vestris,

Verg. A. 2, 712:

hanc scientiam ad nostros pervenisse animo adverto,

Plin. 25, 2, 3, § 5; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 4, 27, 8.—

To draw or turn something, esp. the attention of another, to or upon one's self (in the histt.):

gemitus ac planctus militum aures oraque advertere,

Tac. A. 1, 41:

octo aquilae imperatorem advertere,

id. ib. 2, 17: recentia veteraque odia advertit, drew them on himself, id. ib. 4, 21 al.—

To call the attention of one to a definite act, i. e. to admonish of it, to urge to it (cf. II. A.):

non docet admonitio, sed advertit,

i. e. directs attention, Sen. Ep. 94:

advertit ea res Vespasiani animum, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 48.—

Advertere in aliquem, for the more usual animadvertere in aliquem, to attend to one, i. e. to punish one (only in Tac.):

in P. Marcium consules more prisco advertere,

Tac. A. 2, 32:

ut in reliquos Sejani liberos adverteretur,

id. ib. 5, 9 (cf. id. Germ. 7, 3: animadvertere).—Hence,

adversus (archaic advor-), a, um, P. a., turned to or toward a thing, with the face or front toward, standing over against, opposite, before, in front of (opp. aversus).

In gen.:

solem adversum intueri,

Cic. Somn. Scip. 5:

Iris... Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores,

Verg. A. 4, 701; id. G. 1, 218:

antipodes adversis vestigiis stant contra nostra vestigia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39: dentes adversi acuti ( the sharp front teeth) morsu dividunt escas, Cic. N. D. 2, 54:

quod is collis, tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8 Herz. So, hostes adversi, who make front against one advancing or retreating, id. ib. 2, 24:

L. Cotta legatus in adversum os fundā vulneratur,

in front, Caes. B. G. 5, 35; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 1; Liv. 21, 7 fin. al.; hence, vulnus adversum, a wound in front (on the contr., vulnus aversum, a wound in the back), Cic. Har. Resp. 19:

adversis vulneribus,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 35, 4:

judicibus cicatrices adversas ostendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28:

cicatrices populus Romanus aspiceret adverso corpore exceptas,

id. Verr. 5, 3:

impetus hostium adversos, Auct. B. Alex. 8: Romani advorso colle evadunt,

ascend the hill in front, Sall. J. 52:

adversa signa,

Liv. 30, 8:

legiones quas Visellius et C. Silius adversis itineribus objecerant,

i. e. marches in which they went to meet the enemy, Tac. A. 3, 42: sed adverso fulgure ( by a flash of lightning falling directly before him) pavefactus est Nero, Suet. Ner. 48:

armenta egit Hannibal in adversos montes,

Quint. 2, 17, 19; cf. Lucr. 3, 1013; so Hor. S. 1, 1, 103; 2, 3, 205:

qui timet his adversa,

the opposite of this, id. Ep. 1, 6, 9 al. —Hence, of rivers: flumine adverso, up the stream, against the stream:

in adversum flumen contendere,

Lucr. 4, 423:

adverso feruntur flumine,

id. 6, 720; so Verg. G. 1, 201:

adverso amne,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 33;

adverso Tiberi subvehi,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 22, 3 (opp. to secundā aquā, down stream, with the stream:

rate in secundam aquam labente,

Liv. 21, 47, 3); and of winds, opposed to a vessel's course, head winds, contrary winds, consequently unfavorable, adverse:

navigationes adversis ventis praecluduntur, Auct. B. Alex. 8: adversissimi navigantibus venti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 107.— Subst.: adversum, i, the opposite: hic ventus a septentrionibus oriens adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus, [p. 50] holds the opposite to those sailing from Athens, i. e. blows against them, Nep. Milt. 1 (so Nipperdey; but v. Hand, Turs. I. p. 183). — Adv.: ex adverso, also written exadverso and exadversum, opposite to, over against, ek tou enantiou:

portus ex adverso urbi positus,

Liv. 45, 10.—With gen.:

Patrae ex adverso Aetoliae et fluminis Eveni,

Plin. 4, 4, 5, § 11.—Without case:

cum ex adverso starent classes,

Just. 2, 14; so Suet. Caes. 39; Tib. 33.—In adversum, to the opposite side, against:

et duo in adversum immissi per moenia currus,

against each other, Prop. 3, 9, 23; so Gell. 2, 30; cf. Verg. A. 8, 237;

in adversum Romani subiere,

Liv. 1, 12; 7, 23.—

In hostile opposition to, adverse to, unfavorable, unpropitious (opp. secundus; frequent and class.): conqueri fortunam adversam, Pac. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 50:

hic dies pervorsus atque advorsus mihi obtigit,

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 1:

advorsus nemini,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 37:

mentes improborum mihi infensae et adversae,

Cic. Sull. 10:

acclamatio,

id. de Or. 2, 83: adversā avi aliquid facere, vet. poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 16:

adversis auspiciis,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 64, 6:

adversum omen,

Suet. Vit. 8:

adversissima auspicia,

id. Oth. 8: adversae res, misfortune, calamity, adverse fortune:

ut adversas res, sic secundas immoderate ferre levitatis est,

Cic. Off. 1, 26; cf.:

adversi casus,

Nep. Dat. 5:

adversae rerum undae,

a sea of troubles, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 22: omnia secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 9 (the sup. is found also in Cæs. B. C. 3, 107):

quae magistratus ille dicet, secundis auribus, quae ab nostrum quo dicentur, adversis accipietis?

Liv. 6, 40:

adversus annus frugibus,

id. 4, 12:

valetudo adversa,

i. e. sickness, id. 10, 32:

adversum proelium,

an unsuccessful engagement, id. 7, 29; cf.

8, 31: adverso rumore esse,

to be in bad repute, to have a bad reputation, Tac. Ann. 14, 11:

adversa subsellia,

on which the opposition sit, Quint. 6, 1, 39.—Sometimes met. of feeling, contrary to, hated, hateful, odious:

quīs omnia regna advorsa sint,

Sall. J. 83; cf. Luc. 2, 229 Bentl.— Comp.:

neque est aliud adversius,

Plin. 32, 4, 14, § 35.—

* Adv.: adver-sē, self-contradictorily, Gell. 3, 16.— ad-versum, i, subst., esp. in the plur. adversa, misfortune, calamity, disaster, adversity, evil, mischief:

advorsa ejus per te tecta sient,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 28:

nihil adversi,

Cic. Brut. 1, 4:

si quid adversi accidisset,

Nep. Alc. 8; cf. Liv. 22, 40; 35, 13:

secunda felices, adversa magnos probant,

Plin. Pan. 31;

esp. freq. in Tac.: prospera et adversa pop. Rom., Ann. 1, 1: adversa tempestatum et fluctuum,

id. Agr. 25; so id. A. 3, 24; 45; 2, 69; 4, 13 al.— Subst.: adversus, i, m., an opponent, adversary (rare):

multosque mortalīs ea causa advorsos habeo,

Sall. C. 52, 7.—In Quint. also once ad-versa, ae, f., subst., a female opponent or adversary: natura noverca fuerit, si facultatem dicendi sociam scelerum, adversam innocentiae, invenit, 12, 1, 2.—

In rhet., opposed to another of the same genus, e. g. sapientia and stultitia: “Haec quae ex eodem genere contraria sunt, appellantur adversa,” Cic. Top. 11.

adversus or adversum (archaic advor-) (like rursus and rursum, prorsus and prorsum, quorsus and quorsum), adv. and prep., denoting direction to or toward an object (syn.: contra, in with acc., ad, erga).

Adv.: opposite to, against, to, or toward a thing, in a friendly or hostile sense:

ibo advorsum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 29:

facito, ut venias advorsum mihi,

id. Men. 2, 3, 82:

obsecro te, matri ne quid tuae advorsus fuas, Liv. And. ap. Non. s. v. fuam, 111, 12 (Trag. Rel. p. 3 Rib.): quis hic est, qui advorsus it mihi?

Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 22:

adversus resistere,

Nep. Pelop. 1, 3:

nemo adversus ibat,

Liv. 37, 13, 8 al. In Plaut. and Ter. advorsum ire, or venire, to go to meet; also of a slave, to go to meet his master and bring him from a place (hence adversitor, q. v.):

solus nunc eo advorsum hero ex plurimis servis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 23:

ei advorsum venimus,

id. ib. 4, 2, 32; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 2 Ruhnk.—

Prep. with acc., toward or against, in a friendly or a hostile sense.

In a friendly sense.

Of place, turned to or toward, opposite to, before, facing, over against: qui cotidie unguentatus adversum speculum ornetur, before the mirror, Scipio ap. Gell. 7, 12:

adversus advocatos,

Liv. 45, 7, 5:

medicus debet residere illustri loco adversus aegrum,

opposite to the patient, Cels. 3, 6:

adversus Scyllam vergens in Italiam,

Plin. 3, 8, 14, § 87:

Lerina, adversum Antipolim,

id. 3, 5, 11, § 79.—

In the presence of any one, before:

egone ut te advorsum mentiar, mater mea?

