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  • 1 esera

    esera Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `fishbone, awn'
    Page in Trubačev: VI 29-30
    Polish:
    jesiory (OPl., dial.) `fishbone' [Nompf ā];
    osiory (NE. dial.) `awn, beard (on ears of grain), hulls;
    fishbone, fish scales' [Nompf ā]
    Slovincian:
    jìe̯zo_ră `fishbone' [f ā]
    Polabian:
    jeseråi `awn, beard (on ears of grain)' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: eś-er-aʔ
    Lithuanian:
    ešerỹs `perch (perca fluvialis), fin' [f ā] 3b;
    ašerỹs (dial.) `perch (perca fluvialis), fin' [f ā] 3b
    Latvian:
    asaris `perch (perca fluvialis)' [m jo];
    aseris `perch (perca fluvialis)' [m jo]
    Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eḱ-er-
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 18
    Comments: It seems obvious that this Balto-Slavic etymon is cognate with Germanic *ah-s-/*ah-iz- `ear', cf. Go. ahs n., OIc. ax n., OHG ahir, ehir n., and with such forms as OHG ahil `Ährenspitze', MoE (arch.) ail `beard on wheat and barley' (Kluge s.v. Ähre). A nice parallel for the meaning `perch' is OIc. ǫgr `bass' < *agura- < h₂eḱ-. Since the root is probably *h₂eḱ- `sharp', the forms with *e- must be considered instances of Rozwadowski's change. Note that we find a- in the Latvian forms but also in Lith. ašakà `fishbone' and aš(t)rùs `sharp'.
    Notes:
    It seems obvious that this Balto-Slavic etymon is cognate with Germanic *ah-s-/*ah-iz- `ear', cf. Go. ahs n., OIc. ax n., OHG ahir, ehir n., and with such forms as OHG ahil `Ährenspitze', MoE (arch.) ail `beard on wheat and barley' (Kluge s.v. Ähre). A nice parallel for the meaning `perch' is OIc. ǫgr `bass' < *agura- < h₂eḱ-. Since the root is probably *h₂eḱ- `sharp', the forms with *e- must be considered instances of Rozwadowski's change. Note that we find a- in the Latvian forms but also in Lith. ašakà `fishbone' and aš(t)rùs `sharp'.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > esera

  • 2 màkъ

    màkъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `poppy'
    Page in Trubačev: XVII 149-151
    Church Slavic:
    makъ `poppy' [m o]
    Russian:
    mak `poppy' [m o], máka [Gens]
    Czech:
    mák `poppy' [m o]
    Slovak:
    mak `poppy' [m o]
    Polish:
    mak `poppy' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mȁk `poppy' [m o], mȁka [Gens], màka [Gens];
    Čak. mȁk (Vrgada) `poppy' [m o], makȁ [Gens]
    Slovene:
    màk `poppy' [m o], máka [Gens]
    Bulgarian:
    mak `poppy' [m o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: ?
    Lithuanian:
    aguonà `poppy' [f ā] 2;
    mãguonė (dial.) `poppy' [f ē] 1 \{1\}
    Latvian:
    maguône `poppy' [f ē] \{2\} \{3\}
    Old Prussian:
    moke (EV) `poppy' [f]
    IE meaning: poppy
    Certainty: -
    Page in Pokorny: 698
    Comments: The Germanic forms show grammatischer Wechsel as well as an alternation *ā: a. The vocalism, which could reflect PIE *eh₁: h₁, does not match the ā of the Greek and the Slavic forms, which leads us to assume that the vowel alternation arose when at a comparatively late stage the root māk- was borrowed into Germanic (cf. Kluge 1989, 484). The Lithuanian and Latvian forms are usually considered borrowings from Germanic, whereas OPr. moke may have been borrowed from Polish. The Estonian and Livonian forms must be borrowings from Baltic, probably Latvian. It is generally agreed upon that ultimately we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European (Mediterranean?) origin.
    Other cognates:
    Gk. μήκων `poppy' [f];
    Dor. μά̑κων `poppy' [f];
    OHG māho `poppy'
    ;
    OHG mago `poppy'
    ;
    OS magosāmo `poppyseed'
    ;
    OS mēcopin (Königsberg) `poppy'
    ;
    OSw. valmoghe `poppy'
    \{4\};
    Est. magun `poppy;
    Liv. maggon `poppy'
    Notes:
    \{1\} Besides, we find the variants maguona and magūna. The forms with m are restricted to the area around Klaipėda. \{2\} I have found the variants magùona2, magana, magane and magūne. \{3\} The initial m of the word for `poppy' was apparently lost in Lithuanian but not in Latvian. The Lithuanian dialect forms with m- may be due to the influence of the (Latvian) language of the fishermen of the Couronian Isthmus (cf. Būga RR III: 320). Sabaliauskas suggests dissimilatory loss of m, parallel to the loss of r in arotai: rarotai, akrūtas: rakrūtas, Latv. ruodere: uodere, ūk̨eris (1960, 71-72). \{4\} The first element means `sleep', cf. Nw. dial. vale `deep sleep', Sw. dial. valbjörn `Schlafdorn'.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > màkъ

