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101 arc-resistant switchgear
НКУ с защитой от воздействия электрической дуги
комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
низковольтное комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
НКУ распределения и управления с защитой от электрической дуги
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[Интент]EN
arc-resistant switchgear
A type of switchgear design which is designed to withstand the effects of an internal arcing fault, without causing harm to personnel who are located in defined areas. It is not intended to withstand these internal arcing fault without possibly causing physical damage to the structure and/or components, but often the physical damage is less with an arc-resistant design.
There are three classes of protection:
Type A - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front of the switchgear during an internal arcing fault,
Type B - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front and sides of the switchgear during an internal arcing fault,
Type C - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front and sides of the switchgear, from between compartments within the same cell, and between adjacent cells during an internal arcing fault.
Arc-resistant switchgear has traditionally been metal-clad, but the basic concept could also be applied to other types of switchgear as well.
arc-proof switchgear
An incorrect term. Please refer to arc-resistant switchgear
[Schneider Electric]
[ http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/glossary-of-medium-voltage-switchgear-terms]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
If the electric arc occurs inside LV switchgear it generates internal overpressures and results in local overheatings which may cause high mechanical and thermal stresses in the equipment.
Besides, the involved materials can generate hot decomposition products, gases or fumes, which, due to the overpressure, are almost always ejected to the outside of the enclosure thus jeopardizing the operator safety.
The European Directive 2006/95/EC states the fundamental safety requirements for low voltage electric materials (from 50 V to 1000 V in alternating current, from 75 V to 1500 V in continuos current) to be put on the market within the European Community.
Among the essential safety requirements defined by this Directive particular importance is given to the need of taking technical measures to prevent “temperature rises, electric arcs or radiations which may result in hazards” from occurring.
This aspect has always been highly considered for apparatus, but it has been wrongly neglected for electrical switchgear and only in the last 10-15 years it has been catching on both at Italian as well as at international level.
Safety for the operator and for the installation in case of arcing inside LV switchgear can be obtained through three different design philosophies:
1. assemblies mechanically capable of withstanding the electric arc (passive protection)
2. assemblies equipped with devices limiting the effects of internal arcing (active protection)
3. assemblies equipped with current limiting circuitbreakers.
These three solutions (also combined together) have found a remakable development in the industrial field and have been successfully applied by the main manufacturers of LV switchgear and controlgear assemblies.
As it can be seen hereafter by examining the first two solutions, an “active” protection against arc faults is intrinsecally more complex than a “passive” one.
This because of the presence of additional electromechanical/ electronic devices5 which limit the arcing effects and which, by their nature, may be subject to faults or not-tripping.
[ABB]Дуга, возникшая внутри НКУ, создает внутреннее избыточное давление и вызывает локальный перегрев, что может привести к воздействию на оборудование значительного механического напряжения и перепада температур.
Кроме того, под воздействием дуги различные материалы разлагаются на продукты, имеющие высокую температуру, в том числе газы и дым, которые почти всегда вырываются из оболочки НКУ под высоким давлением, подвергая опасности оперативный персонал.
Европейская директива 2006/95/EC определяет основные требования безопасности для низковольтного (от 50 до 1000 В переменного тока и от 75 до 1500 В постоянного тока) оборудования поставляемого на рынок Европейского Сообщества.
Одно из основных требований безопасности, определяемое данной директивой как наиболее важное, заключается в необходимости предпринять технические меры для предотвращения "подъема температуры, возникновения электрической дуги или излучения", которые могут причинить ущерб.
Данная проблема всегда учитывалась при создании различных аппаратов, но незаслуженно игнорировалась при разработке электрических комплектных устройств, и только в последние 10-15 лет ей стали уделять должное внимание как в Италии, так и во всем мире.
При возникновении электрической дуги внутри НКУ безопасность оператора и электроустановки обеспечивается тремя способами:
1. Конструкция НКУ должна выдерживать механические воздействия, возникающие при горении электрической дуги (пассивная защита).
2. НКУ должно быть оснащено устройствами, ограничивающими воздействие электрической дуги (активная защита)
3. НКУ должны быть оснащены токоограничивающими автоматическими выключателями.
Указанные три способа (применяемые совместно) получили дальнейшее развитие в промышленности и успешно применяются основными изготовителями НКУ распределения и управления.
Как будет показано далее при рассмотрении первых двух способов, активная защита от дуговых» неисправностей является более сложной, чем пассивная защита.
Это объясняется необходимостью использования дополнительных электромеханических или электронных устройств, задачей которых является ограничение воздействий дуги и которые сами могут оказаться неисправными и не сработать.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Синонимы
- комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
- низковольтное комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
- НКУ распределения и управления с защитой от электрической дуги
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > arc-resistant switchgear
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102 internal arc-proof switchgear and controlgear assemblу
НКУ с защитой от воздействия электрической дуги
комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
низковольтное комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
НКУ распределения и управления с защитой от электрической дуги
-
[Интент]EN
arc-resistant switchgear
A type of switchgear design which is designed to withstand the effects of an internal arcing fault, without causing harm to personnel who are located in defined areas. It is not intended to withstand these internal arcing fault without possibly causing physical damage to the structure and/or components, but often the physical damage is less with an arc-resistant design.
There are three classes of protection:
Type A - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front of the switchgear during an internal arcing fault,
Type B - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front and sides of the switchgear during an internal arcing fault,
Type C - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front and sides of the switchgear, from between compartments within the same cell, and between adjacent cells during an internal arcing fault.
Arc-resistant switchgear has traditionally been metal-clad, but the basic concept could also be applied to other types of switchgear as well.
arc-proof switchgear
An incorrect term. Please refer to arc-resistant switchgear
[Schneider Electric]
[ http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/glossary-of-medium-voltage-switchgear-terms]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
If the electric arc occurs inside LV switchgear it generates internal overpressures and results in local overheatings which may cause high mechanical and thermal stresses in the equipment.
Besides, the involved materials can generate hot decomposition products, gases or fumes, which, due to the overpressure, are almost always ejected to the outside of the enclosure thus jeopardizing the operator safety.
The European Directive 2006/95/EC states the fundamental safety requirements for low voltage electric materials (from 50 V to 1000 V in alternating current, from 75 V to 1500 V in continuos current) to be put on the market within the European Community.
Among the essential safety requirements defined by this Directive particular importance is given to the need of taking technical measures to prevent “temperature rises, electric arcs or radiations which may result in hazards” from occurring.
This aspect has always been highly considered for apparatus, but it has been wrongly neglected for electrical switchgear and only in the last 10-15 years it has been catching on both at Italian as well as at international level.
Safety for the operator and for the installation in case of arcing inside LV switchgear can be obtained through three different design philosophies:
1. assemblies mechanically capable of withstanding the electric arc (passive protection)
2. assemblies equipped with devices limiting the effects of internal arcing (active protection)
3. assemblies equipped with current limiting circuitbreakers.
These three solutions (also combined together) have found a remakable development in the industrial field and have been successfully applied by the main manufacturers of LV switchgear and controlgear assemblies.
As it can be seen hereafter by examining the first two solutions, an “active” protection against arc faults is intrinsecally more complex than a “passive” one.
This because of the presence of additional electromechanical/ electronic devices5 which limit the arcing effects and which, by their nature, may be subject to faults or not-tripping.
[ABB]Дуга, возникшая внутри НКУ, создает внутреннее избыточное давление и вызывает локальный перегрев, что может привести к воздействию на оборудование значительного механического напряжения и перепада температур.
Кроме того, под воздействием дуги различные материалы разлагаются на продукты, имеющие высокую температуру, в том числе газы и дым, которые почти всегда вырываются из оболочки НКУ под высоким давлением, подвергая опасности оперативный персонал.
Европейская директива 2006/95/EC определяет основные требования безопасности для низковольтного (от 50 до 1000 В переменного тока и от 75 до 1500 В постоянного тока) оборудования поставляемого на рынок Европейского Сообщества.