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 9: idque gratum fuisse advorsum te habeo gratiam, I am thankful that this is acceptable before ( to) thee, Ter. And. 1, 1, 15: paululum adversus praesentem fortitudinem mollitus, somewhat softened at such firmness (of his wife), Tac. A. 15, 63.—Hence very often with verbs of speaking, answering, complaining, etc., to declare or express one's self to any one, to excuse one's self or apologize, and the like: te oportet hoc proloqui advorsum illam mihi, Enn. ap. Non. 232, 24 (Trag. v. 385 Vahl.):

immo si audias, quae dicta dixit me advorsum tibi,

what he told me of you, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 47: de vita ac morte domini fabulavere advorsum fratrem illius, Afran. ap. Non. 232, 25:

mulier, credo, advorsum illum res suas conqueritur,

Titin. ib. 232, 21:

utendum est excusatione etiam adversus eos, quos invitus offendas,

Cic. Off. 2, 19, 68; Tac. A. 3, 71.— With that to which a reply is made, to (= ad):

adversus ea consul... respondit,

Liv. 4, 10, 12; 22, 40, 1; cf. Drak. ad 3, 57, 1.—

In comparison, as if one thing were held toward, set against, or before another (v. ad, I. D. 4.); against, in comparison with, compared to:

repente lectus adversus veterem imperatorem comparabitur,

will be compared with, Liv. 24, 8, 8:

quid autem esse duo prospera bella Samnitium adversus tot decora populi Rom.,

id. 7, 32, 8.—

Of demeanor toward one, to, toward:

quonam modo me gererem adversus Caesarem,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 11:

te adversus me omnia audere gratum est,

i. e. on my account, on my behalf, for my advantage, id. ib. 9, 22, 15:

lentae adversum imperia aures,

Tac. A. 1, 65.—Esp. often of friendly feeling, love, esteem, respect toward or for one (cf. Ruhnk. ad Ter. And. 4, 1, 15; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 22; Heusing. ad Cic. Off. 1, 11, 1;

Hab. Syn. 49): est enim pietas justitia adversus deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 116; id. Off. 3, 6, 28:

adhibenda est igitur quaedam reverentia adversus homines,

id. ib. 1, 28, 99 Beier:

sunt quaedam officia adversus eos servanda, a quibus injuriam acceperis,

id. ib. 1, 11, 33:

adversus merita ingratissimus,

Vell. 2, 69, 5:

summa adversus alios aequitas erat,

Liv. 3, 33, 8:

ob egregiam fidem adversus Romanos,

id. 29, 8, 2; so id. 45, 8, 4 al.:

beneficentiā adversus supplices utendum,

Tac. A. 11, 17.— More rarely

of the general relation of an object or act to a person or thing (v. ad, I. D. 1.), in relation, in respect, or in regard to a thing:

epistula, ut adversus magistrum morum, modestior,

as addressed to a censor of manners, Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 8:

quasi adversus eos acquieverit sententiae,

in regard to the same, Dig. 49, 1; 3, 1.—

In a hostile sense, against (the most usual class. signif. of this word): “Contra et adversus ita differunt, quod contra, ad locum, ut: contra basilicam; adversus, ad animi motum, ut: adversus illum facio; interdum autem promiscue accipitur,” Charis. p. 207 P.; cf. Cort. ad Sall. J. 101, 8:

advorsum legem accepisti a plurimis pecuniam,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 48:

advorsum te fabulare illud,

against thy interest, to thy disadvantage, id. Stich. 4, 2, 11:

stultus est advorsus aetatem et capitis canitudinem, id. ap. Fest. s. v. canitudinem, p. 47: advorsum animi tui libidinem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 19:

adversum leges, adversum rem publicam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 195:

respondebat, SI PARET, ADVERSUM EDICTUM FECISSE,

id. ib. 2, 3, 28, §

69: me adversus populum Romanum possem defendere,

id. Phil. 1, 13 al. —In the histt., of a hostile attack, approach, etc.:

gladiis districtis impetum adversus montem in cohortes faciunt,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

adversus se non esse missos exercitus,

Liv. 3, 66:

bellum adversum Xerxem moret,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 3:

copiis quibus usi adversus Romanum bellum,

Liv. 8, 2, 5:

adversus vim atque injuriam pugnantes,

id. 26, 25, 10 al.:

T. Quintius adversus Gallos missus est,

Eutr. 2, 2: Athenienses adversus tantam tempestatem belli duos duces deligunt, Just. 3, 6, 12 al.—Among physicians, of preventives against sickness, against (v. ad, I. A. 2.):

adversus profusionem in his auxilium est,

Cels. 5, 26; 6, 27 al.:

frigidus jam artus et cluso corpore adversum vim veneni,

Tac. A. 15, 64.— Trop.:

egregium adversus tempestates receptaculum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 4; so id. ib. 2, 15, 36.—Hence: firmus, invictus, fortis adversus aliquid (like contra), protected against a thing, firm, fixed, secure:

advorsum divitias animum invictum gerebat,

Sall. J. 43, 5:

invictus adversum gratiam animus,

Tac. A. 15, 21:

adversus convicia malosque rumores firmus ac patiens,

Suet. Tib. 28:

Adversus omnes fortis feras canis,

Phaedr. 5, 10, 1; and in opp. sense: infirmus, inferior adversus aliquid, powerless against, unequal to:

fama, infirmissimum adversus vivos fortes telum,

Curt. 4, 14:

infirmus adversum pecuniam,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 6:

inferior adversus laborem,

id. Epit. 40, 20.

Adversus is rarely put after the word which it governs:

egone ut te advorsum mentiar,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 9:

hunc adversus,

Nep. Con. 2, 2; id. Tim. 4, 3:

quos advorsum ierat,

Sall. J. 101, 8.—

It sometimes suffers tmesis:

Labienum ad Oceanum versus proficisci jubet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

animadvortit fugam ad se vorsum fieri,

Sall. J. 58:

animum advortere ad se vorsum exercitum pergere,

id. ib. 69: ad Cordubam versus iter facere coepit, Auct. B. Hisp. 10 and 11; cf. in-versus:

in Galliam vorsus castra movere,

Sall. C. 56; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12; Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 78; the Eng. to-ward: to us ward, Psa. 40, 5; and the Gr. eis-de: eis halade, Hom. Od. 10, 351.

ad-verto (archaic advor-), ti, sum, 3, v. a., to turn a thing to or toward a place (in this signif., without animus; mostly poet.; syn.: observare, animadvertere, videre, cognoscere).

Lit.

In gen., with in or dat.:

illa sese huc advorterat in hanc nostram plateam,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

in quamcunque domus lumina partem,

Ov. M. 6, 180; cf. id. ib. 8, 482:

malis numen,

Verg. A. 4, 611:

huc aures, huc, quaeso, advertite sensus,

Sil. 16, 213; cf. id. 6, 105.—

Esp., a naut. t. t., to turn, direct, steer a ship to a place:

classem in portum,

Liv. 37, 9 Drak.:

terrae proras,

Verg. A. 7, 35; id. G. 4, 117 al.:

Colchos puppim,

Ov. H. 12, 23.— Absol.:

profugi advertere coloni,

landed, Sil. 1, 288;

hence also transf. to other things: aequore cursum,

Verg. A. 7, 196:

pedem ripae,

id. ib. 6, 386:

urbi agmen,

id. ib. 12, 555: adverti with acc. poet. for verti ad:

Scythicas advertitur oras,

Ov. M. 5, 649 (cf. adducor litora remis, id. ib. 3, 598, and Rudd. II. p. 327).

Fig.

Animum (in the poets and Livy also animos, rarely mentem) advertere; absol., or with adv. or ad aliquid, or alicui rei, to direct the mind, thoughts, or attention to a thing, to advert to, give attention to, attend to, to heed, observe, remark:

si voles advortere animum, Enn. ap. Var. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.): facete advortis animum tuum ad animum meum,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 39:

nunc huc animum advortite ambo,

id. ib. 3, 1, 169:

advertunt animos ad religionem,

Lucr. 3, 54:

monitis animos advertite nostris,

Ov. M. 15, 140:

animum etiam levissimis rebus adverterent,

Tac. A. 13, 49.—With ne, when the object of attention is expressed:

ut animum advertant, ne quos offendant,

Cic. Off. 2, 19, 68:

adverterent animos, ne quid novi tumultūs oriretur,

Liv. 4, 45.—

Animum advertere, to observe a thing by directing the mind to it, to observe, to notice, to remark, to perceive (in the class. period contracted to animadvertere, q. v.).—Constr. with two accusatives, animum advertere aliquid (where aliquid may be regarded as depending on the prep. in comp., Roby, § 1118, or on animum advertere, considered as one idea, to observe), with acc. and inf., or rel. clause (the first mode of construction, most frequent with the pronouns id, hoc, illud, etc., is for the most part ante-class., and appears in Caes., Cic., and Sall. as an archaism):

et hoc animum advorte,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 43:

hanc edictionem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 10:

haec animum te advertere par est,

Lucr. 2, 125:

animum adverti columellam e dumis eminentem,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 65; id. Inv. 2, 51, 153:

