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  • 101 Leblanc, Nicolas

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, France
    d. 16 January 1806 Paris, France
    [br]
    French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.
    [br]
    Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).
    For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Leblanc, Nicolas

  • 102 Lebon, Philippe

    SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities
    [br]
    b. 29 May 1767 Bruchey, near Joinville, France
    d. 2 December 1804 Paris, France
    [br]
    French pioneer of gas lighting.
    [br]
    Lebon was the son of a court official under Louis XV. He entered the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées and graduated in 1792, by which time he had acquired a considerable reputation as a scientific engineer. He is credited with the invention of the firetube steam boiler and of the superheater, and he also devised an engine to work by gas, but from 1792 until his untimely death he worked mainly on his experiments to produce an inflammable gas for lighting purposes. He submitted a paper on the subject in 1799 to the Institut National and received a patent in the same year. The patent covers the detailed making and application of gas for light, heat and power, and the recovery of by-products. It describes the production of the gas by the carbonization of coal, although Lebon in feet used only wood gas for his experiments and demonstrations. He began demonstrations in a private house in Paris, but these attracted little attention. He achieved wider public interest when he moved to the Hôtel Seignelay, where he started a series of public demonstrations in 1801, but he attracted little profit, and in fact lost his money in his experiments. He then set up a plant near Rouen to manufacture wood tar, but his career was brought to an end by his brutal murder in the Champs Elysées in Paris. William Murdock was working along similar lines in England, although Lebon knew nothing of his experiments. The German entrepreneur F.A. Winsor visited Lebon and managed to discover the essentials of his processes, which he turned to good account in England with the founding of the Gas, Light \& Coke Company.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    S.T.McCloy, 1952, French Inventors of the Eighteenth Century.
    A.Fayol, 1943, Philippe Lebon et le gaz d'éclair-age.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Lebon, Philippe

  • 103 Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1754 Tours, France
    d. 1793 Mainz, Germany
    [br]
    French designer of the "dirigible balloon" (airship).
    [br]
    Just a few days after the first balloon flight by the relatively primitive Montgolfier hot-air balloon, a design for a sophisticated steerable or "dirigible" balloon was proposed by a young French army officer. On 3 December 1783, Lieutenant (later General) Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier of the Corps of Engineers presented to the Académie des Sciences a paper entitled Mémoire sur l'équilibre des machines aérostatiques. This outlined Meusnier's ideas and so impressed the learned members of the Academy that they commissioned him to make a more complete study. This was published in 1784 and contained sixteen water-colour drawings of the proposed airship, which are preserved by the Musée de l'Air in Paris.
    Meusnier's "machine aérostatique" was ellipsoidal in shape, in contrast to those of his unsuccessful contemporaries who tried to make spherical balloons steerable, often using oars for propulsion. Meusnier's proposed airship was 79.2 m (260 ft) long with the crew in a slim boat slung below the envelope (in case of a landing on water); it was steered by a large sail-like rudder at the rear end. Between the envelope and the boat were three propellers, which were to be manually driven as there was no suitable engine available; this was the first design for a propeller-driven aircraft. The most important innovation was a ballonnet, a balloon within the main envelope that was pressurized with air supplied by bellows in the boat. Varying the amount of air in the ballonnet would compensate for changes in the volume of hydrogen gas in the main envelope when the airship changed altitude. The ballonnet would also help to maintain the external shape of the main envelope.
    General Meusnier was killed in action in 1793 and it was almost one hundred years from the date of his publication that his idea of ballonnets was put into practice, by Dupuy de Lome in 1872, and later by Renard and Krebs.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1784, Mémoire sur l'équilibre des machines aérostatiques, Paris; repub. Paris: Musée de l'Air.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London (paperback 1985). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie

  • 104 Michaux, Pierre

    SUBJECT AREA: Land transport
    [br]
    b. 1813
    d. 1883
    [br]
    French bicycle maker and developer, in partnership with his son Ernest (1849– 89).
    [br]
    Pierre Michaux has been variously described as a cabinet-maker, a locksmith and a carriage-repairer. He probably combined all these occupations. He had a workshop near the Champs Elysées in Paris in 1861 where he set up a business in the manufacture of bicycles. His machines, which became known as Michaulines, were largely built of wood but had the great advantage over the draisienne that the rider's feet rested on a pair of pedals connected to the axle of the front wheel. In the late 1850s solid rubber tyres were added to the wheels. In 1865 Michaux et Cie built about four hundred Michaulines. By 1866–7 they had developed a new model with a wrought-iron frame and a larger front wheel. This machine was shown at the World Exhibition held in Paris in 1867 and the company received many orders, including one from the invalid Napoleon III. The Prince Imperial also had a Michauline. Late in the 1860s the Olivier brothers invested 100,000 francs in Michaux et Cie, allowing the firm to move to a 2 1/2-acre (1-he-care) factory near the Arc de Triomphe. Soon afterwards, Michaux père accepted a 200,000 franc payment and left the firm, which continued to flourish. In the early 1870s the Olivier brothers were building as many as two hundred machines each day. By 1870 they employed 500 workers using fifty-seven forges. There were in addition about sixty other bicycle makers in Paris and fifteen in provincial France.
    The 1867 Michauline had a metal backbone and a lever-shoe brake; the saddle was mounted on a single leaf spring; slotted cranks allowed the effective crank length to be adjusted; and the machine weighed 59 lb (27 kg).
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Science Museum, 1955, Cycles: History and Development, London: HMSO. J.McGunn, 1987, On Tour Bicycle: An Illustrated History of Cycling, London: John Murray.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Michaux, Pierre

  • 105 Phillips, Edouard

    [br]
    b. 21 May 1821 Paris, France
    d. 14 December 1889 Pouligny-Saint-Martin, France
    [br]
    French engineer and mathematician who achieved isochronous oscillations of a balance by deriving the correct shape for the balance spring.
    [br]
    Phillips was educated in Paris, at the Ecole Polytechnic and the Ecole des Mines. In 1849 he was awarded a doctorate in mathematical sciences by the University of Paris. He had a varied career in industry, academic and government institutions, rising to be Inspector- General of Mines in 1882.
    It was well known that the balance of a watch or chronometer fitted with a simple spiral or helical spring was not isochronous, i.e. the period of the oscillation was not entirely independent of the amplitude. Watch-and chronometer-makers, notably Breguet and Arnold, had devised empirical solutions to the problem by altering the curvature of the end of the balance spring. In 1858 Phillips was encouraged to tackle the problem mathematically, and two years later he published a complete solution for the helical balance spring and a partial solution for the more complex spiral spring. Eleven years later he was able to achieve a complete solution for the spiral spring by altering the curvature of both ends of the spring. Phillips published a series of typical curves that the watch-or chronometer-maker could use to shape the ends of the balance spring.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Académie des Sciences 1868. Chairman, Jury on Mechanics, Universal Exhibition 1889.
    Bibliography
    1861, "Mémoire sur l'application de la Théorie du Spiral Réglant", Annales des Mines 20:1–107.
    1878, Comptes Rendus 86:26–31.
    An English translation (by J.D.Weaver) of both the above papers was published by the Antiquarian Horological Society in 1978 (Monograph No. 15).
    Further Reading
    J.D.Weaver, 1989, "Edouard Phillips: a centenary appreciation", Horological Journal 132: 205–6 (a good short account).
    F.J.Britten, 1978, Britten's Watch and Clock Maker's Handbook, 16th edn, rev. R Good (a description of the practical applications of the balance spring).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Phillips, Edouard

  • 106 Poitevin, Alphonse Louise

    [br]
    b. 1819 Conflans, France
    d. 1882 Conflans, France
    [br]
    French chemical engineer who established the essential principles of photolithography, carbon printing and collotype printing.
    [br]
    Poitevin graduated as a chemical engineer from the Ecole Centrale in Paris in 1843. He was appointed as a chemist with the Salines National de l'Est, a post which allowed him time for research, and he soon became interested in the recent invention of photography. He conducted a series of electrolytic experiments on daguerreotype plates in 1847 and 1848 which led him to propose a method of photochemical engraving on plates coated with silver or gold. In 1850 he joined the firm of Periere in Lyons, and the same year travelled to Paris. During the 1850s, Poitevin conducted a series of far-reaching experiments on the reactions of chromates with light, and in 1855 he took out two important patents which exploited the light sensitivity of bichromated gelatine. Poitevin's work during this period is generally recognized as having established the essential principles of photolithography, carbon printing and collotype printing, key steps in the development of modern photomechanical printing. His contribution to the advancement of photography was widely recognized and honours were showered upon him. Particularly welcome was the greater part of the 10,000 franc prize awarded by the Duke of Lynes, a wealthy art lover, for the discovery of permanent photographic printing processes. This sum was not sufficient to allow Poitevin to stop working, however, and in 1869 he resumed his career as a chemical engineer, first managing a glass works and then travelling to Africa to work in silver mines. Upon the death of his father he returned to his home town, where he remained until his own death in 1882.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1865. Paris Exposition Internationale Gold Medal for Services to Photography, 1878.
    Bibliography
    December 1855, British patent nos 2,815, 2,816.
    Further Reading
    G.Tissandiers, 1876, A History and Handbook of Photography, trans. J.Thomson. J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Poitevin, Alphonse Louise

