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gain+wealth

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21 gain

[ɡein] 1. verb
1) (to obtain: He quickly gained experience.) získat

2) ((often with by or from) to get (something good) by doing something: What have I to gain by staying here?) získat

3) (to have an increase in (something): He gained strength after his illness.) získat (sílu), zesílit

4) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) předbíhat se
2. noun
1) (an increase (in weight etc): a gain of one kilo.) přírůstek

2) (profits, advantage, wealth etc: His loss was my gain; He'd do anything for gain.) zisk

•

- gain ground
- gain on
* * *

• získat

• zesílení

• profit

• nabýt nabude nabyl

English-Czech dictionary > gain
22 gain

[ɡein] 1. verb
1) (to obtain: He quickly gained experience.) získať

2) ((often with by or from) to get (something good) by doing something: What have I to gain by staying here?) získať

3) (to have an increase in (something): He gained strength after his illness.) nadobudnúť

4) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) ísť dopredu, predbiehať
2. noun
1) (an increase (in weight etc): a gain of one kilo.) prírastok

2) (profits, advantage, wealth etc: His loss was my gain; He'd do anything for gain.) zisk

•

- gain ground
- gain on
* * *

• uzdravovat sa

• vyhrat

• vyrobit si

• výtažok

• získavat

• zaistit si

• získat

• zisk

• zárez

• získat si priazen

• zlepšovat sa

• zásek

• žlab

• zväcšit

• zosilnenie

• zväcšovat sa

• zvýšit

• upútat

• predbiehat

• predchádzat sa

• predstihnút

• prírastok

• predbehnút

• priblížit sa

• dorazit

• dostat

• dosiahnut

• íst napred

• dobiehat

• robit drážky

• robit zárezy

• ovplyvnit

• ponáhlat sa

• postupovat

• nabrat

• nadobudnút

• mat zisk

• obdržat

English-Slovak dictionary > gain
23 gain

[ɡein] 1. verb
1) (to obtain: He quickly gained experience.) a câştiga

2) ((often with by or from) to get (something good) by doing something: What have I to gain by staying here?) a obţine

3) (to have an increase in (something): He gained strength after his illness.) a prinde

4) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) a o lua înainte
2. noun
1) (an increase (in weight etc): a gain of one kilo.) câştig; spor

2) (profits, advantage, wealth etc: His loss was my gain; He'd do anything for gain.) profit, câştig

•

- gain ground
- gain on

English-Romanian dictionary > gain
24 gain

[ɡein] 1. verb
1) (to obtain: He quickly gained experience.) αποκτώ

2) ((often with by or from) to get (something good) by doing something: What have I to gain by staying here?) κερδίζω

3) (to have an increase in (something): He gained strength after his illness.) παίρνω

4) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) πάω μπροστά
2. noun
1) (an increase (in weight etc): a gain of one kilo.) αύξηση

2) (profits, advantage, wealth etc: His loss was my gain; He'd do anything for gain.) κέρδος

•

- gain ground
- gain on

English-Greek dictionary > gain
25 gain

[ɡein] 1. verb
1) (to obtain: He quickly gained experience.) ganhar

2) ((often with by or from) to get (something good) by doing something: What have I to gain by staying here?) ganhar

3) (to have an increase in (something): He gained strength after his illness.) ganhar

4) ((of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).) adiantar
2. noun
1) (an increase (in weight etc): a gain of one kilo.) aumento

2) (profits, advantage, wealth etc: His loss was my gain; He'd do anything for gain.) ganho, lucro

•

- gain ground
- gain on

English-Portuguese (Brazil) dictionary > gain
26 gain

[ɡeɪn] UK / US
1. vt

(obtain, win) gewinnen, (advantage, respect) sich verschaffen, (wealth) erwerben, (weight) zunehmen

2. vi

(improve) gewinnen (in an + dat), (clock) vorgehen

3. n

Gewinn m (in an + dat)

English-German mini dictionary > gain
27 gain

[ɡeɪn] UK / US
1. vt

(obtain, win) gewinnen, (advantage, respect) sich verschaffen, (wealth) erwerben, (weight) zunehmen

2. vi

(improve) gewinnen (in an + dat), (clock) vorgehen

3. n

Gewinn m (in an + dat)

English-German mini dictionary > gain
28 realized gain

The increase in the value of an asset calculated as the difference in the value of the asset when two economic events occur and when the difference is recognized on the occurrence of the second event as an increase in wealth.

ربح محقق

English-Arabic terms dictionary > realized gain
29 unrealized gain

The anticipated increase in the value of an asset calculated as the difference in the value of the asset when two economic events occur and when the difference is recognized on the occurrence of the second event as an anticipated increase in wealth.

أرباح غير محققة

English-Arabic terms dictionary > unrealized gain
30 अत्थ

අත්ථ attha m
welfare; gain; wealth; need; want; use; meaning; destruction. (attha pres. 2nd plu. of atthi.)

Pali-English dictionary > अत्थ
31 get

1. transitive verb,
-tt-, p.t. got, p.p. got or (in comb./arch./ Amer. except in sense academic.ru/44353/m">m) gotten ( got also coll. abbr. of has got or have got)

1) (obtain) bekommen; kriegen (ugs.); (by buying) kaufen; sich (Dat.) anschaffen [Auto usw.]; (by one's own effort for special purpose) sich (Dat.) besorgen [Visum, Genehmigung, Arbeitskräfte]; sich (Dat.) beschaffen [Geld]; einholen [Gutachten]; (by contrivance) kommen zu; (find) finden [Zeit]

where did you get that? — wo hast du das her?

he got him by the leg/arm — er kriegte ihn am Bein/Arm zu fassen

get somebody a job/taxi, get a job/taxi for somebody — jemandem einen Job verschaffen/ein Taxi besorgen od. rufen

get oneself something/a job — sich (Dat.) etwas zulegen/einen Job finden

you can't get this kind of fruit in the winter months — dieses Obst gibt es im Winter nicht zu kaufen

2) (fetch) holen

what can I get you? — was kann ich Ihnen anbieten?

is there anything I can get you in town? — soll ich dir etwas aus der Stadt mitbringen?

3)

get the bus — etc. (be in time for, catch) den Bus usw. erreichen od. (ugs.) kriegen; (travel by) den Bus nehmen

4) (prepare) machen (ugs.), zubereiten [Essen]

5) (coll.): (eat) essen

get something to eat — etwas zu essen holen; (be given) etwas zu essen bekommen

6) (gain) erreichen

what do I get out of it? — was habe ich davon?

7) (by calculation) herausbekommen

8) (receive) bekommen; erhalten, (ugs.) kriegen [Geldsumme]

the country gets very little sun/rain — die Sonne scheint/es regnet nur sehr wenig in dem Land

he got his jaw broken in a fight — bei einer Schlägerei wurde ihm der Kiefer gebrochen

9) (receive as penalty) bekommen, (ugs.) kriegen [6 Monate Gefängnis, Geldstrafe, Tracht Prügel]

you'll get it — (coll.) du kriegst Prügel (ugs.); es setzt was (ugs.); (be scolded) du kriegst was zu hören (ugs.)

10) (kill) töten; erlegen [Wild]; (hit, injure) treffen

11) (win) bekommen; finden [Anerkennung]; sich (Dat.) verschaffen [Ansehen]; erzielen [Tor, Punkt, Treffer]; gewinnen [Preis, Belohnung]; belegen [ersten usw. Platz]

get permission — die Erlaubnis erhalten

12) (come to have) finden [Schlaf, Ruhe]; bekommen [Einfall, Vorstellung, Gefühl]; gewinnen [Eindruck]; (contract) bekommen [Kopfschmerzen, Grippe, Malaria]

get some rest — sich ausruhen

get an idea/a habit from somebody — von jemandem eine Idee/Angewohnheit übernehmen

13)

have got — (coll.): (have) haben

give it all you've got — gib dein Bestes

have got a toothache/a cold — Zahnschmerzen/eine Erkältung haben od. erkältet sein

have got to do something — etwas tun müssen

something has got to be done [about it] — dagegen muss etwas unternommen werden

14) (succeed in bringing, placing, etc.) bringen; kriegen (ugs.)

I must get a message to her — ich muss ihr eine Nachricht zukommen lassen

15) (bring into some state)

get a machine going — eine Maschine in Gang setzen od. bringen

get things going or started — die Dinge in Gang bringen

get everything packed/prepared — alles [ein]packen/vorbereiten

get something ready/done — etwas fertig machen

get one's feet wet — nasse Füße kriegen

get one's hands dirty — sich (Dat.) die Hände schmutzig machen

I didn't get much done today — ich habe heute nicht viel geschafft

you'll get yourself thrown out/arrested — du schaffst es noch, dass du rausgeworfen/verhaftet wirst

get somebody talking/drunk/interested — jemanden zum Reden bringen/betrunken machen/jemandes Interesse wecken

get one's hair cut — sich (Dat.) die Haare schneiden lassen

16) (induce)

get somebody to do something — jemanden dazu bringen, etwas zu tun

get something to do something — es schaffen, dass etwas etwas tut

I can't get the car to start/the door to shut — ich kriege das Auto nicht in Gang/die Tür nicht zu

17) (Radio, Telev.): (pick up) empfangen [Sender]

18) (contact by telephone)

get somebody [on the phone] — jemanden [telefonisch] erreichen

19) (answer)

I'll get it! — ich geh' schon!; (answer doorbell) ich mach' auf!; (answer the phone) ich gehe ran (ugs.) od. nehme ab!

20) (coll.): (perplex) in Verwirrung bringen

you've got me there; I don't know — da bin ich überfragt - ich weiß es nicht

21) (coll.) (understand) kapieren (ugs.); verstehen [Personen]; (hear) mitkriegen (ugs.)

get it? — alles klar? (ugs.)