Postquam id animum advertit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 24; 4, 12:

quidam Ligus animum advortit inter saxa repentīs cocleas,

Sall. J. 93, 2. In Vitruv. once with hinc:

ut etiam possumus hinc animum advertere,

as we can hence perceive, Vitr. 10, 22, 262.—With the acc. and inf.:

postquam tantopere id vos velle animum advorteram,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 16:

animum advertit magnas esse copiashostium instructas,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18: cum animum adverteret locum relictum esse, Auct. B. Alex. 31; ib. 46.—With the rel. clause: nunc quam rem vitio dent, quaeso, animum advortite, Ter. And. prol. 8: quid ille sperare possit, animum adverte, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9:

quam multarum rerum ipse ignarus esset... animum advertit,

Liv. 24, 48. Sometimes advertere alone = animum advertere; so once in Cicero's letters: nam advertebatur Pompeii familiares assentiri Volcatio, Fam. 1, 1 (although here, as well as almost everywhere, the readings fluctuate between advertere and animadvertere; cf. Orell. ad h. l.; animadvertebatur, B. and K.). So Verg. in the imp.:

qua ratione quod instat, Confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo,

attend! Verg. A. 4, 115.—In the histt., esp. Tac. and Pliny, more frequently:

donec advertit Tiberius,

Tac. A. 4, 54:

Zenobiam advertere pastores,

id. ib. 12, 51:

advertere quosdam cultu externo in sedibus senatorum,

id. ib. 13, 54:

quotiens novum aliquid adverterat,

id. ib. 15, 30 al.:

hirudo quam sanguisugam appellari adverto,

Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 29:

ut multos adverto credidisse,

id. 2, 67, 67, § 168. Still more rarely, advertere animo:

animis advertite vestris,

Verg. A. 2, 712:

hanc scientiam ad nostros pervenisse animo adverto,

Plin. 25, 2, 3, § 5; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 4, 27, 8.—

To draw or turn something, esp. the attention of another, to or upon one's self (in the histt.):

gemitus ac planctus militum aures oraque advertere,

Tac. A. 1, 41:

octo aquilae imperatorem advertere,

id. ib. 2, 17: recentia veteraque odia advertit, drew them on himself, id. ib. 4, 21 al.—

To call the attention of one to a definite act, i. e. to admonish of it, to urge to it (cf. II. A.):

non docet admonitio, sed advertit,

i. e. directs attention, Sen. Ep. 94:

advertit ea res Vespasiani animum, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 48.—

Advertere in aliquem, for the more usual animadvertere in aliquem, to attend to one, i. e. to punish one (only in Tac.):

in P. Marcium consules more prisco advertere,

Tac. A. 2, 32:

ut in reliquos Sejani liberos adverteretur,

id. ib. 5, 9 (cf. id. Germ. 7, 3: animadvertere).—Hence,

adversus (archaic advor-), a, um, P. a., turned to or toward a thing, with the face or front toward, standing over against, opposite, before, in front of (opp. aversus).

In gen.:

solem adversum intueri,

Cic. Somn. Scip. 5:

Iris... Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores,

Verg. A. 4, 701; id. G. 1, 218:

antipodes adversis vestigiis stant contra nostra vestigia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39: dentes adversi acuti ( the sharp front teeth) morsu dividunt escas, Cic. N. D. 2, 54:

quod is collis, tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat, quantum etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8 Herz. So, hostes adversi, who make front against one advancing or retreating, id. ib. 2, 24:

L. Cotta legatus in adversum os fundā vulneratur,

in front, Caes. B. G. 5, 35; cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 1; Liv. 21, 7 fin. al.; hence, vulnus adversum, a wound in front (on the contr., vulnus aversum, a wound in the back), Cic. Har. Resp. 19:

adversis vulneribus,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 35, 4:

judicibus cicatrices adversas ostendere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28:

cicatrices populus Romanus aspiceret adverso corpore exceptas,

id. Verr. 5, 3:

impetus hostium adversos, Auct. B. Alex. 8: Romani advorso colle evadunt,

ascend the hill in front, Sall. J. 52:

adversa signa,

Liv. 30, 8:

legiones quas Visellius et C. Silius adversis itineribus objecerant,

i. e. marches in which they went to meet the enemy, Tac. A. 3, 42: sed adverso fulgure ( by a flash of lightning falling directly before him) pavefactus est Nero, Suet. Ner. 48:

armenta egit Hannibal in adversos montes,

Quint. 2, 17, 19; cf. Lucr. 3, 1013; so Hor. S. 1, 1, 103; 2, 3, 205:

qui timet his adversa,

the opposite of this, id. Ep. 1, 6, 9 al. —Hence, of rivers: flumine adverso, up the stream, against the stream:

in adversum flumen contendere,

Lucr. 4, 423:

adverso feruntur flumine,

id. 6, 720; so Verg. G. 1, 201:

adverso amne,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 33;

adverso Tiberi subvehi,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 22, 3 (opp. to secundā aquā, down stream, with the stream:

rate in secundam aquam labente,

Liv. 21, 47, 3); and of winds, opposed to a vessel's course, head winds, contrary winds, consequently unfavorable, adverse:

navigationes adversis ventis praecluduntur, Auct. B. Alex. 8: adversissimi navigantibus venti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 107.— Subst.: adversum, i, the opposite: hic ventus a septentrionibus oriens adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus, [p. 50] holds the opposite to those sailing from Athens, i. e. blows against them, Nep. Milt. 1 (so Nipperdey; but v. Hand, Turs. I. p. 183). — Adv.: ex adverso, also written exadverso and exadversum, opposite to, over against, ek tou enantiou:

portus ex adverso urbi positus,

Liv. 45, 10.—With gen.:

Patrae ex adverso Aetoliae et fluminis Eveni,

Plin. 4, 4, 5, § 11.—Without case:

cum ex adverso starent classes,

Just. 2, 14; so Suet. Caes. 39; Tib. 33.—In adversum, to the opposite side, against:

et duo in adversum immissi per moenia currus,

against each other, Prop. 3, 9, 23; so Gell. 2, 30; cf. Verg. A. 8, 237;

in adversum Romani subiere,

Liv. 1, 12; 7, 23.—

In hostile opposition to, adverse to, unfavorable, unpropitious (opp. secundus; frequent and class.): conqueri fortunam adversam, Pac. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 50:

hic dies pervorsus atque advorsus mihi obtigit,

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 1:

advorsus nemini,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 37:

mentes improborum mihi infensae et adversae,

Cic. Sull. 10:

acclamatio,

id. de Or. 2, 83: adversā avi aliquid facere, vet. poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 16:

adversis auspiciis,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 64, 6:

adversum omen,

Suet. Vit. 8:

adversissima auspicia,

id. Oth. 8: adversae res, misfortune, calamity, adverse fortune:

ut adversas res, sic secundas immoderate ferre levitatis est,

Cic. Off. 1, 26; cf.:

adversi casus,

Nep. Dat. 5:

adversae rerum undae,

a sea of troubles, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 22: omnia secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 9 (the sup. is found also in Cæs. B. C. 3, 107):

quae magistratus ille dicet, secundis auribus, quae ab nostrum quo dicentur, adversis accipietis?

Liv. 6, 40:

adversus annus frugibus,

id. 4, 12:

valetudo adversa,

i. e. sickness, id. 10, 32:

adversum proelium,

an unsuccessful engagement, id. 7, 29; cf.

8, 31: adverso rumore esse,

to be in bad repute, to have a bad reputation, Tac. Ann. 14, 11:

adversa subsellia,

on which the opposition sit, Quint. 6, 1, 39.—Sometimes met. of feeling, contrary to, hated, hateful, odious:

quīs omnia regna advorsa sint,

Sall. J. 83; cf. Luc. 2, 229 Bentl.— Comp.:

neque est aliud adversius,

Plin. 32, 4, 14, § 35.—

* Adv.: adver-sē, self-contradictorily, Gell. 3, 16.— ad-versum, i, subst., esp. in the plur. adversa, misfortune, calamity, disaster, adversity, evil, mischief:

advorsa ejus per te tecta sient,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 28:

nihil adversi,

Cic. Brut. 1, 4:

si quid adversi accidisset,

Nep. Alc. 8; cf. Liv. 22, 40; 35, 13:

secunda felices, adversa magnos probant,

Plin. Pan. 31;

esp. freq. in Tac.: prospera et adversa pop. Rom., Ann. 1, 1: adversa tempestatum et fluctuum,

id. Agr. 25; so id. A. 3, 24; 45; 2, 69; 4, 13 al.— Subst.: adversus, i, m., an opponent, adversary (rare):

multosque mortalīs ea causa advorsos habeo,

Sall. C. 52, 7.—In Quint. also once ad-versa, ae, f., subst., a female opponent or adversary: natura noverca fuerit, si facultatem dicendi sociam scelerum, adversam innocentiae, invenit, 12, 1, 2.—

In rhet., opposed to another of the same genus, e. g. sapientia and stultitia: “Haec quae ex eodem genere contraria sunt, appellantur adversa,” Cic. Top. 11.

adversus or adversum (archaic advor-) (like rursus and rursum, prorsus and prorsum, quorsus and quorsum), adv. and prep., denoting direction to or toward an object (syn.: contra, in with acc., ad, erga).