  • 3 mělь

    mělь; mělъ Grammatical information: f. i; m. o
    Page in Trubačev: XVIII 162-168
    Old Church Slavic:
    měla (Supr.) `lime' [Gensm o]
    Russian:
    mel' `sand-bank, shoal' [f i];
    mel `chalk' [m o]
    Czech:
    měl (SSJČ) `spit' [f i];
    měl (Jungmann) `pebble, dust, shoal' [f i];
    měl (Kott) `loose earth, powder, pebble' [f i]
    Old Czech:
    měl `shoal, sand-bank, fodder' [m i]
    Polish:
    miaɫ, mieɫ (dial.) `dust, chalk, muddy water, fine powder' [m o]
    Old Polish:
    miel `sand-bank' [f i];
    miaɫ `finely ground substance' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mẽlj (Čak.), mèlja [Gens] `fine sand' [m jo];
    mél (Čak.), mèla [Gens] `dust, powder' [m o]
    Slovene:
    mẹ̑lj `sand-bank' [m jo]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)mēl-i-
    Lithuanian:
    smė̃lis `sand' [m io] 2 \{1\}
    Latvian:
    smēlis `fine sand' [m io] \{2\}
    Indo-European reconstruction: mēlH-i-
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 717
    Comments: The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root melH- `to grind', the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me ( pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms).
    Other cognates:
    OIc. melr (dial.) `sand-bank'
    ;
    Sw. mjåg (dial.) `sand-hill, high riverbank'
    ;
    Sw. smula `chunk'
    ;
    Nw. smola (dial.) `smash' [verb];
    Nw. smol (dial.) `dust'
    \{3\} \{4\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} Also Standard Lithuanian is smėlỹs 4. \{2\} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis 1/3/4 (LKŽ) `fine sand, gritty earth'. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis `sand', however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). \{3\} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- `grind' preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. (dial.) mjåg < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel' etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha- /melga. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > mělь

  • 4 mělъ

    mělь; mělъ Grammatical information: f. i; m. o
    Page in Trubačev: XVIII 162-168
    Old Church Slavic:
    měla (Supr.) `lime' [Gensm o]
    Russian:
    mel' `sand-bank, shoal' [f i];
    mel `chalk' [m o]
    Czech:
    měl (SSJČ) `spit' [f i];
    měl (Jungmann) `pebble, dust, shoal' [f i];
    měl (Kott) `loose earth, powder, pebble' [f i]
    Old Czech:
    měl `shoal, sand-bank, fodder' [m i]
    Polish:
    miaɫ, mieɫ (dial.) `dust, chalk, muddy water, fine powder' [m o]
    Old Polish:
    miel `sand-bank' [f i];
    miaɫ `finely ground substance' [m o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    mẽlj (Čak.), mèlja [Gens] `fine sand' [m jo];
    mél (Čak.), mèla [Gens] `dust, powder' [m o]
    Slovene:
    mẹ̑lj `sand-bank' [m jo]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)mēl-i-
    Lithuanian:
    smė̃lis `sand' [m io] 2 \{1\}
    Latvian:
    smēlis `fine sand' [m io] \{2\}
    Indo-European reconstruction: mēlH-i-
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 717
    Comments: The Baltic and Slavic forms are formally compatible with the root melH- `to grind', the Baltic word showing s mobile. The lengthened grade vowel points to an old root noun. Semantically, this etymology does not seem implausible to me ( pace Stang (l.c.), who, by the way, does not mention any Baltic forms).
    Other cognates:
    OIc. melr (dial.) `sand-bank'
    ;
    Sw. mjåg (dial.) `sand-hill, high riverbank'
    ;
    Sw. smula `chunk'
    ;
    Nw. smola (dial.) `smash' [verb];
    Nw. smol (dial.) `dust'
    \{3\} \{4\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} Also Standard Lithuanian is smėlỹs 4. \{2\} Judging by the Lithuanian evidence, the zero grade of the root was originally acute: smiltis 1/3/4 (LKŽ) `fine sand, gritty earth'. The only non-ambiguous Latvian forms in ME are smìlts and smìltis `sand', however. The most plausible option is that the Latvian falling tone is secondary (cf. Derksen 1996: 147). \{3\} The Scandinavian forms with sm- could derive from the root melH- `grind' preceded by s mobile. OIc. melr and Sw. (dial.) mjåg < *mjalg are mentioned by Stang in connection with Ru. mel' etc. (1972: 36). According to Stang, these words point to *melha- /melga. Therefore the possible etymological relationship with the Slavic forms is limited to the root.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > mělъ