  • 107 Robert, Nicolas Louis

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 2 December 1761 Paris, France
    d. 8 August 1828 Dreux, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the papermaking machine.
    [br]
    Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.
    It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Papermaking Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 279–83 (provides a full description of Robert's invention and patent, together with a biography).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Robert, Nicolas Louis

  • 108 Branly, Edouard Eugène

    [br]
    b. 23 October 1844 Amiens, France
    d. 24 March 1940 Paris, France
    [br]
    French electrical engineer, who c.1890 invented the coherer for detecting radio waves.
    [br]
    Branly received his education at the Lycée de Saint Quentin in the Département de l'Aisne and at the Henri IV College of Paris University, where he became a Fellow of the University, graduating as a Doctor of Physics in 1873. That year he was appointed a professor at the College of Bourges and Director of Physics Instruction at the Sorbonne. Three years later he moved to the Free School in Paris as Professor of Advanced Studies. In addition to these responsibilities, he qualified as an MD in 1882 and practised medicine from 1896 to 1916. Whilst carrying out experiments with Hertzian (radio) waves in 1890, Branly discovered that a tube of iron filings connected to a source of direct voltage only became conductive when the radio waves were present. This early form of rectifier, which he called a coherer and which needed regular tapping to maintain its response, was used to operate a relay when the waves were turned on and off by Morse signals, thus providing the first practical radio communication.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Papal Order of Commander of St George 1899. Légion d'honneur, Chevalier 1900, Commandeur 1925. Osiris Prize (jointly with Marie Curie) 1903. Argenteuil Prize and Associate of the Royal Belgian Academy 1910. Member of the Academy of Science 1911. State Funeral at Notre Dame Cathedral.
    Bibliography
    Amongst his publications in Comptes rendus were "Conductivity of mediocre conductors", "Conductivity of gases", "Telegraphic conduction without wires" and "Conductivity of imperfect conductors realised at a distance by wireless by spark discharge of a capacitor".
    Further Reading
    E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen. E.Larien, 1971, A History of Invention, London: Victor Gollancz.
    V.J.Phillips: 1980, Early Radio Wave Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Branly, Edouard Eugène

  • 109 Carrel, Alexis

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 28 June 1873 Lyon, France
    d. 5 November 1944 Paris, France
    [br]
    French surgeon and experimental biologist, pioneer of blood-vessel repair techniques and "in vitro" tissue culture.
    [br]
    He entered the university of Lyon as a medical student in 1890, but although attached to the Chasseurs Alpins as a surgeon, and to the department of anatomy, he did not qualify as a doctor until 1900. Soon after, he developed an interest in the repair of blood vessels and reported his first successes in 1902.
    In consequence of local political difficulties he left for Paris, and after a further year, in 1904, he became Assistant in Physiology at the University of Chicago. His further development of vascular surgical advances led to organ transplants in animals. By 1908 he had moved to in vitro cultivation of heart tissue from a chick embryo (a culture of which, in the care of an assistant, outlived him).
    He returned to service in the French Army in 1914 and was associated with Dakin in developing the irrigation treatment of infected wounds. In 1930 he initiated a programme aimed at the cultivation of whole organs, and with the assistance of a pump developed by Charles Lindbergh he succeeded in maintaining thyroid gland and kidney tissue for some weeks. Something of a mystic, Carrel returned to France in 1939 to head his Institute for the Study of Human Problems.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology 1912.
    Bibliography
    1911, "The surgery of blood vessels", Johns Hopkins Bulletin.
    1911, "Rejuvenation of cultures of tissues", Journal of the American Medical Association.
    1938, The Culture of Organs, New York. 1938, Man the Unknown, New York.
    Further Reading
    R.Soupault, 1952, Alexis Carrel. 1873–1944, Paris (contains full bibliography of papers).
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Carrel, Alexis

  • 110 Garnier, Tony

    [br]
    b. 13 August 1869 Lyon, France
    d. 19 January 1948 Bedoule, France
    [br]
    French architect and urban planner, a pioneer of the concept of segregation of pedestrian and wheeled traffic and of the use of concrete in building construction.
    [br]
    Garnier spent almost all his life in Lyon, apart from the years that he passed in Rome as a result of winning the Prix de Rome in 1889. While there, he evolved his concept of the cité industrielle, plans of which he exhibited and published early in the twentieth century. This was an idealized town, powered electrically, with its industrial areas separated from leisure ones. Garnier envisaged flat-roofed buildings supported on pilotis, with glass cladding, a steel structure, and extensive use of concrete. He proposed that each family should occupy its own house in a garden-city concept. In 1905 Garnier became city architect to Lyon, where he was able to carry out some of his ideas of the cité industrielle. He used concrete widely in such schemes as the municipal stadium, the Abattoirs de la Mouche and various housing schemes.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Conseil Supérieur de l'Orde des Architectes. Honorary Degree Princeton University, USA.
    Bibliography
    1932, Une Cité industrielle, Paris: Vincent.
    Further Reading
    C.Pawlowski, 1967, Tony Garnier et les débuts de l'urbanisme functionnel en France, Paris: Centre de la Recherche d'Urbanisme.
    M.Rovigalti, 1985, Tony Garnier: Architettura per la città industriale, Rome: Officini Edizioni.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Garnier, Tony

  • 111 Thévénin, Léon Charles

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 30 March 1857 Paris, France
    d. 21 September 1926 Paris, France
    [br]
    French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's Law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits.
    [br]
    Following a basic education, Thévénin entered the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, graduating in 1876. In 1878 he joined the Corps of Telegraph Engineers (which subsequently became the French PTT). There he initially worked on the development of long-distance underground telegraph lines, but he later switched to working on power lines. Appointed a teaching inspector at the Ecole Supérieure in 1882, he became increasingly interested in the problems of measurement in electrical circuits. As a result of studying Kirchoff's Laws, which were essentially derived from Ohm's Law, he developed his now-famous theorem which made it possible to calculate the currents in more complex electrical circuits.
    As well as becoming Head of the Bureau des Lignes, up until his death he also found time for teaching other subjects outside the Ecole, including a course in mechanics at the Institut National Agronomique. In 1896 he was appointed Director of the Telegraph Engineering School, then, in 1901, Engineer-in-Chief of the telegraph workshops. He retired in 1914.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1883, "Extension of Ohm's Law to complex electrical circuits", Comptes rendus 97:159 (describes Thévénin's Theorem).
    Further Reading
    F.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers'Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, Section 3 (summarizes the relevant circuit theory).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Thévénin, Léon Charles

  • 112 Türck, Ludwig

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 22 July 1810 Vienna, Austria
    d. 25 February 1868 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian neurologist, developer of the techniques of laryngoscopy.
    [br]
    The son of a wealthy jeweller, he attended medical school in Vienna and qualified in 1836. Until 1844 he was engaged in research into the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. In 1844, while on a visit to Paris, he came to the attention of Baron Türckheim, Director of the General Hospital in Vienna. The consequence was the establishment of a special division of the hospital for nervous diseases, with Türck in charge.
    In 1857 he was appointed Chief Physician to the largest hospital in Vienna and at the same time he became aware of the invention in 1855 by Manuel García, a music teacher of Paris, of a practical laryngoscope. Türck adapted the apparatus to clinical purposes and proceeded to establish the diagnostic and therapeutic techniques required for its efficient use. Some conflict over priority ensued following a publication by Johann Nepomuk Czermak in 1858, but eventually a professional declaration asserted Türck's priority.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1862, Recherches cliniques sur diverses maladies du larynx, de la trachée et du pharynx étudiées à l'aide du laryngoscope, Paris.
    Papers in Allgemein. Wien. med. Zeit. 1856–68.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Türck, Ludwig

  • 113 Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 1808 France
    d. 1835
    [br]
    French instrument maker who devised the first machine to incorporate the basic elements of a modern electric generator.
    [br]
    Mechanical devices to transform energy from a mechanical to an electrical form followed shortly after Faraday's discovery of induction. One of the earliest was Pixii's magneto generator. Pixii had been an instrument maker to Arago and Ampère for a number of years and his machine was first announced to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in September 1832. In this hand-driven generator a permanent magnet was rotated in close proximity to two coils on soft iron cores, producing an alternating current. Subsequently Pixii adapted to a larger version of his machine a "see-saw" switch or commutator devised by Ampère, in order to obtain a unidirectional current. The machine provided a current similar to that obtained with a chemical cell and was capable of decomposing water into oxygen and hydrogen. It was the prototype of many magneto-electric machines which followed.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Academy of Sciences, Paris, Gold Medal 1832.
    Further Reading
    B.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 70–2 (describes the development of Pixii's generator).
    C.Jackson, 1833, "Notice of the revolving electric magnet of Mr Pixii of Paris", American Journal of Science 24:146–7.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte

  • 114 home

    1. noun
    1) Heim, das; (flat) Wohnung, die; (house) Haus, das; (household) [Eltern]haus, das

    my home is in Leeds — ich bin in Leeds zu Hause od. wohne in Leeds

    leave/have left home — aus dem Haus gehen/sein

    live at home — im Elternhaus wohnen

    they had no home/homes [of their own] — sie hatten kein Zuhause

    at home — zu Hause; (not abroad) im Inland

    be/feel at home — (fig.) sich wohl fühlen

    make somebody feel at home — es jemandem behaglich machen

    make yourself at home — fühl dich wie zu Hause

    he is quite at home in French — er ist im Französischen ganz gut zu Hause

    2) (fig.)

    to take an example nearer home,... — um ein Beispiel zu nehmen, das uns näher liegt,...