22) (coll.): (annoy) aufregen (ugs.)
2. intransitive verb,
-tt-, got, gotten

1) (succeed in coming or going) kommen

get to London before dark — London vor Einbruch der Dunkelheit erreichen

when did you get here/to school? — wann bist du gekommen?/wann warst du in der Schule?

we got as far as Oxford — wir kamen bis Oxford

how did that get here? — wie ist das hierher gekommen?

2) (come to be)

get talking [to somebody] — [mit jemandem] ins Gespräch kommen

get going or started — (leave) losgehen; aufbrechen; (start talking) loslegen (ugs.); (become lively or operative) in Schwung kommen

get going on or with something — mit etwas anfangen

3)

get to know somebody — jemanden kennen lernen

he got to like/hate her — mit der Zeit mochte er sie/begann er, sie zu hassen

get to hear of something — von etwas erfahren

get to do something — (succeed in doing) etwas tun können

4) (become) werden

get ready/washed — sich fertig machen/waschen

get frightened/hungry — Angst/Hunger kriegen

get excited about something — sich auf etwas (Akk.) freuen

get interested in something — sich für etwas interessieren

get caught in the rain — vom Regen überrascht werden

get well soon! — gute Besserung!

Phrasal Verbs:

- get about

- get across

- get along

- get at

- get away

- get away with

- get back

- get back to

- get behind

- get by

- get down

- get down to

- get in

- get in on

- get into

- get in with

- get off

- get on

- get on to

- get on with

- get out

- get out of

- get over

- get over with

- get past

- get round

- get through

- get to

- get together

- get up

- get up to

* * *
[ɡet]
past tense - got; verb

1) (to receive or obtain: I got a letter this morning.) erhalten

2) (to bring or buy: Please get me some food.) besorgen

3) (to (manage to) move, go, take, put etc: He couldn't get across the river; I got the book down from the shelf.) kommen, holen

4) (to cause to be in a certain condition etc: You'll get me into trouble.) bringen

5) (to become: You're getting old.) werden

6) (to persuade: I'll try to get him to go.) veranlassen

7) (to arrive: When did they get home?) gelangen

8) (to succeed (in doing) or to happen( to do) something: I'll soon get to know the neighbours; I got the book read last night.) bekommen

9) (to catch (a disease etc): She got measles last week.) bekommen

10) (to catch (someone): The police will soon get the thief.) erwischen

11) (to understand: I didn't get the point of his story.) verstehen

•

- getaway
- get-together
- get-up
- be getting on for
- get about
- get across
- get after
- get ahead
- get along
- get around
- get around to
- get at
- get away
- get away with
- get back
- get by
- get down
- get down to
- get in
- get into
- get nowhere
- get off
- get on
- get on at
- get out
- get out of
- get over
- get round
- get around to
- get round to
- get there
- get through
- get together
- get up
- get up to
* * *

get

<got, got or AM, CAN usu gotten>

[get]

I. TRANSITIVE VERB

1. (obtain)

▪ to \get sth [from sb] etw [von jdm] erhalten [o bekommen]

let's \get some breakfast/groceries lass uns frühstücken/Lebensmittel besorgen

have you got a moment? haben Sie einen Augenblick Zeit?

where did you \get your radio from? woher hast du dein Radio?

to \get a glimpse of sb/sth einen Blick auf jdn/etw erhaschen

to \get a radio station einen Sender empfangen [o fam reinbekommen]

to \get time off freibekommen

2. (receive)

▪ to \get sth [from sb] etw [von jdm] bekommen [o fam kriegen]

to \get sth for one's birthday etw zum Geburtstag bekommen

to \get a [telephone] call from sb von jdm angerufen werden

3. (experience)

▪ to \get sth etw erleben

we don't \get much snow in this country in diesem Land schneit es nicht sehr viel

I got quite a shock ich habe einen ganz schönen Schock bekommen! fam

I got quite a surprise ich war ganz schön überrascht

to \get the impression that... den Eindruck gewinnen, dass...

4. (deliver)

▪ to \get sth to sb jdm etw bringen

5. ( fam: contract)

▪ to \get sth sich dat etw holen fam

you can't \get measles twice Masern kannst du nicht zweimal bekommen

to \get the flu sich dat die Grippe einfangen [o ÖSTERR a. holen] fam

to \get food poisoning sich dat eine Lebensmittelvergiftung zuziehen [o ÖSTERR fam a. holen

6. (fetch)

▪ to \get [sb] sth [or sth for sb] jdm etw besorgen [o holen]

can I \get you a drink? möchtest du was trinken?, kann ich Ihnen etwas zu trinken anbieten?; ( form)

could you \get a newspaper for me, please? könntest du mir bitte eine Zeitung mitbringen?

7. (come across)

▪ to \get sth somewhere irgendwo auf etw akk treffen

you \get lions in Africa in Afrika gibt es Löwen

8.

to \get a plane/train (travel with) ein Flugzeug/einen Zug nehmen; (catch) ein Flugzeug/einen Zug erwischen fam

9. (earn)

▪ to \get sth etw verdienen

10. (exchange)

▪ to \get sth for sth etw für etw akk bekommen

11. (buy)

▪ to \get sth etw kaufen

12. (derive)

▪ to \get sth out of sth:

what do I \get out of it? was habe ich davon?

sb \gets a lot of pleasure out of [or from] sth etw bereitet jdm viel Freude

to \get something out of sth aus etw dat seine Vorteile ziehen

13. (calculate)

▪ to \get sth etw berechnen

14. (capture)

▪ to \get sb/sth jdn/etw fangen

15. ( fam: punish)

▪ to \get sb [for sth] jdn [für etw akk] kriegen fam

I'll \get you for this/that! ich kriege dich dafür! fam

16. ( fam: suffer)

to \get it es bekommen, bestraft werden

17. (buttonhole)

▪ to \get sb to oneself jdn für sich akk haben

18. (answer)

to \get the door die Tür aufmachen

to \get the telephone das Telefon abnehmen, ans Telefon gehen

19. AM ( fam: pay for)

▪ to \get sth etw bezahlen

20. + adj, pp (cause to be)

he got his bag caught in the door seine Tasche verfing sich in der Tür

she got the kids ready sie machte die Kinder fertig

to \get sth confused etw verwechseln

to \get sth delivered sich dat etw liefern lassen

to \get sth finished etw fertig machen

to \get sth typed etw tippen lassen

21. (induce)

▪ to \get sb/sth doing sth:

we'll soon \get you talking wir werden Sie schon zum Reden bringen

haven't you got the photocopier working yet? hast du den Kopierer noch nicht zum Laufen gekriegt? fam

▪ to \get sb/sth to do sth jdn/etw dazu bringen, etw zu tun

to \get one's computer to work seinen Computer zum Laufen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. Funktionieren] kriegen fam

22. (transport)

▪ to \get sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin bringen

we can't \get the bed through the door wir bekommen das Bett nicht durch die Tür

23. (learn)

▪ to \get sth etw herausbekommen [o fam herauskriegen

24. (understand)

▪ to \get sth etw verstehen

to \get the meaning es verstehen

to \get the message es kapieren fam

to \get the picture ( fam) kapieren fam

\get the picture? kapiert? fam, kapische? fam

to \get sb/sth wrong jdn/etw falsch verstehen

25.

to \get dinner (prepare) das Abendessen zubereiten; (eat) zu Abend essen

26. (baffle)

▪ to \get sb jdn verwirren

this problem's simply got me mit diesem Problem bin ich einfach überfordert

you've got me there da bin ich [aber] überfragt

we'll get them with this tactic mit dieser Taktik kriegen wir sie fam

27. ( fam: amuse)

▪ to \get sb jdn amüsieren

28. ( fam: irk)

▪ to \get sb jdm auf die Nerven gehen fam

29. ( fam: sadden)

▪ to \get sb jdm unter die Haut gehen fam

30. (hit)

▪ to \get sb [in sth]:

that nearly got me in the eye! das ist mir fast ins Auge geflogen!

she got him right in the face sie hat ihn mitten ins Gesicht getroffen

the shot got him in the arm der Schuss traf ihn in den Arm [o fam erwischte ihn am Arm

31. usu imper ( fam: look at)

\get him/her! sieh dir mal den/die an!

32.

▶ to get one's own back [on sb] BRIT ( fam) sich akk [an jdm] rächen

▶ to \get it on ( fam: succeed) es schaffen; ( fam: fight) es sich dat geben; ( fam: have sex) es treiben euph fam

II. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1. + adj (become) werden

are you \getting better? geht es dir besser?

to \get real (sl) am Boden bleiben fam

to \get used to sth sich akk an etw akk gewöhnen

2. + vb (become)

to \get to be sth etw werden

how did you \get to be a belly dancer? wie bist du zu einer Bauchtänzerin geworden?

to \get to like sth etw langsam mögen

3. + pp (in passives) werden

the dog got drowned der Hund ist ertrunken

this window got broken jemand hat dieses Fenster zerbrochen

to \get married heiraten

4. (reach)

▪ to \get somewhere irgendwohin kommen

to \get home [from somewhere] [von irgendwo] nach Hause kommen

5. (progress)

to get nowhere/somewhere [with sth] es nicht weit/weit [mit etw dat] bringen

we were not \getting far with the negotiations unsere Verhandlungen kamen nicht weit voran

6. (have opportunity)

▪ to \get to do sth die Möglichkeit haben, etw zu tun

to \get to see sb jdn zu Gesicht bekommen

7. (succeed)

▪ to \get to do sth schaffen, etw zu tun

8. (must)

▪ to have got to do sth etw machen müssen

9. (start)

▪ to \get doing sth anfangen, etw zu tun

to \get going [or moving] gehen

we'd better \get going wir sollten besser gehen

10. (understand)

to \get with it sich akk informieren

\get with it! setz dich damit auseinander!