Adv.: opposite to, against, to, or toward a thing, in a friendly or hostile sense:

ibo advorsum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 29:

facito, ut venias advorsum mihi,

id. Men. 2, 3, 82:

obsecro te, matri ne quid tuae advorsus fuas, Liv. And. ap. Non. s. v. fuam, 111, 12 (Trag. Rel. p. 3 Rib.): quis hic est, qui advorsus it mihi?

Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 22:

adversus resistere,

Nep. Pelop. 1, 3:

nemo adversus ibat,

Liv. 37, 13, 8 al. In Plaut. and Ter. advorsum ire, or venire, to go to meet; also of a slave, to go to meet his master and bring him from a place (hence adversitor, q. v.):

solus nunc eo advorsum hero ex plurimis servis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 23:

ei advorsum venimus,

id. ib. 4, 2, 32; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 2 Ruhnk.—

Prep. with acc., toward or against, in a friendly or a hostile sense.

In a friendly sense.

Of place, turned to or toward, opposite to, before, facing, over against: qui cotidie unguentatus adversum speculum ornetur, before the mirror, Scipio ap. Gell. 7, 12:

adversus advocatos,

Liv. 45, 7, 5:

medicus debet residere illustri loco adversus aegrum,

opposite to the patient, Cels. 3, 6:

adversus Scyllam vergens in Italiam,

Plin. 3, 8, 14, § 87:

Lerina, adversum Antipolim,

id. 3, 5, 11, § 79.—

In the presence of any one, before:

egone ut te advorsum mentiar, mater mea?

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 9: idque gratum fuisse advorsum te habeo gratiam, I am thankful that this is acceptable before ( to) thee, Ter. And. 1, 1, 15: paululum adversus praesentem fortitudinem mollitus, somewhat softened at such firmness (of his wife), Tac. A. 15, 63.—Hence very often with verbs of speaking, answering, complaining, etc., to declare or express one's self to any one, to excuse one's self or apologize, and the like: te oportet hoc proloqui advorsum illam mihi, Enn. ap. Non. 232, 24 (Trag. v. 385 Vahl.):

immo si audias, quae dicta dixit me advorsum tibi,

what he told me of you, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 47: de vita ac morte domini fabulavere advorsum fratrem illius, Afran. ap. Non. 232, 25:

mulier, credo, advorsum illum res suas conqueritur,

Titin. ib. 232, 21:

utendum est excusatione etiam adversus eos, quos invitus offendas,

Cic. Off. 2, 19, 68; Tac. A. 3, 71.— With that to which a reply is made, to (= ad):

adversus ea consul... respondit,

Liv. 4, 10, 12; 22, 40, 1; cf. Drak. ad 3, 57, 1.—

In comparison, as if one thing were held toward, set against, or before another (v. ad, I. D. 4.); against, in comparison with, compared to:

repente lectus adversus veterem imperatorem comparabitur,

will be compared with, Liv. 24, 8, 8:

quid autem esse duo prospera bella Samnitium adversus tot decora populi Rom.,

id. 7, 32, 8.—

Of demeanor toward one, to, toward:

quonam modo me gererem adversus Caesarem,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 11:

te adversus me omnia audere gratum est,

i. e. on my account, on my behalf, for my advantage, id. ib. 9, 22, 15:

lentae adversum imperia aures,

Tac. A. 1, 65.—Esp. often of friendly feeling, love, esteem, respect toward or for one (cf. Ruhnk. ad Ter. And. 4, 1, 15; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 22; Heusing. ad Cic. Off. 1, 11, 1;

Hab. Syn. 49): est enim pietas justitia adversus deos,

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 116; id. Off. 3, 6, 28:

adhibenda est igitur quaedam reverentia adversus homines,

id. ib. 1, 28, 99 Beier:

sunt quaedam officia adversus eos servanda, a quibus injuriam acceperis,

id. ib. 1, 11, 33:

adversus merita ingratissimus,

Vell. 2, 69, 5:

summa adversus alios aequitas erat,

Liv. 3, 33, 8:

ob egregiam fidem adversus Romanos,

id. 29, 8, 2; so id. 45, 8, 4 al.:

beneficentiā adversus supplices utendum,

Tac. A. 11, 17.— More rarely

of the general relation of an object or act to a person or thing (v. ad, I. D. 1.), in relation, in respect, or in regard to a thing:

epistula, ut adversus magistrum morum, modestior,

as addressed to a censor of manners, Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 8:

quasi adversus eos acquieverit sententiae,

in regard to the same, Dig. 49, 1; 3, 1.—

In a hostile sense, against (the most usual class. signif. of this word): “Contra et adversus ita differunt, quod contra, ad locum, ut: contra basilicam; adversus, ad animi motum, ut: adversus illum facio; interdum autem promiscue accipitur,” Charis. p. 207 P.; cf. Cort. ad Sall. J. 101, 8:

advorsum legem accepisti a plurimis pecuniam,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 48:

advorsum te fabulare illud,

against thy interest, to thy disadvantage, id. Stich. 4, 2, 11:

stultus est advorsus aetatem et capitis canitudinem, id. ap. Fest. s. v. canitudinem, p. 47: advorsum animi tui libidinem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 19:

adversum leges, adversum rem publicam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 195:

respondebat, SI PARET, ADVERSUM EDICTUM FECISSE,

id. ib. 2, 3, 28, §

69: me adversus populum Romanum possem defendere,

id. Phil. 1, 13 al. —In the histt., of a hostile attack, approach, etc.:

gladiis districtis impetum adversus montem in cohortes faciunt,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

adversus se non esse missos exercitus,

Liv. 3, 66:

bellum adversum Xerxem moret,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 24, 3:

copiis quibus usi adversus Romanum bellum,

Liv. 8, 2, 5:

adversus vim atque injuriam pugnantes,

id. 26, 25, 10 al.:

T. Quintius adversus Gallos missus est,

Eutr. 2, 2: Athenienses adversus tantam tempestatem belli duos duces deligunt, Just. 3, 6, 12 al.—Among physicians, of preventives against sickness, against (v. ad, I. A. 2.):

adversus profusionem in his auxilium est,

Cels. 5, 26; 6, 27 al.:

frigidus jam artus et cluso corpore adversum vim veneni,

Tac. A. 15, 64.— Trop.:

egregium adversus tempestates receptaculum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 4; so id. ib. 2, 15, 36.—Hence: firmus, invictus, fortis adversus aliquid (like contra), protected against a thing, firm, fixed, secure:

advorsum divitias animum invictum gerebat,

Sall. J. 43, 5:

invictus adversum gratiam animus,

Tac. A. 15, 21:

adversus convicia malosque rumores firmus ac patiens,

Suet. Tib. 28:

Adversus omnes fortis feras canis,

Phaedr. 5, 10, 1; and in opp. sense: infirmus, inferior adversus aliquid, powerless against, unequal to:

fama, infirmissimum adversus vivos fortes telum,

Curt. 4, 14:

infirmus adversum pecuniam,

Aur. Vict. Caes. 9, 6:

inferior adversus laborem,

id. Epit. 40, 20.

Adversus is rarely put after the word which it governs:

egone ut te advorsum mentiar,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 7, 9:

hunc adversus,

Nep. Con. 2, 2; id. Tim. 4, 3:

quos advorsum ierat,

Sall. J. 101, 8.—

It sometimes suffers tmesis:

Labienum ad Oceanum versus proficisci jubet,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

animadvortit fugam ad se vorsum fieri,

Sall. J. 58:

animum advortere ad se vorsum exercitum pergere,

id. ib. 69: ad Cordubam versus iter facere coepit, Auct. B. Hisp. 10 and 11; cf. in-versus:

in Galliam vorsus castra movere,

Sall. C. 56; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12; Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 78; the Eng. to-ward: to us ward, Psa. 40, 5; and the Gr. eis-de: eis halade, Hom. Od. 10, 351.

aestīvus, a, um, adj. [aestas], of or pertaining to summer, summer-like, summer (freq. and class.):

Quo pacto aestivis e partibus Aegocerotis Brumalīs adeat flexus,

turns from the hot region of heaven to the wintry sign of Capricorn, Lucr. 5, 615; so id. 5, 639:

aestivos menses rei militari dare, hibernos juris dictioni,

Cic. Att. 5, 14:

tempora, dies,

summer time, summer days, id. Verr. 2, 5, 31:

sol,

Verg. G. 4, 28:

aura,

Hor. C. 1, 22, 18:

umbra,

Ov. M. 13, 793:

rus,

Mart. 8, 61:

per aestivos saltus deviasque calles exercitum ducimus,

through woods, where flocks were driven for summer pasture, Liv. 22, 14:

aves,

summer birds, id. 5, 6:

animalia,

the insects of summer, Plin. 9, 47, 71, § 154:

expeditiones,

which were undertaken in summer, Vell. 2, 114: castra, a summer camp (constructed differently from a winter camp), Suet. Claud. 1.—Hence,

Subst.: aestīva, ōrum, n.