  • 5 žuriti

    žuriti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `rage'
    Russian:
    žurít' (coll.) `reprove, scold' [verb], žurjú [1sg], žurít [3sg];
    žurít'sja (dial.) `grieve, quarrel' [verb], žurjús' [1sg], žurítsja [3sg]
    Czech:
    zuřiti `rage, be furious' [verb] \{1\}
    Slovak:
    zúrit' `rage, be furious' [verb] \{1\}
    Polish:
    żurzyć się (obs.) `be angry, rage' [verb]
    Lower Sorbian:
    zuriś `make sour, embitter' [verb]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    zúriti se `hurry, (dial.) complain' [verb], žȗrīm se [1sg]
    Slovene:
    žúriti se `hurry' [verb], žúrim se [1sg]
    Indo-European reconstruction: gʰeuro-
    Comments: According to Young (2002), the West Slavic forms continue a denominative verb based on an unattested adjective corresponding to Lith. žiaurùs `cruel, savage', which he assumes to have the same root as Lith. žvėrìs `wild animal' (*ǵʰeuh₁r-?). Like Vasmer and others, he connects the East and South Slavic forms with Skt. ghorá- `terrible, terrifying' [adj] and Go. gaurs `sad' [adj]. Since the meaning of the West Slavic forms may have been influenced by German sauer `sour, angry' (perhaps through association with West Slavic * žurъ `sour mass used for soup or bread', which is regarded as a borrowing), I wonder if it is necessary to assume a different origin for the West Slavic forms on the one hand and the East and South Slavic forms on the other.
    Other cognates:
    Skt. ghorá- (RV+) `terrible, terrifying' [adj];
    Go. gaurs `sad' [adj]
    Notes:
    \{1\} With dissimilation of *žuř- to zuř- in Czech (Machek 1971: s.v.). The Slovak form may be a borrowing from Czech.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > žuriti

  • 6 esetь

    esetь Grammatical information: f. i Proto-Slavic meaning: `rack for drying grain'
    Page in Trubačev: -
    Russian:
    osét' `granary, rack for drying grain' [f i]
    Belorussian:
    (v)ósec' (W.), aséc' (W.) `granary, drying shed' [f i];
    osëtka (dial.) `granary', asëtka (dial.) `spot in granary for drying sheafs' [f ā]
    Ukrainian:
    ósit' (dial.) `granary' [f i]
    Polish:
    jesieć (dial.) `grain sieve' [f i];
    osieć (E. dial.) `granary' [f i];
    jesiótka (dial.) `grain sieve' [f ā];
    osiótka (W dial.) `granary' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: eś-et-i-
    Lithuanian:
    akė́čios `harrow' [Nompf ā] 1;
    ekė́čios (dial.) `harrow' [Nompf ā] 1 \{1\}
    Latvian:
    ecê(k)šas `harrow' [Nompf ā]
    Old Prussian:
    aketes `harrow'
    Indo-European reconstruction: h₂oḱ-et-i-
    IE meaning: harrow
    Page in Pokorny: 18
    Comments: This is another case where we find Balto-Slavic evidence for *e- corresponding to *a- or *o- in other branches of Indo-European (Rozwadowski's change). Toporov regards the k of the Baltic forms as evidence for a western technological borrowing (I: 67). Since the Baltic and Germanic forms mean exactly the same, while the Slavic forms are semantically more remote, this is a serious option.
    Other cognates:
    Gk. ὀξίνα (Hes.) `an agricultural implement with iron teeth, drawn by oxen' [f];
    Lat. occa `harrow' [f];
    OHG egida `harrow' [f];
    OE eg(e)ʮe `harrow' [f];
    OW ocet `harrow' [f];
    Fi. äës `harrow'
    Notes:
    \{1\} The Standard Lithuanian form with a- may stem from the territory where the development e- > a- occurred. In any case, the attestations of the form with e- (see the LKŽ, s.v.) indicate that there are Lithuanian forms completely matching Latv. ecêšas.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > esetь

  • 7 olьxa

    olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'
    Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82
    Russian:
    ol'xá `alder' [f ā];
    ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}
    Slovak:
    jelcha (dial.) `alder' [f ā]
    Polish:
    olcha `alder' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jelha (dial.) `alder' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-
    Lithuanian:
    al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;
    alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;
    álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1
    Latvian:
    àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];
    àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}
    Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂
    IE meaning: alder
    Certainty: -
    Page in Pokorny: 302-303
    Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).
    Other cognates:
    Lat. alnus `alder'
    ;
    Span. aliso `alder'
    ;
    Mac. ἄλιζα `white poplar';
    OHG elira, erila `alder' [f];
    OE alor `alder'
    ;
    OIc. ǫlr `alder'
    , jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > olьxa