11. usu imper ( fam: go)

[go on,] \get! hau [doch] ab! fam

III. NOUN

1. BRIT ( pej sl) see git

2. COMPUT Holanweisung f

* * *
[get] pret got, ptp got or ( US) gotten
1. TRANSITIVE VERB
When get is part of a set combination, eg. get the sack, get hold of, get it right, look up the other word.
1) = receive bekommen, kriegen (inf); sun, light, full force of blow abbekommen, abkriegen (inf); wound sich (dat) zuziehen; wealth, glory kommen zu; time, personal characteristics haben (from von)

where did you get it (from)? — woher hast du das?

this country gets very little rain —

he wanted to get all the glory — er wollte all den Ruhm (haben)

he got the idea for his book while he was abroad/from an old document — die Idee zu dem Buch kam ihm, als er im Ausland war/hatte er von einem alten Dokument

where did you get that idea? — wie kommst du denn auf die Idee?

I got quite a surprise — ich war ziemlich überrascht

I got quite a shock — ich habe einen ziemlichen Schock gekriegt (inf) or bekommen

I get the feeling that... — ich habe das Gefühl, dass...

2) = obtain by one's own efforts object sich (dat) besorgen; visa, money sich (dat) beschaffen or besorgen; (= find) staff, finance, partner, job finden; (= buy) kaufen; (= buy and keep) large item, car, cat sich (dat) anschaffen

not to be able to get sth — etw nicht bekommen or kriegen (inf) können

to get sb/oneself sth, to get sth for sb/oneself — jdm/sich etw besorgen; job jdm/sich etw verschaffen

to need to get sth — etw brauchen

I've still three to get — ich brauche noch drei

to get a glimpse of sb/sth — jdn/etw kurz zu sehen bekommen

you'll have to get a job/more staff —

he's been trying to get a house/job — er hat versucht, ein Haus/eine Stelle zu bekommen

he got himself a wife/a good job — er hat sich (dat) eine Frau zugelegt (inf)

what are you getting her for Christmas? — was schenkst du ihr zu Weihnachten?

I got her a doll for Christmas — ich habe für sie eine Puppe zu Weihnachten besorgt

we could get a taxi — wir könnten (uns dat ) ein Taxi nehmen

could you get me a taxi? — könnten Sie mir ein Taxi rufen or besorgen?

we don't get a paper — wir haben keine Zeitung abonniert

3) = fetch person, doctor, object holen

to get sb from the station — jdn vom Bahnhof abholen

can I get you a drink? — möchten Sie etwas zu trinken?

I got him/myself a drink — ich habe ihm/mir etwas zu trinken geholt

why don't you get a dictionary and look it up? — warum sehen Sie nicht in einem Wörterbuch nach?

4) = catch bekommen, kriegen (inf); (in children's game) fangen; (= take) train, bus fahren mit

to get sb by the arm/leg — jdn am Arm/Bein packen

he's got it bad (inf) — den hats übel erwischt (inf)

get him/it! (to dog) — fass!

(I've) got him! (inf) — ich hab ihn! (inf)

(I've) got it! (inf) — ich habs! (inf)

got you! (inf) — hab dich (erwischt)! (inf)

ha, ha, can't get me! — ha, ha, mich kriegst du nicht! (inf)

my big brother will get you! (inf) — mein großer Bruder, der zeigts dir or der macht dich fertig! (inf)

he's out to get you (inf) — er hats auf dich abgesehen

we'll get them yet! (inf) — die werden wir schon noch kriegen! (inf)

I'll get you for that! (inf) — das wirst du mir büßen!

you've got me there! (inf) — da bin ich überfragt

5) = hit treffen, erwischen (inf)

6) RAD, TV bekommen, kriegen (inf)

7) TELEC = contact erreichen; number bekommen; (= put through to, get for sb) geben

I'll get the number (for you) (switchboard) — ich verbinde Sie mit der Nummer

get me 339/Mr Johnston please (to secretary) — geben Sie mir bitte 339/Herrn Johnston; (to switchboard) verbinden Sie mich bitte mit 339/Herrn Johnston

you've got the wrong number — Sie sind falsch verbunden

8) = prepare meal machen

I'll get you/myself some breakfast — ich mache dir/mir etwas zum Frühstück

9) = eat essen

to get breakfast — frühstücken

to get lunch — zu Mittag essen

to get a snack — eine Kleinigkeit essen

let's get Italian/Chinese/Indian etc — gehen wir zum Italiener/Chinesen/Inder (essen)

10) = send, take bringen

to get sb to hospital — jdn ins Krankenhaus bringen

get the children to bed — bring die Kinder ins Bett

they managed to get him home — sie schafften ihn nach Hause

we'll get you there somehow — irgendwie kriegen wir dich schon dahin (inf)

where does that get us? (inf) — was bringt uns (dat) das? (inf)

this discussion isn't getting us anywhere —

get the cat out of the room — tu die Katze aus dem Zimmer (inf)

to get sth to sb — jdm etw zukommen lassen

tell him to get it there as quickly as possible — er soll zusehen, dass das so schnell wie möglich dorthin gebracht wird

11) = manage to move bekommen, kriegen (inf)

he couldn't get her up the stairs — er bekam or kriegte (inf) sie nicht die Treppe rauf

he couldn't get himself out of bed — er kam nicht aus dem Bett

12) = understand kapieren (inf), mitbekommen; (= hear) mitbekommen, mitkriegen (inf); (= make a note of) notieren

I don't get it (inf) — da komme ich nicht mit (inf)

I don't get you or your meaning — ich verstehe nicht, was du meinst

get it? (inf) — kapiert? (inf)

13)

= profit, benefit what do you get from it? — was hast du davon?, was bringt es dir? (inf)

I don't get much from his lectures — seine Vorlesungen geben mir nicht viel

he's only in it for what he can get — er will nur dabei profitieren

14)

in exclamations iro inf get (a load of) that! — was sagst du dazu! (inf), hat man Töne! (inf)

get her! (regarding looks) — was sagst du zu der da? (inf); (iro) sieh dir bloß die mal an! (inf)

15) person inf = annoy ärgern, aufregen; (= upset) an die Nieren gehen (+dat) (inf); (= thrill) packen (inf); (= amuse) amüsieren

16) to form passive inf werden

when did it last get painted? — wann ist es zuletzt gestrichen worden?

I got paid — ich wurde bezahlt

17) set structures __diams; to get sb to do sth (= have sth done by sb) etw von jdm machen lassen; (= persuade sb) jdn dazu bringen, etw zu tun

I'll get him to phone you back — ich sage ihm, er soll zurückrufen

you'll never get him to understand — du wirst es nie schaffen, dass er das versteht

you'll get me/yourself thrown out —

that'll get him disqualified — damit wird er disqualifiziert

has she got the baby dressed yet? — hat sie das Baby schon angezogen?

to get sth done — etw gemacht kriegen (inf)

to get the washing done — die Wäsche waschen

to get some work done — Arbeit erledigen

I'm not going to get much done — ich werde nicht viel geschafft kriegen (inf) or bekommen

we ought to get it done soon — das müsste bald gemacht werden

to get things done — was fertig kriegen (inf)

to get sth made for sb/oneself — jdm/sich etw machen lassen

to get one's hair cut — sich (dat) die Haare schneiden lassen

I got the bathroom cleaned this morning — ich habe heute Morgen das Bad geputzt

I'll get the grass cut/the house painted soon (by sb else) — ich lasse bald den Rasen mähen/das Haus streichen

did you get your expenses paid/your question answered? — haben Sie Ihre Spesen erstattet/eine Antwort auf Ihre Frage bekommen?

to get sb/sth/oneself ready — jdn/etw/sich fertig machen

to get sth clean/open/shut (person) — etw sauber kriegen/aufkriegen/zukriegen (inf)

that'll get it clean — damit wird es sauber

that'll get it open/shut — damit geht es auf/zu

to get sb drunk — jdn betrunken machen or (inf)

to get one's arm broken — sich (dat) den Arm brechen

to get one's hands dirty (lit, fig) — sich (dat) die Hände schmutzig machen

to get one's things packed — seine Sachen packen

I can't get the car to start — ich kriege das Auto nicht an (inf)

he can't get the sum to work out/the lid to stay open — er kriegt es nicht hin, dass die Rechnung aufgeht/dass der Deckel aufbleibt (inf)

can you get these two pieces to fit together? — kriegen Sie die beiden Teile zusammen

can you get the wound to stop bleeding? — können Sie etwas machen, dass die Wunde nicht mehr blutet?

once I've got this machine to work — wenn ich die Maschine erst einmal zum Laufen gebracht habe

to get sth going (car, machine) — etw in Gang bringen; party etw in Fahrt bringen

to get sb talking — jdn zum Sprechen bringen __diams; to have got sth ( Brit

2. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1) = arrive kommen

to get home — nach Hause kommen

to get here — hier ankommen

can you get to work by bus? — kannst du mit dem Bus zur Arbeit fahren?