For a summer camp, ta therina:

dum in aestivis essemus,

Cic. Att. 5, 17; id. Fam. 2, 13: aestiva praetoris, of a pleasure-camp, pleasurehouse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 37.—

The time appropriate for a campaign (cf. aestas; often continuing until December; v. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 2, 7);

hence,

a campaign, Cic. Pis. 40: aestivis confectis, after the campaign was ended (which did not take place until the Saturnalia, XIV. Kal. Januar.), id. Fam. 3, 9 fin.:

perducere aestiva in mensem Decembrem,

Vell. 2, 105.—

Summer pastures for cattle:

per montium aestiva,

Plin. 24, 6, 19, § 28.— Meton. for the cattle themselves:

Nec singula morbi Corpora corripiunt, sed tota aestiva,

Verg. G. 3, 472.— Hence, * adv.: aestīvē, in a summer-like manner, as in summer: admodum aestive viaticati sumus, we are furnished in a very summer-like manner with money for our journey, i. e. we have but little (the figure taken from the light dress of summer;

or, acc. to others, from the scanty provisions which soldiers took with them in summer),

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 30.

ămor (old form ămŏs, like honos, labos, colos, etc., Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 2; v. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 170), ōris, m. [amo], love (to friends, parents, etc.; and also in a low sense; hence in gen., like amo, while caritas, like diligere, is esteem, regard, etc.; hence amor is used also of brutes, but caritas only of men; v amo init.):

Amicitiae caritate et amore cernuntur. Nam cum deorum, tum parentum, patriaeque cultus, eorumque hominum, qui aut sapientiā aut opibus excellunt, ad caritatem referri solet. Conjuges autem et liberi et fratres et alii, quos usus familiaritasque conjunxit, quamquam etiam caritate ipsā, tamen amore maxime continentur,

Cic. Part. Or. 25, 88; cf. id. ib. 16, 56; Doed. Syn. IV. p. 100 (but amor is related to benevolentia as the cause to the effect, since benevolentia designates only an external, friendly treatment; but amor a real, internal love):

amor, ex quo amicitia nominata, princeps est ad benevolentiam conjungendam,

Cic. Am. 8, 26:

nihil enim est, quod studio et benevolentiā, vel amore potius effici non possit,

id. Fam. 3, 9; cf. Doed. Syn. IV. p. 105 (very freq. in all periods, and in every kind of style; in a low sense most freq. in the com. and eleg. poets, Petron., and similar authors; v. amo init.); constr. with in, erga, or the obj. gen. (with the gen. of the gerund, never in Cic., and perh. in no prose writer; but it is so found in Lucr., Ovid, and Hor.).

Lit.: ab his initiis noster in te amor profectus, Cic. Fam. 13, 29:

si quid in te residet amoris erga me,

id. ib. 5, 5:

amori nostro (i. e. quo a te amamur) plusculum etiam, quam concedit veritas, largiare,

id. ib. 5, 12;

Postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit,

Verg. A. 4, 17:

amabilis super amorem mulierum,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 1, 26: in paternitatis amore, brotherly love (Gr. philadelphia), ib. 1 Pet. 1, 22; ib. 2 Pet. 1, 7 bis:

amplecti aliquem amore,

Cic. Att. 7, 1:

habere amorem erga aliquem,

id. ib. 9, 14:

respondere amori amore,

id. ib. 15, 21:

conciliare amorem alicui,

id. de Or. 2, 51 et saep.—Of sexual love, whether lawful or unlawful: Medea amore saevo saucia, Enn. Med. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 22 (as a transl. of the Gr. erôti thumon ekplageis Iasonos, Eur. Med. prol. 8):

videbantur illi (septem anni) pauci dies prae amoris magnitudine,

Vulg. Gen. 29, 20; 29, 30:

is amore projecticiam illam deperit,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 43:

amore perdita est,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 38:

in amore haec omnia sunt vitia,

Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 14:

aeterno devictus volnere amoris,

Lucr. 1, 35:

qui vitat amorem,

id. 4, 1069:

Nec te noster amor tenet?

Verg. A. 4, 307; 4, 395; Ov. M. 4, 256:

ne sit ancillae tibi amor pudori,

Hor. C. 2, 4, 1:

meretricis amore Sollicitus,

id. S. 2, 3, 252:

ut majus esset odium amore, quo ante dilexerat,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 13, 15:

ambo vulnerati amore ejus,

ib. Dan. 13, 10 al. —In both significations also in the plur.:

amores hominum in te,

Cic. Att. 5, 10:

amores sancti,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf. id. Tusc. 4, 34, 72:

Ille meos, primus qui me sibi junxit, amores Abstulit,

Verg. A. 4, 28:

est is mihi in amoribus, i. e. valde a me amatur,

Cic. Fam. 7, 32:

meos amores eloquar,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 2:

meretricii amores,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 10:

quem amore venerio dilexerat,

Nep. Paus. 4, 1:

amores et hae deliciae, quae vocantur,

Cic. Cael. 19:

quando Dido tantos rumpi non speret amores,

Verg. A. 4, 292:

Tabuit ex illo dementer amoribus usa,

Ov. M. 4, 259:

insanos fateamur amores,

id. ib. 9, 519 et saep.; Hor. C. 3, 21, 3 et saep.—

Meton.

For the beloved object itself:

amores et deliciae tuae,

Cic. Div. 1, 36;

Pompeius, nostri amores,

id. Att. 2, 19; 16, 6;

and ironic.: sed redeo ad amores deliciasque nostras, L. Antonium,

id. Phil. 6, 5; Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 79; Ov. M. 1, 617; 4, 137 al.—

Personified: Amor, the god of love, Love, Cupid, Erôs:

O praeclaram emendatricem vitae poëticam, quae Amorem flagitii et levitatis auctorem in concilio deorum collocandum putet,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 69:

Deum esse Amorem turpis et vitio favens finxit libido,

Sen. Phaedr. 195: Illum conjugem, quem Amor dederat, qui plus pollet potiorque est patre, vet. poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 69:

Omnia vincit Amor, et nos cedamus Amori,

Verg. E. 10, 69:

Improbe Amor, quid non mortalia corpora cogis?

id. A. 4, 412:

Paret Amor dictis carae genetricis,

id. ib. 1, 689:

Amor non talia curat,

id. E. 10, 28:

nec quid Amor curat,

Ov. M. 1, 480:

Amori dare ludum,

Hor. C. 3, 12, 1; Prop. 1, 2, 8:

non tot sagittis, Spicula quot nostro pectore fixit Amor,

id. 3, 4, 2:

pharetratus,

Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 22:

Notaque purpureus tela resumit Amor,

id. Am. 2, 9, 34:

movit Amor gemmatas aureus alas,

id. R. Am. 39 et saep.—Also in the plur., Cupids, Loves:

corpora nudorum Amorum,

Ov. M. 10, 516:

lascivi Amores,

Hor. C. 2, 11, 7:

parvi Amores,

Prop. 3, 1, 11:

Amores volucres,

Ov. Ep. 16, 201:

pharetrati,

id. R. Am. 519 al. —

A strong, passionate longing for something, desire, lust:

consulatūs amor,

Cic. Sull. 26, 73:

gloriae,

id. Arch. 11, 28:

amicitiae,

id. Tusc. 4, 33, 70:

lactis,

Verg. G. 3, 394:

vini,

Liv. 9, 18:

auri,

Verg. A. 1, 349:

argenti,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 78:

nummi,

Juv. 14, 138:

laudum,

Verg. A. 9, 197 et saep.:

cognitionis,

Cic. Fin. 4, 7, 18.—With gerund:

edundi,

Lucr. 4, 870:

habendi,

Ov. M. 1, 131, and Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 85:

scribendi,

id. S. 2, 1, 10.— Poet., with inf.:

si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros,

Verg. A. 2, 10:

seu rore pudico Castaliae flavos amor est tibi mergere crines,

Stat. Th. 1, 698.—

Poet., a love-charm, philtre:

quaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte revolsus Et matri praereptus amor,

Verg. A. 4, 516; upon which passage Serv. remarks: Secundum Plinium, qui dicit in Naturali Historiā (8, 42, 66, § 163 sqq.) pullos equinos habere in fronte quandam carnem, quam eis statim natis adimit mater; quam si quis forte [p. 109] praeripuerit, odit pullum et lac ei denegat; v. hippomanes.