    3) (native country) die Heimat

    at home — zu Hause; in der Heimat

    4) (institution) Heim, das; (coll.): (mental home) Anstalt, die (salopp)
    2. adjective
    1) (connected with home) Haus-; Haushalts[gerät usw.]
    2) (done at home) häuslich; Selbst[backen, homebrauen usw.]
    3) (in the neighbourhood of home) nahe gelegen
    4) (Sport) Heim[spiel, -sieg, -mannschaft]; [Anhänger, Spieler] der Heimmannschaft
    5) (not foreign) [ein]heimisch; inländisch
    3. adverb
    1) (to home) nach Hause

    on one's way home — auf dem Weg nach Hause od. Nachhauseweg

    he takes home £200 a week after tax — er verdient 200 Pfund netto in der Woche

    nothing to write home about — (coll.) nichts Besonderes od. Aufregendes

    2) (arrived at home) zu Hause

    be home and dry — (fig.) aus dem Schneider sein (ugs.)

    3) (as far as possible)

    push home — [ganz] hineinschieben [Schublade]; ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    press home — [ganz] hinunterdrücken [Hebel]; forcieren [Angriff]; [voll] ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    drive home — [ganz] einschlagen [Nagel]

    4)

    come or get home to somebody — (become fully realized) jemandem in vollem Ausmaß bewusst werden; see also academic.ru/62935/roost">roost 1.

    4. intransitive verb
    1) [Vogel usw.:] zurückkehren
    2) (be guided)

    these missiles home [in] on their targets — diese Flugkörper suchen sich (Dat.) ihr Ziel

    3)

    home in/on something — (fig.) etwas herausgreifen

    * * *
    [həum] 1. noun
    1) (the house, town, country etc where a person etc usually lives: I work in London but my home is in Bournemouth; When I retire, I'll make my home in Bournemouth; Africa is the home of the lion; We'll have to find a home for the kitten.) die Heimat
    2) (the place from which a person, thing etc comes originally: America is the home of jazz.) die Heimat
    3) (a place where children without parents, old people, people who are ill etc live and are looked after: an old folk's home; a nursing home.) das Heim
    4) (a place where people stay while they are working: a nurses' home.) das Heim
    5) (a house: Crumpy Construction build fine homes for fine people; He invited me round to his home.) die Wohnung
    2. adjective
    1) (of a person's home or family: home comforts.) häuslich
    2) (of the country etc where a person lives: home produce.) einheimisch
    3) ((in football) playing or played on a team's own ground: the home team; a home game.) Heim-...
    3. adverb
    1) (to a person's home: I'm going home now; Hallo - I'm home!) nach, zu Hause
    2) (completely; to the place, position etc a thing is intended to be: He drove the nail home; Few of his punches went home; These photographs of the war brought home to me the suffering of the soldiers.) bis ans Ziel, jemandem etwas klarmachen
    •
    - homeless
    - homely
    - homeliness
    - homing
    - home-coming
    - home-grown
    - homeland
    - home-made
    - home rule
    - homesick
    - homesickness
    - homestead
    - home truth
    - homeward
    - homewards
    - homeward
    - homework
    - at home
    - be/feel at home
    - home in on
    - leave home
    - make oneself at home
    - nothing to write home about
    * * *
    [həʊm, AM hoʊm]
    I. n
    1. (abode) Zuhause nt
    haven't you got a \home to go to? ( iron) hast du [denn] kein Zuhause? iron
    away from \home auswärts
    to be away from \home von zu Hause weg sein
    to come straight from \home direkt von zu Hause kommen
    to be a \home from [or AM, AUS away from] \home ein zweites Zuhause sein
    to be \home to sb/sth:
    the city is \home to about 700 refugees in der Stadt wohnen ca. 700 Flüchtlinge
    the museum is \home to a large collection of manuscripts das Museum besitzt eine große Manuskriptensammlung
    to be not at \home to sb für jdn nicht zu sprechen sein
    to give sb/an animal a \home jdm/einem Tier ein Zuhause geben
    to leave \home ausziehen; child das Elternhaus verlassen, von zu Hause ausziehen
    to make a country/town one's \home sich in einer Stadt/einem Land niederlassen
    to make oneself at \home es sich dat gemütlich machen
    to set up \home sich akk häuslich niederlassen
    to work from \home zu Hause [o von zu Hause aus] arbeiten
    at \home, in one's [own] \home, in the \home zu Hause, zuhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ
    2. (house) Haus nt; (flat) Wohnung f
    luxury \home Luxusheim nt
    starter \home erstes eigenes Heim
    to move \home umziehen
    3. (family) Zuhause nt kein pl
    to come from a broken \home aus zerrütteten Familienverhältnissen stammen, aus einem kaputten Zuhause kommen fam
    to come from a good \home aus gutem Hause kommen geh
    happy \home glückliches Zuhause
    4. (institute) Heim nt
    old people's \home Altersheim nt
    5. (place of origin) Heimat f; (of people also) Zuhause nt kein pl
    England feels like \home to me now ich fühle mich inzwischen in England zu Hause
    at \home in der Heimat, zu Hause
    at \home and abroad im In- und Ausland
    to loose/win away from \home auswärts verlieren/gewinnen
    to play at \home zu Hause spielen
    7. (finish) Ziel nt
    8. (win) Heimsieg m
    9. no pl COMPUT (for the cursor) Ausgangsstellung f; (on the key)
    “\home” „Pos. 1“
    10.
    ▶ who's he/she when he's/she's at \home? ( fam) wer, bitteschön, ist er/sie [denn] überhaupt?
    ▶ charity begins at \home ( prov) man muss zuerst an die eigene Familie denken
    ▶ to be close [or near] to \home:
    that remark was close to \home das hat richtig gesessen fam
    ▶ to eat sb out of house and \home ( fam) jdm die Haare vom Kopf fressen fam
    ▶ an Englishman's \home is his castle ( prov) dem Engländer bedeutet sein Zuhause sehr viel
    ▶ to be [or feel] at \home with sb sich akk bei jdm wohl fühlen
    ▶ \home is where the heart is ( prov) Zuhause ist, wo das Herz zu Hause ist
    ▶ there's no place like \home ( prov) daheim ist's doch am schönsten
    ▶ \home sweet \home ( saying) trautes Heim, Glück allein
    II. adv inv
    1. (at one's abode) zu Hause, zuhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ, daheim bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ; (to one's abode) nach Hause, nachhause ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ
    are you \home this afternoon? bist du heute Nachmittag zu Hause?
    hello! I'm \home! hallo! ich bin wieder da!
    on my way \home auf dem Nachhauseweg
    to come/go \home nach Hause kommen/gehen
    to go/return \home in seine Heimat zurückgehen/zurückkehren
    to send sb \home jdn zurück in die [o seine] Heimat schicken
    3. (to sb's understanding)
    the danger really came \home to me when I... die Gefahr wurde mir erst richtig bewusst, als ich...
    to bring sth \home [to sb] [jdm] etw klarmachen
    to drive [or hammer] [or ram] it \home that... unmissverständlich klarmachen, dass...
    she really drove \home the message that we need to economize sie machte uns unmissverständlich klar, dass wir sparen müssen
    sth hit [or went] \home etw hat gesessen fam
    her remarks really hit \home ihre Bemerkungen haben echt gesessen! fam
    to push [or press] \home ⇆ sth etw dat [besonderen] Nachdruck verleihen
    4. (to a larger extent)
    she pressed \home her attack on his bishop sie verstärkte den Angriff auf seinen Läufer
    to push \home an advantage [or an advantage \home] einen Vorteil ausnutzen
    5. (to its final position)
    to push the bolt \home den Türriegel vorschieben
    to hit [or strike] \home missile das Ziel treffen
    to press/screw sth \home etw gut festdrücken/festschrauben
    to get \home das Ziel erreichen
    7.
    ▶ to bring \home the bacon ( fam) die Brötchen verdienen fam
    ▶ until [or till] the cows come \home ( fam) bis in alle Ewigkeit
    I could drink this wine till the cows come \home diesen Wein könnte ich endlos weitertrinken fam
    ▶ to be \home and dry [or AUS hosed], AM to be \home free seine Schäfchen ins Trockene gebracht haben fig fam
    ▶ it's nothing to write \home about es ist nicht gerade umwerfend [o haut einen nicht gerade vom Hocker] fam
    ▶ \home, James[, and don't spare the horses]! ( dated or hum) so schnell wie nur möglich nach Hause!
    III. vi ( fam)
    1. (find its aim) [selbstständig] sein Ziel finden; (move) sein Ziel ansteuern
    ▪ to \home in on sth (find its aim) sich [selbstständig] auf etw akk ausrichten; (move) genau auf etw akk zusteuern
    2. (focus)
    ▪ to \home in on sth [sich dat] etw herausgreifen
    * * *
    [həʊm]
    1. n
    1) (= where one lives) Zuhause nt, Heim nt; (= house) Haus nt; (= country, area etc) Heimat f

    a loving/good home — ein liebevolles/gutes Zuhause

    gifts for the home — Geschenke pl für das Haus or die Wohnung

    a long way from home — weit von zu Hause weg or entfernt; (in different country also) weit von der Heimat entfernt

    to find a home for sb/an animal — ein Zuhause für jdn/ein Tier finden

    at home — zu Hause; (Comm) im Inland; (Sport) auf eigenem Platz

    the next match will be at home —

    Miss Hooper is not at home today Miss Hooper is not at home to anyone today — Frau Hooper ist heute nicht zu Hause or nicht da Frau Hooper ist heute für niemanden zu Hause or zu sprechen