I've got as far as page 16 — ich bin auf Seite 16 __diams; to get there ( fig inf

now we're getting there (to the truth) — jetzt kommts raus! (inf)

how's the work going? – we're getting there! — wie geht die Arbeit voran? – langsam wirds was! (inf) __diams; to get somewhere/nowhere (in job, career etc) es zu etwas/nichts bringen; (with work, in discussion etc) weiterkommen/nicht weiterkommen

to get somewhere/nowhere (with sb) —

we're not getting anywhere by arguing like this — wir erreichen doch gar nichts, wenn wir uns streiten

now we're getting somewhere (in project etc) — jetzt wird die Sache (inf); (in interrogation, discussion etc) jetzt kommen wir der Sache schon näher

to get nowhere fast (inf) — absolut nichts erreichen __diams; to get far (lit) weit kommen; (fig) es weit bringen

you won't get far on £10 — mit £ 10 kommst du nicht weit

2) = become werden

to get old/tired etc — alt/müde etc werden

I'm getting cold/warm — mir wird es kalt/warm

the weather is getting cold/warm — es wird kalt/warm

to get dressed/shaved/washed etc — sich anziehen/rasieren/waschen etc

to get married — heiraten

to get free — sich befreien

I'm getting bored — ich langweile mich langsam

things can only get better —

to get lucky (inf) — Schwein haben (inf)

how lucky can you get? — so ein Glück!

how stupid can you get? — wie kann man nur so dumm sein? __diams; to get started anfangen

let's get started — fangen wir an!

to get to know sb/sth — jdn/etw kennenlernen

how did you get to know about that? — wie hast du davon erfahren?

to get to like sb — jdn sympathisch finden

to get to like sth — an etw (dat) Gefallen finden

after a time you get to realize... — nach einiger Zeit merkt man...

to get to be... — (mit der Zeit)... werden

to get to see sb/sth — jdn/etw zu sehen bekommen

to get to work — sich an die Arbeit machen

to get working/scrubbing etc —

you lot, get cleaning/working! — ihr da, ans Putzen/an die Arbeit!

I got talking to him — ich kam mit ihm ins Gespräch

get going! — fang an!

I've got to — ich muss

3. REFLEXIVE VERB
__diams; to get oneself... = convey oneself gehen; (= come) kommen
I had to get myself to the hospital — ich musste ins Krankenhaus (gehen)

how did you get yourself home? —

get yourself over here — komm hier rüber (inf)

to get oneself dirty/wet — sich schmutzig/nass machen

to get oneself pregnant/fit — schwanger/fit werden

to get oneself washed/dressed — sich waschen/anziehen

he managed to get himself promoted —

he got himself hit in the leg — er wurde am Bein getroffen

in order to get oneself elected — um gewählt zu werden

you'll get yourself killed if you go on driving like that — du bringst dich noch um, wenn du weiter so fährst

* * *

get [ɡet]

A s

1. Tennis: umg Rückschlag m

2. ZOOL Nachkomme(n) m(pl)

3. Br Fördermenge f

B v/t prät got [ɡɒt; US ɡɑt], obs gat [ɡæt], pperf got [ɡɒt; US ɡɑt], US auch gotten [ˈɡɑtn]

1. einen Brief, keine Antwort etc bekommen, erhalten, kriegen umg:

he didn’t get much for his old car;

get it umg sein Fett (ab)kriegen, eins aufs Dach kriegen;

get a good start einen guten Start haben;

get a station ( RADIO, TV) einen Sender empfangen oder reinbekommen;

we could get no leave wir konnten keinen Urlaub bekommen;

in autumn you get a lot of rain here umg im Herbst regnet es hier sehr viel;

he’s got it bad(ly) umg ihn hat es schwer erwischt (er ist schwer erkrankt, heftig verliebt etc)

2. sich etwas verschaffen oder besorgen:

money can get you anything für Geld bekommt man alles;

get a pregnancy test einen Schwangerschaftstest machen lassen

3. erwerben, gewinnen, verdienen, erringen, erzielen:

get fame Ruhm erringen oder erwerben oder erlangen;

get a victory einen Sieg erringen oder erzielen;

get wealth Reichtum erwerben

4. Wissen, Erfahrung etc erwerben, sich aneignen, (er)lernen:

get by heart auswendig lernen

5. Kohle etc gewinnen, fördern

6. erwischen:

a) (zu fassen) kriegen, fassen, packen, fangen

b) ertappen

c) treffen:

he’ll get you in the end er kriegt dich doch;

you’ve got me there! umg da bin ich überfragt!;

that gets me umg das kapiere ich nicht; das geht mir auf die Nerven; das packt mich, das geht mir unter die Haut

7. a) Hilfe etc holen:

get sb a taxi jemandem ein Taxi rufen;

I’ll get it ich mach schon auf; TEL ich geh schon ran

b) abholen ( from von)

c) (hin)bringen:

get sb to bed jemanden ins Bett bringen;

get me a chair bring oder hol mir einen Stuhl!

d) schaffen, bringen, befördern:

get it out of the house schaffe es aus dem Haus!;

get o.s. home sich nach Hause begeben; → anywhere 1, nowhere A 2

8. beschaffen, besorgen ( beide:

for sb jemandem):

I can get it for you;

please get me … TEL verbinden Sie mich bitte mit …

9. (auch telefonisch) erreichen, ein öffentliches Verkehrsmittel auch nehmen

10. a) have got haben:

I’ve got no money;

she’s got a pretty face;

got a knife? umg hast du ein Messer?

b) have got to müssen:

we have got to do it

11. machen, werden lassen, in einen (bestimmten) Zustand versetzen oder bringen:

get one’s feet wet nasse Füße bekommen;

get sth ready etwas fertig machen;

get sb nervous jemanden nervös machen;

I got my arm broken ich habe mir den Arm gebrochen

12. (mit pperf) lassen:

get one’s hair cut sich die Haare schneiden lassen;

get sth done

a) etwas erledigen (lassen),

b) etwas zustande bringen

13. (mit inf) dazu oder dahin bringen, bewegen, veranlassen:

get sb to speak jemanden zum Sprechen bringen oder bewegen;

get sth to burn etwas zum Brennen bringen

14. (mit ppr) get going

a) eine Maschine etc, fig a. Verhandlungen etc in Gang bringen,

b) fig Schwung in eine Party etc bringen;

get sth working again TECH etwas wieder zum Gehen bringen

15. get sb for sth umg jemandem etwas heimzahlen

16. eine Mahlzeit zu-, vorbereiten, herrichten

17. Br umg essen:

get breakfast frühstücken

18. umg kapieren, (auch akustisch) verstehen:

I didn’t get his name;

I don’t get him ich versteh nicht, was er will;

I don’t get that das kapier ich nicht;

got it? kapiert?; → wrong B 1

19. US umg erledigen (töten)

20. umg nicht mehr loslassen, überwältigen

C v/i

1. kommen, gelangen:

get as far as Munich bis nach München kommen;

get home nach Hause kommen, zu Hause ankommen;

where has it got to? wo ist es hingekommen?;

how far have you got with your homework? wie weit bist du mit deinen Hausaufgaben gekommen?;

get there umg

a) es schaffen, sein Ziel erreichen,

b) dahinterkommen (es verstehen); → anywhere 1, nowhere A 2

2. (mit inf) dahin gelangen oder kommen, dazu übergehen:

he got to like it er hat es lieb gewonnen;

they got to be friends sie wurden Freunde;

get to know sth etwas erfahren oder kennenlernen;

get to know sb (better) jemanden (näher) kennenlernen

3. (mit adj oder pperf) werden, in einen bestimmten Zustand etc geraten:

get caught gefangen oder erwischt werden;

get dressed sich anziehen;

get tired müde werden, ermüden; → busy A 2, drunk B 1, etc

4. (mit ppr) beginnen, anfangen:

they got quarrel(l)ing sie fingen an zu streiten;

get going

a) in Gang kommen (Maschine etc, fig a. Verhandlungen etc),

b) fig in Schwung kommen (Party etc);

get going on ( oder with) sth etwas in Angriff nehmen;

get talking

a) zu reden anfangen,

b) ins Gespräch kommen

5. reich werden

6. sl verduften, abhauen (beide umg)

* * *
1. transitive verb,
-tt-, p.t. got, p.p. got or (in comb./arch./ Amer. except in sense m) gotten ( got also coll. abbr. of has got or have got)

1) (obtain) bekommen; kriegen (ugs.); (by buying) kaufen; sich (Dat.) anschaffen [Auto usw.]; (by one's own effort for special purpose) sich (Dat.) besorgen [Visum, Genehmigung, Arbeitskräfte]; sich (Dat.) beschaffen [Geld]; einholen [Gutachten]; (by contrivance) kommen zu; (find) finden [Zeit]

where did you get that? — wo hast du das her?

he got him by the leg/arm — er kriegte ihn am Bein/Arm zu fassen

get somebody a job/taxi, get a job/taxi for somebody — jemandem einen Job verschaffen/ein Taxi besorgen od. rufen

get oneself something/a job — sich (Dat.) etwas zulegen/einen Job finden

you can't get this kind of fruit in the winter months — dieses Obst gibt es im Winter nicht zu kaufen

2) (fetch) holen

what can I get you? — was kann ich Ihnen anbieten?

is there anything I can get you in town? — soll ich dir etwas aus der Stadt mitbringen?

3)

get the bus — etc. (be in time for, catch) den Bus usw. erreichen od. (ugs.) kriegen; (travel by) den Bus nehmen

4) (prepare) machen (ugs.), zubereiten [Essen]

5) (coll.): (eat) essen

get something to eat — etwas zu essen holen; (be given) etwas zu essen bekommen

6) (gain) erreichen

what do I get out of it? — was habe ich davon?

7) (by calculation) herausbekommen

8) (receive) bekommen; erhalten, (ugs.) kriegen [Geldsumme]

the country gets very little sun/rain — die Sonne scheint/es regnet nur sehr wenig in dem Land

he got his jaw broken in a fight — bei einer Schlägerei wurde ihm der Kiefer gebrochen

9) (receive as penalty) bekommen, (ugs.) kriegen [6 Monate Gefängnis, Geldstrafe, Tracht Prügel]

you'll get it — (coll.) du kriegst Prügel (ugs.); es setzt was (ugs.); (be scolded) du kriegst was zu hören (ugs.)