Одно из основных требований безопасности, определяемое данной директивой как наиболее важное, заключается в необходимости предпринять технические меры для предотвращения "подъема температуры, возникновения электрической дуги или излучения", которые могут причинить ущерб.
Данная проблема всегда учитывалась при создании различных аппаратов, но незаслуженно игнорировалась при разработке электрических комплектных устройств, и только в последние 10-15 лет ей стали уделять должное внимание как в Италии, так и во всем мире.
При возникновении электрической дуги внутри НКУ безопасность оператора и электроустановки обеспечивается тремя способами:
1. Конструкция НКУ должна выдерживать механические воздействия, возникающие при горении электрической дуги (пассивная защита).
2. НКУ должно быть оснащено устройствами, ограничивающими воздействие электрической дуги (активная защита)
3. НКУ должны быть оснащены токоограничивающими автоматическими выключателями.
Указанные три способа (применяемые совместно) получили дальнейшее развитие в промышленности и успешно применяются основными изготовителями НКУ распределения и управления.
Как будет показано далее при рассмотрении первых двух способов, активная защита от дуговых» неисправностей является более сложной, чем пассивная защита.
Это объясняется необходимостью использования дополнительных электромеханических или электронных устройств, задачей которых является ограничение воздействий дуги и которые сами могут оказаться неисправными и не сработать.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Синонимы
- комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
- низковольтное комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
- НКУ распределения и управления с защитой от электрической дуги
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > internal arc-proof switchgear and controlgear assemblу
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103 только
1. нареч. (в разных значениях) only, merely;
(единственно) solely только в последнюю минуту ≈ not till the last moment только поздно вечером ≈ it was not until late in the evening только за 1994 год ≈ in 1994 alone только вчера я с ним виделся ≈ I saw him only yesterday это могло произойти только случайно ≈ it could not happen except by chance сейчас только два часа ≈ it is only two o'clock now только попробуй это сделать ≈ you just try to do it каких только книг он не читал! ≈ what books has he not read! где только он не бывал! ≈ where has he not been! ты только подумай ≈ just think он в ответ смеется, да и только ≈ he just laughs in reply только что не ≈ almost, practically, all but только случайно ≈ only by chance
2. союз only, but он согласен, только имейте в виду, что ≈ he agrees, only/but bear in mind that только? ≈ is that all? не только..., но и ≈ not only...but also если только ≈ if only лишь только ≈ as soon as;
the moment только и всего ≈ and that is all and nothing more только что только бы только бы не заболеть как только
1. частица only;
я видел его ~ на днях I saw him only a few days ago;
~ на этот раз just for once;
(сейчас) ещё ~ пять часов it`s only five o`clock( now) ;
~ за 1950 год... in 1950 alone...;
~ в этом случае in this case only;
~ потому, что... just/merely because...;
он вспомнил об этом ~ тогда, когда пришёл в школу he didn`t remember it until he got to school;
2. усил. частица: кого ~ там не было! simply everyone was there!;
каких ~ зверей я там не видел! I saw such a lot of animals there!;
чего ~ он не испытал! what that man* has been through!;
~ бы if only;
~ бы он пришёл! if only he would come!;
~ бы не опоздать! we simply mustn`t be late!;
~ не опаздывай(те) whatever you do, don`t be late!;
~ попробуй(те) (это сделать) ! (с угрозой) just you try (to do it) !;
откуда ~ это берётся? where can it possibly come from?;
3. союз (однако, но) but;
я согласен пойти, ~ не сейчас I agree to go but not now;
разве ~ (что)... unless...;
4. союз (едва) no sooner than, as soon, as;
5. нареч. just;
смеётся, да и ~ all he does is to laugh;
~-~ only just;
~ что just (now) ;
я его ~ что видел I saw him just now;
он ~ что пришёл he has just come;
как ~ as soon as, the moment;
как ~ он придёт as soon as he comes, the moment he comes;
~ его и видели he was gone in a flash. -
104 ingenuo
adj.ingenuous, as innocent as a lamb, artless, childlike.* * *► adjetivo1 naive, ingenuous► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 naive person* * *(f. - ingenua)adj.* * *ADJ naïve, ingenuous* * *I- nua adjetivo naive, ingenuousII- nua masculino, femenino* * *= ingenuous, naive [naïve], innocent, simple-minded, gullible, born yesterday, guileless, clueless, corn-fed, unwordly.Ex. She put her empty cup in the dirty-dish cart, and mounted on the wings of a pure and ingenuous elation the long flight of stairs leading to the offices on the first floor.Ex. At the risk of sounding trite and a bit naive, I'd like to remind this group that the ISBD was also called, not for the cataloger's benefit, but as an international tool of bibliographic description.Ex. This is highly embarrassing for the innocent reader and for the apologetic library staff.Ex. Granted the seemingly simple-minded examples that have been used, such as changing NEGROES to AFRO-AMERICANS and BLACKS, appear fairly straightforward.Ex. I argue that intellectual vices (such as being gullible, dogmatic, pigheaded, or prejudiced) are essential.Ex. The article is entitled ' Born yesterday and other forms of original sin: two perspectives on library research'.Ex. He cites, for example, a popular reference book from the 1880s, which gushes about the Eskimo's guileless character, keen intelligence, and harmonious politics.Ex. This is largely clueless enthusiasm focused on things that don't matter in the grand scheme of things.Ex. The Wizard, played by Joel Grey, is a smooth-talking dumbbell who admits he is 'a corn-fed hick' and 'one of your dime-a-dozen mediocrities'.Ex. There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.----* ingenuos, los = gullible, the.* * *I- nua adjetivo naive, ingenuousII- nua masculino, femenino* * *= ingenuous, naive [naïve], innocent, simple-minded, gullible, born yesterday, guileless, clueless, corn-fed, unwordly.Ex: She put her empty cup in the dirty-dish cart, and mounted on the wings of a pure and ingenuous elation the long flight of stairs leading to the offices on the first floor.
Ex: At the risk of sounding trite and a bit naive, I'd like to remind this group that the ISBD was also called, not for the cataloger's benefit, but as an international tool of bibliographic description.Ex: This is highly embarrassing for the innocent reader and for the apologetic library staff.Ex: Granted the seemingly simple-minded examples that have been used, such as changing NEGROES to AFRO-AMERICANS and BLACKS, appear fairly straightforward.Ex: I argue that intellectual vices (such as being gullible, dogmatic, pigheaded, or prejudiced) are essential.Ex: The article is entitled ' Born yesterday and other forms of original sin: two perspectives on library research'.Ex: He cites, for example, a popular reference book from the 1880s, which gushes about the Eskimo's guileless character, keen intelligence, and harmonious politics.Ex: This is largely clueless enthusiasm focused on things that don't matter in the grand scheme of things.Ex: The Wizard, played by Joel Grey, is a smooth-talking dumbbell who admits he is 'a corn-fed hick' and 'one of your dime-a-dozen mediocrities'.Ex: There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.* ingenuos, los = gullible, the.* * *naive, ingenuous¡qué ingenuo eres! you're so naive!masculine, femininees un ingenuo ¿cómo se ha podido creer eso? he's so naive, how could he possibly have believed that?* * *
ingenuo◊ - nua adjetivo
naive, ingenuous
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino: es un ingenuo he's so naive
ingenuo,-a
I adjetivo naive
II sustantivo masculino y femenino naive person: es un ingenuo, he's so naive
' ingenuo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bobalicón
- bobalicona
- incauta
- incauto
- infeliz
- ingenua
- inocente
- prima
- primo
- simple
- pavo
- pueril
- tonto
English:
deluded
- dupe
- green
- ingenuous
- naive
- simple
- simple-minded
- unsophisticated
- childlike
* * *ingenuo, -a♦ adjnaive, ingenuous;¡no seas ingenuo! don't be so naive!♦ nm,fingenuous o naive person;es un ingenuo he's (very) naive;hacerse el ingenuo to act the innocent* * *I adj naiveII m, ingenua f naive person, sucker fam* * *cándido: naive♦ ingenuamente adv: naive person* * *ingenuo adj naive -
105 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
106 can
I 1. noun1) (milk can, watering can) Kanne, die; (for oil, petrol) Kanister, der; (Amer.): (for refuse) Eimer, der; Tonne, diea can of paint — eine Büchse Farbe; (with handle) ein Eimer Farbe
carry the can — (fig. coll.) die Sache ausbaden (ugs.)