  • 8 elьxa

    olьxa; elьxa Grammatical information: f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `alder'
    Page in Trubačev: VI 23-25; XXXII 81-82
    Russian:
    ol'xá `alder' [f ā];
    ëlxa (dial.), elxá (dial.) `alder, spruce' [f ā] \{1\}
    Slovak:
    jelcha (dial.) `alder' [f ā]
    Polish:
    olcha `alder' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jelha (dial.) `alder' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    elxá `alder, spruce' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: a/elisaH;; a/el(i)snio-
    Lithuanian:
    al̃ksnis, el̃ksnis `alder' [m io] 2;
    alìksnis (E. dial.) `alder' [m io] 2;
    álksna, élksna (dial.) `alder thicket, place where alders grow, marsh, dale' [f ā] 1
    Latvian:
    àlksnis, èlksnis (dial.) `alder' [m io];
    àlksna, ęlksna (E. dial.) `alder thicket, swampy place' \{2\}
    Indo-European reconstruction: h₂eliseh₂
    IE meaning: alder
    Certainty: -
    Page in Pokorny: 302-303
    Comments: As Schrijver observes (1991: 40), this etymon presents two problems. The first problem is the anlaut. The Slavic forms with je- cannot be explained away by assuming analogy after the word for `spruce': je- also occurs in West Slavic, where `spruce' is jedl-, not jel- (pace Kortlandt apud Schrijver: o.c. 41). The a-: e- variation in Germanic suggests that the variation in Baltic and Slavic does not result from "Rozwadowski's change" alone (cf. Andersen 1996: 130). The second problem is the alternation between i and zero in the second syllable. It is true that the *i and *u (cf. the Latvian toponym Aluksne?) of the Germanic forms may continue the regular ablaut of an s-stem (Schrijver: l.c.), but the fact that we find *i of in Slavic and East Lithuanian as well indicates that it should be taken at face value. The above-mentioned peculiarities of the etymon strongly suggest that we are dealing with a word of non-Indo-European origin. The fact that there are North Slavic forms with s alongside the expected x must be connected with the Baltic presence in the area (cf. Anikin 2005: 85-86).
    Other cognates:
    Lat. alnus `alder'
    ;
    Span. aliso `alder'
    ;
    Mac. ἄλιζα `white poplar';
    OHG elira, erila `alder' [f];
    OE alor `alder'
    ;
    OIc. ǫlr `alder'
    , jǫlstr `alder' [f] \{3\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} In Russian dialects there are apparently also forms with a vocalized medial jer, e.g. elóxa (Kostr.), alëx (Voron.), olëx (Rjaz.) `alder' (cf. Popowska-Taborska 1984: 39). \{2\} The form with e- is actually reflected as àlksna (Bersohn, E. Latvia) (M-E: s.v.). \{3\} From * aluz- and * elustrō (< * elastrō?), respectively.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > elьxa

  • 9 ȅsenь

    ȅsenь Grammatical information: f. i Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `autumn'
    Page in Trubačev: VI 28-29
    Church Slavic:
    esenь (Const.) `autumn' [Accf i]
    Russian:
    ósen' `autumn' [f i];
    jésen' (Rjaz.) `autumn' [f i]
    Ukrainian:
    ósin' `autumn' [f i]
    Slovak:
    jeseň `autumn' [f i]
    Polish:
    jesień `autumn' [f i]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jȅsēn `autumn' [f i];
    Čak. jȅsēn (Vrgada) `autumn' [f i];
    Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `autumn' [f i];
    Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `autumn' [nd]
    Slovene:
    jesę́n `autumn' [f i]
    Bulgarian:
    jésen `autumn' [f i]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: es-eni-
    Old Prussian:
    assanis `autumn'
    IE meaning: summer, autumn
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 340
    Comments: If the root is indeed PIE *h₁s `to be', which would lead to a reconstruction *h₁os-en-, the e- of the Slavic forms as opposed to the *o- elsewhere (Old Prussian being inconclusive) may be an instance of ablaut or a result of "Rozwadowski's change".
    Other cognates:
    Gk. ὀπώρα, ὀπάρα (Lak.) `late summer, early autumn' [f];
    Go. asans `harvest time, summer' [f];
    OHG ar(a)n `harvest'
    ;
    Fi. kesä `summer'
    Notes:
    The e- of the Slavic forms as opposed to the *o- elsewhere (Old Prussian being unclear) may be an instance of ablaut or a result of "Rozwadowski's change", but it must be said that the etymology is unclear. The Greek forms may reflect *οσαρᾱ, which would point to an r/n-stem.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > ȅsenь

  • 10 ešče

    ešče Grammatical information: adv. Proto-Slavic meaning: `still, yet'
    Page in Trubačev: VI 32-33
    Old Church Slavic:
    ješte `still, yet' [adv]
    Russian:
    eščë `still, yet' [adv];
    ošče (dial.) `still, yet' [adv] \{1\}
    Czech:
    ještě `still, yet' [adv]
    Old Czech:
    ješče `still, yet' [adv]
    Slovak:
    ešte `still, yet' [adv]
    Polish:
    jeszcze `still, yet' [adv];
    oszczo (dial.) `still, yet' [adv]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jȍšt(e) `still, yet' [adv];
    ješče (dial.) `still, yet' [adv];
    Čak. jošćȅ (Vrgada) `still, yet' [adv];
    Čak. jȍš (Orbanići) `still, yet' [adv]
    Slovene:
    šè `still, yet' [adv];
    ščè `still, yet' [adv];
    jošče `still, yet' [adv];
    još `still, yet' [adv];
    ešče `still, yet' [adv];
    íšče `still, yet' [adv]
    Bulgarian:
    ešte `still, yet' [adv];
    ošte `still, yet' [adv]
    Indo-European reconstruction: h₁eske(h₁)
    Other cognates:
    Skt. áchā `to' [prep., pvb.];
    Arm. c` `to, till' [prep.] \{2\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} In Russian dialects forms with e- occur alongside forms with o-. This variation is already found in Old Russian. \{2\} Forms such as SCr. jȍšte, Bulg. (dial.) jóšte and Sln. (dial.) išče result from the accretion of *i `and'. The *o-variants in this word are attested in a remarkably large area. The alternative etymologies contain a deictic element *edʰ- or *et- (see ESSJa s.v.).