    I don't feel at home with this new theory yet — ich komme mit dieser neuen Theorie noch nicht ganz zurecht

    to make oneself at home — es sich (dat) gemütlich or bequem machen

    Scotland is the home of the haggis — Schottland ist die Heimat des Haggis, das Haggis ist in Schottland zu Hause

    the city/this building is home to some 1,500 students — in dieser Stadt/diesem Gebäude wohnen etwa 1.500 Studenten or sind etwa 1.500 Studenten zu Hause

    there's no place like home (Prov) — daheim ist daheim (prov), eigener Herd ist Goldes wert (Prov)

    home sweet home (Prov) — trautes Heim, Glück allein (Prov)

    2) (= institution) Heim nt; (for orphans) Waisenhaus nt, Heim nt; (for blind) Heim nt, Anstalt f → nursing home
    See:
    → nursing home
    3) (ZOOL, BOT) Heimat f
    4) (SPORT) (= base) Mal nt; (RACING) Ziel nt
    2. adv
    1) (position) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw), daheim; (with verb of motion) nach Hause, nachhause (Aus, Sw), heim

    to go home (to house) — nach Hause or (Aus, Sw) nachhause gehen/fahren; (to country) heimfahren

    on the way home —

    the first runner home — der Erste, der durchs Ziel geht

    to get home — nach Hause or (Aus, Sw) nachhause kommen, heimkommen; (in race) durchs Ziel gehen

    I have to get home before ten — ich muss vor zehn zu Hause or (Aus, Sw) zuhause or daheim sein

    2)

    (= to the mark) to drive a nail home — einen Nagel einschlagen

    it came home to him that... — es wurde ihm klar, dass...

    to strike home (torpedo etc) — treffen; ( fig : remark ) ins Schwarze treffen, sitzen (inf)

    See:
    3. vi
    (pigeons) heimkehren
    * * *
    home [həʊm]
    A s
    1. Heim n:
    a) Haus n, (eigene) Wohnung
    b) Zuhause n, Daheim n
    c) Elternhaus n:
    at home zu Hause, daheim (beide, auch SPORT)( → A 2);
    at home in ( oder on, with) zu Hause in (einem Fachgebiet etc), bewandert in (dat), vertraut mit;
    be at home in London in London zu Hause sein;
    not be at home (to sb) nicht zu sprechen sein (für jemanden);
    feel at home sich wie zu Hause fühlen;
    make o.s. at home es sich bequem machen; tun, als ob man zu Hause wäre;
    he made his home at er ließ sich in (dat) nieder;
    leave home von zu Hause fortgehen;
    work from home von zu Hause aus arbeiten;
    away from home abwesend, verreist, besonders SPORT auswärts;
    a home from home, US a home away from home ein Ort, an dem man sich wie zu Hause fühlt;
    pleasures of home häusliche Freuden
    2. Heimat f ( auch BOT, ZOOL und fig), Geburts-, Vaterland n:
    the US is the home of baseball die USA sind die Heimat des Baseball;
    a) im Lande, in der Heimat,
    b) im Inland, daheim,
    c) im (englischen) Mutterland ( → A 1);
    at home and abroad im In- und Ausland;
    Paris is his second home Paris ist seine zweite Heimat;
    a letter from home ein Brief aus der Heimat oder von zu Hause
    3. (ständiger oder jetziger) Wohnort, Heimatort m:
    he has made London his home er hat sich in London niedergelassen
    4. Zufluchtsort m:
    last ( oder long) home letzte Ruhestätte
    5. Heim n:
    home for the aged Alters-, Altenheim;
    home for the blind Blindenheim, -anstalt f; → children, orphan A
    6. SPORT Ziel n
    7. SPORT
    a) Heimspiel n
    b) Heimsieg m
    B adj
    1. Heim…:
    a) häuslich
    b) zu Haus ausgeübt:
    home banking COMPUT etc Homebanking n (Abwicklung von Bankgeschäften von zu Hause aus);
    home circle Familienkreis m;
    home computer Homecomputer m (kleinerer Computer für den häuslichen Anwendungsbereich);
    home cooking das Kochen zu Hause;
    home difficulties häusliche Schwierigkeiten;
    home life häusliches Leben, Familienleben n;
    home mechanic Bastler(in), Heimwerker(in);
    home remedy Hausmittel n
    2. Heimat…:
    home address Heimat- oder Privatanschrift f;
    home fleet SCHIFF Flotte f in Heimatgewässern;
    home forces MIL im Heimatland stationierte Streitkräfte;
    home waters SCHIFF heimatliche Gewässer
    3. einheimisch, inländisch, Inlands…, Binnen…:
    home affairs POL innere Angelegenheiten, Innenpolitik f;
    home demand WIRTSCH Inlandsbedarf m;
    home market WIRTSCH Inlands-, Binnenmarkt m;
    home trade WIRTSCH Binnenhandel m
    4. SPORT
    a) Heim…:
    home advantage (defeat, game, team, win, etc);
    home record Heimbilanz f;
    home strength Heimstärke f;
    home weakness Heimschwäche f
    b) Ziel…: → home straight
    5. TECH Normal…:
    6. Rück…:
    7. a) gezielt, wirkungsvoll (Schlag etc)
    b) fig treffend, beißend (Bemerkung etc):
    home question gezielte oder peinliche Frage; → home thrust, home truth
    C adv
    1. heim, nach Hause:
    the way home der Heimweg;
    go home heimgehen, nach Hause gehen ( → C 3);
    take home netto verdienen oder bekommen;
    that’s nothing to write home about umg das ist nichts Besonderes oder nicht so toll oder nicht gerade berauschend, darauf brauchst du dir nichts einzubilden; → come home, get C 1
    2. zu Hause, daheim:
    welcome home!;
    a) in Sicherheit sein,
    b) hundertprozentig sicher sein
    3. fig
    a) ins Ziel oder Schwarze
    b) im Ziel, im Schwarzen
    c) bis zum Ausgangspunkt
    d) so weit wie möglich, ganz:
    bring ( oder drive) sth home to sb jemandem etwas klarmachen oder beibringen oder zum Bewusstsein bringen oder vor Augen führen;
    bring a charge home to sb jemanden überführen;
    drive a nail home einen Nagel fest einschlagen;
    go ( oder get, strike) home sitzen umg, treffen, seine Wirkung tun ( → C 1);
    the thrust went home der Hieb saß
    D v/i
    1. besonders ZOOL zurückkehren
    2. FLUG
    a) (mittels Leitstrahl) das Ziel anfliegen:
    home on ( oder in) a beam einem Leitstrahl folgen
    b) automatisch auf ein Ziel zusteuern (Rakete):
    home in on ein Ziel automatisch ansteuern, fig sich sofort etwas herausgreifen
    E v/t ein Flugzeug (mittels Radar) einweisen, herunterholen umg
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Heim, das; (flat) Wohnung, die; (house) Haus, das; (household) [Eltern]haus, das

    leave/have left home — aus dem Haus gehen/sein

    they had no home/homes [of their own] — sie hatten kein Zuhause

    at home — zu Hause; (not abroad) im Inland

    be/feel at home — (fig.) sich wohl fühlen

    2) (fig.)

    to take an example nearer home,... — um ein Beispiel zu nehmen, das uns näher liegt,...

    3) (native country) die Heimat

    at home — zu Hause; in der Heimat

    4) (institution) Heim, das; (coll.): (mental home) Anstalt, die (salopp)
    2. adjective
    1) (connected with home) Haus-; Haushalts[gerät usw.]
    2) (done at home) häuslich; Selbst[backen, homebrauen usw.]
    4) (Sport) Heim[spiel, -sieg, -mannschaft]; [Anhänger, Spieler] der Heimmannschaft
    5) (not foreign) [ein]heimisch; inländisch
    3. adverb
    1) (to home) nach Hause

    he takes home £200 a week after tax — er verdient 200 Pfund netto in der Woche

    nothing to write home about — (coll.) nichts Besonderes od. Aufregendes

    2) (arrived at home) zu Hause

    be home and dry — (fig.) aus dem Schneider sein (ugs.)

    push home — [ganz] hineinschieben [Schublade]; ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    press home — [ganz] hinunterdrücken [Hebel]; forcieren [Angriff]; [voll] ausnutzen [Vorteil]

    drive home — [ganz] einschlagen [Nagel]

    4)

    come or get home to somebody — (become fully realized) jemandem in vollem Ausmaß bewusst werden; see also roost 1.