2. transitive verb,a can of tomatoes/sausages — eine Dose od. Büchse Tomaten/Würstchen
- nn- eindosen; einmachen [Obst]II auxiliary verb, only in pres.can,neg. cannot, (coll.) can't, past could, neg. (coll.) couldn't können; (have right, be permitted) dürfen; könnenas much as one can — so viel man kann
as... as can be — wirklich sehr...
can do — (coll.) kein Problem
he can't be more than 40 — er kann nicht über 40 sein
you can't smoke in this compartment — in diesem Abteil dürfen Sie nicht rauchen
how [ever] could you do this to me? — wie konnten Sie mir das bloß antun?
[that] could be [so] — das könnte od. kann sein
* * *[kæn] I negative - can't; verb1) (to be able to: You can do it if you try hard.) können2) (to know how to: Can you drive a car?) können4) (used in questions to indicate surprise, disbelief etc: What can he be doing all this time?)II 1. noun(a metal container for liquids and many types of food: oil-can; beer-can; six cans of beer.) die Kanne, die Dose2. verb(to put (especially food) into cans, usually to preserve it: a factory for canning raspberries.) eindosen- academic.ru/10575/canned">canned- cannery* * *can1[kæn]I. nbeer/drink \can Bier-/Getränkedose ffood \can Konservendose f, Konservenbüchse f2. (contents)a \can of lemonade eine Dose Limonadea \can of oil ein Kanister m Ölmilk \can Milchkanne fpetrol \can Benzinkanister m4. (for waste) [Müll]eimer m, Abfalleimer m SCHWEIZ, Kehrichteimer m SCHWEIZ, Mistkübel m ÖSTERR fam; (larger) [Müll]tonne fon the \can auf dem Klo fam▪ \cans pl Kopfhörer pl8.the scene is in the \can wir haben die Szene [o die Szene ist] im Kasten famthis project is finally in the \can dieses Projekt ist endlich abgeschlossenthe deal is in the \can wir haben den Deal in der Tasche fig famII. vt1. (package)\can it! hör auf damit!to \can a project ein Projekt begraben famcan2<could, could>[kæn, kən]1. (be able to) können\can you hear me? kannst du mich hören?, hörst du mich?she \can speak four languages sie spricht vier Sprachenthe doctors are doing all they \can die Ärzte tun, was sie können [o tun ihr Möglichstes]who \can blame her? wer will es ihr verdenken?\can do kein Problemno \can do geht leider nichtyou \can't park here hier dürfen [o können] Sie nicht parken\can I go out to play? darf [o kann] ich draußen spielen?3. (requesting) können\can/could you tell I've phoned? kannst/könntest du ihm ausrichten, dass ich angerufen haben?\can/could you make a little less noise, please? kannst/könntest du bitte etwas leiser sein?\can/could I borrow your car? kannst/könntest du mir dein Auto leihen?4. (suggesting) könnenyou could [always] try du könntest es ja mal versuchenyou could be a bit nicer to him du könntest schon [o ruhig] etwas netter zu ihm sein5. (offering assistance)\can I help you with those bags? soll ich Ihnen mit den Taschen helfen?\can I be of any help? kann ich irgendwie helfen?6. (expressing possibility) könnenhe \can be really annoying at times manchmal kann er wirklich anstrengend seinyou \can get stamps from some newsagents einige Zeitschriftenhändler verkaufen auch Briefmarkenhe \can't have done it on his own er kann das unmöglich alleine gemacht haben7. (disbelieving, reprimanding)you \can't be hungry already! du kannst doch nicht [o unmöglich] schon wieder Hunger haben!you \can't be serious! das ist nicht dein Ernst!how on earth could you do that! wie konntest du nur so etwas tun!you could have told me before! das hättest du mir auch schon vorher sagen können!I could do with a beer ich könnte jetzt [wirklich] ein Bier vertragen famI could do with a haircut ich müsste mal wieder zum FrisörI could do with a new computer ich bräuchte einen neuen Computer [o fam könnte einen neuen Computer gebrauchen]the car could do with a clean der Wagen müsste mal wieder gewaschen werden9. (demanding)you \can stop that right away! hör sofort damit auf!10. (threatening) könnenif you carry on like that, you \can just go to bed! wenn du so weitermachst, kannst du gleich ins Bett gehen!* * *I [kn] pret couldmodal aux vb (defective parts supplied by to be able to)1) (= be able to) könnenI can't or cannot go to the theatre tomorrow —
I'll do it if I can — wenn ich kann(, tue ich es)
he'll help you all he can — er wird sein Möglichstes tun, er wird tun, was in seinen Kräften steht
could you tell me... — können or könnten Sie mir sagen,...
can you speak German? — können or sprechen Sie Deutsch?
we can but hope that..., we can only hope that... — wir können nur hoffen, dass...
they could not (help) but condemn it — sie konnten nicht anders, als das zu verurteilen
2) (= may) dürfen, könnenI'd like to go, can I? – no, you can't —
can I use your car? – no, you can't — kann or darf ich dein Auto nehmen? – nein
3) (expressing surprise etc) könnenhow can/could you say such a thing! — wie können/konnten Sie nur or bloß so etwas sagen!
where can it be? — wo kann das bloß sein?
where can they have gone? — wo können sie denn nur hingegangen sein?
4) (expressing possibility) könnenit could be that he's got lost — vielleicht hat er sich verlaufen, (es ist) möglich, dass er sich verlaufen hat
could he have got lost? —
to think he could have become a doctor — wenn man bedenkt, dass er hätte Arzt werden können
5) (with verbs of perception) könnencan you hear me? — hören Sie mich?, können Sie mich hören?
6) (= be capable of occasionally) könnenshe can be very nice when she wants to — wenn sie will, kann sie sehr nett sein
7) (indicating suggestion) könnenyou could try telephoning him —
8) (= feel inclined to) können9)IIhe looks as though he could do with a wash/haircut — ich glaube, er müsste sich mal waschen/er müsste sich (dat) mal wieder die Haare schneiden lassen
1. nto carry the can ( Brit fig inf ) — die Sache ausbaden (inf)
a can of paint — eine Dose Farbe; (with handle) ein Eimer m Farbe
See:→ worm2. vt1) foodstuffs einmachen, eindosen → cannedSee:→ canned2) (inf)III in cpds Büchsen-, Dosen-* * *can1 [kæn; unbetont kən] inf und pperf fehlen, 2. sg präs obs canst [kænst], 3. sg präs can, neg cannot, prät could [kʊd; unbetont kəd] v/aux (mit folgendem inf ohne to) ich, er, sie, es kann, du kannst, wir, Sie, sie können, ihr könnt:can you do it?;I shall do all I can ich werde alles tun, was ich (tun) kann oder was in meinen Kräften steht;can2 [kæn]A s2. (Blech-, Konserven) Dose f, (-)Büchse f:a can of beer eine Dose Bier;a can of worms umg eine harte Nuss, eine verwickelte Geschichte;b) unter Dach und Fach sein (Vertrag etc);can opener Dosen-, Büchsenöffner m3. US (Ein)Weckglas n4. USa) (Müll-, Abfall) Eimer mb) (Müll-, Abfall) Tonne f5. Kanister m6. sl Kittchen n (Gefängnis)7. US sl Klo n, Lokus m (beide umg)8. US sl Arsch m sl, Hintern m umg9. SCHIFF, MIL sla) Wasserbombe fb) US Eimer m umg, Zerstörer m10. sl Unze f MarihuanaB v/t2. TECH einkapseln, hermetisch verschließen4. US sl aufhören mit:can it! hör auf damit!* * *I 1. noun1) (milk can, watering can) Kanne, die; (for oil, petrol) Kanister, der; (Amer.): (for refuse) Eimer, der; Tonne, diea can of paint — eine Büchse Farbe; (with handle) ein Eimer Farbe
carry the can — (fig. coll.) die Sache ausbaden (ugs.)