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > ešče

  • 11 ȁsenь

    ȁsenь; ȁsenъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `ash-tree'
    Page in Trubačev: I 79-80
    Russian:
    jásen' `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Czech:
    jasan `ash-tree' [m o];
    jasaň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];
    jesen (obs.) `ash-tree' [m o];
    jeseň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Slovak:
    jaseň `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Polish:
    jesion `ash-tree' [m o];
    jasień (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];
    jesień (arch.) `ash-tree' [m jo];
    jasion (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m o] \{1\}
    Old Polish:
    jasień `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Slovincian:
    jȧ̃sȯu̯n `ash-tree' [m o]
    Upper Sorbian:
    jaseń `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jȁsēn `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];
    Čak. jȁsen (Vrgada) `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];
    Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `ash-tree' [m o];
    Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `(European) ash (tree)' [m o], jȅsena [Gens]
    Slovene:
    jásen `ash-tree' [m o], jasẹ́na [Gens];
    jésen `ash-tree' [m o], jesẹ́na [Gens]
    Bulgarian:
    jásen `ash-tree' [m o];
    ósen (N.) `ash-tree' [m o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: oʔs-en-; oʔs-i-o-
    Lithuanian:
    úosis `ash-tree' [m io] 1
    Latvian:
    uôsis `ash-tree' [m io]
    Old Prussian:
    woasis (EV) `ash-tree'
    Indo-European reconstruction: Heh₃-s-
    IE meaning: ash-tree
    Comments: In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- ( je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *oʔs- < *Heh₃-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. Sɫawski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh₃es. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski's change (see Andersen 1996).
    Other cognates:
    Lat. ornus `mountain-ash' [f];
    OIr. uinnius `ash-tree'
    ;
    OIc. askr `ash-tree'
    ;
    OHG asc `ash-tree'
    ;
    Arm. hac'i `ash-tree';
    Alb. ah `beech'
    Notes:
    \{1\} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bańkowski 2000: 588).

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > ȁsenь

  • 12 ȁsenъ

    ȁsenь; ȁsenъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `ash-tree'
    Page in Trubačev: I 79-80
    Russian:
    jásen' `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Czech:
    jasan `ash-tree' [m o];
    jasaň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];
    jesen (obs.) `ash-tree' [m o];
    jeseň (dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Slovak:
    jaseň `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Polish:
    jesion `ash-tree' [m o];
    jasień (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m jo];
    jesień (arch.) `ash-tree' [m jo];
    jasion (arch., S. dial.) `ash-tree' [m o] \{1\}
    Old Polish:
    jasień `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Slovincian:
    jȧ̃sȯu̯n `ash-tree' [m o]
    Upper Sorbian:
    jaseń `ash-tree' [m jo]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    jȁsēn `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];
    Čak. jȁsen (Vrgada) `ash-tree' [m o], jȁsena [Gens];
    Čak. jȅsēn (Novi) `ash-tree' [m o];
    Čak. jȅsen (Orbanići) `(European) ash (tree)' [m o], jȅsena [Gens]
    Slovene:
    jásen `ash-tree' [m o], jasẹ́na [Gens];
    jésen `ash-tree' [m o], jesẹ́na [Gens]
    Bulgarian:
    jásen `ash-tree' [m o];
    ósen (N.) `ash-tree' [m o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: oʔs-en-; oʔs-i-o-
    Lithuanian:
    úosis `ash-tree' [m io] 1
    Latvian:
    uôsis `ash-tree' [m io]
    Old Prussian:
    woasis (EV) `ash-tree'
    Indo-European reconstruction: Heh₃-s-
    IE meaning: ash-tree
    Comments: In view of the Baltic forms as well as Ru. ja- ( je- > ja- is common in West Slavic and western South Slavic but not in East Slavic), we must reconstruct *oʔs- < *Heh₃-s- for Balto-Slavic. Unless the West and South Slavic forms with je-/o- continue ja- (cf. Sɫawski SP I: 159), Slavic also offers evidence for the elsewhere in Indo-European widely attested stem shape *Hh₃es. The e-vocalism could be considered an example of Rozwadowski's change (see Andersen 1996).
    Other cognates:
    Lat. ornus `mountain-ash' [f];
    OIr. uinnius `ash-tree'
    ;
    OIc. askr `ash-tree'
    ;
    OHG asc `ash-tree'
    ;
    Arm. hac'i `ash-tree';
    Alb. ah `beech'
    Notes:
    \{1\} The Standard Polish form jesion originates from the Mazowian dialect area (Bańkowski 2000: 588).

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > ȁsenъ

  • 13 bě̄dà

    bě̄dà Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `need, poverty, misery'
    Page in Trubačev: II 54-56
    Old Church Slavic:
    běda `distress, need, necessity' [f ā]
    Russian:
    bedá `misfortune, trouble' [f ā]
    Czech:
    bída `poverty, misery' [f ā];
    běda `woe!' [interj]
    Slovak:
    bieda `poverty, calamity' [f ā]
    Polish:
    bieda `poverty, misery' [f ā];
    biada `woe!' [interj]
    Old Polish:
    biada `distress, necessity' [f ā] \{1\}
    Upper Sorbian:
    běda `grief, woe, misery' [f ā]
    Lower Sorbian:
    běda `grief, pain' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    bijèda `grief, misfortune' [f ā]
    Slovene:
    bẹ́da `misery' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    bedá `misfortune, misery' [f ā]
    Indo-European reconstruction: bʰoidʰ-eh₂ \{2\}
    IE meaning: force
    Certainty: +
    Page in Pokorny: 117
    Comments: According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds.
    Other cognates:
    Alb. be `oath' [f] \{2\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} The vocalism of Modern Polish bieda `id.' is of Mazowian origin, cf. biada `woe!'. \{2\} According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds. \{3\} Demiraj prefers *bʰeidʰ-i-s to an ā-stem (1997: 94).