    4. intransitive verb
    1) [Vogel usw.:] zurückkehren

    these missiles home [in] on their targets — diese Flugkörper suchen sich (Dat.) ihr Ziel

    3)

    home in/on something — (fig.) etwas herausgreifen

    * * *
    adj.
    heimwärts adj.
    nach Hause ausdr. adv.
    nach Hause ausdr. n.
    Haus Häuser n.
    Heim -e n.
    Zuhause n.

    English-german dictionary > home

  • 115 jump

    1. noun
    1) Sprung, der

    always be one jump ahead of somebody — jemandem immer um eine Nasenlänge voraus sein (ugs.)

    2) (sudden transition) Sprung, der; sprunghafter Wechsel; (gap) Lücke, die
    3) (abrupt rise) sprunghafter Anstieg

    jump in value/temperature — plötzliche Wertsteigerung/plötzlicher Temperaturanstieg

    4) (Parachuting) Absprung, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) springen; [Fallschirmspringer:] abspringen

    jump to one's feet/from one's seat — aufspringen/vom Sitz aufspringen

    2)

    jump to — (reach overhastily) voreilig gelangen zu [Annahme, Lösung]

    3) (make sudden movement) springen; (start) zusammenzucken

    jump for joy — einen Freudensprung/Freudensprünge machen

    4) (rise suddenly) [Kosten, Preise usw.:] sprunghaft steigen, in die Höhe schnellen
    5)

    jump to it — (coll.) zupacken

    jump to it! — (coll.) mach/macht schon!

    3. transitive verb
    1) springen über (+ Akk.); überspringen [Mauer, Zaun usw.]
    2) (move to point beyond) überspringen
    3) (not stop at) überfahren [rote Ampel]

    jump the lights — bei Rot [durch]fahren

    4)

    jump the rails or track — [Zug:] entgleisen

    5)

    jump ship — [Seemann:] [unter Bruch des Heuervertrages vorzeitig] den Dienst quittieren

    6)

    jump the queue — (Brit.) sich vordrängeln

    7) (skip over) überspringen [Seite, Kapitel usw.]
    8) (attack) herfallen über (+ Akk.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/120195/jump_about">jump about
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to (cause to) go quickly off the ground with a springing movement: He jumped off the wall / across the puddle / over the fallen tree / into the swimming-pool; Don't jump the horse over that fence!)
    2) (to rise; to move quickly (upwards): She jumped to her feet; He jumped into the car.) springen
    3) (to make a startled movement: The noise made me jump.) hochfahren
    4) (to pass over (a gap etc) by bounding: He jumped the stream easily.) springen über
    2. noun
    1) (an act of jumping: She crossed the stream in one jump.) der Sprung
    2) (an obstacle to be jumped over: Her horse fell at the third jump.) die Hürde
    3) (a jumping competition: the high jump.) der (Hoch-)Sprung
    4) (a startled movement: She gave a jump when the door suddenly banged shut.) das Aufschrecken
    5) (a sudden rise, eg in prices: There has been a jump in the price of potatoes.) plötzlicher Anstieg
    •
    - jumpy
    - jump at
    - jump for joy
    - jump on
    - jump the gun
    - jump the queue
    - jump to conclusions / jump to the conclusion that
    - jump to it
    * * *
    [ʤʌmp]
    I. n
    1. (leap) Sprung m, Satz m; SPORT Hoch-/Weitsprung m
    to make [or take] a \jump einen Sprung [o Satz] machen
    parachute \jump Fallschirmabsprung m
    2. ( fig: rise) Sprung m; of prices, temperatures, value [sprunghafter] Anstieg; of profits [sprunghafte] Steigerung
    the \jump from the junior to the senior team der Sprung von der Jugend- in die Erwachsenenmannschaft
    to take a sudden \jump prices, temperatures, value sprunghaft ansteigen
    3. (step) Schritt m; (head start) Vorsprung m
    to be one \jump ahead of the competition der Konkurrenz einen Schritt [o eine Nasenlänge] voraus sein
    to get/have the \jump on sb AM ( fam) sich dat einen Vorsprung vor jdm verschaffen/jdm gegenüber im Vorteil sein
    4. (shock) [nervöse] Zuckung
    to give a \jump zusammenfahren, zusammenzucken
    to wake up with a \jump aus dem Schlaf hochfahren
    5. (hurdle) Hindernis nt
    6. pl ( fam: nervousness)
    to give sb the \jumps jdn ganz zappelig [o NORDD hibbelig] machen fam
    to have [got] the \jumps ganz fahrig [o fam zappelig] [o fam hibbelig] sein NORDD
    7. AM ( vulg sl: sex) Fick m vulg
    II. vi
    1. (leap) springen
    to \jump to sb's defence ( fig) jdm zur Seite springen
    to \jump to one's feet plötzlich aufstehen, aufspringen
    to \jump up and down herumspringen fam, herumhüpfen fam
    ▪ to \jump in[to] sth car, water in etw akk [hinein]springen
    to \jump into bed with sb ( fig fam) mit jdm ins Bett springen fam
    2. (rise) sprunghaft ansteigen, in die Höhe schnellen
    to \jump by 70% einen Sprung um 70 % machen
    to \jump from £50 to £70 von 50 auf 70 Pfund schnellen
    3. ( fig: change) springen
    the film keeps \jumping back to when she was a child der Film macht immer wieder einen Sprung zurück in ihre Kindheit
    he kept \jumping from one thing to another er blieb nie bei der Sache
    4. (be startled) einen Satz machen
    to make sb \jump jdn erschrecken [o aufschrecken]
    oh, you made me \jump! huch, hast du mich vielleicht erschreckt!
    5. BRIT, AUS ( fig fam)
    to \jump up and down [about sth] (be annoyed) sich akk maßlos [wegen einer S. gen] aufregen
    to \jump on [or all over] sb (criticize) jdn [aus nichtigem Anlass] abkanzeln fam [o sl heruntermachen
    6.
    ▶ to \jump to conclusions voreilige [o vorschnelle] Schlüsse ziehen
    ▶ go [and] \jump in the lake! ( fam) geh [o scher dich] zum Teufel! sl
    ▶ to \jump for joy einen Freudensprung machen; heart vor Freude hüpfen
    ▶ to \jump out of one's skin ( fam) zu Tode erschrecken
    ▶ to \jump down sb's throat ( fam: address) jdn [heftig] anfahren [o pej fam anblaffen] [o SÜDD, SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR anmotzen]; (answer) jdm über den Mund fahren fam
    ▶ to be really \jumping ( approv fam)
    the place was really \jumping da war schwer was los sl
    III. vt
    ▪ to \jump sth etw überspringen, über etw akk springen
    the horse \jumped a clear round das Pferd hat alle Hindernisse fehlerfrei übersprungen
    to \jump the rails [or track] aus den Schienen springen, entgleisen
    2. (skip)
    ▪ to \jump sth line, page, stage etw überspringen
    3. esp AM ( fam: attack)
    ▪ to \jump sb über jdn herfallen, jdn überfallen
    ▪ to \jump sth etw missachten
    to \jump bail AM ( fam) die Kaution sausenlassen [und sich akk verdrücken] fam
    to \jump the [traffic] lights [or a light] ( fam) eine Ampel überfahren
    to \jump a/the queue BRIT, AUS sich akk vordrängeln fam; ( fig) aus der Reihe tanzen fam
    5. AM ( vulg sl: have sex)
    ▪ to \jump sb jdn bumsen derb
    6.
    ▶ to \jump the gun ( fam) vorpreschen, überstürzt handeln; SPORT einen Fehlstart verursachen
    ▶ to \jump ship politician, unionist das sinkende Schiff verlassen; NAUT sailor sich akk [unter Bruch des Heuervertrags] absetzen; passenger vorzeitig von Bord gehen
    ▶ to \jump to it ( fam) sich akk ranhalten fam, hinmachen DIAL
    * * *
    [dZʌmp]
    1. n
    1) (lit) Sprung m; (with parachute) Absprung m; (on race-course) Hindernis nt

    this horse is no good over the jumps — dieses Pferd taugt bei den Hindernissen nichts

    2) (fig) (of prices) (plötzlicher or sprunghafter) Anstieg; (in narrative) Sprung m, abrupter Übergang

    to take a sudden jump (prices, temperature) — ruckartig or sprunghaft ansteigen (to auf +acc ),

    a 5% jump in the number of unemployed people — ein 5%iger Anstieg der Arbeitslosenziffern

    it's a big jump from medical student to doctor — es ist ein großer Sprung vom Medizinstudenten zum Arzt

    3)

    (= start) to give a jump — zusammenfahren

    4) (esp US inf)

    to get a or the jump on sb/sth — jdm/etw gegenüber im Vorteil sein

    to give sb a or the jump on sb/sth — jdm einen Vorsprung vor jdm/etw verschaffen

    2. vi
    1) (= leap) springen, einen Satz machen; (SPORT) springen; (parachutist) (ab)springen

    this horse jumps well — dieses Pferd springt gut or nimmt die Hindernisse gut

    to jump for joy — einen Freudensprung machen; (heart) vor Freude hüpfen

    to jump up and down on the spot —

    2) (typewriter) Buchstaben überspringen or auslassen
    3) (fig) springen, unvermittelt übergehen; (prices, shares) in die Höhe schnellen, sprunghaft ansteigen

    jump to it! — los schon!, mach schon!

    the film suddenly jumps from the 18th into the 20th century — der Film macht plötzlich einen Sprung vom 18. ins 20. Jahrhundert

    her salary jumped from £15,000 to £22,000 — ihr Gehalt schnellte von £ 15.000 auf £ 22.000

    let's offer £200 and see which way they jump (inf) — machen wir ihnen doch (einfach) ein Angebot von £ 200 und sehen dann, wie sie darauf reagieren

    4) (= start) zusammenfahren, zusammenzucken

    his heart jumped when... — sein Herz machte einen Satz, als...