2. transitive verb,a can of tomatoes/sausages — eine Dose od. Büchse Tomaten/Würstchen
- nn- eindosen; einmachen [Obst]II auxiliary verb, only in pres.can,neg. cannot, (coll.) can't, past could, neg. (coll.) couldn't können; (have right, be permitted) dürfen; könnenas... as can be — wirklich sehr...
can do — (coll.) kein Problem
how [ever] could you do this to me? — wie konnten Sie mir das bloß antun?
[that] could be [so] — das könnte od. kann sein
* * *(US) n.Blechdose f.Konservenbüchse f.Zinnblechbüchse f. aux.kann (können) aux.können v.(§ p.,pp.: konnte, gekonnt) n.Buchse -n f.Büchse -n f.Kanister - m.Kanne -n f.Konserve -n f. (food) v.in Büchsen einlegen ausdr. -
107 desaparecer
v.1 to disappear.me ha desaparecido la pluma my pen has disappearedserá mejor que desaparezcas de escena durante una temporada you'd better make yourself scarce for a whiledesaparecer de la faz de la tierra to vanish from the face of the earth¡desaparece de mi vista ahora mismo! get out of my sight this minute!La tristeza desaparece al amanecer Sadness disappears at dawn.Sus dudas desaparecieron His doubts disappeared.2 to go missing.* * *1 (dejar de estar) to disappear\desaparecer del mapa figurado to vanish off the face of the earthhacer desaparecer to cause to disappear, hide 2 (quitar) to get rid of* * *verbto disappear, vanish* * *1. VI1) [persona, objeto] to disappear, go missinghan desaparecido dos niños en el bosque — two children have disappeared o gone missing in the wood
me han desaparecido diez euros — ten euros of mine have disappeared o gone missing
mapa¡desaparece de mi vista! — get out of my sight!
2) [mancha, olor, síntoma] to disappear, go (away)3) euf (=morir) to pass away2.VT LAm (Pol) to disappeardesaparecieron a los disidentes — they disappeared the dissidents, the dissidents were disappeared
* * *1.verbo intransitivoa) ( de lugar) to disappearc) ( de la vista) to disappeardesapareció entre la muchedumbre — he disappeared o vanished into the crowd
2.desaparece de mi vista — (fam) get out of my sight
desaparecerse v pron (Andes) to disappear* * *= disappear, disband, fade (away/out), fall into + obscurity, vanish, die out, evaporate, go away, dissolve, pass on, go + missing, sweep away, slip through + the cracks, swallow up, slip from + the scene, go out of + existence, go + the way of the dodo, follow + the dodo, go + the way of the horseless carriage, go + the way of the dinosaur(s), blow away, wither away, drop from + sight, pass away, fizzle out, efface, fade into + obscurity, fade into + oblivion, go + forever, peter out, skulk off, sneak off, sneak away, go into + hiding, wear off, be all gone.Ex. This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.Ex. With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.Ex. Trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory.Ex. The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.Ex. She seized her sweater and purse and vanished.Ex. These changes accelerated through much of the nineteenth century, with the older material such as the chivalric romance dying out about the 1960s.Ex. It is pointless to create interest if it is then allowed to evaporate because the books cannot be obtained.Ex. Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.Ex. He adjusted himself comfortably in the chair, overlapped his legs, and blew a smoke ring that dissolved two feet above her head.Ex. Further, it is true in nature that organisms are born, grow and mature, decline and pass on.Ex. This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.Ex. The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.Ex. The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.Ex. With their numbers and their prices, serials in the paper format are as a spring fog slipping from the scene.Ex. The volunteer fire companies went out of existence, as did their library associations.Ex. Today, all of the early independents have gone the way of the dodo = En la actualidad, todas las empresas independientes originales han desaparecido.Ex. It has the choice: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.Ex. When databases of information (particularly in full text) first became available on the Internet, many users felt that thesauri and subject classifications were no longer needed and would go the way of horseless carriages.Ex. The library will have to learn to cope with new technology and even larger amounts of material if it wishes to avoid going the way of the dinosaur.Ex. Its prediction that, with the passing of years, the taint of scandal will blow away, looks over-optimistic.Ex. He concludes that public libraries will wither away, together with the rights of the individual member of the public to information.Ex. The older material, such as the chivalric romances, dropped from sight.Ex. These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.Ex. Over the weekend, she started three articles and each one fizzled out for lack of inspiration.Ex. The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.Ex. But he may be put under house arrest, a dire fate for a man who is terrified of fading into obscurity.Ex. The music industry as we know it is slowly fading into oblivion.Ex. Those were the good old days and now they have gone forever.Ex. Press demands for information soon petered out but enquiries from the general public continued for many months.Ex. Good attendance with 21 people there though a few skulked off without paying!.Ex. One of the great joys in life is sneaking off.Ex. So I decided to take my chances and sneak away quietly on a day when Fabiola had a group meeting at her lab.Ex. The three have been jailed for more than two weeks while a fourth journalist went into hiding after receiving a judicial summons.Ex. We're all familiar with the idea of novelty value and how it wears off with time.Ex. The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.----* aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.* barreras + desaparecer = boundaries + dissolve.* desaparecer de la faz de la tierra = vanish from + the face of the earth, disappear from + the face of the earth.* desaparecer en el horizonte cabalgando al atardecer = ride off + into the sunset.* desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.* desaparecer gradualmente = fade into + the sunset.* desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.* desaparecer poco a poco = fade into + the sunset.* desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.* desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.* desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.* estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.* hacer desaparecer = eradicate, dispel, banish.* hacer desaparecer un mito = dispel + myth.* hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.* límites + desaparecer = boundaries + crumble.* problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.* que no desaparece = lingering.* viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.* * *1.verbo intransitivoa) ( de lugar) to disappearc) ( de la vista) to disappeardesapareció entre la muchedumbre — he disappeared o vanished into the crowd
2.desaparece de mi vista — (fam) get out of my sight
desaparecerse v pron (Andes) to disappear* * *= disappear, disband, fade (away/out), fall into + obscurity, vanish, die out, evaporate, go away, dissolve, pass on, go + missing, sweep away, slip through + the cracks, swallow up, slip from + the scene, go out of + existence, go + the way of the dodo, follow + the dodo, go + the way of the horseless carriage, go + the way of the dinosaur(s), blow away, wither away, drop from + sight, pass away, fizzle out, efface, fade into + obscurity, fade into + oblivion, go + forever, peter out, skulk off, sneak off, sneak away, go into + hiding, wear off, be all gone.Ex: This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.