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > bě̄dà

  • 14 bòlto

    bòlto Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `swamp'
    Page in Trubačev: II 179-182
    Old Church Slavic:
    blato `swamp, quagmire' [n o]
    Russian:
    bolóto `swamp' [n o]
    Czech:
    bláto `mud' [n o]
    Polish:
    bɫoto `mud' [n o]
    Slovincian:
    blùo̯to `swamp' [n o]
    Upper Sorbian:
    bɫóto `mud' [n o]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    blȁto `mud, swampy terrain' [n o];
    Čak. blȁto (Vrgada) `mud, swampy terrain' [n o];
    Čak. blȁto (Orbanići) `mud, dirt' [n o]
    Slovene:
    blátọ `mud, swamp' [n o]
    Bulgarian:
    bláto `mud, swamp' [n o]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bolʔto
    Lithuanian:
    báltas `white' [adj o] 3;
    balà `swamp' [f ā] 3
    Latvian:
    bal̃ts `white' [adj o]
    Old Prussian:
    Namuynbalt [placename] \{1\}
    Page in Pokorny: 118
    Comments: Both formally and semantically, *bòlto may derive from PIE *bʰelH- `white', cf. Pl. dial. biel, bielaw, Bel. bel' `swampy meadow' (ESSJa II: 180). PSl. *bolto is sometimes considered an "Illyrian" substratum word. In this connection not only the above-mentioned forms from the Balkan peninsula are adduced, but also Romance forms such as Lomb. palta, Piém. pauta.
    Other cognates:
    Alb. baltë `mud, swamp' [f];
    MoGk. βάλτος `swamp' [f];
    Rum. baltă `mud, swamp' [f] \{2\}
    Notes:
    \{1\} Cf. also the Rythabalt meadow and the placename Peusebalten. Namuynbalt is the equivalent of Namoyumpelk ( pelk `swamp').

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > bòlto

  • 15 bolzìna

    bolzìna Grammatical information: f. ā
    Page in Trubačev: II 183-184
    Serbo-Croatian:
    blàzina `pillow, bolster' [f ā]
    Slovene:
    blazína `roof-beam, cross-beam, pillow, mattress, bolster' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bolźeiʔnaʔ; bolźeiʔnos
    Lithuanian:
    balžíenas `cross-beam (harrow,waggon, sledge)' [m o] 1/3;
    balžíena `cross-beam (harrow,waggon, sledge)' [f ā] 1/3
    Latvian:
    bàlziêns `cross-beam (sledge, plough)' [m o]
    Old Prussian:
    balsinis `cushion';
    pobalso `bolster'
    Indo-European reconstruction: bʰolǵʰ-
    Comments: It seems plausible that we are dealing with two, formally indistinguishable roots (cf. IEW: 122-123, 125-126). The meaning `pillow, bolster' belongs to the same root that underlies Lith. bal̃nas, OHG balg etc. Stang (1972, 14) attempts to separate `beam' from `pillow, bellows' on formal grounds (*ǵ vs. ǵʰ, respectively), but this does not seem to work, as the Balto-Slavic forms that would *ǵ do not show the effects of Winter's law. It is more likely that the Germanic forms with *k contain * k(k) < *ǵʰ-n- (Kluge's law).
    Other cognates:
    OIc. bjalki `beam'
    ;
    OHG balko `beam'
    ;
    OE balca `beam'
    \{1\}

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > bolzìna

  • 16 brestì

    brestì Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: c? Proto-Slavic meaning: `wade'
    Page in Trubačev: III 14-15
    Old Church Slavic:
    \{1\}
    Church Slavic:
    bresti (RuCS) `wade' [verb]
    Russian:
    brestí `drag oneself along, stroll pensively' [verb], bredú [1sg], bredët [3sg]
    Ukrainian:
    brestý `drag oneself along, wade' [verb], bredú [1sg], bredët [3sg]
    Old Czech:
    břísti `wade' [verb], brdu [1sg], bř(e)du [1sg]
    Slovak:
    bŕst' `wade' [verb], brdie [1sg], brdú [1sg]
    Slovincian:
    brȧ̃sc `wade' [verb], brȧ̃dą [1sg]
    Polabian:
    bradĕ `wade' [1sg]
    Slovene:
    brésti `wade' [verb], brédem `wade' [1sg]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bred-
    Lithuanian:
    brìsti `wade' [verb], breñda [3sg], brìdo [3sgprt] \{2\}
    Latvian:
    brist `wade' [verb]
    IE meaning: wade
    Page in Pokorny: 164
    Comments: The root must be reconstructed as * bʰredʰ-.
    Other cognates:
    Alb. bredh `jump, hop' [verb]
    Notes:
    \{1\} The forms neprěbredomъ and neprěbredimъ `infinite', which are mentioned in the SSJ, do not occur in texts belonging to the canon. \{2\} Proto-East Baltic *bristi must have ousted *birsti < *bʰrdʰ-ti on the analogy of forms with full grade.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > brestì

