summer

summer.

summer.

aestīvus, a, um, adj. [aestas], of or pertaining to summer, summer-like, summer (freq. and class.):

Quo pacto aestivis e partibus Aegocerotis Brumalīs adeat flexus,

turns from the hot region of heaven to the wintry sign of Capricorn, Lucr. 5, 615; so id. 5, 639:

aestivos menses rei militari dare, hibernos juris dictioni,

Cic. Att. 5, 14:

tempora, dies,

summer time, summer days, id. Verr. 2, 5, 31:

sol,

Verg. G. 4, 28:

aura,

Hor. C. 1, 22, 18:

umbra,

Ov. M. 13, 793:

rus,

Mart. 8, 61:

per aestivos saltus deviasque calles exercitum ducimus,

through woods, where flocks were driven for summer pasture, Liv. 22, 14:

aves,

summer birds, id. 5, 6:

animalia,

the insects of summer, Plin. 9, 47, 71, § 154:

expeditiones,

which were undertaken in summer, Vell. 2, 114: castra, a summer camp (constructed differently from a winter camp), Suet. Claud. 1.—Hence,

Subst.: aestīva, ōrum, n.

For a summer camp, ta therina:

dum in aestivis essemus,

Cic. Att. 5, 17; id. Fam. 2, 13: aestiva praetoris, of a pleasure-camp, pleasurehouse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 37.—

The time appropriate for a campaign (cf. aestas; often continuing until December; v. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 2, 7);

hence,

a campaign, Cic. Pis. 40: aestivis confectis, after the campaign was ended (which did not take place until the Saturnalia, XIV. Kal. Januar.), id. Fam. 3, 9 fin.:

perducere aestiva in mensem Decembrem,

Vell. 2, 105.—

Summer pastures for cattle:

per montium aestiva,

Plin. 24, 6, 19, § 28.— Meton. for the cattle themselves:

Nec singula morbi Corpora corripiunt, sed tota aestiva,

Verg. G. 3, 472.— Hence, * adv.: aestīvē, in a summer-like manner, as in summer: admodum aestive viaticati sumus, we are furnished in a very summer-like manner with money for our journey, i. e. we have but little (the figure taken from the light dress of summer;

or, acc. to others, from the scanty provisions which soldiers took with them in summer),

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 30.

* * *

aestas, ātis, f. [akin to aithô = to burn, Varr. L. L. 6, § 9; cf.: aestus, aether, aethra; Sanscr. indh = to kindle, iddhas = kindled; O. H. Germ. eiten = to heat; Germ. Hitze = heat], in an extended sense, the summer season, as one half of the year, from March twenty-second to September twenty-second (the other half was hiems, the winter season); cf. Dig. 43, 19:

aestas et hiems, nox et dies,

Vulg. Gen. 8, 22: in a restricted sense, the summer, the three months from the entrance of the sun into Cancer to the autumnal equinox (the entrance into Libra):

Arabes campos et montes hieme et aestate peragrantes,

Cic. Div. 1, 42:

(formica) parat in aestate cibum sibi,

Vulg. Prov. 6, 8:

aestate ineunte,

at the beginning of summer, Cic. Att. 4, 2:

nova,

Verg. A. 1, 430:

media,

midsummer, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35:

jam adulta,

Tac. A. 2, 23; so Aur. Vict. Caes. 32, 3 Arntz.:

summa,

the height of summer, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 31:

exacta,

Sall. J. 65:

finita,

Vulg. Jer. 8, 20: cum affecta jam prope aestate uvas a sole mitescere tempus est, Cic. Oecon. ap. Non. 161, 2.—

With anni,

summer-time, Gell. 2, 21:

aestate anni flagrantissima,

id. 19, 5.—Since war among the ancients was carried on only in summer, aestas is sometimes (like theros in Gr.) used by the histt. for,

A year, Vell. 2, 47; 82:

quae duabus aestatibus gesta,

Tac. A. 6, 39;

so. te jam septuma portat omnibus errantem terris aestas,

Verg. A. 1, 756.—

Summer air:

per aestatem liquidam,

Verg. G. 4, 59; id. A. 6, 707.—

Summer heat:

ignea,

Hor. C. 1, 17, 3.—

Freckles as caused by heat:

aestates,

Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 185, where Jan. reads testas.