10) (kill) töten; erlegen [Wild]; (hit, injure) treffen

11) (win) bekommen; finden [Anerkennung]; sich (Dat.) verschaffen [Ansehen]; erzielen [Tor, Punkt, Treffer]; gewinnen [Preis, Belohnung]; belegen [ersten usw. Platz]

get permission — die Erlaubnis erhalten

12) (come to have) finden [Schlaf, Ruhe]; bekommen [Einfall, Vorstellung, Gefühl]; gewinnen [Eindruck]; (contract) bekommen [Kopfschmerzen, Grippe, Malaria]

get some rest — sich ausruhen

get an idea/a habit from somebody — von jemandem eine Idee/Angewohnheit übernehmen

13)

have got — (coll.): (have) haben

give it all you've got — gib dein Bestes

have got a toothache/a cold — Zahnschmerzen/eine Erkältung haben od. erkältet sein

have got to do something — etwas tun müssen

something has got to be done [about it] — dagegen muss etwas unternommen werden

14) (succeed in bringing, placing, etc.) bringen; kriegen (ugs.)

I must get a message to her — ich muss ihr eine Nachricht zukommen lassen

15) (bring into some state)

get a machine going — eine Maschine in Gang setzen od. bringen

get things going or started — die Dinge in Gang bringen

get everything packed/prepared — alles [ein]packen/vorbereiten

get something ready/done — etwas fertig machen

get one's feet wet — nasse Füße kriegen

get one's hands dirty — sich (Dat.) die Hände schmutzig machen

I didn't get much done today — ich habe heute nicht viel geschafft

you'll get yourself thrown out/arrested — du schaffst es noch, dass du rausgeworfen/verhaftet wirst

get somebody talking/drunk/interested — jemanden zum Reden bringen/betrunken machen/jemandes Interesse wecken

get one's hair cut — sich (Dat.) die Haare schneiden lassen

16) (induce)

get somebody to do something — jemanden dazu bringen, etwas zu tun

get something to do something — es schaffen, dass etwas etwas tut

I can't get the car to start/the door to shut — ich kriege das Auto nicht in Gang/die Tür nicht zu

17) (Radio, Telev.): (pick up) empfangen [Sender]

18) (contact by telephone)

get somebody [on the phone] — jemanden [telefonisch] erreichen

19) (answer)

I'll get it! — ich geh' schon!; (answer doorbell) ich mach' auf!; (answer the phone) ich gehe ran (ugs.) od. nehme ab!

20) (coll.): (perplex) in Verwirrung bringen

you've got me there; I don't know — da bin ich überfragt - ich weiß es nicht

21) (coll.) (understand) kapieren (ugs.); verstehen [Personen]; (hear) mitkriegen (ugs.)

get it? — alles klar? (ugs.)

22) (coll.): (annoy) aufregen (ugs.)
2. intransitive verb,
-tt-, got, gotten

1) (succeed in coming or going) kommen

get to London before dark — London vor Einbruch der Dunkelheit erreichen

when did you get here/to school? — wann bist du gekommen?/wann warst du in der Schule?

we got as far as Oxford — wir kamen bis Oxford

how did that get here? — wie ist das hierher gekommen?

2) (come to be)

get talking [to somebody] — [mit jemandem] ins Gespräch kommen

get going or started — (leave) losgehen; aufbrechen; (start talking) loslegen (ugs.); (become lively or operative) in Schwung kommen

get going on or with something — mit etwas anfangen

3)

get to know somebody — jemanden kennen lernen

he got to like/hate her — mit der Zeit mochte er sie/begann er, sie zu hassen

get to hear of something — von etwas erfahren

get to do something — (succeed in doing) etwas tun können

4) (become) werden

get ready/washed — sich fertig machen/waschen

get frightened/hungry — Angst/Hunger kriegen

get excited about something — sich auf etwas (Akk.) freuen

get interested in something — sich für etwas interessieren

get caught in the rain — vom Regen überrascht werden

get well soon! — gute Besserung!

Phrasal Verbs:

- get about

- get across

- get along

- get at

- get away

- get away with

- get back

- get back to

- get behind

- get by

- get down

- get down to

- get in

- get in on

- get into

- get in with

- get off

- get on

- get on to

- get on with

- get out

- get out of

- get over

- get over with

- get past

- get round

- get through

- get to

- get together

- get up

- get up to

* * *

(give) the stick expr.

eine Tracht Prügel bekommen (verabreichen) ausdr. (oneself) something expr.

sich etwas anschaffen ausdr.

sich etwas zulegen ausdr. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: got)

or p.p.: gotten•) = aneignen v.

bekommen v.

besorgen v.

bringen v.

(§ p.,pp.: brachte, gebracht)

erhalten v.

erreichen v.

erringen v.

erwerben v.

holen v.

kapieren v.

schaffen v.

sich etwas verschaffen ausdr.

verstehen v.

English-german dictionary > get
32 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
33 advantage

noun

1) (better position) Vorteil, der

give somebody an advantage over somebody — für jemanden einen Vorteil gegenüber jemandem bedeuten

gain an advantage over somebody — sich (Dat.) einen Vorteil gegenüber jemandem verschaffen

have an advantage over somebody — jemandem gegenüber im Vorteil sein

take [full/unfair] advantage of something — etwas [voll/unfairerweise] ausnutzen

2) (benefit) Vorteil, der

be to one's advantage — für jemanden von Vorteil sein

turn something to [one's] advantage — etwas ausnutzen

* * *

noun

1) ((a) gain or benefit: There are several advantages in being self-employed.) der Vorteil

2) (in tennis, the first point gained after deuce.) der Vorteil

•

- academic.ru/855/advantageous">advantageous
- advantageously
- have an/the advantage over
- have an/the advantage
- take advantage of
* * *

ad·van·tage

[ədˈvɑ:ntɪʤ, AM -ˈvæ:nt̬ɪʤ]

n

1. (benefit) Vorteil m

she had the twin \advantages of wealth and beauty sie war nicht nur reich, sondern auch schön

to give sb an \advantage over sb jdm einen Vorteil gegenüber jdm verschaffen

to have the \advantage of sb BRIT ( form) jdm gegenüber im Vorteil [o überlegen] sein

to take \advantage of sb ( pej) jdn ausnutzen [o ÖSTERR ausnützen] pej, sich dat jdn zunutze machen

to take \advantage of sth ( approv) etw nutzen [o nützen] ÖSTERR

to turn sth to [one's] \advantage etw zu seinem Vorteil wenden

▪ to be at an \advantage over sb gegenüber jdm im Vorteil sein

▪ to be to sb's \advantage für jdn von Vorteil sein, zu jds Vorteil sein

2. no pl TENNIS Vorteil m

\advantage Jackson! Vorteil Jackson!

* * *
[əd'vAːntɪdZ]
1. n

1) Vorteil m

to have an advantage (over sb) — (jdm gegenüber) im Vorteil sein

that gives you an advantage over me — damit sind Sie mir gegenüber im Vorteil, das verschafft Ihnen mir gegenüber einen Vorteil

to have the advantage of sb —

you have the advantage of me (form) — ich kenne leider Ihren werten Namen nicht (form)

he had the advantage of youth — er hatte den Vorzug der Jugend

she had the advantage of greater experience — sie war durch ihre größere Erfahrung im Vorteil

to get the advantage of sb ( by doing sth) — sich (dat) (durch etw) jdm gegenüber einen Vorteil verschaffen

to have the advantage of numbers — zahlenmäßig überlegen sein

2) (= use, profit) Vorteil m

to take advantage of sth — etw ausnutzen, sich (dat) etw zunutze or zu Nutze machen

he took advantage of her while she was drunk — er machte sich (dat) ihre Trunkenheit zunutze or zu Nutze

to turn sth to advantage — Nutzen aus etw ziehen

he turned it to his own advantage — er machte es sich (dat) zunutze or zu Nutze

what advantage is that to us? — welchen Nutzen haben wir davon?

it is to my advantage to... — es ist vorteilhaft für mich..., es ist für mich von Vorteil...

to use sth to best advantage — das Beste aus etw machen

to use sth to one's advantage — etw für sich nutzen

3) (TENNIS) Vorteil m

2. vt (old, liter)
zum Vorteil or Nutzen gereichen (+dat) (geh)
* * *

advantage [ədˈvɑːntıdʒ; US -ˈvæn-]

A s

1. Vorteil m:

a) Überlegenheit f, Vorsprung m

b) Vorzug m:

the advantages of this novel machine die Vorteile oder Vorzüge dieser neuen Maschine;

gain an advantage over sb sich jemandem gegenüber einen Vorteil verschaffen;

give sb an advantage jemandem einen Vorteil verschaffen ( over gegenüber);

have an advantage over sb jemandem gegenüber im Vorteil sein;

have the advantage (over sb) (jemandem gegenüber) den Vorteil haben ( of being zu sein);

you have the advantage of me Br

a) ich kenne leider Ihren (werten) Namen nicht,

b) Sie wissen mehr als ich

2. Nutzen m, Gewinn m, Vorteil m:

sth to sb’s advantage etwas für jemanden Vorteilhaftes oder Günstiges;

be to sb’s advantage für jemanden von Vorteil sein;

derive ( oder draw) advantage from sth aus etwas Nutzen oder einen Vorteil ziehen;

show to good ( oder to the best) advantage hervorheben, betonen;

take advantage of sb jemanden übervorteilen oder ausnutzen;

take advantage of sth etwas ausnutzen, sich etwas zunutze machen;

take full advantage of sth etwas voll ausnutzen;

use to full advantage voll ausspielen

3. günstige Gelegenheit

4. SPORT Vorteil m:

advantage server (receiver) (Tennis) Vorteil Aufschläger (Rückschläger);

advantage law ( oder rule) Vorteilsregel f;

apply ( oder play) the advantage rule, allow the advantage Vorteil gelten lassen

B v/t fördern, begünstigen

* * *

noun

1) (better position) Vorteil, der

give somebody an advantage over somebody — für jemanden einen Vorteil gegenüber jemandem bedeuten

gain an advantage over somebody — sich (Dat.) einen Vorteil gegenüber jemandem verschaffen

have an advantage over somebody — jemandem gegenüber im Vorteil sein

take [full/unfair] advantage of something — etwas [voll/unfairerweise] ausnutzen

2) (benefit) Vorteil, der

be to one's advantage — für jemanden von Vorteil sein

turn something to [one's] advantage — etwas ausnutzen

* * *

n.