  • 17 brьdnǫti

    brьdnǫti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `wade'
    Page in Trubačev: III 67
    Czech:
    břednouti `melt, (obs.) wade' [verb]
    Slovak:
    bŕdnut' `wade, roam' [verb]
    Polish:
    brnąć `wade' [verb]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bird-
    Lithuanian:
    brìsti `wade' [verb], breñda [3sg], brìdo [3sgprt]
    Latvian:
    brist `wade' [verb]
    Indo-European reconstruction: bʰrdʰ-
    IE meaning: wade
    Page in Pokorny: 164
    Comments: One would have suspected *bьrdnǫti, but Cz. břednouti points to *brьd. Apparently the zero grade of the root was influenced by the full grade of other forms. Likewise, Proto-East Baltic *bristi must have ousted *birsti < *bʰrdʰ-ti on the analogy of forms with full grade. How old the metathesis actually is, cannot be determined.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > brьdnǫti

  • 18 bьčelà

    bьčelà Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `bee'
    Page in Trubačev: III 104-105
    Old Church Slavic:
    bьčela (Ps. Sin.) `bee' [f ā];
    bъčela (Mar., Ass.) `bee' [f ā] \{1\}
    Russian:
    pčeĺa `bee' [f ā];
    bčelá (dial.) `bee' [f ā];
    bželá (dial.) `bee' [f ā]
    Ukrainian:
    bdžolá `bee' [f ā];
    pčolá `bee' [f ā]
    Czech:
    včela `bee' [f ā]
    Slovak:
    včela `bee' [f ā] \{2\}
    Polish:
    pszczoɫa `bee' [f ā];
    pczoɫa (dial., arch.) `bee' [f ā];
    pczeɫa (arch.) `bee' [f ā]
    Upper Sorbian:
    pčola `bee' [f ā];
    wčola `bee' [f ā]
    Lower Sorbian:
    coɫa `bee' [f ā];
    pcoɫa (arch.) `bee' [f ā]
    Polabian:
    celă `bee' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    pčèla `bee' [f ā];
    čèla `bee' [f ā];
    Čak. čȅla (Vrgada) `bee' [f ā];
    Čak. čelȁ (Novi) `bee' [f ā];
    Čak. čȅlica (Orbanići) `bee' [f jā]
    Slovene:
    bǝčę̑la `bee' [f ā];
    bčę̑la `bee' [f ā];
    čǝbę̑la `bee' [f ā];
    čǝbę̑la `bee' [f ā];
    čę̑la `bee' [f ā];
    čmę̑la `bee' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    pčelá `bee' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bi-t-; bi-kel-eh₂
    Lithuanian:
    bìtė `bee' [f ē] 2
    Latvian:
    bite `bee' [f ē]
    Old Prussian:
    bitte `bee' [f]
    Indo-European reconstruction: bʰi-
    IE meaning: bee
    Page in Pokorny: 116
    Comments: The North European root bʰi occurs with various suffixes. The *-k- of the Slavic forms is also found in OIr. bech < *bi-ko-. The main alternative etymology departs from PSl. *bъčela and advocates a connection with bučati `make a loud noise, roar'. This is the eymology preferred by Sɫawski (SP I: 456-457).
    Other cognates:
    OIc. bý `bee' [n];
    MoDu. bij `bee';
    OHG bini `bee' [n];
    OHG bīa `bee' [f];
    OE béo `bee' [f];
    OIr. bech `bee'
    Notes:
    \{1\} The variant bьčela occurs only once, but considering that bъčela is almost as rare, it is impossible to conclude on the basis of Old Church Slavic which is the original form. \{2\} Slovak dialect forms have an anlaut pč-, fč-, pš- or \č-.

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > bьčelà

  • 19 čerdà

    čerdà; čérdъ Grammatical information: f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `file, herd'
    Page in Trubačev: IV 60-63
    Old Church Slavic:
    črěda `order, herd' [f ā]
    Russian:
    čeredá `sequence, file, bur-marigold, (obs.) turn, (dial.) herd of cattle' [f ā], čeredú [Accs];
    čeredá (dial.) `sequence, turn' [f ā], čéredu [Accs];
    čerëd `turn, (coll.) queue' [m o]
    Ukrainian:
    čéred `turn' [m o]
    Czech:
    třída `row, turn, street' [f ā]
    Slovak:
    čřieda `herd' [f ā]
    Polish:
    trzoda `herd' [f ā]
    Old Polish:
    czrzoda `herd' [f ā]
    Slovincian:
    střȯ́u̯dă `herd' [f ā]
    Upper Sorbian:
    črjóda `multitude' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    čréda `turn, sequence' [f ā];
    Čak. črīdȁ (Vrgada: obs.) `herd (of sheep)' [f ā];
    Čak. črēdȁ (Novi) `herd (of sheep)' [f ā], črȇdu [Accs]
    Slovene:
    črẹ́da `flock, herd, row' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    čerdá `herd (of cattle)' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)kerdaʔ
    Lithuanian:
    (s)ker̃džius `herdsman, shepherd' [m ju]
    Old Prussian:
    kērdan `time' [Accs]
    Indo-European reconstruction: On the basis of Balto-Slavic and Gothic we may reconstruct *(s)ḱerdʰ-eh₂. The connection with the Indo-Aryan forms mentioned below is dubious (Mayrhofer EWAia II: 619-620).
    Page in Pokorny: 579
    Other cognates:
    Skt. śárdha- `host (of Maruts)'
    ;
    Skt. śárdhas- `troop, host (of Maruts)' [n];
    Av. sarǝđa- [m or n] `kind, nature';
    Go. haírda [f ā].
    Notes:
    \{1\} The connection with the Indo-Aryan forms is dubious, however (Mayrhofer EWAia II: 619-620).