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călor, ōris, m. [caleo; cf. Varr. ap. Non. p. 46, 22], warmth, heat, glow.

Lit.

In gen. (very freq. in prose and poet.): neque mihi ulla obsistet amnis nec calor;

nec frigus metuo,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 19; so (opp. frigus) Lucr. 2, 517; 6, 371; Cic. N. D. [p. 272] 2, 39, 101; Verg. G. 2, 344; 4, 36; (opp. refrigeratio) Vitr. 1, 4:

calor ignis,

Lucr. 1, 425:

solis,

id. 5, 571; 6, 514:

fulminis,

id. 6, 234.—In plur., Cic. Off. 2, 4, 13; id. N. D. 2, 60, 151; Hor. C. 3, 24, 37 al.—

Esp.

Vital heat; so, vitalis, Lucr. 3, 129; Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 27:

ut omnia quae aluntur atque crescunt, contineant in se vim caloris, sine quā neque ali possent neque crescere,

id. ib. 2, 9, 23:

omnis et una Dilapsus calor,

Verg. A. 4, 705.—

Summer heat, the warmth of summer:

vitandi caloris causā Lanuvii tres horas acquieveram,

Cic. Att. 13, 34 init.; id. de Or. 1, 62, 265.—Hence also for summer (opp. ver and autumnus), Lucr. 1, 175; Col. 11, 2, 48:

mediis caloribus,

in the midst of summer, Liv. 2, 5, 3; so plur.:

ut tectis saepti frigora caloresque pellamus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 152.—

The glow of a hot wind (cf. Lucr. 6, 323:

vis venti commixta calore): dum ficus prima calorque, etc.,

the burning heat of the parching Sirocco, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 5:

calores austrini,

Verg. G. 2, 270 (cf.:

calidi Austri,

Ov. M. 7, 532).—

The heat of a fever, Tib. 4, 11, 2.—

Trop.

In gen., the heat of passion, fire, zeal, ardor, impetuosity, vehemence (so perh. not before the Aug. per.; esp. freq. in Quint.; cf.:

ardor, fervor): si calor ac spiritus tulit,

Quint. 10, 7, 13:

Polus juvenili calore inconsideratior,

id. 2, 15, 28:

calor cogitationis, qui scribendi morā refrixit,

id. 10, 3, 6; cf. id. 9, 4, 113:

calorem cogitationis exstinguere,

id. 8, praef. §

27: et impetus,

id. 10, 3, 17:

dicendi,

id. 11, 3, 130:

lenis caloris alieni derisus,

id. 6, 2, 15:

dicentis,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 11; 2, 19, 2:

pietatis,

id. Pan. 3, 1:

ambitionis calor abducit a tutis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 14, 5:

quod calore aliquo gerendum est, id. Ira, 3, 3, 5: cohortationis,

Val. Max. 2, 6, 2:

iracundiae,

Dig. 50, 17, 48:

Martius,

Stat. Achill. 2, 26; Luc. 2, 324 et saep.—

Esp., ardent love, the fire of love:

trahere calorem,

Ov. M. 11, 305; so id. H. 19, 173; Sil. 14, 223.—In plur. (cf. amores), Hor. C. 4, 9, 11; Ov. A. A. 1, 237.

Călŏr, ōris, m., a river in Samnium, now the Calore, Liv. 2, 14, 2; 25, 17, 1.

călor, ōris, m. [caleo; cf. Varr. ap. Non. p. 46, 22], warmth, heat, glow.

Lit.

In gen. (very freq. in prose and poet.): neque mihi ulla obsistet amnis nec calor;

nec frigus metuo,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 19; so (opp. frigus) Lucr. 2, 517; 6, 371; Cic. N. D. [p. 272] 2, 39, 101; Verg. G. 2, 344; 4, 36; (opp. refrigeratio) Vitr. 1, 4:

calor ignis,

Lucr. 1, 425:

solis,

id. 5, 571; 6, 514:

fulminis,

id. 6, 234.—In plur., Cic. Off. 2, 4, 13; id. N. D. 2, 60, 151; Hor. C. 3, 24, 37 al.—

Esp.