Gewinn -e m.

Vorteil -e m.

English-german dictionary > advantage
34 Catholic church

   The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.

   In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.

   Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.

   The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.

   With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.

   After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.

   Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Catholic church
35 capital

I
1. 'kæpitl noun
1) (the chief town or seat of government: Paris is the capital of France.) capital

2) ((also capital letter) any letter of the type found at the beginning of sentences, proper names etc: THESE ARE CAPITAL LETTERS / CAPITALS.) mayúscula

3) (money (for investment etc): You need capital to start a new business.) capital

2. adjective
1) (involving punishment by death: a capital offence.) capital, pena de muerte

2) (excellent: a capital idea.) excelente, brillante

3) ((of a city) being a capital: Paris and other capital cities.) capital

•

- capitalism
- capitalist
- capitalist
- capitalistic
II 'kæpitl noun
(in architecture, the top part of a column of a building etc.) capitel

capital n capital

capital adjetivo ‹ importancia› cardinal, prime; ‹ influencia› seminal (frml); ‹ obra› key, seminal (frml) ■ sustantivo masculino
a) (Com, Fin) capital

b) (recursos, riqueza) resources (pl)
■ sustantivo femenino ( de país) capital; ( de provincia) provincial capital, ≈ county seat ( in US), ≈ county town ( in UK);
◊ Valencia capital the city of Valencia

capital
I sustantivo femenino capital: la orquesta tocará en las principales capitales europeas, the orchestra will play in all the main European capitals
II sustantivo masculino Fin capital
capital activo/social, working/share capital
III adjetivo capital, main
pena capital, capital punishment ' capital' also found in these entries: Spanish: capitel - caudal - ciudad - inmovilizar - mayúscula - plusvalía - provincia - retener - retención - social - versal - versalita - villa - ampliación - ampliar - antiguo - capitalino - divisa - doblar - fuga - ganancia - inmediaciones - invertir - mayúsculo - México - Panamá - pecado - pena - sangría English: archives - capital - capital gains tax - capital punishment - capital reserves - district - drain - equity - injection - major - movement - opposed - principal - share capital - tie up - up - working capital - against - big - caps - flow - inject - put

capital

tr['kæpɪtəl]

noun

1 SMALLARCHITECTURE/SMALL capitel nombre masculino

————————

capital

tr['kæpɪtəl]

noun

1 (of country etc) capital nombre femenino

■ what's the capital of Greece? ¿cuál es la capital de Grecia?

2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL capital nombre masculino

■ starting capital capital inicial

3 (letter) mayúscula

■ write it in capitals escríbelo con mayúsculas

adjective

1 SMALLLAW/SMALL (offence) capital

2 (letter) mayúscula

■ capital A A mayúscula

3 (very serious) grave

4 (primary, chief, principal) primordial, capital

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to make capital out of something sacar provecho de algo, sacar partido de algo

capital city capital nombre femenino

capital expenditure / capital investment inversión nombre femenino de capital

capital goods bienes nombre masculino plural de equipo

capital stock capital nombre masculino social

capital transfer tax impuesto sobre sucesiones

capital ['kæpət̬əl] adj

1) : capital

capital punishment: pena capital

2) : mayúsculo (dícese de las letras)

3) : de capital

capital assets: activo fijo

capital gain: ganancia de capital, plusvalía

4) excellent: excelente, estupendo

capital n

1) or capital city : capital f, sede f del gobierno

2) wealth: capital m

3) or capital letter : mayúscula f

4) : capitel m (de una columna)

capital (Finance)

n.

• capital s.m. (Government)

n.

• capital s.f. (Letter)

n.

• mayúscula s.f.

adj.

• capital adj.

• capitel (Arquitectura) adj.

• excelente adj.

• mayúscula adj.

• versal adj.

n.

• capitel s.m.

• fondo s.m.

• versal s.m.

I 'kæpətḷ, 'kæpɪtḷ
noun

1) c ( city) capital f

2) c ( letter) mayúscula f

3) u ( Fin) capital m

to make capital (out) of something — sacar* provecho or partido de algo; (before n)

capital expenditure/investment — gasto m/inversión f de capital

capital gains tax — impuesto m sobre la plusvalía

II

adjective

1) ( Law) < offense> que está sancionado con la pena de muerte

capital punishment — pena f capital or de muerte

2)

a) ( major) primordial

b) (Geog, Pol)

capital city — capital f

3) ( Print) < letter> mayúscula

he's into art with a capital A — ( iro) le interesa el Arte con mayúscula

['kæpɪtl]
1. ADJ

1) (Jur) capital

2) (=chief) capital

3) (=essential) capital, primordial

of capital importance — de capital importancia

4) [letter] mayúsculo

capital Q — Q f mayúscula

he's Conservative with a capital C — es conservador con mayúscula

5) † * (=splendid) magnífico, estupendo

capital! — ¡magnífico!, ¡estupendo!

2. N

1) (also: capital letter) mayúscula f

capitals — (large) mayúsculas fpl, versales fpl ; (small) versalitas fpl

please write in capitals — escribir en letras de imprenta

2) (also: capital city) capital f

3) (Econ) capital m

to make capital out of sth — (fig) sacar provecho de algo

4) (Archit) capitel m

3.

CPD

capital account N — cuenta f de capital

capital allowance N — desgravación f sobre bienes de capital

capital assets NPL — activo msing fijo

capital equipment N — bienes mpl de equipo

capital expenditure N — inversión f de capital

capital formation N — formación f de capital

capital gain(s) N (PL) — plusvalía f

capital gains tax N — impuesto m sobre las plusvalías

capital goods NPL — bienes mpl de equipo

capital growth N — aumento m del capital

capital investment N — inversión f de capital

capital levy N — impuesto m sobre el capital

capital offence, capital offense (US) N — delito m capital

capital outlay N — desembolso m de capital

capital punishment N — pena f de muerte

capital reserves NPL — reservas fpl de capital

capital sentence N — condena f a la pena de muerte

capital ship N — acorazado m

capital spending N — capital m adquisitivo

capital stock N — (=capital) capital m social or comercial; (=shares) acciones fpl de capital

capital sum N — capital m

capital transfer tax N — (Brit) impuesto m sobre plusvalía de cesión

* * *

I ['kæpətḷ, 'kæpɪtḷ]
noun

1) c ( city) capital f

2) c ( letter) mayúscula f

3) u ( Fin) capital m

to make capital (out) of something — sacar* provecho or partido de algo; (before n)

capital expenditure/investment — gasto m/inversión f de capital

capital gains tax — impuesto m sobre la plusvalía

II

adjective

1) ( Law) < offense> que está sancionado con la pena de muerte

capital punishment — pena f capital or de muerte

2)

a) ( major) primordial

b) (Geog, Pol)

capital city — capital f

3) ( Print) < letter> mayúscula

he's into art with a capital A — ( iro) le interesa el Arte con mayúscula

English-spanish dictionary > capital
36 value

'vælju:
1. noun
1) (worth, importance or usefulness: His special knowledge was of great value during the war; She sets little value on wealth.) valor, importancia

2) (price: What is the value of that stamp?) valor

3) (purchasing power: Are those coins of any value?) valor

4) (fairness of exchange (for one's money etc): You get good value for money at this supermarket!) precio, valor

5) (the length of a musical note.) valor

2. verb
1) (to suggest a suitable price for: This painting has been valued at $50,000.) valorar, tasar

2) (to regard as good or important: He values your advice very highly.) valorar

•

- valuable
- valuables
- valued
- valueless
- values
- value-added tax

value¹ n valor

a painting of great value un cuadro de gran valor

value² vb

1. valorar / tasar

the house is valued at £75,000 la casa está valorada en 75.000 libras

2. valorar / apreciar

we value your friendship valoramos tu amistad

El gerundio de value se escribe valuing

value

tr['væljʊː]

noun

1 valor nombre masculino

transitive verb

1 (estimate value of) valorar, tasar

2 (appreciate) valorar, apreciar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

it's good value for money bien vale lo que cuesta

of great/little value de gran/poco valor

of no value sin valor

to get good value for money sacarle jugo al dinero

to the value of... por el valor de...

value added tax impuesto sobre el valor añadido

value judgment juicio de valor

value ['væl.ju:] vt, - ued ; - uing

1) appraise: valorar, avaluar, tasar

2) appreciate: valorar, apreciar

value n

1) : valor m

of little value: de poco valor

to be a good value: estar bien de precio, tener buen precio

at face value: en su sentido literal

2) values npl

: valores mpl (morales), principios mpl

value

v.

• apreciar v.

• estimar v.

• tallar v.

• tasar v.

• tener en mucho v.

• valorar v.

• valuar v.

n.

• entidad s.f.

• importe s.m.

• mérito s.m.

• precio s.m.

• valer s.m.

• valimiento s.m.

• valor (Matemática) s.m.

• valor (Precio) s.m.

• valía s.f.