caelestis ( coel-), e ( gen. sing. CAELESTAE, Inscr. Neapol. 2602; abl. sing. regularly, caelesti:

caeleste,

Ov. H. 16, 277; id. M. 15, 743; cf.: bimestris, cognominis, perennis, patruelis, etc.; gen. plur. caelestum, but caelestium, Enn. Epigr. v. 9 Vahl.; Att. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 68, or id. Trag. Rel. v. 209 Rib.; Varr. L. L. 6, § 53 Müll.; Lucr. 6, 1274; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; Verg. A. 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150), adj. [caelum], pertaining to heaven or to the heavens, found in heaven, coming from heaven, etc., heavenly, celestial (class. and very freq.):

ignis fulminis,

Lucr. 2, 384; cf.:

turbine correptus et igni,

id. 6, 395:

flammae,

id. 5, 1093:

urbes igne caelesti flagrasse,

Tac. H. 5, 7:

arcus,

the rainbow, Plin. 11, 14, 14, § 37; Suet. Aug. 95:

nubes,

Ov. A. A. 2, 237:

aqua,

rain, Hor. C. 3, 10, 20; cf.

aquae,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; Col. 3, 12, 2; 7, 4, 8; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; Dig. 39, 3, 1:

imbres,

Col. 3, 13, 7:

templa,

Lucr. 5, 1203; 6, 388; 6, 671:

solum,

Ov. M. 1, 73:

plagae,

id. ib. 12, 40 al.:

astra,

id. ib. 15, 846:

aërii mellis dona,

Verg. G. 4, 1:

prodigia,

Liv. 1, 34, 9; cf.

minae,

Tac. H. 1, 18: caelestia auguria vocant cum fulminat aut tonat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 8 Müll.:

fragor,

Quint. 12, 10, 4:

orbes, quorum unus est caelestis,

Cic. Rep 6, 17, 17.— Subst.: caelestĭa, ĭum, n., the heavenly bodies:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra, ut exigua et minima, contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; Tac. H. 5, 4; id. A. 4, 58.—

Meton.

Divine; and subst., the deity (most freq. like caeles in plur.), the gods.

Adj., numen, Cat. 66, 7; Tib. 3, 4, 53; Ov. M. 1, 367:

animi,

Verg. A. 1, 11: aula, Ov F 1, 139: irae. Liv. 2, 36, 6:

ira,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 441:

origo,

Verg. A. 6, 730:

ortus,

Quint. 3, 7, 5:

stirps,

Ov. M. 1, 760; cf.

species,

id. ib. 15, 743:

nectar,

id. ib. 4, 252; cf.

pabula,

id. ib. 4, 217:

sapientia,

Hor. Ep 1, 3, 27:

auxilium,

of the gods, Ov. M. 15, 630:

dona,

id. ib. 13, 289 al.:

cognitio caelestium et mortalium,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 10, 1, 86.—

* Comp neutr.:

nihil est caelesti caelestius,

Sen. Ep. 66, 11 —

Subst.: caelestis, is, m., a deity: quicumque dedit formam caelestis avarae, Tib 2, 4, 35.—Mostly plur., the gods:

divos et eos qui caelestes semper habiti colunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

caelestum templa,

Lucr. 6, 1273:

in concilio caelestium,

Cic. Off. 3, 5, 25; so id. Phil. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 1, 16, 7; 9, 1, 3; Tac. G. 9; id. H. 4, 84; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; 68, 76; Tib. 1, 9, 5; Verg. A. 1, 387; 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150; 4, 594; 6, 72, 6, 171.—

Caelestis, is, f., a female divinity in Carthage, Tert. Apol. 24, Capitol. Pert. 4, 2; Macrin. 3, 1; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 29, 1.—

caelestĭa, ĭum, n., heavenly objects, divine things:

haec caelelestia semper spectato, illa humana con-t emnito,

Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20:

sapientem non modo cognitione caelestium vel mortalium putant instruendum,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; Tac. H. 5, 5.—

As in most languages, an epithet of any thing splendid or excellent, celestial, divine, god-like, magnificent, preeminent, etc. (so most freq. since the Aug. per., esp. as a complimentary term applied to eminent persons and their qualities;

in Cic. only once): caelestes divinaeque legiones,

Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 28:

quem prope caelestem fecerint,

Liv. 6, 17, 5:

ingenium,

Ov. A. A. 1, 185:

mens,

id. F. 1, 534:

in dicendo vir (sc. Cicero),

Quint. 10, 2, 18; cf.:

caelestissimum os (Ciceronis),

Vell. 2, 66, 3:

ju dicia,

Quint. 4, prooem. §

2 Spald.: praecepta,

Vell. 2, 94, 2:

anima,

id. 2, 123:

animus,

id. 2, 60, 2:

caelestissimorum ejus operum,

id. 2, 104, 3: quos Elea domum reducit Palma caelestes, glorified, like the gods, Hor C. 4, 2, 18.— Adv. not in use.

caelestis ( coel-), e ( gen. sing. CAELESTAE, Inscr. Neapol. 2602; abl. sing. regularly, caelesti:

caeleste,

Ov. H. 16, 277; id. M. 15, 743; cf.: bimestris, cognominis, perennis, patruelis, etc.; gen. plur. caelestum, but caelestium, Enn. Epigr. v. 9 Vahl.; Att. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 68, or id. Trag. Rel. v. 209 Rib.; Varr. L. L. 6, § 53 Müll.; Lucr. 6, 1274; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; Verg. A. 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150), adj. [caelum], pertaining to heaven or to the heavens, found in heaven, coming from heaven, etc., heavenly, celestial (class. and very freq.):

ignis fulminis,

Lucr. 2, 384; cf.:

turbine correptus et igni,

id. 6, 395:

flammae,

id. 5, 1093:

urbes igne caelesti flagrasse,

Tac. H. 5, 7:

arcus,

the rainbow, Plin. 11, 14, 14, § 37; Suet. Aug. 95:

nubes,

Ov. A. A. 2, 237:

aqua,

rain, Hor. C. 3, 10, 20; cf.

aquae,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; Col. 3, 12, 2; 7, 4, 8; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; Dig. 39, 3, 1:

imbres,

Col. 3, 13, 7:

templa,

Lucr. 5, 1203; 6, 388; 6, 671:

solum,

Ov. M. 1, 73:

plagae,

id. ib. 12, 40 al.:

astra,

id. ib. 15, 846:

aërii mellis dona,

Verg. G. 4, 1:

prodigia,

Liv. 1, 34, 9; cf.

minae,

Tac. H. 1, 18: caelestia auguria vocant cum fulminat aut tonat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 8 Müll.:

fragor,

Quint. 12, 10, 4:

orbes, quorum unus est caelestis,

Cic. Rep 6, 17, 17.— Subst.: caelestĭa, ĭum, n., the heavenly bodies:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra, ut exigua et minima, contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; Tac. H. 5, 4; id. A. 4, 58.—

Meton.

Divine; and subst., the deity (most freq. like caeles in plur.), the gods.

Adj., numen, Cat. 66, 7; Tib. 3, 4, 53; Ov. M. 1, 367:

animi,

Verg. A. 1, 11: aula, Ov F 1, 139: irae. Liv. 2, 36, 6:

ira,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 441:

origo,

Verg. A. 6, 730:

ortus,

Quint. 3, 7, 5:

stirps,

Ov. M. 1, 760; cf.

species,

id. ib. 15, 743:

nectar,

id. ib. 4, 252; cf.

pabula,

id. ib. 4, 217:

sapientia,

Hor. Ep 1, 3, 27:

auxilium,

of the gods, Ov. M. 15, 630:

dona,

id. ib. 13, 289 al.:

cognitio caelestium et mortalium,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 10, 1, 86.—

* Comp neutr.:

nihil est caelesti caelestius,

Sen. Ep. 66, 11 —

Subst.: caelestis, is, m., a deity: quicumque dedit formam caelestis avarae, Tib 2, 4, 35.—Mostly plur., the gods:

divos et eos qui caelestes semper habiti colunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

caelestum templa,

Lucr. 6, 1273:

in concilio caelestium,

Cic. Off. 3, 5, 25; so id. Phil. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 1, 16, 7; 9, 1, 3; Tac. G. 9; id. H. 4, 84; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; 68, 76; Tib. 1, 9, 5; Verg. A. 1, 387; 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150; 4, 594; 6, 72, 6, 171.—

Caelestis, is, f., a female divinity in Carthage, Tert. Apol. 24, Capitol. Pert. 4, 2; Macrin. 3, 1; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 29, 1.—

caelestĭa, ĭum, n., heavenly objects, divine things:

haec caelelestia semper spectato, illa humana con-t emnito,

Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20:

sapientem non modo cognitione caelestium vel mortalium putant instruendum,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; Tac. H. 5, 5.—

As in most languages, an epithet of any thing splendid or excellent, celestial, divine, god-like, magnificent, preeminent, etc. (so most freq. since the Aug. per., esp. as a complimentary term applied to eminent persons and their qualities;

in Cic. only once): caelestes divinaeque legiones,

Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 28:

quem prope caelestem fecerint,

Liv. 6, 17, 5:

ingenium,

Ov. A. A. 1, 185:

mens,

id. F. 1, 534:

in dicendo vir (sc. Cicero),

Quint. 10, 2, 18; cf.:

caelestissimum os (Ciceronis),

Vell. 2, 66, 3:

ju dicia,

Quint. 4, prooem. §

2 Spald.: praecepta,

Vell. 2, 94, 2:

anima,

id. 2, 123:

animus,

id. 2, 60, 2:

caelestissimorum ejus operum,

id. 2, 104, 3: quos Elea domum reducit Palma caelestes, glorified, like the gods, Hor C. 4, 2, 18.— Adv. not in use.