Vital heat; so, vitalis, Lucr. 3, 129; Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 27:

ut omnia quae aluntur atque crescunt, contineant in se vim caloris, sine quā neque ali possent neque crescere,

id. ib. 2, 9, 23:

omnis et una Dilapsus calor,

Verg. A. 4, 705.—

Summer heat, the warmth of summer:

vitandi caloris causā Lanuvii tres horas acquieveram,

Cic. Att. 13, 34 init.; id. de Or. 1, 62, 265.—Hence also for summer (opp. ver and autumnus), Lucr. 1, 175; Col. 11, 2, 48:

mediis caloribus,

in the midst of summer, Liv. 2, 5, 3; so plur.:

ut tectis saepti frigora caloresque pellamus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 152.—

The glow of a hot wind (cf. Lucr. 6, 323:

vis venti commixta calore): dum ficus prima calorque, etc.,

the burning heat of the parching Sirocco, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 5:

calores austrini,

Verg. G. 2, 270 (cf.:

calidi Austri,

Ov. M. 7, 532).—

The heat of a fever, Tib. 4, 11, 2.—

Trop.

In gen., the heat of passion, fire, zeal, ardor, impetuosity, vehemence (so perh. not before the Aug. per.; esp. freq. in Quint.; cf.:

ardor, fervor): si calor ac spiritus tulit,

Quint. 10, 7, 13:

Polus juvenili calore inconsideratior,

id. 2, 15, 28:

calor cogitationis, qui scribendi morā refrixit,

id. 10, 3, 6; cf. id. 9, 4, 113:

calorem cogitationis exstinguere,

id. 8, praef. §

27: et impetus,

id. 10, 3, 17:

dicendi,

id. 11, 3, 130:

lenis caloris alieni derisus,

id. 6, 2, 15:

dicentis,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 11; 2, 19, 2:

pietatis,

id. Pan. 3, 1:

ambitionis calor abducit a tutis,

Sen. Ben. 2, 14, 5:

quod calore aliquo gerendum est, id. Ira, 3, 3, 5: cohortationis,

Val. Max. 2, 6, 2:

iracundiae,

Dig. 50, 17, 48:

Martius,

Stat. Achill. 2, 26; Luc. 2, 324 et saep.—

Esp., ardent love, the fire of love:

trahere calorem,

Ov. M. 11, 305; so id. H. 19, 173; Sil. 14, 223.—In plur. (cf. amores), Hor. C. 4, 9, 11; Ov. A. A. 1, 237.

Călŏr, ōris, m., a river in Samnium, now the Calore, Liv. 2, 14, 2; 25, 17, 1.

solstĭtĭālis, e, adj. [solstitium].

Lit., of or belonging to the summer solstice, solstitial (opp. brumalis):

(sol) Brumales adeat flexus, atque inde revortens Cancri se ut vortat metas ad solstitiales,

Lucr. 5, 617:

dies,

the day on which the sun enters Cancer, the longest day, Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 94:

tempus,

Ov. F. 6, 790; Vitr. 9, 5:

nox,

i. e. the shortest, Ov. P. 2, 4, 26:

ortus sideris,

Just. 13, 7, 10:

circulus,

the tropic of Cancer, Varr. L. L. 9, § 24 Müll.; Plin. 2, 11, 8, § 50.—Called also orbis, Cic. N. D. 3, 14, 37:

exortus,

the point where the sun rises at the summer solstice, Plin. 18, 34, 77, § 333.—

Transf.

Of or belonging to midsummer or summer heat: herba, i. e. a summer plant or one that quickly withers, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 36; Aus. Prof. 6, 35; Plin. 26, 5, 14, § 26:

spinae,

Col. 2, 17, 1:

acini,

Plin. 14, 16, 18, § 99:

tempus,

Liv. 35, 49 Drak.:

caput Leonis,

Luc. 6, 338:

morbus,

the midsummer fever, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 143.—

Of or belonging to the sun, solar (for solaris):

annus, qui solstitiali circumagitur orbe,

in a solar revolution, Liv. 1, 19, 6;

for which, annus,

Serv. A. 4, 653:

plaga,

i. e. the south, Sol. 25.

solstĭtĭum, ii, n. [sol-sisto].