I 'væljuː
noun

1) u c ( worth) valor m

to gain o increase (in) value — aumentar de valor, revalorizarse*

to lose (in) value — depreciarse

books to the value of $500 — libros por valor de 500 dólares

have you anything of value in your bag? — ¿lleva algo de valor en el bolso?

value for money — una buena relación calidad-precio

that's good value (for money) — está muy bien de precio

they place a very high value on loyalty — valoran mucho la lealtad

nutritional value — valor nutritivo

2) values pl ( standards) valores mpl

II

transitive verb

a) ( Fin) \<\<assets/property\>\> tasar, valorar, avaluar* (AmL)

to value something AT something — tasar (or valorar etc) algo en algo

b) ( regard highly) \<\<friendship/advice\>\> valorar, apreciar; \<\<freedom/privacy\>\> valorar

c) valued past p <friend/colleague> apreciado, estimado

['væljuː]
1. N

1) (monetary) valor m

property/land values — valores mpl de propiedad/tierras

• it's good value — sale a cuenta, está bien de precio

Spanish wines are still the best value — los vinos españoles todavía son los que más salen a cuenta or los que mejor están de precio

• to go down or decrease in value — bajar de valor, depreciarse

to go up or increase in value — subir de valor, revalorizarse

a rise/drop in the value of the pound — una subida/bajada del valor de la libra

• market value — valor m en el mercado

• the company offers good service and value for money — la compañía ofrece un buen servicio a buen precio

• it might contain something of value — puede que contenga algo de valor

• you can't put or set a value on it — (lit, fig) no se le puede poner precio

• surplus value — plusvalía f

• goods to the value of £100 — bienes por valor de 100 libras
book 4., cash 3., face 4.
2) (=merit) valor m

literary/artistic/scientific value — valor m literario/artístico/científico

his visit to the country will have huge symbolic value — su visita al país tendrá un gran valor simbólico

• to attach a great deal of value to sth — conceder gran valor or importancia a algo, valorar mucho algo

to attach no value to sth — no dar importancia a algo, no valorar algo

• something of value — algo valioso or de valor

to be of value (to sb) — ser útil or de utilidad (para algn), servir (a algn)

strategically, the city was of little value to the British — desde el punto de vista estratégico, la ciudad era de poca utilidad or tenía poco valor para los británicos

her education has been of no value to her — su educación no le ha servido de or para nada

• to put or place or set a high value on sth — valorar mucho algo

• sentimental value — valor m sentimental
novelty
3) (moral)
values valores mpl (morales)
family values — valores mpl de familia

4) (Math, Mus, Gram) valor m

what is the value of x when y is 5? — ¿qué valor tiene x cuando y es igual a 5?

2. VT

1) (=estimate worth of) [+ property, jewellery, painting] valorar, tasar

• to value sth at £200 — valorar or tasar algo en 200 libras

• I had to have my jewellery valued for insurance purposes — tuve que valorar or tasar mis joyas para poder asegurarlas

2) (=appreciate) [+ health, life, independence,] valorar; [+ sb's work, opinion, friendship] valorar, apreciar

3.

CPD

value judgment N — juicio m de valor

value system N — sistema m de valores, escala f de valores

* * *

I ['væljuː]
noun

1) u c ( worth) valor m

to gain o increase (in) value — aumentar de valor, revalorizarse*

to lose (in) value — depreciarse

books to the value of $500 — libros por valor de 500 dólares

have you anything of value in your bag? — ¿lleva algo de valor en el bolso?

value for money — una buena relación calidad-precio

that's good value (for money) — está muy bien de precio

they place a very high value on loyalty — valoran mucho la lealtad

nutritional value — valor nutritivo

2) values pl ( standards) valores mpl

II

transitive verb

a) ( Fin) \<\<assets/property\>\> tasar, valorar, avaluar* (AmL)

to value something AT something — tasar (or valorar etc) algo en algo

b) ( regard highly) \<\<friendship/advice\>\> valorar, apreciar; \<\<freedom/privacy\>\> valorar

c) valued past p <friend/colleague> apreciado, estimado

English-spanish dictionary > value
37 entree

['ontrei]
noun

(a dish served at dinner as, or before, the main course.) das Zwischengericht

* * *

en·trée

[ˈɑ͂:(n)treɪ, AM ˈɑ:n-]

n

1. BRIT (before main meal) Vorspeise f, Entree nt geh

2. AM (main course) Hauptgericht nt

3. no pl (right of admission) Zutritt m

to gain \entrée [in]to sth Zutritt zu etw dat erhalten

to gain \entrée into the higher social circles in die höheren Gesellschaftskreise eintreten

* * *
['ɒntreɪ]
n

1) (Brit: starter) Vorspeise f; (esp US = main course) Hauptgericht nt

2) (to club etc) Zutritt m

* * *

entrée, US auch entree [ˈɒntreı; US ˈɑn-] s

1. besonders fig Zutritt m ( into zu):

she has entrée into the best society;

his wealth gave him entrée into the best society verschaffte ihm Zutritt

2. GASTR

a) Entree n, Zwischengericht n

b) besonders US Hauptgericht n

3. MUS Entree n, Eröffnungsmusik f (eines Balletts)

English-german dictionary > entree
38 entrée

['ontrei]
noun

(a dish served at dinner as, or before, the main course.) das Zwischengericht

* * *

en·trée

[ˈɑ͂:(n)treɪ, AM ˈɑ:n-]

n

1. BRIT (before main meal) Vorspeise f, Entree nt geh

2. AM (main course) Hauptgericht nt

3. no pl (right of admission) Zutritt m

to gain \entrée [in]to sth Zutritt zu etw dat erhalten

to gain \entrée into the higher social circles in die höheren Gesellschaftskreise eintreten

* * *
['ɒntreɪ]
n

1) (Brit: starter) Vorspeise f; (esp US = main course) Hauptgericht nt

2) (to club etc) Zutritt m

* * *

entrée, US auch entree [ˈɒntreı; US ˈɑn-] s

1. besonders fig Zutritt m ( into zu):

she has entrée into the best society;

his wealth gave him entrée into the best society verschaffte ihm Zutritt

2. GASTR

a) Entree n, Zwischengericht n

b) besonders US Hauptgericht n

3. MUS Entree n, Eröffnungsmusik f (eines Balletts)

English-german dictionary > entrée
39 possession

[pə'zeʃ(ə)n]
n

1) владение, обладание

We bought the house, but we can't get possession of it before July. — Мы купили дом, но не можем вступить во владение им/переехать в него до июля.

Soldiers took possession of the enemy fort. — Солдаты овладели крепостью противника.

- actual possession
- territorial possession
- possession of wealth
- man of great possession
- in smb's possession
- according to the information in my possession
- be in possession of smth
- come into possession of a fortune
- fight for possession of the ball
- gain possession of smth
- gain possession of new lands
- pass into smb's possession
- put smb in possession of smth
- come into possession
2) (часто pl) собственность, имущество, пожитки, территориальные владения, зависимая территория

He was found in possession of a revolver. — При нем был найден револьвер. /У него был обнаружен револьвер.

The child's favourite possession was a little wooden horse. — Любимой игрушкой ребенка была деревянная лошадка.

The heir is eager to get possession of the property. — Наследник очень хочет скорее вступить в права собственности.

- material possession
- one's possessions
- Spain's possession
- his personal possessions
- her treasured possession
- lose one's possession
- part with one's possession
- amass material possession
- yield possession of smth
3) самообладание

In this crisis his possession was admirable. — Можно было восхищаться его самообладанием в этот критический момент

