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1 Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1754 Tours, Franced. 1793 Mainz, Germany[br]French designer of the "dirigible balloon" (airship).[br]Just a few days after the first balloon flight by the relatively primitive Montgolfier hot-air balloon, a design for a sophisticated steerable or "dirigible" balloon was proposed by a young French army officer. On 3 December 1783, Lieutenant (later General) Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier of the Corps of Engineers presented to the Académie des Sciences a paper entitled Mémoire sur l'équilibre des machines aérostatiques. This outlined Meusnier's ideas and so impressed the learned members of the Academy that they commissioned him to make a more complete study. This was published in 1784 and contained sixteen water-colour drawings of the proposed airship, which are preserved by the Musée de l'Air in Paris.Meusnier's "machine aérostatique" was ellipsoidal in shape, in contrast to those of his unsuccessful contemporaries who tried to make spherical balloons steerable, often using oars for propulsion. Meusnier's proposed airship was 79.2 m (260 ft) long with the crew in a slim boat slung below the envelope (in case of a landing on water); it was steered by a large sail-like rudder at the rear end. Between the envelope and the boat were three propellers, which were to be manually driven as there was no suitable engine available; this was the first design for a propeller-driven aircraft. The most important innovation was a ballonnet, a balloon within the main envelope that was pressurized with air supplied by bellows in the boat. Varying the amount of air in the ballonnet would compensate for changes in the volume of hydrogen gas in the main envelope when the airship changed altitude. The ballonnet would also help to maintain the external shape of the main envelope.General Meusnier was killed in action in 1793 and it was almost one hundred years from the date of his publication that his idea of ballonnets was put into practice, by Dupuy de Lome in 1872, and later by Renard and Krebs.[br]Bibliography1784, Mémoire sur l'équilibre des machines aérostatiques, Paris; repub. Paris: Musée de l'Air.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London (paperback 1985). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > Meusnier, Jean Baptiste Marie
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2 Renard, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 November 1847 Damblain, Vosges, Franced. 13 April 1905 Chalais-Meudon, France[br]French pioneer of military aeronautics who, with A.C.Krebs, built an airship powered by an electric motor.[br]Charles Renard was a French army officer with an interest in aviation. In 1873 he constructed an unusual unmanned glider with ten wings and an automatic stabilizing device to control rolling. This operated by means of a pendulum device linked to moving control surfaces. The model was launched from a tower near Arras, but unfortunately it spiralled into the ground. The control surfaces could not cope with the basic instability of the design, but as an idea for automatic flight control it was ahead of its time.Following a Commission report on the military use of balloons, carrier pigeons and an optical telegraph, an aeronautical establishment was set up in 1877 at Chalais-Meudon, near Paris, under the direction of Charles Renard, who was assisted by his brother Paul. The following year Renard and a colleague, Arthur Krebs, began to plan an airship. They received financial help from Léon Gambetta, a prominent politician who had escaped from Paris by balloon in 1870 during the siege by the Prussians. Renard and Krebs studied earlier airship designs: they used the outside shape of Paul Haenlein's gas-engined airship of 1872 and included Meusnier's internal air-filled ballonnets. The gas-engine had not been a success so they decided on an electric motor. Renard developed lightweight pile batteries while Krebs designed a motor, although this was later replaced by a more powerful Gramme motor of 6.5 kW (9 hp). La France was constructed at Chalais-Meudon and, after a two-month wait for calm conditions, the airship finally ascended on 9 August 1884. The motor was switched on and the flight began. Renard and Krebs found their airship handled well and after twenty-three minutes they landed back at their base. La, France made several successful flights, but its speed of only 24 km/h (15 mph) meant that flights could be made only in calm weather. Parts of La, France, including the electric motor, are preserved in the Musée de l'Air in Paris.Renard remained in charge of the establishment at Chalais-Meudon until his death. Among other things, he developed the "Train Renard", a train of articulated road vehicles for military and civil use, of which a number were built between 1903 and 1911. Towards the end of his life Renard became interested in helicopters, and in 1904 he built a large twin-rotor model which, however, failed to take off.[br]Bibliography1886, Le Ballon dirigeable La France, Paris (a description of the airship).Further ReadingDescriptions of Renard and Kreb's airship are given in most books on the history of lighter-than-air flight, e.g.L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London; pub. in paperback 1985.C.Bailleux, c. 1988, Association pour l'Histoire de l'Electricité en France, (a detailed account of the conception and operations of La France).1977, Centenaire de la recherche aéronautique à Chalais-Meudon, Paris (an official memoir on the work of Chalais-Meudon with a chapter on Renard).JDS
См. также в других словарях:
ballonnet — [ balɔnɛ ] n. m. • 1874; de 1. ballon ♦ Petit ballon (3o, 5o ou 8o). ● ballonnet nom masculin Petit ballon. Petit ballon placé à l intérieur des dirigeables souples, pour maintenir la forme de la carène malgré les déperditions de gaz. ● ballonnet … Encyclopédie Universelle
Intubation — trachéale Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice glottique… … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation Trachéale — Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice glottique une sonde… … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation endo-trachéale — Intubation trachéale Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation endotrachéale — Intubation trachéale Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation oro-trachéale — Intubation trachéale Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation orotrachéale — Intubation trachéale Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation tracheale — Intubation trachéale Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice … Wikipédia en Français
Intubation trachéale — Intubation d un mannequin par laryngoscopie simple. L intubation trachéale (IT) est un geste d anesthésie ou de réanimation, fréquemment utilisé en médecine d urgence, qui consiste à placer dans la trachée à travers l orifice glottique une sonde… … Wikipédia en Français
Sonde de Blackmore — 1, 3, respectivement : sites de gonflage des ballonnets caradial et oesophagien ; 2, 4 : abouchement des sites d aspiration gastrique et oesophagien ; 5, 6 : ballonnets gastrique et oesophagien ; 7, 8 :… … Wikipédia en Français
PINALES — Les pinales constituent un ordre de Gymnospermes appartenant au sous embranchement des Conifères ; elles ne comprennent qu’une seule famille, les Pinacées, appelées aussi Abiétacées, et groupent dix genres vivants dont certains sont très… … Encyclopédie Universelle