In gen., the time when the sun seems to stand still, either in Cancer or in Capricorn, the (summer or winter) solstice (so in gen. not till after the Aug. period):

solstitium aestivum... hibernum,

Col. 7, 3, 11:

aestivum,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 229:

brumale,

Col. 11, 2, 94:

solstitia et aequinoctia,

id. 9, 14, 12.—

In partic., the summer solstice, the longest day of the year (opp. bruma, the prevalent signif. of the word):

alter motus solis est... a brumā ad solstitium. Solstitium quod sol eo die sistere videbatur,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 8 Müll.; Cato, R. R. 104; Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 2; 1, 1, 46; Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 19; 2, 19, 50; id. Div. 2, 44, 93; Plin. 8, 43, 68, § 167; 18, 28, 68, § 264 al.—

Transf., in gen., summer time, the heat of summer ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. bruma, 2.): paenula solstitio, campestre nivalibus auris Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 18; Verg. G. 1, 100; Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 7; Sen. Ben. 1, 12, 3:

solstitium pecori defendite,

Verg. E. 7, 47.

* * *

* * *

ărista, ae, f. [perh. for acrista and akin to ācer, q. v., or perh. to aro, q. v.; cf. Germ. Aehre; Engl. ear (of corn); Germ. Ernte, harvest; Engl. earnest, fruit, pledge].

The awn or beard of grain: arista, quae ut acus tenuis longa eminete glumā;

proinde ut granitheca sit gluma, et apex arista,

Varr. R. R. 1, 48; * Cic. Sen. 15, 51; Ov. H. 5, 111; id. Tr. 4, 1, 57.—

Meton. (pars pro toto).

The ear itself:

maturae aristae,

Ov. F. 5, 357:

pinguis arista,

Verg. G. 1, 8; 1, 111; id. A. 7, 720.—Also, an ear of spikenard, Ov. M. 15, 398.—Hence,

Poet., summer:

Post aliquot, mea regna videns, mirabor aristas,

after some harvests, Verg. E. 1, 70:

necdum decimas emensus aristas Aggrederis metuenda viris,

having measured ten summers, Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 371 (cf. at the next grass, for next summer, an expression still common in the north of England; so, seven years old at the next grass, Sylvester's Dubartas; just fifteen, coming summer's grass, Swift).—

Poet. transf.,

Of the hair of men, Pers. 3, 115. —

Of the bones of fishes, Aus. Mos. 85; 119.—

Of plants in gen., Val. Fl. 6, 365.

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* * *

prĭor and prĭus (old form also in neutr. prior, Val. Antias and Quadrig. ap. Prisc. p. 767), ōris, adj. comp. [from obsol. prep. pri; v. primus init. ], former, previous, prior, freq. to be translated first; cf. superior; Cicero nearly always uses prior, opp. to posterior, in time; superior in sense of former, in gen. relation to the present, when no other time is expressed; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 921 sq.

Lit.:

ita priori posterius, posteriori superius non jungitur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 14, 44:

me quaestorem in primis, aedilem priorem, praetorem primum populus Romanus faciebat,

id. Pis. 1, 2:

qui prior has angustias occupaverit,

first, Caes. B. C. 1, 66:

prior proelio lacessere,

id. ib. 1, 82:

etsi utrique primas, priores tamen libenter deferunt Laelio,

Cic. Brut. 21, 84:

priore loco causam dicere,

first, id. Quint. 9, 32:

priore aestate,

in the former summer, last summer, id. Fam. 1, 9, 24:

priore nocte,

id. Cat. 1, 4, 8:

factum est enim meā culpā, ut priore anno non succederetur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2:

prioribus comitiis,

id. Planc. 22, 54:

priore anno,

the year before, Liv. 3, 9, 7; 3, 10, 14; 4, 56, 5:

prioris anni consules,

id. 4, 13, 10; 4, 17, 9:

Dionysius prior,

the elder, Nep. Dion, 1, 3:

vinum,

of last year, Plin. 14, 19, 24, § 120:

priore libro,

in the previous book, Col. 4, 22, 9:

pedes,

the forefeet, Nep. Eum. 5, 5; Plin. 8, 45, 70, § 181:

canities homini semper a priori parte capitis, tum deinde ab aversā,

the forepart, Plin. 11, 37, 47, § 131.—Pleon.:

cum prior Romanus exercitus praevenisset,

Liv. 9, 23, 2:

prius praecepta res erat,

id. 21, 32, 7; cf. id. 9, 23, 2.— Old neutr. prior: hoc senatusconsultum prior factum est, Val. Antias ap. Prisc. p. 767 P.:

prior bellum, Quadrig. ib.: foedus prior,

id. ib. (cf.: bellum Punicum posterior, Cass. Hem. ib.).—

Former, i. e. deceased (late Lat.):

inter prieres fratres,

Amm. 21, 6, 2.—

Subst.: prĭōres, um, m., forefathers, ancestors, the ancients ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

abiturus illuc, quo priores abierunt,

Phaedr. 4, 18, 16:

nomen dixere priores Ortygiam,

Verg. A. 3, 693:

nec ingeniis investigata priorum,

Ov. M. 15, 146; 332:

priores tradiderunt,

Col. 1, 4, 3:

nostri,

Plin. Ep. 3, 4:

more priorum,

Ov. M. 10, 218; Sen. Ep. 52, 2.—

Trop., better, superior, preferable, more excellent or important (not in Cic. and Cæs.):

bellante prior,

Hor. C. S. 51:

color puniceae flore prior rosae,

id. C. 4, 10, 4; Ov. H. 18, 69:

ut nemo haberetur prior,

Liv. 27, 8:

aetate et sapientiā,

Sall. J. 10, 7:

consilio et manu,

id. ib. 96, 3:

neque prius, neque antiquius quidquam habuit, quam, etc.,

Vell. 2, 52, 4.—Esp. with potior:

potius quanto prius potiusque est Philippum nobis conjungere quam hos,

Vell. 36, 7, 6:

nulla (res) prior potiorque visa est,

id. 8, 29, 2:

nihil prius nec potius visum,

id. 39, 47, 4: unus Plinius est mihi priores, i. e. worth more than they all, Sent. Augur. ap. Plin. Ep. 4, 27, 4:

artium multitudine prior omnibus, eloquentiā nulli secundus,

App. Flor. 2, p. 346.—Hence, adv. comp.: prĭus.

Before, sooner, first, previously (class.).

Alone:

quem fuit aequius, ut prius introieram in vitam, sic prius exire de vitā,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

regem prius Europā, post et Asiā, expellere,

Liv. 37, 52, 4:

ut vos prius experti estis, nunc Antiochus experitur,

id. 36, 17, 8; so,

prius... nunc,

Verg. G. 3, 362:

prius... tum,

Cato, R. R. 135; Liv. 34, 55, 5:

prius.... postea,

id. 29, 12, 11.—

With quam, and often joined in one word, priusquam.

Before that, before:

prius quam lucet, assunt,

before dawn, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 115:

prius illi erimus quam tu,

id. Ps. 2, 4, 68:

prius quam plane aspexit ilico eum esse dixit,

id. Rud. 4, 4, 87:

nihil prius mihi faciendum putavi, quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 4, 1, 1:

cui prius quam de ceteris rebus respondeo, de amicitiā pauca dicam,

before, id. Phil. 2, 1, 3:

quod ego, prius quam loqui coepisti, sensi,

id. Vatin. 2, 4:

neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53:

quid potius faciam, prius quam me dormitum conferam, non reperio,

Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 1:

priusquam aggrediar, etc.,

id. Balb. 7, 18:

prius quam ad portam venias,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44.—

Sooner, rather:

Aegyptii quamvis carnificinam prius subierint, quam ibin aut aspidem violent,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 27, 78; id. Lig. 12, 34; Caes. B. C. 3, 1.—Sometimes in an inverted order:

ad hoc genus hominum duravi, quam prius me ad plures penetravi,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 13; Prop. 2, 14, 11 (3, 10, 10); v. Zumpt, Gram. § 576.—

In gen., formerly, in former times ( poet.), Cat. 51, 13:

sed haec prius fuere: nunc, etc.,

id. 4, 25; Prop. 1, 1, 18.