caelestis ( coel-), e ( gen. sing. CAELESTAE, Inscr. Neapol. 2602; abl. sing. regularly, caelesti:

caeleste,

Ov. H. 16, 277; id. M. 15, 743; cf.: bimestris, cognominis, perennis, patruelis, etc.; gen. plur. caelestum, but caelestium, Enn. Epigr. v. 9 Vahl.; Att. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 68, or id. Trag. Rel. v. 209 Rib.; Varr. L. L. 6, § 53 Müll.; Lucr. 6, 1274; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; Verg. A. 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150), adj. [caelum], pertaining to heaven or to the heavens, found in heaven, coming from heaven, etc., heavenly, celestial (class. and very freq.):

ignis fulminis,

Lucr. 2, 384; cf.:

turbine correptus et igni,

id. 6, 395:

flammae,

id. 5, 1093:

urbes igne caelesti flagrasse,

Tac. H. 5, 7:

arcus,

the rainbow, Plin. 11, 14, 14, § 37; Suet. Aug. 95:

nubes,

Ov. A. A. 2, 237:

aqua,

rain, Hor. C. 3, 10, 20; cf.

aquae,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; Col. 3, 12, 2; 7, 4, 8; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; Dig. 39, 3, 1:

imbres,

Col. 3, 13, 7:

templa,

Lucr. 5, 1203; 6, 388; 6, 671:

solum,

Ov. M. 1, 73:

plagae,

id. ib. 12, 40 al.:

astra,

id. ib. 15, 846:

aërii mellis dona,

Verg. G. 4, 1:

prodigia,

Liv. 1, 34, 9; cf.

minae,

Tac. H. 1, 18: caelestia auguria vocant cum fulminat aut tonat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 8 Müll.:

fragor,

Quint. 12, 10, 4:

orbes, quorum unus est caelestis,

Cic. Rep 6, 17, 17.— Subst.: caelestĭa, ĭum, n., the heavenly bodies:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra, ut exigua et minima, contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; Tac. H. 5, 4; id. A. 4, 58.—

Meton.

Divine; and subst., the deity (most freq. like caeles in plur.), the gods.

Adj., numen, Cat. 66, 7; Tib. 3, 4, 53; Ov. M. 1, 367:

animi,

Verg. A. 1, 11: aula, Ov F 1, 139: irae. Liv. 2, 36, 6:

ira,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 441:

origo,

Verg. A. 6, 730:

ortus,

Quint. 3, 7, 5:

stirps,

Ov. M. 1, 760; cf.

species,

id. ib. 15, 743:

nectar,

id. ib. 4, 252; cf.

pabula,

id. ib. 4, 217:

sapientia,

Hor. Ep 1, 3, 27:

auxilium,

of the gods, Ov. M. 15, 630:

dona,

id. ib. 13, 289 al.:

cognitio caelestium et mortalium,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 10, 1, 86.—

* Comp neutr.:

nihil est caelesti caelestius,

Sen. Ep. 66, 11 —

Subst.: caelestis, is, m., a deity: quicumque dedit formam caelestis avarae, Tib 2, 4, 35.—Mostly plur., the gods:

divos et eos qui caelestes semper habiti colunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

caelestum templa,

Lucr. 6, 1273:

in concilio caelestium,

Cic. Off. 3, 5, 25; so id. Phil. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 1, 16, 7; 9, 1, 3; Tac. G. 9; id. H. 4, 84; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; 68, 76; Tib. 1, 9, 5; Verg. A. 1, 387; 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150; 4, 594; 6, 72, 6, 171.—

Caelestis, is, f., a female divinity in Carthage, Tert. Apol. 24, Capitol. Pert. 4, 2; Macrin. 3, 1; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 29, 1.—

caelestĭa, ĭum, n., heavenly objects, divine things:

haec caelelestia semper spectato, illa humana con-t emnito,

Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20:

sapientem non modo cognitione caelestium vel mortalium putant instruendum,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; Tac. H. 5, 5.—

As in most languages, an epithet of any thing splendid or excellent, celestial, divine, god-like, magnificent, preeminent, etc. (so most freq. since the Aug. per., esp. as a complimentary term applied to eminent persons and their qualities;

in Cic. only once): caelestes divinaeque legiones,

Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 28:

quem prope caelestem fecerint,

Liv. 6, 17, 5:

ingenium,

Ov. A. A. 1, 185:

mens,

id. F. 1, 534:

in dicendo vir (sc. Cicero),

Quint. 10, 2, 18; cf.:

caelestissimum os (Ciceronis),

Vell. 2, 66, 3:

ju dicia,

Quint. 4, prooem. §

2 Spald.: praecepta,

Vell. 2, 94, 2:

anima,

id. 2, 123:

animus,

id. 2, 60, 2:

caelestissimorum ejus operum,

id. 2, 104, 3: quos Elea domum reducit Palma caelestes, glorified, like the gods, Hor C. 4, 2, 18.— Adv. not in use.

caelestis ( coel-), e ( gen. sing. CAELESTAE, Inscr. Neapol. 2602; abl. sing. regularly, caelesti:

caeleste,

Ov. H. 16, 277; id. M. 15, 743; cf.: bimestris, cognominis, perennis, patruelis, etc.; gen. plur. caelestum, but caelestium, Enn. Epigr. v. 9 Vahl.; Att. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 68, or id. Trag. Rel. v. 209 Rib.; Varr. L. L. 6, § 53 Müll.; Lucr. 6, 1274; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; Verg. A. 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150), adj. [caelum], pertaining to heaven or to the heavens, found in heaven, coming from heaven, etc., heavenly, celestial (class. and very freq.):

ignis fulminis,

Lucr. 2, 384; cf.:

turbine correptus et igni,

id. 6, 395:

flammae,

id. 5, 1093:

urbes igne caelesti flagrasse,

Tac. H. 5, 7:

arcus,

the rainbow, Plin. 11, 14, 14, § 37; Suet. Aug. 95:

nubes,

Ov. A. A. 2, 237:

aqua,

rain, Hor. C. 3, 10, 20; cf.

aquae,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 135; Liv. 4, 30, 7; Col. 3, 12, 2; 7, 4, 8; Plin. 17, 2, 2, § 14; Dig. 39, 3, 1:

imbres,

Col. 3, 13, 7:

templa,

Lucr. 5, 1203; 6, 388; 6, 671:

solum,

Ov. M. 1, 73:

plagae,

id. ib. 12, 40 al.:

astra,

id. ib. 15, 846:

aërii mellis dona,

Verg. G. 4, 1:

prodigia,

Liv. 1, 34, 9; cf.

minae,

Tac. H. 1, 18: caelestia auguria vocant cum fulminat aut tonat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64, 8 Müll.:

fragor,

Quint. 12, 10, 4:

orbes, quorum unus est caelestis,

Cic. Rep 6, 17, 17.— Subst.: caelestĭa, ĭum, n., the heavenly bodies:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra, ut exigua et minima, contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; Tac. H. 5, 4; id. A. 4, 58.—

Meton.

Divine; and subst., the deity (most freq. like caeles in plur.), the gods.

Adj., numen, Cat. 66, 7; Tib. 3, 4, 53; Ov. M. 1, 367:

animi,

Verg. A. 1, 11: aula, Ov F 1, 139: irae. Liv. 2, 36, 6:

ira,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 441:

origo,

Verg. A. 6, 730:

ortus,

Quint. 3, 7, 5:

stirps,

Ov. M. 1, 760; cf.

species,

id. ib. 15, 743:

nectar,

id. ib. 4, 252; cf.

pabula,

id. ib. 4, 217:

sapientia,

Hor. Ep 1, 3, 27:

auxilium,

of the gods, Ov. M. 15, 630:

dona,

id. ib. 13, 289 al.:

cognitio caelestium et mortalium,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 10, 1, 86.—

* Comp neutr.:

nihil est caelesti caelestius,

Sen. Ep. 66, 11 —

Subst.: caelestis, is, m., a deity: quicumque dedit formam caelestis avarae, Tib 2, 4, 35.—Mostly plur., the gods:

divos et eos qui caelestes semper habiti colunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

caelestum templa,

Lucr. 6, 1273:

in concilio caelestium,

Cic. Off. 3, 5, 25; so id. Phil. 4, 4, 10; Liv. 1, 16, 7; 9, 1, 3; Tac. G. 9; id. H. 4, 84; Cat. 64, 191; 64, 205; 68, 76; Tib. 1, 9, 5; Verg. A. 1, 387; 7, 432; Ov. M. 1, 150; 4, 594; 6, 72, 6, 171.—