Ex: With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.Ex: Trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory.Ex: The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.Ex: She seized her sweater and purse and vanished.Ex: These changes accelerated through much of the nineteenth century, with the older material such as the chivalric romance dying out about the 1960s.Ex: It is pointless to create interest if it is then allowed to evaporate because the books cannot be obtained.Ex: Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.Ex: He adjusted himself comfortably in the chair, overlapped his legs, and blew a smoke ring that dissolved two feet above her head.Ex: Further, it is true in nature that organisms are born, grow and mature, decline and pass on.Ex: This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.Ex: The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.Ex: The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.Ex: With their numbers and their prices, serials in the paper format are as a spring fog slipping from the scene.Ex: The volunteer fire companies went out of existence, as did their library associations.Ex: Today, all of the early independents have gone the way of the dodo = En la actualidad, todas las empresas independientes originales han desaparecido.Ex: It has the choice: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.Ex: When databases of information (particularly in full text) first became available on the Internet, many users felt that thesauri and subject classifications were no longer needed and would go the way of horseless carriages.Ex: The library will have to learn to cope with new technology and even larger amounts of material if it wishes to avoid going the way of the dinosaur.Ex: Its prediction that, with the passing of years, the taint of scandal will blow away, looks over-optimistic.Ex: He concludes that public libraries will wither away, together with the rights of the individual member of the public to information.Ex: The older material, such as the chivalric romances, dropped from sight.Ex: These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.Ex: Over the weekend, she started three articles and each one fizzled out for lack of inspiration.Ex: The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.Ex: But he may be put under house arrest, a dire fate for a man who is terrified of fading into obscurity.Ex: The music industry as we know it is slowly fading into oblivion.Ex: Those were the good old days and now they have gone forever.Ex: Press demands for information soon petered out but enquiries from the general public continued for many months.Ex: Good attendance with 21 people there though a few skulked off without paying!.Ex: One of the great joys in life is sneaking off.Ex: So I decided to take my chances and sneak away quietly on a day when Fabiola had a group meeting at her lab.Ex: The three have been jailed for more than two weeks while a fourth journalist went into hiding after receiving a judicial summons.Ex: We're all familiar with the idea of novelty value and how it wears off with time.Ex: The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.* aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.* barreras + desaparecer = boundaries + dissolve.* desaparecer de la faz de la tierra = vanish from + the face of the earth, disappear from + the face of the earth.* desaparecer en el horizonte cabalgando al atardecer = ride off + into the sunset.* desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.* desaparecer gradualmente = fade into + the sunset.* desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.* desaparecer poco a poco = fade into + the sunset.* desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.* desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.* desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.* estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.* hacer desaparecer = eradicate, dispel, banish.* hacer desaparecer un mito = dispel + myth.* hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.* límites + desaparecer = boundaries + crumble.* problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.* que no desaparece = lingering.* viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.* * *desaparecer [E3 ]vi1 (de un lugar) to disappeardesapareció sin dejar huella he disappeared o vanished without trace, he did a vanishing trick o a disappearing act ( hum)hizo desaparecer el sombrero ante sus ojos he made the hat disappear o vanish before their very eyesen esta oficina las cosas tienden a desaparecer things tend to disappear o go missing in this office2 «dolor/síntoma» to disappear; «cicatriz» to disappear, go; «costumbre» to disappear, die outlo dejé en remojo y la mancha desapareció I left it to soak and the stain came outtenía que hacer desaparecer las pruebas he had to get rid of the evidence3 (de la vista) to disappearel sol desapareció detrás de una nube the sun disappeared o went behind a cloudel ladrón desapareció entre la muchedumbre the thief disappeared o vanished into the crowddesaparece de mi vista antes de que te pegue ( fam); get out of my sight before I wallop you ( colloq)( Andes)1 (de un lugar) to disappearse desaparecieron mis gafas my glasses have disappeared2 (de la vista) to disappear* * *
desaparecer ( conjugate desaparecer) verbo intransitivo [persona/objeto] to disappear;
[dolor/síntoma/cicatriz] to disappear, go;
[ costumbre] to disappear, die out;
[ mancha] to come out
desaparecerse verbo pronominal (Andes) to disappear
desaparecer verbo intransitivo to disappear: me ha desaparecido la cartera, I can't find my wallet
el sol desapareció detrás de las nubes, the sun vanished behind the clouds
♦ Locuciones: desaparecer del mapa/de la faz de la tierra, to vanish off the face of the earth
' desaparecer' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
confundirse
- disipar
- escabullirse
- lance
- magia
- mapa
- obliterar
- perderse
- volar
- volatilizarse
- camino
- comer
- ir
- pasar
- quitar
- sacar
English:
disappear
- dissipate
- linger
- lost
- magic away
- melt away
- sink away
- trace
- vanish
- face
- melt
- missing
* * *♦ videsapareció tras las colinas it dropped out of sight behind the hills;me ha desaparecido la pluma my pen has disappeared;hizo desaparecer una paloma y un conejo he made a dove and a rabbit vanish;será mejor que desaparezcas de escena durante una temporada you'd better make yourself scarce for a while;desaparecer de la faz de la tierra to vanish from the face of the earth;¡desaparece de mi vista ahora mismo! get out of my sight this minute!2. [dolor, síntomas, mancha] to disappear, to go;[cicatriz] to disappear; [sarpullido] to clear up3. [en guerra, accidente] to go missing, to disappear;muchos desaparecieron durante la represión many people disappeared during the crackdown♦ vtAm [persona] = to detain extrajudicially during political repression and possibly kill* * *I v/i disappear, vanishII v/t L.Am.disappear fam, make disappear* * *desaparecer {53} vt: to cause to disappeardesaparecer vi: to disappear, to vanish* * *desaparecer vb to disappear -
108 Paul, Lewis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]d. April 1759 Brook Green, London, England[br]English inventor of hand carding machines and partner with Wyatt in early spinning machines.[br]Lewis Paul, apparently of French Huguenot extraction, was quite young when his father died. His father was Physician to Lord Shaftsbury, who acted as Lewis Paul's guardian. In 1728 Paul made a runaway match with a widow and apparently came into her property when she died a year later. He must have subsequently remarried. In 1732 he invented a pinking machine for making the edges of shrouds out of which he derived some profit.Why Paul went to Birmingham is unknown, but he helped finance some of Wyatt's earlier inventions. Judging by the later patents taken out by Paul, it is probable that he was the one interested in spinning, turning to Wyatt for help in the construction of his spinning machine because he had no mechanical skills. The two men may have been involved in this as early as 1733, although it is more likely that they began this work in 1735. Wyatt went to London to construct a model and in 1736 helped to apply for a patent, which was granted in 1738 in the name of Paul. The patent shows that Paul and Wyatt had a number of different ways of spinning in mind, but contains no drawings of the machines. In one part there is a description of sets of rollers to draw the cotton out more finely that could have been similar to those later used by Richard Arkwright. However, it would seem that Paul and Wyatt followed the other main method described, which might be called spindle drafting, where the fibres are drawn out between the nip of a pair of rollers and the tip of the spindle; this method is unsatisfactory for continuous spinning and results in an uneven yarn.The spinning venture was supported by Thomas Warren, a well-known Birmingham printer, Edward Cave of Gentleman's Magazine, Dr Robert James of fever-powder celebrity, Mrs Desmoulins, and others. Dr Samuel Johnson also took much interest. In 1741 a mill powered by two asses was equipped at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, with, machinery for spinning cotton being constructed by Wyatt. Licences for using the invention were sold to other people including Edward Cave, who established a mill at Northampton, so the enterprise seemed to have great promise. A spinning machine must be supplied with fibres suitably prepared, so carding machines had to be developed. Work was in hand on one in 1740 and in 1748 Paul took out another patent for two types of carding device, possibly prompted by the patent taken out by Daniel Bourn. Both of Paul's devices were worked by hand and the carded fibres were laid onto a strip of paper. The paper and fibres were then rolled up and placed in the spinning machine. In 1757 John Dyer wrote a poem entitled The Fleece, which describes a circular spinning machine of the type depicted in a patent taken out by Paul in 1758. Drawings in this patent show that this method of spinning was different from Arkwright's. Paul endeavoured to have the machine introduced into the Foundling Hospital, but his death in early 1759 stopped all further development. He was buried at Paddington on 30 April that year.