    3. vt
    1) ditch, fence etc überspringen, hinüberspringen über (+acc)

    the horse jumped a clear round — das Pferd sprang eine fehlerfreie Runde

    2) horse springen lassen
    3) (= skip) überspringen, auslassen
    4) (pick-up) groove überspringen
    5)

    (inf usages) to jump bail (Jur) — abhauen (inf)

    to jump ship ( Naut, passenger ) — das Schiff vorzeitig verlassen; (sailor) heimlich abheuern; ( fig

    * * *
    jump [dʒʌmp]
    A s
    1. Sprung m, Satz m:
    make ( oder take) a jump einen Sprung machen;
    by jumps fig sprungweise;
    on the jump im Sprung;
    be on the jump bes US umg auf Trab sein:
    a) es eilig haben
    b) viel zu tun haben;
    keep sb on the jump bes US umg jemanden in Trab halten;
    have the jump on sb umg jemandem voraus sein;
    get the jump on sb umg jemandem zuvorkommen;
    be one jump ahead (of) umg einen Schritt oder eine Nasenlänge voraus sein (dat);
    win the jump (Fußball) am höchsten springen
    2. (Fallschirm)Absprung m:
    jump area (Ab)Sprunggebiet n
    3. SPORT (Drei-, Hoch-, Ski-, Weit) Sprung m
    4. Hindernis n:
    5. fig sprunghaftes Anwachsen, Emporschnellen n (der Preise etc):
    jump in production rapider Produktionsanstieg
    6. (plötzlicher) Ruck oder Stoß
    7. Überspringen n (auch fig)
    8. Damespiel: Schlagen n
    9. → jump cut
    10. (Zusammen)Zucken n, Auf-, Zusammenfahren n:
    give a jump → B 4;
    it gives me the jumps umg es macht mich ganz nervös oder unruhig;
    have the jumps umg ganz nervös oder aufgeregt oder unruhig sein
    11. umg
    a) Fahrt f, besonders FLUG Flug m:
    it’s only a short jump from London to Paris mit dem Flugzeug ist es nur ein Katzensprung von London nach Paris
    b) besonders FLUG Abstecher m
    12. a) Rückstoß m (einer Feuerwaffe)
    b) MIL Abgangsfehler m (beim Schießen)
    13. besonders Br vulg Nummer f (Geschlechtsverkehr):
    have a jump eine Nummer machen oder schieben
    B v/i
    1. springen:
    jump clear of sth von etwas wegspringen;
    a) SPORT einen Gegenspieler anspringen,
    b) fig sich stürzen auf (akk);
    jump at the chance mit beiden Händen zugreifen, sofort zupacken;
    jump at the idea den Gedanken sofort aufgreifen;
    jump down sb’s throat umg jemanden anfahren oder anschnauzen;
    go jump in the lake! bes Br umg
    a) ach, hau doch ab!,
    b) du kannst mich mal!;
    a) abspringen (von),
    b) (Springreiten) das Stechen bestreiten;
    a) über jemanden herfallen,
    b) jemandem aufs Dach steigen;
    jump out of one’s skin aus der Haut fahren;
    jump all over sb US umg jemanden zur Schnecke machen;
    jump to one’s feet auf-, hochspringen;
    jump to it umg mit Schwung rangehen, zupacken;
    jump up auf-, hochspringen; → conclusion 3, safety A 1
    2. hüpfen, springen:
    jump about ( oder around) herumhüpfen;
    jump for joy Freudensprünge machen;
    make hearts jump for joy die Herzen höherschlagen lassen
    3. (mit dem Fallschirm) abspringen
    4. zusammenzucken, auf-, zusammenfahren ( alle:
    at bei):
    the news made him jump die Nachricht ließ ihn zusammenfahren, er fuhr bei der Nachricht zusammen
    5. fig abrupt übergehen, überspringen, -wechseln ( alle:
    to zu):
    6. a) rütteln, stoßen (Wagen etc)
    b) gerüttelt werden, schaukeln, wackeln
    7. Damespiel: schlagen
    8. sprunghaft (an)steigen, emporschnellen (Preise etc)
    9. TECH springen (Filmstreifen, Schreibmaschine etc)
    10. Bridge: unnötig hoch reizen
    11. umg voller Leben sein:
    the party was jumping auf der Party war schwer was los
    12. (with) übereinstimmen (mit), passen (zu)
    C v/t
    1. (hinweg)springen über (akk)
    2. fig eine Zeile etc überspringen, auslassen:
    jump channels den Instanzenweg nicht einhalten;
    a) sich vordränge(l)n (a. fig),
    b) AUTO aus einer Kolonne ausscheren und überholen; → gun1 A 3, light1 A 5
    3. springen lassen:
    he jumped his horse across the ditch er setzte mit seinem Pferd über den Graben;
    jump sb into sth fig jemanden in eine Sache hineinstoßen
    4. Damespiel: schlagen
    5. AUTO ein Auto mit einem Starthilfekabel starten
    6. US umg abhauen aus oder von: → bail1 A 2
    7. widerrechtlich von fremdem Besitztum etc Besitz ergreifen
    8. herunterspringen von, (heraus)springen aus: → rail1 A 4, track A 2
    9. umg
    a) auf einen fahrenden Zug etc aufspringen
    b) von einem fahrenden Zug etc abspringen
    10. auch jump out US umg anschnauzen
    11. jemanden überfallen, über jemanden herfallen
    12. die Preise etc emporschnellen lassen, hochtreiben
    13. besonders Br vulg bumsen, vögeln (schlafen mit)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Sprung, der
    2) (sudden transition) Sprung, der; sprunghafter Wechsel; (gap) Lücke, die
    3) (abrupt rise) sprunghafter Anstieg

    jump in value/temperature — plötzliche Wertsteigerung/plötzlicher Temperaturanstieg

    4) (Parachuting) Absprung, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) springen; [Fallschirmspringer:] abspringen

    jump to one's feet/from one's seat — aufspringen/vom Sitz aufspringen

    2)

    jump to — (reach overhastily) voreilig gelangen zu [Annahme, Lösung]

    3) (make sudden movement) springen; (start) zusammenzucken

    jump for joy — einen Freudensprung/Freudensprünge machen

    4) (rise suddenly) [Kosten, Preise usw.:] sprunghaft steigen, in die Höhe schnellen
    5)

    jump to it — (coll.) zupacken

    jump to it! — (coll.) mach/macht schon!

    3. transitive verb
    1) springen über (+ Akk.); überspringen [Mauer, Zaun usw.]
    2) (move to point beyond) überspringen
    3) (not stop at) überfahren [rote Ampel]

    jump the lights — bei Rot [durch]fahren

    4)

    jump the rails or track — [Zug:] entgleisen

    5)

    jump ship — [Seemann:] [unter Bruch des Heuervertrages vorzeitig] den Dienst quittieren

    6)

    jump the queue — (Brit.) sich vordrängeln

    7) (skip over) überspringen [Seite, Kapitel usw.]
    8) (attack) herfallen über (+ Akk.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Absprung -¨e m.
    Satz ¨-e m.
    Sprung -¨e m.

    English-german dictionary > jump

  • 116 sight

    1. noun
    1) (faculty) Sehvermögen, das

    loss of sight — Verlust des Sehvermögens

    near sight — see academic.ru/66874/short_sight">short sight

    by sight — mit dem Gesichtssinn od. den Augen

    know somebody by sight — jemanden vom Sehen kennen; see also long sight; short sight

    2) (act of seeing) Anblick, der

    at [the] sight of somebody/blood — bei jemandes Anblick/beim Anblick von Blut

    catch sight of somebody/something — (lit. or fig.) jemanden/etwas erblicken

    lose sight of somebody/something — (lit. or fig.) jemanden/etwas aus dem Auge od. den Augen verlieren

    shoot somebody at or on sight — jemanden gleich [bei seinem Erscheinen] erschießen

    3) (spectacle) Anblick, der

    be a sorry sight — einen traurigen Anblick od. ein trauriges Bild bieten

    it is a sight to see or to behold or worth seeing — das muss man gesehen haben

    be/look a [real] sight — (coll.) (amusing) [vollkommen] unmöglich aussehen (ugs.); (horrible) böse od. schlimm aussehen

    4) in pl. (noteworthy features) Sehenswürdigkeiten Pl.

    see the sights — sich (Dat.) die Sehenswürdigkeiten ansehen

    5) (range) Sichtweite, die

    in sight — (lit. or fig.) in Sicht

    come into sight — in Sicht kommen

    keep somebody/something in sight — (lit. or fig.) jemanden/etwas im Auge behalten

    within or in sight of somebody/something — (able to see) in jemandes Sichtweite (Dat.) /in Sichtweite einer Sache

    be out of sight — außer Sicht sein; (coll.): (be excellent) wahnsinnig sein (ugs.)