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > čerdà

  • 20 čerdъ

    čerdà; čérdъ Grammatical information: f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `file, herd'
    Page in Trubačev: IV 60-63
    Old Church Slavic:
    črěda `order, herd' [f ā]
    Russian:
    čeredá `sequence, file, bur-marigold, (obs.) turn, (dial.) herd of cattle' [f ā], čeredú [Accs];
    čeredá (dial.) `sequence, turn' [f ā], čéredu [Accs];
    čerëd `turn, (coll.) queue' [m o]
    Ukrainian:
    čéred `turn' [m o]
    Czech:
    třída `row, turn, street' [f ā]
    Slovak:
    čřieda `herd' [f ā]
    Polish:
    trzoda `herd' [f ā]
    Old Polish:
    czrzoda `herd' [f ā]
    Slovincian:
    střȯ́u̯dă `herd' [f ā]
    Upper Sorbian:
    črjóda `multitude' [f ā]
    Serbo-Croatian:
    čréda `turn, sequence' [f ā];
    Čak. črīdȁ (Vrgada: obs.) `herd (of sheep)' [f ā];
    Čak. črēdȁ (Novi) `herd (of sheep)' [f ā], črȇdu [Accs]
    Slovene:
    črẹ́da `flock, herd, row' [f ā]
    Bulgarian:
    čerdá `herd (of cattle)' [f ā]
    Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)kerdaʔ
    Lithuanian:
    (s)ker̃džius `herdsman, shepherd' [m ju]
    Old Prussian:
    kērdan `time' [Accs]
    Indo-European reconstruction: On the basis of Balto-Slavic and Gothic we may reconstruct *(s)ḱerdʰ-eh₂. The connection with the Indo-Aryan forms mentioned below is dubious (Mayrhofer EWAia II: 619-620).
    Page in Pokorny: 579
    Other cognates:
    Skt. śárdha- `host (of Maruts)'
    ;
    Skt. śárdhas- `troop, host (of Maruts)' [n];
    Av. sarǝđa- [m or n] `kind, nature';
    Go. haírda [f ā].
    Notes:
    \{1\} The connection with the Indo-Aryan forms is dubious, however (Mayrhofer EWAia II: 619-620).

    Slovenščina-angleščina big slovar > čerdъ

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  • Forms — Oracle Forms ist einer der Kern Komponenten der Oracle Developer Suite und erlaubt die WYSIWYG Erstellung sowie die Programmierung von Datenbank gestützten, interaktiven Dialogmasken. Neben der Oracle Datenbank werden auch diverse andere SQL… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • forms — The theory of forms is probably the most characteristic, and most contested of the doctrines of Plato . In the background lie the Pythagorean conception of form as the key to physical nature, but also the sceptical doctrine associated with… …   Philosophy dictionary

  • Forms —    One great objection brought against the Episcopal Church by many persons not members of it is what they call forms and ceremonies. They say what they want is spiritual religion, and this objection seems to be so final with them there is… …   American Church Dictionary and Cyclopedia

  • forms — All forms referred to herein; e.g., Buyer Delivery Commitment, shall be forms prescribed by the exchange. Chicago Mercantile Exchange Glossary …   Financial and business terms

  • forms of action — n. The categories of legal actions available under common law, such as trespass, debt, etc., and divided into actions at equity and actions at law; now all forms of action are gathered together under the Rules of Civil Procedure into the single… …   Law dictionary

  • Forms of address in the United Kingdom — Forms of address used in the United Kingdom are given below.Several terms have been abbreviated in the table below. The forms used in the table are given first, followed by alternative acceptable abbreviations in parentheses.Abbreviations*His/Her …   Wikipedia

  • forms of action — governed common law pleading and were the procedural devices used to give expression to the theories of liability recognized by the common law. Failure to analyze the cause of action properly, to select the proper theory of liability and to… …   Black's law dictionary

  • forms of action — governed common law pleading and were the procedural devices used to give expression to the theories of liability recognized by the common law. Failure to analyze the cause of action properly, to select the proper theory of liability and to… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Forms of activity and interpersonal relations — in sociology can be described as follows: first and most basic are animal like behaviors, i.e. various physical movements of the body. Then there are actions movements with a meaning and purpose. Then there are social behaviors, which are… …   Wikipedia

  • Forms of juggling — This is an outline of the most popular forms of juggling as practiced by amateur, non performing, hobby jugglers. This list is based on the current trends in the Western world (Europe and North America) for ball, club and ring juggling, and is… …   Wikipedia

  • Forms of cricket — Various forms of cricket exist and the sport may broadly be divided between major and minor versions. Major cricket includes several variations in which top class players have taken part such as Test cricket, first class cricket, single wicket,… …   Wikipedia

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