[br]Bibliography1738, British patent no. 562 (spinning machine). 1748, British patent no. 636 (carding machine).1758, British patent no. 724 (circular spinning machine).Further ReadingG.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London, App. This should be read in conjunction with R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester, which shows that the roller drafting system on Paul's later spinning machine worked on the wrong principles.A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and the early mills).E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, but is now out of date).A.Seymour-Jones, 1921, "The invention of roller drawing in cotton spinning", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 1 (a more modern account).RLH -
109 Theophilus Presbyter
[br]fl. late eleventh/early twelfth century[br]German author of the most detailed medieval treatise relating to technology.[br]The little that is known of Theophilus is what can be inferred from his great work, De diversis artibus. He was a Benedictine monk and priest living in north-west Germany, probably near an important art centre. He was an educated man, conversant with scholastic philosophy and at the same time a skilled, practising craftsman. Even his identity is obscure: Theophilus is a pseudonym, possibly for Roger of Helmarshausen, for the little that is known of both is in agreement.Evidence in De diversis suggests that it was probably composed during 1110 to 1140. White (see Further Reading) goes on to suggest late 1122 or early 1123, on the grounds that Theophilus only learned of St Bernard of Clairvaulx's diatribe against lavish church ornamentation during the writing of the work, for it is only in the preface to Book 3 that Theophilus seeks to justify his craft. St Bernard's Apologia can be dated late 1122. No other medieval work on art combines the comprehensive range, orderly presentation and attention to detail as does De diversis. It has been described as an encyclopedia of medieval skills and crafts. It also offers the best and often the only description of medieval technology, including the first direct reference to papermaking in the West, the earliest medieval account of bell-founding and the most complete account of organ building. Many metallurgical techniques are described in detail, such as the making of a crucible furnace and bloomery hearth.The treatise is divided into three books, the first on the materials and art of painting, the second on glassmaking, including stained glass, glass vessels and the blown-cylinder method for flat glass, and the final and longest book on metalwork, including working in iron, copper, gold and silver for church use, such as chalices and censers. The main texts are no mere compilations, but reveal the firsthand knowledge that can only be gained by a skilled craftsman. The prefaces to each book present perhaps the only medieval expression of an artist's ideals and how he sees his art in relation to the general scheme of things. For Theophilus, his art is a gift from God and every skill an act of praise and piety. Theophilus is thus an indispensable source for medieval crafts and technology, but there are indications that the work was also well known at the time of its composition and afterwards.[br]BibliographyThe Wolfenbuttel and Vienna manuscripts of De diversis are the earliest, both dating from the first half of the twelfth century, while the British Library copy, in an early thirteenth-century hand, is the most complete. Two incomplete copies from the thirteenth century held at Cambridge and Leipzig offer help in arriving at a definitive edition.There are several references to De diversis in sixteenth-century printed works, such as Cornelius Agrippa (1530) and Josias Simmler (1585). The earliest printed edition ofDe diversis was prepared by G.H.Lessing in 1781 with the title, much used since, Diversarium artium schedula.There are two good recent editions: Theophilus: De diversis artibus. The Various Arts, 1964, trans. with introd. by C.R.Dodwell, London: Thomas Nelson, and On Diverse Arts. The Treatise of Theophilus, 1963, trans. with introd. and notes by J.G.Harthorne and C.S.Smith, Chicago University Press.Further ReadingLynn White, 1962, "Theophilus redivivus", Technology and Culture 5:224–33 (a comparative review of Theophilus (op. cit.) and On Diverse Arts (op. cit.)).LRD -
110 ἄρα
ἄρα (Hom.+ [s. Kühner-G. II p. 317ff]) transitional/inferential (illative) particle; in older Gk. (Hom., Hdt., Pla., X. et al. [Aristot., Mech. 851a 22 is corrupt]) never at the beginning of its clause (Denniston 41). Strengthened to ἄρα γε Gen 26:9; Mt 7:20; 17:26; Ac 17:27.—LfgrE s.v.; Rob. 1189f and index; s. also Denniston 32–43.ⓐ in declarative statement, and w. colloqu. flavor so, then, consequently, you see (B-D-F §451, 2) Ac 11:18. εὑρίσκω ἄ. τὸν νόμον so I find the law Ro 7:21. οὐδὲν ἄρα νῦν κατάκριμα so there is no condemnation now 8:1. γινώσκετε ἄρα you may be sure, then Gal 3:7. After ἐπεί: for otherwise (B-D-F §456, 3) 1 Cor 5:10; 7:14. After εἰ: if then, if on the other hand (SIG 834, 12; Gen 18:3; s. B-D-F §454, 2) 15:15 (εἴπερ ἄρα— really is also prob. here); Hv 3, 4, 3; 3, 7, 5; Hs 6, 4, 1; 8, 3, 3; 9, 5, 7; s. εἰ 6a.ⓑ freq. in questions which draw an inference fr. what precedes; but oft. simply to enliven the question (Jos., Ant. 6, 200; B-D-F §440, 2) τίς ἄρα who then Mt 18:1; 19:25; 24:45; Mk 4:41; Lk 8:25; 12:42; 22:23. τί ἄ. what then Mt 19:27; Lk 1:66; Ac 12:18; Hm 11:2; GJs 13:1; AcPl Ha 5, 20; 7, 2 and 3 (cp. GrBar 4:12). εἰ ἄρα then (X., An. 3, 2, 22) Ac 7:1 v.l.; οὐκ ἄ. are you not, then Ac 21:38; μήτι ἄ. 2 Cor 1:17. After οὖν 1 Cl 35:3; B 15:7. S. also 3 below.ⓐ then, as a result w. suggestion of emphasis (Herm. Wr. 11, 13 ed. Nock; B-D-F §451, 2d) Mt 12:28; Lk 11:20; 1 Cor 15:14; 2 Cor 5:14; Gal 2:21; 3:29; 5:11; Hb 12:8; 2 Cl 14:4; B 6:19; IEph 8:1. Also 1 Cor 15:18 ἄ. is used to emphasize a further result, and continues the apodosis of vs. 17.ⓑ at the beg. of a sentence: so, as a result, consequently Lk 11:48; Ro 10:17; 2 Cor 7:12; Hb 4:9. Strengthened to ἄρα γε (Gen 26:9) Mt 7:20; 17:26; to ἄρα οὖν (never elided) so then; here ἄ. expresses the inference and οὖν the transition Ro 5:18; 7:3, 25 (s. ἆρα); 8:12; 9:16, 18; 14:12, 19; Gal 6:10; Eph 2:19; 1 Th 5:6; 2 Th 2:15; 2 Cl 8:6; 14:3; B 9:6; 10:2; ITr 10.③ to express someth. tentative, perhaps, conceivably.—KClark, Gingrich Festschr. ’72, 70–84 (w. survey fr. LXX to Mod. Gk.): in addition to its inferential mng., ἄρα is employed in the context of the tentative, the uncertain, the unresolved, the contingent, e.g. possibly Ac 12:18; conceivably Mk 4:41, or it may be rendered by a phrase: would you say? Mt 24:45 (on these three last pass. s. 1b).—Also in indirect questions εἰ ἄ. whether (perhaps) (PPetr II, 13 [19] 9; Num 22:11) Mk 11:13; Ac 5:8 D; 8:22; 17:27 (εἰ ἄρα γε); s. εἰ 6a.—JGrimm, Die Partikel ἄρα im frühen griech. Epos, Glotta 40, ’62, 3–41; Denniston 32–43; JBlomqvist, Gk. Particles in Hell. Prose, diss. Lund, ’69.—EDNT. M-M. -
111 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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112 campana
f.bell.campana de buzo o de salvamento diving bellcampana extractora (de humos) extractor hoodcampanas tubulares tubular bells* * *1 (gen) bell2 (de chimenea) mantelpiece3 familiar (extractora) extractor hood, (US stove extractor hood)\a toque de campana figurado to the sound of bellsdar una vuelta de campana to overturn, roll overechar las campanas al vuelo figurado to set all the bells ringingoír campanas y no saber dónde figurado not to have a cluetañer las campanas / tocar las campanas to ring the bellscampana de buzo diving bellcampana de cristal bell jar, bell glass* * *noun f.* * *1. SF1) [de iglesia, puerta] bell; [de orquesta] bell, chimea campana tañida, a toque de campana — to the sound of bells
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's still too early to celebrate o to start spreading the good news
- hacer campanas- oír campanas y no saber de dónde vienen2) (Téc) [de la chimenea] hoodcampana de humos, campana extractora — extractor hood
3) (Buceo)campana de buzo, campana de inmersión — diving bell
4) Cono Sur (=campo) country(side)2.SMF LAm * (=vigilante) look-out* * *1)a) ( de iglesia) bell, church bellechar las campanas al or a vuelo — ( literal) to set the bells ringing; ( anunciar jubilosamente)
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's too soon to start shouting about it
tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's not worth getting that excited about
me/te/lo salvó la campana — saved by the bell
oír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tipo ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde — that guy is talking through his hat (colloq)
b) ( en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? — has the bell gone yet?