    keep or stay out of [somebody's] sight — sich [von jemandem] nicht sehen lassen

    keep somebody/something out of sight — jemanden/etwas niemanden sehen lassen

    keep something/somebody out of somebody's sight — jemanden etwas/jemanden nicht sehen lassen

    not let somebody/something out of one's sight — jemanden/etwas nicht aus den Augen lassen

    out of sight, out of mind — (prov.) aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn

    6) (device for aiming) Visier, das

    sights — Visiervorrichtung, die

    set/have [set] one's sights on something — (fig.) etwas anpeilen

    set one's sights [too] high — (fig.) seine Ziele [zu] hoch stecken

    lower/raise one's sights — (fig.) zurückstecken/sich (Dat.) ein höheres Ziel setzen

    2. transitive verb
    sichten [Land, Schiff, Flugzeug, Wrack]; sehen [Entflohenen, Vermissten]; antreffen [seltenes Tier, seltene Pflanze]
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (the act or power of seeing: The blind man had lost his sight in the war.) das Sehvermögen
    2) (the area within which things can be seen by someone: The boat was within sight of land; The end of our troubles is in sight.) die Sicht(-weite)
    3) (something worth seeing: She took her visitors to see the sights of London.) die Sehenswürdigkeit
    4) (a view or glimpse.) der Blick
    5) (something seen that is unusual, ridiculous, shocking etc: She's quite a sight in that hat.) der Anblick
    6) ((on a gun etc) an apparatus to guide the eye in taking aim: Where is the sight on a rifle?) das Visier
    2. verb
    1) (to get a view of; to see suddenly: We sighted the coast as dawn broke.) sichten
    2) (to look at (something) through the sight of a gun: He sighted his prey and pulled the trigger.) anvisieren
    •
    - sight-seeing
    - sight-seer
    - catch sight of
    - lose sight of
    * * *
    [saɪt]
    I. n
    1. no pl (ability to see)
    [sense of] \sight Sehvermögen nt; (strength of vision) Sehleistung f, Sehkraft f
    he's got very good \sight er sieht sehr gut
    his \sight is deteriorating seine Sehkraft lässt nach
    to improve sb's \sight jds Sehleistung verbessern
    to lose one's \sight das Sehvermögen verlieren
    2. no pl (visual access) Sicht f; (visual range) Sichtweite f, Sicht f
    don't let the baby out of your \sight behalte das Baby im Auge
    land in \sight! Land in Sicht!
    get out of my \sight! ( fam) geh mir aus den Augen!
    to be in/come into \sight in Sichtweite sein/kommen
    to disappear from \sight außer Sichtweite verschwinden
    to keep \sight of sth etw im Auge behalten
    to lose \sight of sth/sb ( also fig) etw aus den Augen verlieren a. fig
    out of \sight außer [o nicht in] Sichtweite
    to keep out of \sight sich akk nicht sehen lassen
    to put sth out of \sight etw wegräumen [o verstecken
    3. no pl ( fig) Sicht f
    in the \sight of God/the law vor Gott/dem Gesetz
    a house within \sight of the mountains ein Haus mit Blick auf die Berge
    4. no pl (act of seeing) Anblick m
    they can't stand the \sight of each other sie können einander nicht ertragen
    she faints at the \sight of blood sie wird beim Anblick von Blut ohnmächtig
    at first \sight auf den ersten Blick
    love at first \sight Liebe f auf den ersten Blick
    to catch \sight of sb/sth jdn/etw erblicken
    if I ever catch \sight of you again... wenn du mir noch einmal unter die Augen kommst,...
    to do sth on \sight etw sofort tun
    to hate [or loathe] /be sick of the \sight of sb/sth den Anblick einer Person/einer S. gen hassen/nicht mehr ertragen
    to know sb by \sight jdn vom Sehen her kennen
    to play [music] at [or from] \sight [Musik] vom Blatt spielen
    5. no pl (image, spectacle) Anblick m
    to not be a pretty \sight kein angenehmer Anblick sein
    to be [or look] a \sight ( fam: ridiculous) lächerlich aussehen; (terrible) furchtbar aussehen
    to be a \sight to behold (beautiful) ein herrlicher Anblick sein; (funny) ein Bild [o Anblick] für die Götter sein a. hum fam
    6. no pl ( form: inspection) of a document, contract Einsicht f (of in + akk)
    to request \sight of the papers Einsicht in die Unterlagen verlangen
    ▪ \sights pl Sehenswürdigkeiten pl
    the \sights and sounds of London alle Sehenswürdigkeiten von London
    8. (on a gun) Visier nt, Visiereinrichtung f
    to line up the \sights das Visier ausrichten
    9. no pl ( fam: a lot)
    ▪ a \sight deutlich, um einiges
    food is a darn \sight more expensive than it used to be Essen ist um einiges teurer, als es früher war
    he's a \sight better than he was yesterday er ist heute deutlich besser als gestern
    10.
    ▶ to lower one's \sights seine Ziele zurückschrauben
    ▶ out of \sight, out of mind ( prov) aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn prov
    ▶ to be out of \sight (beyond what's possible) außerhalb des Möglichen sein [o liegen]; ( fam: excellent) spitze [o toll] sein fam
    the price of the house is out of \sight der Preis für das Haus ist unbezahlbar
    the group's new record is out of \sight! die neue Platte der Gruppe ist der Wahnsinn! fam
    ▶ to be a \sight for sore eyes ( fam: welcome sigh) ein willkommener Anblick sein; (attractive) eine [wahre] Augenweide sein
    ▶ second \sight das zweite Gesicht
    she's got the \sight sie hat das zweite Gesicht
    ▶ to set one's \sights on sth sich dat etw zum Ziel machen
    ▶ \sight unseen ungesehen, unbesehen SCHWEIZ
    I never buy anything \sight unseen ich kaufe niemals etwas ungesehen
    ▶ to be within [or in] \sight of sth kurz vor etw dat stehen
    II. vt
    to \sight land/a criminal Land/einen Kriminellen sichten
    2.
    to \sight a gun ein Gewehr mit einem Visier versehen
    * * *
    [saɪt]
    1. n
    1) (= faculty) Sehvermögen nt

    long/short sight — Weit-/Kurzsichtigkeit f

    to have long/short sight — weit-/kurzsichtig sein

    to lose/regain one's sight — sein Augenlicht verlieren/wiedergewinnen

    2)

    (= glimpse, seeing) it was my first sight of Paris — das war das Erste, was ich von Paris gesehen habe

    at first sight I hated him, but then... —

    love at first sight —

    at the sight of the police they ran away — als sie die Polizei sahen, rannten sie weg

    to catch sight of sb/sth — jdn/etw entdecken or erblicken

    if I catch sight of you round here again... — wenn du mir hier noch einmal unter die Augen kommst,...

    don't let me catch sight of you with her again —

    to get a sight of sb/sth we had a glorious sight of the mountains — jdn/etw zu sehen or zu Gesicht bekommen wir hatten einen herrlichen Blick auf die Berge

    to lose sight of sb/sth (lit, fig) — jdn/etw aus den Augen verlieren

    don't lose sight of the fact that... — Sie dürfen nicht außer Acht lassen, dass...

    See:
    → second sight
    3) (= sth seen) Anblick m

    the sight of blood/her makes me sick — wenn ich Blut/sie sehe, wird mir übel

    that is the most beautiful sight I've ever seen — das ist das Schönste, was ich je gesehen habe

    I hate or can't bear the sight of him/his greasy hair — ich kann ihn/seine fettigen Haare (einfach) nicht ausstehen

    to be a sight to see or behold — ein herrlicher Anblick sein; (funny) ein Bild or Anblick für die Götter sein (inf)

    you're a sight for sore eyes — es ist schön, dich zu sehen

    5) (= range of vision) Sicht f

    to be in or within sight —

    to keep sb/sth out of sight — jdn/etw nicht sehen lassen

    keep out of my sight! — lass dich bloß bei mir nicht mehr sehen or blicken

    to be out of or lost to sight — nicht mehr zu sehen sein, außer Sicht sein

    when he's out of our sight —

    darling, I'll never let you out of my sight again — Schatz, ich lasse dich nie mehr fort

    out of sight, out of mind (Prov) — aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn (Prov)

    6) (COMM)

    sight unseen — unbesehen, ohne Besicht (form)

    7) (fig

    = opinion) in sb's sight — in jds Augen (dat)

    8) usu pl (of city etc) Sehenswürdigkeit f
    9) (on telescope etc) Visiereinrichtung f; (on gun) Visier nt

    to have sb/sth in or within one's sights (fig) — jdn/etw im Fadenkreuz haben

    10)

    (= aim, observation) to take a sight with a gun etc at sth — etw mit einem Gewehr etc anvisieren

    11) (inf)

    a sight better/cheaper — einiges besser/billiger

    12) (inf)

    out of sight — sagenhaft (sl), der Wahnsinn (inf)