- be in have full self-possession
- keep one's self-possession

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > possession
40 exchange

ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ
1. сущ.
1) обмен;
бартер( о товарах) in exchange for ≈ в обмен на to agree to an exchange ≈ соглашаться на обмен to make an exchange ≈ совершать обмен exchange between ≈ обмен между the exchange of salutations ≈ обмен приветствиями to gain, win (lose) the exchange ≈ выиграть (потерять) качество( в шахматах - при обмене фигурами) cultural exchange ≈ культурный обмен exchange of prisoners ≈ обмен военнопленными Syn: barter, interchange
2) фин. размен денег
3) мена, замена
4) а) иностранная валюта;
переводный вексель, тратта foreign exchange ≈ иностранная валюта;
переводный вексель, тратта bill of exchange ≈ вексель, тратта б) валютный курс to set an exchange ≈ устанавливать валютный курс course of exchange, rate of exchange, exchange rate ≈ валютный курс
5) биржа commodity exchange ≈ товарная биржа employment exchange ≈ биржа труда farmers' exchange ≈ рынок фермеров labour exchange ≈ биржа труда
6) центральная телефонная станция;
коммутатор telephone exchange ≈ телефонный узел
2. гл.
1) а) обменивать( for) I'd like to exchange this dress for one in a larger size. ≈ Я хотел бы обменять это платье на такое же, но большего размера. Prisoners are generally exchanged within the same rank man for man. ≈ Обычно при обмене военнопленных каждого военнопленного обменивают на военнопленного с таким же званием. Syn: barter б) меняться( with) to exchange gifts ≈ обмениваться подарками Blows were exchanged. ≈ Произошел обмен ударами. Syn: interchange
2.
2) променять to exchange future security for immediate pleasure ≈ променять уверенность в будущем на сиюминутные развлечения to exchange the luxury of a palace for the dangers of the field ≈ сменить дворцовую роскошь на опасности поля битвы
3) разменивать (деньги)
3. прил. меновой, обменный обмен, мена - cultural *s культурный обмен - heat * (физическое) теплообмен - in * for в обмен на - * of goods /commodities/, commodity *s товарообмен - medium of * средство обмена - * of civilities обмен любезностями, светская беседа - * of views обмен мнениями - * of prisoners (военное) обмен военнопленными - * of instruments of ratification обмен ратификационными грамотами - * of fire (военное) артиллерийская перестрелка - to give in * давать в обмен - to make an * обменять;
обменяться - to have an * of confidence делиться секретами (финансовое) размен (денег) замена, смена - the * of tears for smiles слезы сменились улыбками (библиотечный) обмен иностранная валюта (тж. foreign *) ;
переводный вексель, тратта (тж. bill of *) - * loss потеря валюты, сокращение валютных резервов;
потеря на разнице валютных курсов - * permit валютное разрешение;
разрешение на перевод валюты - * restrictions валютные ограничения;
ограничения в переводе иностранной валюты - * transactions валютные операции, операции в валюте - arbitration of * валютный арбитраж - par of * валютный паритет - piece of foreign * девиза курс (иностранной валюты) - * is falling курс падает - * of the day курс дня - * fluctuations колебания курса (валюты) расчеты посредством девиз;
расплата посредством переводов векселей - medium of * средство международных расчетов биржа - commodity /goods/ * товарная биржа - corn /grain/ * хлебная биржа - stock * фондовая биржа - * business биржевые операции;
биржевая торговля - rules of the * биржевые правила( центральная) телефонная станция;
коммутатор гарнизонный магазин, магазин военно-торговой службы (тж. post *) обменная книга, обменный экземпляр (тж. * copy;
в библиотеке) (физиологическое) обращение, обмен (математика) (физическое) обмен местами;
перестановка менять, обменивать - to * farm products for manufactured goods обменивать продукты сельского хозяйства на промышленные товары - to * a book обменять книгу (в библиотеке) обмениваться;
меняться - to * letters обменяться письмами - to * seats поменяться местами - to * prisoners обменяться /произвести обмен/ военнопленными - to * greetings приветствовать друг друга, обменяться приветствиями - to * a few words with a friend переброситься с другом несколькими словами - to * pawns( шахматное) разменять пешки - to * words with smb. спорить, браниться, препираться с кем-л. - to * from /out, of/ one regiment into another перевестись в другой полк путем встречного обмена - * forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet (Shakespeare) простим друг друга, благородный Гамлет променять - to * a palace for a cell променять дворец на келью - he *d honour for wealth он добыл богатство ценой чести разменивать (деньги) обменивать (одну валюту на другую и т. п.) - to * old yen for new обменять старые иены на новые - to * American money into English обменять доллары на фунты account held in foreign ~ счет в иностранной валюте blank bill of ~ бланковый переводный вексель bus ~ вчт. обмен по шине commodities ~ товарная биржа company listed on stock ~ компания, зарегистрированная на фондовой бирже complex ~ сложная перестановка contingent rate of ~ валютный курс, зависящий от обстоятельств controlled rate of ~ регулируемый валютный курс corn ~ хлебная биржа ~ обмен;
мена;
in exchange for в обмен на;
cultural exchange культурный обмен;
exchange of prisoners обмен военнопленными current rate of ~ текущий валютный курс current rate of ~ текущий обменный курс data ~ вчт. обмен данными dull ~ биржа с малой активностью earned foreign ~ заработанная иностранная валюта electronic stock ~ электронная система фондовой биржи excess foreign ~ валютные излишки exchange биржа;
commodity exchange товарная биржа;
grain (или corn) exchange хлебная биржа;
labour exchange биржа труда ~ биржа ~ валютный ~ замена ~ заменять ~ иностранная валюта, девизы, переводный вексель, тратта ~ иностранная валюта ~ курс иностранной валюты ~ мена ~ менять ~ меняться;
to exchange seats поменяться местами;
to exchange words (with smb.) обменяться (с кем-л.) несколькими словами ~ обмен;
мена;
in exchange for в обмен на;
cultural exchange культурный обмен;
exchange of prisoners обмен военнопленными ~ обмен ~ обменивать, обмен, мена ~ обменивать ~ обмениваться ~ операции с иностранной валютой, расчеты посредством девизов ~ фин. размен денег;
rate (или course) of exchange валютный курс;
foreign exchange иностранная валюта;
переводный вексель;
bill of exchange вексель, тратта ~ размен денег ~ разменивать (деньги) ~ разменивать (деньги), размен (денег) ~ разменивать деньги ~ расплата посредством перевода векселей ~ расчет посредством валют ~ центральная телефонная станция ~ центральнаятелефонная станция;
коммутатор Exchange: Exchange: Labour ~ биржа труда exchange: exchange: labour ~ биржа труда ~ attr. меновой to ~ into another regiment перевестись в другой полк путем встречного обмена ~ of commodities бартер ~ of currency обмен валюты ~ of land обмен земельного участка ~ обмен;
мена;
in exchange for в обмен на;
cultural exchange культурный обмен;
exchange of prisoners обмен военнопленными ~ of real property обмен недвижимости ~ of territory обмен территориями ~ of views обмен мнениями to ~ ratifications обменяться ратификационными грамотами ~ меняться;
to exchange seats поменяться местами;
to exchange words (with smb.) обменяться (с кем-л.) несколькими словами ~ меняться;
to exchange seats поменяться местами;
to exchange words (with smb.) обменяться (с кем-л.) несколькими словами fictitious ~ фиктивный обмен ~ фин. размен денег;
rate (или course) of exchange валютный курс;
foreign exchange иностранная валюта;
переводный вексель;
bill of exchange вексель, тратта foreign ~ иностранная валюта, девизы foreign ~ иностранная валюта foreign ~ иностранная фондовая биржа foreign ~ курс иностранной валюты forex: forex, foreign exchange иностранная валюта forward ~ иностранная валюта, проданная или купленная с поставкой в будущем forward ~ срочный иностранный переводный вексель futures ~ валюта, продаваемая на срок futures ~ валюта, покупаемая на срок exchange биржа;
commodity exchange товарная биржа;
grain (или corn) exchange хлебная биржа;
labour exchange биржа труда grain ~ хлебная биржа in ~ в обмен ~ обмен;
мена;
in exchange for в обмен на;
cultural exchange культурный обмен;
exchange of prisoners обмен военнопленными influence the ~ оказывать влияние на курс иностранной валюты intergateway ~ вчт. междушлюзовой обмен international telephone ~ международная телефонная станция exchange биржа;
commodity exchange товарная биржа;
grain (или corn) exchange хлебная биржа;
labour exchange биржа труда Exchange: Exchange: Labour ~ биржа труда exchange: exchange: labour ~ биржа труда link ~ вчт. замена линий link ~ вчт. коммутатор линий связи loss on ~ потеря на курсе loss: ~ on exchange потери от разницы валютных курсов manipulate the ~ манипулировать с валютой pairwize ~ вчт. попарная перестановка pallet ~ замена грузового поддона produce ~ товарная биржа provide foreign ~ обеспечивать иностранной валютой ~ фин. размен денег;
rate (или course) of exchange валютный курс;
foreign exchange иностранная валюта;
переводный вексель;
bill of exchange вексель, тратта rate: ~ of exchange валютный курс;
rate of surplus value полит.-эк. норма прибавочной стоимости ~ of exchange валютный курс ~ of exchange вексельный курс, валютный курс, обменный курс ~ of exchange вексельный курс ~ of exchange обменный курс stock ~ фондовая биржа telephone ~ телефонная станция training ~ обмен обучающимися, обмен стажерами two-way ~ вчт. двусторонний обмен value in ~ меновая стоимость value: ~ in exchange меновая стоимость

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > exchange

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gain — gain1 [gān] n. [ME < OFr gaaigne < gaaignier: see GAIN1 the vt.] 1. an increase; addition; specif., a) [often pl.] an increase in wealth, earnings, etc.; profit; winnings b) an increase in advantage; advantage; improvement 2. the act of… … English World dictionary
gain — n 1: an increase in value, capital, or amount compare loss capital gain: a gain realized on the sale or exchange of a capital asset (as a stock or real estate) ca·su·al·ty gain: a gain realized by an insured because property insurance benefits… … Law dictionary
gain — ► VERB 1) obtain or secure. 2) reach or arrive at. 3) (gain on) come closer to (a person or thing pursued). 4) increase the amount or rate of (weight, speed, etc.). 5) increase in value. 6) (gain in) improve o … English terms dictionary
wealth — noun 1 money, property, etc. ADJECTIVE ▪ considerable, enormous, fabulous, great, immense, incredible, tremendous, unimaginable, unprecedented, untold … Collocations dictionary
gain — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun ADJECTIVE ▪ big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, huge, impressive, major, real, significant, spectacular … Collocations dictionary
gain — Synonyms and related words: accept, access, accession, accomplish, accretion, accrual, accrue, accruement, accumulate, accumulation, achieve, achievement, acquire, acquisition, addition, admit, advance, advantage, aggrandizement, ameliorate,… … Moby Thesaurus
gain — v. & n. v. 1 tr. obtain or secure (usu. something desired or favourable) (gain an advantage; gain recognition). 2 tr. acquire (a sum) as profits or as a result of changed conditions; earn. 3 tr. obtain as an increment or addition (gain momentum;… … Useful english dictionary
gain — verb 1》 obtain or secure (something favourable). ↘benefit: managers would gain from greater openness. 2》 reach or arrive at (a destination). ↘(gain on) come closer to (a person or thing pursued). 3》 increase the amount or rate of (weight … English new terms dictionary
wealth — Synonyms and related words: Easy Street, abundance, affluence, ample sufficiency, ampleness, amplitude, assessed valuation, assets, assets and liabilities, avalanche, bed of roses, bonanza, bountifulness, bountiousness, bumper crop, capital,… … Moby Thesaurus
The Wealth of Nations — An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist Adam Smith. It is a clearly written account of economics at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, as well as a rhetorical piece written… … Wikipedia
Christian views on poverty and wealth — Jesus casting out the money changers from the Temple by Giotto, 14th century Since the inception of Christianity, there have been a variety of Christian attitudes towards materialism and wealth. John Cobb, Jr. argues that the economism that rules … Wikipedia

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gain+wealth

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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gain+wealth

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