2)a) ( de chimenea) hood; ( de cocina) extractor hoodb) ( para proteger alimentos) cover•* * *= bell.Ex. In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells (front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.----* campana de la chimenea = chimney breast.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault, summersault.* pantalones de campana = flares.* salvado por la campana = saved by the bell.* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *1)a) ( de iglesia) bell, church bellechar las campanas al or a vuelo — ( literal) to set the bells ringing; ( anunciar jubilosamente)
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's too soon to start shouting about it
tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's not worth getting that excited about
me/te/lo salvó la campana — saved by the bell
oír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tipo ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde — that guy is talking through his hat (colloq)
b) ( en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? — has the bell gone yet?
2)a) ( de chimenea) hood; ( de cocina) extractor hoodb) ( para proteger alimentos) cover•* * *= bell.Ex: In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells (front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.
* campana de la chimenea = chimney breast.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault, summersault.* pantalones de campana = flares.* salvado por la campana = saved by the bell.* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *A1 (de iglesia) bell, church bella lo lejos se oía repicar las campanas you could hear the church bells ringing in the distancelas campanas doblan a muerto the bells are ringing o tolling the death knellechar las campanas al or a vuelo (literal) to set the bells ringing(anunciar jubilosamente): no quiere echar las campanas al vuelo hasta no estar seguro he doesn't want to start shouting about it o shouting from the rooftops until he knows for surepero tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo but it's not worth getting that excited aboutme/te/lo salvó la campana saved by the belloír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tío ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde that guy is talking through his hat ( colloq)2 (en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? has the bell gone yet?tocar la campana to ring the bellB1 (de la chimenea) hood; (de la cocina) extractor hood2 (para proteger alimentos) coverCompuestos:diving belldiving bellDestar or hacer de campana to keep watch* * *
Multiple Entries:
campana
campaña
campana sustantivo femenino
tocar la campaña to ring the bell;
¿ya ha sonado la campaña? has the bell gone yet?
( de cocina) extractor hood
campaña sustantivo femenino
campaign;◊ campaña electoral electoral o election campaign;
campaña publicitaria advertising campaign;
hacer una campaña to run o conduct a campaign
campana sustantivo femenino
1 (de iglesia, colegio) bell
2 Cost bell-bottom 3 campana extractora, extractor hood
vuelta de campana, roll over
♦ Locuciones: familiar figurado echar las campanas al vuelo, to start shouting about it
campaña sustantivo femenino
1 (electoral, etc) campaign
2 Mil expedition
♦ Locuciones: Mil (cocina, hospital, etc) de campaña, field
' campaña' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amarrar
- antidroga
- antitabaco
- campana
- carpa
- electoral
- estratega
- forma
- inoculación
- neutralizar
- orientar
- pro
- retintín
- tañido
- tienda
- tocar
- vuelta
- alfabetización
- calar
- campanada
- campanilla
- catre
- desmontar
- desplegar
- exitoso
- fundir
- informativo
- limpio
- montar
- publicitario
- recoger
- tañer
- toque
- viento
English:
agitate
- aim
- back
- bell
- bell-bottoms
- campaign
- canvass
- canvasser
- counteract
- drive
- electioneering
- flag
- flap
- flare
- hate
- hustings
- launch
- launching
- marketing
- mount
- pitch
- publicity
- push
- ring
- sales campaign
- smear campaign
- somersault
- tent
- think up
- toll
- turn over
- wage
- appeal
- ground
- hood
- roll
- smear
* * *campana nf1. [de iglesia] bell;echar las campanas al vuelo: no queremos echar las campanas al vuelo antes de tiempo we don't want to start celebrating prematurely;es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo let's not count our chickens before they're hatched;Famoír campanas y no saber dónde not to know what one is talking about;te ha salvado la campana (you were) saved by the bellcampana de buzo diving bell; Mat campana de Gauss normal distribution curve, US bell curve;campana de salvamento diving bell2. [de chimenea] chimney breast* * *f1 bell;doblar las campanas toll the bells;echar las campanas al vuelo fig get excited, get carried away;dar una vuelta de campana AUTO flip over2 de chimenea hood* * *campana nf: bell* * *campana n bell -
113 quedarse
1 (permanecer) to remain, stay, be2 (resultado de algo) to be, remain3 eufemístico (morirse) to die4 (mar, viento) to become calm; (viento) to drop5 quedarse con (retener algo) to keep* * *1) to stay2) linger* * *VERBO PRONOMINAL1) (=permanecer, estar)a) [gen] to stayve tú, yo me quedo — you go, I'll stay
mis compañeros salieron de trabajar a las cinco, pero yo me quedé hasta las ocho — my colleagues all left work at five, but I stayed behind until eight
sus preguntas se quedaron sin respuesta — his questions remained o were left unanswered
•
quedarse atrás — (=atrasarse) to fall behind, be left behind; (=en posición retrasada) to stay behindgeneralmente se queda atrás hasta la última vuelta — (Dep) he usually stays behind until the last lap
b) + gerundiome quedé estudiando hasta que cerraron la biblioteca — I carried on o stayed working in the library until it closed
id vosotros, yo me quedo un rato más viendo el museo — you go, I want to stay and look round the museum a bit more
See:quedar 1., 2)2) [indicando resultado]a) [con adjetivos, locuciones preposicionales]se ha quedado viudo — he has been widowed, he has lost his wife
•
se me ha quedado pequeña esta camisa — I've outgrown this shirtb)• quedarse sin, nos hemos quedado sin café — we've run out of coffee
See:quedar 1., 3)3) (=conservar) [gen] to keep; (=comprar) to takeentre A y B, me quedo con B — given a choice between A and B, I'd go for o take B
4) (=retener en la memoria)está muy mayor, no se le quedan las cosas — he's really old now, he can't remember things
lo siento, no me quedé con su nombre — sorry, I can't quite remember your name
5) Esp•
quedarse con algn — * (=engañar) to con sb *; (=tomar el pelo a) to take the mickey out of sb *, pull sb's leg *¿te estás quedando conmigo? — are you trying to kid me? *
6) (=calmarse) [viento] to drop; [mar] to calm down* * *(v.) = stay, stay behind, boardEx. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.Ex. While there were certainly people who stayed behind by choice, most stayed behind because they had no choice.Ex. When she first arrived she was boarding with friends until she found a place to rent.* * *(v.) = stay, stay behind, boardEx: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