    2. vt
    1) (= see) sichten (ALSO MIL); person ausmachen
    2) gun (= provide with sights) mit Visier versehen; (= adjust sights) richten
    * * *
    sight [saıt]
    A s
    1. Sehvermögen n, -kraft f, Auge(nlicht) n:
    good sight gute Augen;
    long (near) sight Weit-(Kurz)sichtigkeit f;
    have second sight das Zweite Gesicht haben;
    lose one’s sight das Augenlicht verlieren
    2. (An)Blick m, Sicht f:
    at ( oder on) sight auf Anhieb, beim ersten Anblick, sofort;
    shoot sb at sight jemanden sofort oder ohne Warnung niederschießen;
    at the sight of beim Anblick (gen);
    at first sight auf den ersten Blick;
    play (sing, translate) at sight vom Blatt spielen (singen, übersetzen);
    catch sight of erblicken;
    know by sight vom Sehen kennen;
    a) aus den Augen verlieren (a. fig),
    b) fig etwas übersehen;
    she can’t bear ( oder stand) the sight of blood sie kann kein Blut sehen
    3. fig Auge n:
    in my sight in meinen Augen;
    find favo(u)r in sb’s sight Gnade vor jemandes Augen finden
    4. Sicht(weite) f:
    a) in Sicht(weite),
    b) fig in Sicht;
    within sight of the victory den Sieg (dicht) vor Augen;
    out of sight außer Sicht;
    out of sight, out of mind (Sprichwort) aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn;
    there’s no end in sight ein Ende ist nicht abzusehen;
    be nowhere in sight nirgends zu sehen sein;
    come in sight in Sicht kommen;
    (get) out of my sight! geh mir aus den Augen!;
    a) wegtun,
    b) umg Essen wegputzen;
    remain out of sight nach wie vor nicht in Sicht sein
    5. WIRTSCH Sicht f:
    payable at sight bei Sicht fällig;
    bill (payable) at sight Sichtwechsel m;
    30 days (after) sight 30 Tage (nach) Sicht;
    bill (payable) after sight Nachsichtwechsel m;
    buy sth sight unseen etwas unbesehen kaufen
    6. Anblick m:
    you’re sight for sore eyes umg
    a) schön, dich wieder mal zu sehen
    b) dich gibt’s ja auch noch!;
    be ( oder look) a sight umg verboten oder zum Abschießen aussehen;
    I did look a sight umg ich sah vielleicht aus;
    what a sight you are! umg wie siehst du denn aus!; → god 1
    7. Sehenswürdigkeit f:
    his roses were a sight to see seine Rosen waren eine Sehenswürdigkeit;
    see the sights of a town die Sehenswürdigkeiten einer Stadt besichtigen
    8. umg Menge f, Masse f, Haufen m (Geld etc):
    a long sight better zehnmal besser;
    not by a long sight bei Weitem nicht
    9. ASTRON, JAGD, MIL, TECH Visier(einrichtung) n(f):
    take (a careful) sight (genau) (an)visieren oder zielen;
    have in one’s sights, have one’s sights set on im Visier haben (a. fig);
    lower one’s sights fig Abstriche machen, zurückstecken;
    raise one’s sights fig höhere Ziele anstreben;
    set one’s sights on sth fig etwas ins Auge fassen;
    set one’s sights a bit higher sich etwas höhere Ziele stecken; → full sight
    B v/t
    1. sichten, erblicken
    2. MIL
    a) anvisieren ( auch ASTRON, SCHIFF)
    b) das Geschütz richten
    c) eine Waffe etc mit einem Visier versehen
    3. WIRTSCH einen Wechsel präsentieren
    C v/i zielen, visieren
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (faculty) Sehvermögen, das

    by sight — mit dem Gesichtssinn od. den Augen

    know somebody by sight — jemanden vom Sehen kennen; see also long sight; short sight

    2) (act of seeing) Anblick, der

    at [the] sight of somebody/blood — bei jemandes Anblick/beim Anblick von Blut

    catch sight of somebody/something — (lit. or fig.) jemanden/etwas erblicken

    lose sight of somebody/something — (lit. or fig.) jemanden/etwas aus dem Auge od. den Augen verlieren

    shoot somebody at or on sight — jemanden gleich [bei seinem Erscheinen] erschießen

    3) (spectacle) Anblick, der

    be a sorry sight — einen traurigen Anblick od. ein trauriges Bild bieten

    it is a sight to see or to behold or worth seeing — das muss man gesehen haben

    be/look a [real] sight — (coll.) (amusing) [vollkommen] unmöglich aussehen (ugs.); (horrible) böse od. schlimm aussehen

    4) in pl. (noteworthy features) Sehenswürdigkeiten Pl.

    see the sights — sich (Dat.) die Sehenswürdigkeiten ansehen

    5) (range) Sichtweite, die

    in sight — (lit. or fig.) in Sicht

    keep somebody/something in sight — (lit. or fig.) jemanden/etwas im Auge behalten

    within or in sight of somebody/something — (able to see) in jemandes Sichtweite (Dat.) /in Sichtweite einer Sache

    be out of sight — außer Sicht sein; (coll.): (be excellent) wahnsinnig sein (ugs.)

    keep or stay out of [somebody's] sight — sich [von jemandem] nicht sehen lassen

    keep somebody/something out of sight — jemanden/etwas niemanden sehen lassen

    keep something/somebody out of somebody's sight — jemanden etwas/jemanden nicht sehen lassen

    not let somebody/something out of one's sight — jemanden/etwas nicht aus den Augen lassen

    out of sight, out of mind — (prov.) aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn

    6) (device for aiming) Visier, das

    sights — Visiervorrichtung, die

    set/have [set] one's sights on something — (fig.) etwas anpeilen

    set one's sights [too] high — (fig.) seine Ziele [zu] hoch stecken

    lower/raise one's sights — (fig.) zurückstecken/sich (Dat.) ein höheres Ziel setzen

    2. transitive verb
    sichten [Land, Schiff, Flugzeug, Wrack]; sehen [Entflohenen, Vermissten]; antreffen [seltenes Tier, seltene Pflanze]
    * * *
    n.
    Anblick -e m.
    Sehkraft -¨e f.
    Sehvermögen n. v.
    sichten v.

    English-german dictionary > sight

  • 117 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 118 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, France
    d. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France
    [br]
    French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.
    [br]
    Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.
    By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.
    During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.
    Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.
    In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.
    Bibliography
    1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).
    The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.
    Further Reading
    "Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.
    L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

  • 119 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

    [br]
    b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
    d. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France
    [br]
    Swiss/French architect.
    [br]
    The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.
    Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.
    One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.
    Bibliography
    His chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.
    1935, La Ville radieuse.
    1946, Propos d'urbanisme.
    1950, Le Modular.
    Further Reading
    P.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.
    W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.
    ——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

  • 120 Lesseps, Ferdinand de

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. 19 November 1805 Versailles, France
    d. 7 December 1894 La Chesnaye, near Paris, France
    [br]
    French diplomat and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    Ferdinand de Lesseps was born into a family in the diplomatic service and it was intended that his should be his career also. He was educated at the Lycée Napoléon in Paris. In 1825, aged 20, he was appointed an attaché to the French consulate in Lisbon. In 1828 he went to the Consulate-General in Tunis and in 1831 was posted from there to Egypt, becoming French Consul in Cairo two years later. For his work there during the plague in 1836 he was awarded the Croix de Chevalier in the Légion d'honneur. During this time he became very friendly with Said Mohammed and the friendship was maintained over the years, although there were no expectations then that Said would occupy any great position of authority.
    De Lesseps then served in other countries. In 1841 he had thought about a canal from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, and he brooded over the idea until 1854. In October of that year, having retired from the diplomatic service, he returned to Egypt privately. His friend Said became Viceroy and he readily agreed to the proposal to cut the canal. At first there was great international opposition to the idea, and in 1855 de Lesseps travelled to England to try to raise capital. Work finally started in 1859, but there were further delays following the death of Said Pasha in 1863. The work was completed in 1869 and the canal was formally opened by the Empress Eugenic on 20 November 1869. De Lesseps was fêted in France and awarded the Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur.
    He subsequently promoted the project of the Corinth Canal, but his great ambition in his later years was to construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. This idea had been conceived by Spanish adventurers in 1514, but everyone felt the problems and cost would be too great. De Lesseps, riding high in popularity and with his charismatic character, convinced the public of the scheme's feasibility and was able to raise vast sums for the enterprise. He proposed a sea-level canal, which required the excavation of a 350 ft (107 m) cut through terrain; this eventually proved impossible, but work nevertheless started in 1881.
    In 1882 de Lesseps became first President d'-Honneur of the Syndicat des Entrepreneurs de Travaux Publics de France and was elected to the Chair of the French Academy in 1884. By 1891 the Panama Canal was in a disastrous financial crisis: a new company was formed, and because of the vast sums expended a financial investigation was made. The report led to de Lesseps, his son and several high-ranking government ministers and officials being charged with bribery and corruption, but de Lesseps was a very sick man and never appeared at the trial. He was never convicted, although others were, and he died soon after, at the age of 89, at his home.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Croix de Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1836; Grand Croix 1869.
    Further Reading
    John S.Pudney, 1968, Suez. De Lesseps' Canal, London: Dent.
    John Marlowe, 1964, The Making of the Suez Canal, London: Cresset.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Lesseps, Ferdinand de

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