Caelestis, is, f., a female divinity in Carthage, Tert. Apol. 24, Capitol. Pert. 4, 2; Macrin. 3, 1; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 29, 1.—

caelestĭa, ĭum, n., heavenly objects, divine things:

haec caelelestia semper spectato, illa humana con-t emnito,

Cic. Rep. 6, 19, 20:

sapientem non modo cognitione caelestium vel mortalium putant instruendum,

Quint. 1, 10, 5; Tac. H. 5, 5.—

As in most languages, an epithet of any thing splendid or excellent, celestial, divine, god-like, magnificent, preeminent, etc. (so most freq. since the Aug. per., esp. as a complimentary term applied to eminent persons and their qualities;

in Cic. only once): caelestes divinaeque legiones,

Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 28:

quem prope caelestem fecerint,

Liv. 6, 17, 5:

ingenium,

Ov. A. A. 1, 185:

mens,

id. F. 1, 534:

in dicendo vir (sc. Cicero),

Quint. 10, 2, 18; cf.:

caelestissimum os (Ciceronis),

Vell. 2, 66, 3:

ju dicia,

Quint. 4, prooem. §

2 Spald.: praecepta,

Vell. 2, 94, 2:

anima,

id. 2, 123:

animus,

id. 2, 60, 2:

caelestissimorum ejus operum,

id. 2, 104, 3: quos Elea domum reducit Palma caelestes, glorified, like the gods, Hor C. 4, 2, 18.— Adv. not in use.

con-sĭmĭlis, e, adj., similar in all respects, entirely similar, like (class.; most freq. in Plaut., Ter., and Lucr.; not in Hor.); constr. with gen., dat., atque, quasi, or absol.

With gen.:

liber captivus avis ferae consimilis est,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 7; Afran. ap. Charis. p. 193 P. (Com. Rel. v. 397 Rib.); Lucr. 5, 811; 5, 711; Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 149.—

With dat.:

cui homini erus est consimilis,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 2; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 2; Cic. Phil. 2, 12, 28; Caes. B. G. 2, 11.—

With atque or et:

tam consimili'st atque ego,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 287; so id. Bacch. 3, 3, 50; Fronto, Or. 1; and with et, Lucr. 3, 8; and que, id. 4, 231.—

With quasi:

quia consimile est quom stertas quasi sorbeas,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 8.—

Absol. (so most freq.):

imago,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 4:

ludus,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 38:

consilia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 35: via, Afran. ap. Non. p. 316, 9 (Com. Rel. v. 135 Rib.):

pars,

Lucr. 2, 1018:

res,

id. 4, 89:

color,

id. 2, 736:

natura,

id. 1, 916:

ratio,

id. 1, 842; 1, 884; 1, 1097 et saep.:

ratione mentis,

id. 2, 676:

carmen,

Ov. P. 3, 7, 3: studio, * Tac. A. 3, 13: pariter cadentia et consimilia irascentem, etc., * Quint. 9, 3, 102.—

In a doubtful constr.:

fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 11:

quojus mos maxumest consimilis vostrum, hi, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 13.—As subst.: con-sĭmĭlĭa, ium, n.; only in the phrase et consimilia, after enumerations, and the like, and similar things:

saga, tunicae, paenulae et consimilia,

Dig. 34, 2, 23, § 2; Quint. 9, 3, 102.— Adv.: consĭmĭlĭter, very similarly, in like manner (post-class.):

consimiliter Cicero verbo isto utitur,

Gell. 6, 16, 12; 11, 5, 8.— Comp. and sup. not in use either in adj. or adv.

con-sĭmĭlis, e, adj., similar in all respects, entirely similar, like (class.; most freq. in Plaut., Ter., and Lucr.; not in Hor.); constr. with gen., dat., atque, quasi, or absol.

With gen.:

liber captivus avis ferae consimilis est,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 7; Afran. ap. Charis. p. 193 P. (Com. Rel. v. 397 Rib.); Lucr. 5, 811; 5, 711; Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 149.—

With dat.:

cui homini erus est consimilis,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 2; Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 2; Cic. Phil. 2, 12, 28; Caes. B. G. 2, 11.—

With atque or et:

tam consimili'st atque ego,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 287; so id. Bacch. 3, 3, 50; Fronto, Or. 1; and with et, Lucr. 3, 8; and que, id. 4, 231.—

With quasi:

quia consimile est quom stertas quasi sorbeas,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 8.—

Absol. (so most freq.):

imago,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 4:

ludus,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 38:

consilia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 35: via, Afran. ap. Non. p. 316, 9 (Com. Rel. v. 135 Rib.):

pars,

Lucr. 2, 1018:

res,

id. 4, 89:

color,

id. 2, 736:

natura,

id. 1, 916:

ratio,

id. 1, 842; 1, 884; 1, 1097 et saep.:

ratione mentis,

id. 2, 676:

carmen,

Ov. P. 3, 7, 3: studio, * Tac. A. 3, 13: pariter cadentia et consimilia irascentem, etc., * Quint. 9, 3, 102.—

In a doubtful constr.:

fecerunt, ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 11:

quojus mos maxumest consimilis vostrum, hi, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 13.—As subst.: con-sĭmĭlĭa, ium, n.; only in the phrase et consimilia, after enumerations, and the like, and similar things:

saga, tunicae, paenulae et consimilia,

Dig. 34, 2, 23, § 2; Quint. 9, 3, 102.— Adv.: consĭmĭlĭter, very similarly, in like manner (post-class.):

consimiliter Cicero verbo isto utitur,

Gell. 6, 16, 12; 11, 5, 8.— Comp. and sup. not in use either in adj. or adv.

dēnĭquē, adv. [etym. dub.; perh. dēnĭ, locative of de, and que].

Orig. denoting succession in time, and thereupon, and then, in the sequel.

In gen. (rare—for syn. cf.:

tum, demum, tandem, postremo): omnes negabant... denique hercle jam pudebat,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 8:

risu omnes qui aderant emoriri. Denique Metuebant omnes jam me,

id. Eun. 3, 1, 42:

ille imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides. Denique ei rei constituit diem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 64:

ferme ut quisque rem accurat suam, sic ei procedunt post principia denique,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 1, 4.—In the interrogatory formula:

quid denique agitis?

and what did you do then? Plaut. Bac. 2, 3, 60: id. Truc. 2, 4, 47.—More freq.,

Pregn., ending a period, at last, at length; lastly, finally:

boat caelum fremitu virum... Denique, ut voluimus, nostra superat manus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 12; Ter. And. 1, 1, 120:

nisi quia lubet experiri, quo evasuru 'st denique,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 93; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 8; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 71:

Nil nostri miserere? mori me denique coges,

Verg. E. 2, 7:

quid jam misero mihi denique restat?

id. A. 2, 70; 2, 295 al.—

Strengthened by ad extremum, ad postremum, or tandem:

boni nescio quomodo tardiores sunt, et principiis rerum neglectis ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur,

Cic. Sest. 47:

victus denique ad postremum est,

Just. 12, 16 fin.; 37, 1 fin.: et tandem denique devorato pudore ad Milonem aio, Ap. M. 2, p. 121.—

Sometimes of that which happens after a long delay = tandem:

quae (sc. urbana) ego diu ignorans, ex tuis jucundissimis litteris a. d. V. Cal. Jan. denique cognovi,

Cic. Att. 5, 20, 8:

aliquam mihi partem hodie operae des denique, jam tandem ades ilico,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 40.—

With the particles tum, nunc, or an abl. of time (nearly = demum), just. precisely:

tum denique homines nostra intellegimus bona, cum, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 39:

qui convenit polliceri operam suam reip. tum denique, si necessitate cogentur? etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 6;

so tum denique,

id. Quint. 13, 43; id. Tusc. 3, 31, 75; id. de Sen. 23, 82; id. Fin. 1, 19, 64 et saep.;

and separated,

id. Lael. 22, 84; id. Caecin. 34 fin.:

tantum accessit, ut mihi nunc denique amare videar, antea dilexisse,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 5; cf. id. Quint. 13:

ne is, de cujus officio nemo umquam dubitavit, sexagesimo denique anno dedecore notetur,

id. ib. 31, 99; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 22, 4; id. B. C. 1, 5, 2; Sall. J. 105, 3.—

Like demum with pronouns, to give emphasis:

si qua metu dempto casta est, ea denique casta est,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 3:

is enim denique honos mihi videri solet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 10, 10; cf.:

eo denique,

Cic. Quint. 11, 38.—

With vix (like vix demum):

posita vix denique mensa,

Ov. Her. 16, 215.—

Transf., in enumerations.

Like dein (deinde) followed by postremo, or ad postremum (rare):

denique sequitur... postremo si est, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 7, 19, 113:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23 fin.; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23; cf. id. Fam. 2, 15, 4:

primum illis cum Lucanis bellum fuit.. Denique Alexander rex Epiri.. cum omnibus copiis ab his deletus est.. ad postremum Agathocles, etc.,

Just. 23, 1, 15. —