Ex: While there were certainly people who stayed behind by choice, most stayed behind because they had no choice.Ex: When she first arrived she was boarding with friends until she found a place to rent.* * *
■quedarse verbo reflexivo
1 (en un estado) to remain: me quedé sorprendida, I was astonished
2 (en un lugar) to stay: se quedó en casa, she stayed (at) home
se quedó en el hotel, she stayed at the hotel
3 (sin algo) to run out of sthg
quedarse sin trabajo, to lose one's job
4 (con algo) to keep, take: me quedé con su abrigo, I kept his coat
se quedó con el tercer premio, she took the third prize
5 (en la memoria) to remember: no me quedé con su número de teléfono, I can't remember his telephone number
6 familiar (con alguien) to have sb on
' quedarse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ancha
- ancho
- apolillada
- apolillado
- atascarse
- atrás
- atrasarse
- carta
- colgada
- colgado
- corta
- corto
- cuadro
- desentenderse
- embarazada
- ensordecer
- frita
- frito
- fuelle
- miel
- pajarito
- petrificar
- piedra
- plantarse
- santa
- santo
- sitio
- sopa
- tierra
- tiesa
- tieso
- tintero
- toro
- traspuesta
- traspuesto
- vela
- afónico
- boca
- boquiabierto
- calvo
- castigar
- chaparro
- definitivamente
- desconcertado
- dormido
- estado
- guardar
- helado
- hogar
- llevar
English:
aback
- asleep
- astonish
- background
- blind
- conclude
- conk out
- cut
- deaf
- disturbed
- doze off
- drop behind
- drop off
- fall
- fall behind
- freeze
- get behind
- go
- high
- hoarse
- home
- hover
- lag behind
- limb
- look on
- nod off
- oversleep
- remain
- remain behind
- retain
- run out
- shelf
- sit
- sit about
- sit around
- stand
- stay
- stay behind
- stay in
- stay on
- stay out
- stick around
- understatement
- voice
- wayside
- well
- anywhere
- bald
- break
- doze
* * *vpr1. [permanecer] to stay, to remain;todos le pidieron que se quedara everyone asked her to stay;va a tener que quedarse en el hospital he is going to have to stay o remain in hospital;¿por qué no te quedas un rato más? why don't you stay on a bit longer?;hoy me quedaré en casa I'm going to stay at home o stay in today;me quedé estudiando hasta tarde I stayed up late studying;me quedé en la cama hasta tarde I slept in;se quedó de pie mirándome she stood there watching me2. [terminar en un estado]quedarse ciego/sordo to go blind/deaf;quedarse viudo to be widowed;quedarse soltero to remain single o a bachelor;quedarse sin dinero to be left penniless;me quedé dormido I fell asleep;se quedó un poco triste she was o felt rather sad;Espse ha quedado/se está quedando muy delgada she's become/she's getting very thin;al verla se quedó pálido he turned pale when he saw her;Espla pared se ha quedado limpia the wall is clean now;quedarse atrás to fall behind3. [comprar, elegir] to take;me quedo éste I'll take this one4.quedarse con [retener, guardarse] to keep;alguien se ha quedado con mi paraguas someone has taken my umbrella;no me quedé con su nombre I can't seem to remember his name5.quedarse con [preferir] to go for, to prefer;de todos los pescados me quedo con el salmón I prefer salmon to any other sort of fish, when it comes to fish, I'd go for salmon every timeAm [máquina] to pack up;anduvo bien los primeros kilómetros y de pronto se quedó it was fine for the first few miles, then all of a sudden it packed upte estás quedando conmigo you're having me on!* * *v/r1 stay:quedarse ciego go blind;quedarse sin dinero run out of money;quedarse contento be happy;quedarse atrás be left behind3 ( apropiarse):quedarse con algo keep sth4:me quedé sin comer I ended up not eating* * *vr1) : to stayse quedó en casa: she stayed at home2) : to keep onse quedó esperando: he kept on waiting3)quedarse atrás : to stay behindno quedarse atrás: to be no slouch4)quedarse con : to remainme quedé con hambre después de comer: I was still hungry after I ate* * *quedarse vb1. (permanecer en un sitio) to stay -
114 ἀραρίσκω
A join, fit together), only [tense] impf.ἀράρισκε Od.14.23
, Theoc.25.103: the tenses in use (from Αρω) are mostly poet., v. infr.A trans.:—[dialect] Ion. [tense] aor. 1ἦρσα Il.14.167
([etym.] ἐπ-), [dialect] Ep.ἄρσα Od.21.45
, imper.ἄρσον 2.289
, pl.ἄρσετε A.R.2.1062
, part.ἄρσας Il.1.136
(also inf. ἀράραι· ἁρμόσαι, πλέξαι, Hsch.): [tense] aor. 2 ἤρᾰρον, [dialect] Ion. ἄρᾰρον, inf. ἀρᾰρεῖν, part. ἀρᾰρών (but ἄρᾰρον is used intr. in Il.16.214, Od.4.777, Simon.41; while for ἄρηρεν, in trans. sense (Od.5.248), ἄρασσεν is the true reading;ἐς οὐρανὸν ἤραρεν ὄσσε Orph.A. 984
is by confusion with αἴρω:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.ἄρσομαι Lyc.995
acc. to Sch. (possibly fr. αἴρω): [tense] aor. I ἠρσάμην, part. : [ per.] 3pl. [tense] aor. 2 opt. (in pass. sense)ἀραροίατο A.R.1.369
: [tense] pf. subj. ([etym.] προς-):—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. part. ἀρηρεμένος or- έμενος A.R.3.833
, al.; later incorrectly writtenἀρηράμενος Q.S.2.265
, Opp.C.2.384, etc.: [tense] aor. I ἤρθην, only [ per.] 3pl. ἄρθεν, for ἤρθησαν, Il.16.211:—join together, fasten, οἱ δ' ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλους ἄραρον βόεσσι when they had knitted themselves one to another with their shields, Il.12.105 (in [voice] Pass.,μᾶλλον δὲ στίχες ἄρθεν 16.211
); pack up,Od.
2.289.II fit together, construct,ὅτε τοῖχον ἀνὴρ ἀράρῃ πυκινοῖσι λίθοισιν Il.16.212
:—[voice] Med.,ἀρσάμενος παλάμῃσι Hes. Sc. 320
.III fit, equip, furnish with a thing,νῆ' ἄρσας ἐρέτῃσιν 1.280
; καὶ πώμασιν ἄρσον ἅπαντας fit all [the jars] with covers, 2.353, cf. A.R.2.1062; καὶ ἤραρε θυμὸν ἐδωδῇ furnished, i.e. satisfied, his heart with food, Od.5.95:—in [voice] Pass., esp. [tense] pf. part., fitted, furnished with,πύλας ἀρηρεμένας σανίδεσσι A.R.1.787
.B intr.:—[tense] pf. ἄρᾱρα with [tense] pres. sense, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. ἄρηρα, part. ἀρᾱρώς, ἀρηρώς, Hom., Trag., and late Prose (except that X. hasπροσαραρέναι HG4.7.6
), [dialect] Ep. fem. part. , and metri gr.ἀρᾰρυῖα Hom.
,εὖ ἀρᾰρός Opp.H.3.367
: [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [tense] plpf. ἀρήρειν or ἠρήρειν, with [tense] impf. sense, Il.10.265, 12.56, etc.:— [voice] Med. only [tense] aor. 2 part. sync. ἄρμενος, η, ον, also ος, ον Hes.Op. 786 (cf. however ἀρηρεμένος): on [tense] aor. 2 used intr. v. supr.A.1:—to be joined closely together, in close order,Il.
13.800; ; ἑξείης ποτὶ τοῖχον ἀρηρότες [πίθοι] piled close against the wall, Od.2.342: c. dat. instr.,κόλλῃσιν ἀρηρότα Emp.96.4
; in Tactics, ἀραρός, τό, = ὀμφαλός (q. v.), Ascl.Tact.2.6, etc.2 abs., to be fixed,φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἀρηρώς Il.10.553
;θυμὸς ἀρηρώς Theoc.25.113
; shines for ever,Pi.
N.3.64; is fixed,A.
Pr.60: or metaph.,θεῶν.. οὐκέτι πίστις ἄραρε E.Med. 414
(lyr.); ὡς ταῦτ' ἄραρε ib. 322; τὸ σόν τ' ἄραρε is fixed, ib. 745: abs., it is fixed, my mind is made up,Id.
Or. 1330, Men.Epit. 185; steadfastness,J.
AJ14.12.3;δόγματα ἀραρότα D.Chr.12.56
; also of persons, steadfast,Plu.
Dio32; [θεοὶ] ἀραρότες τοῖς κρίμασιν Hierocl.p.48 A.;τοῖς λογισμοῖς ἀ. Id.p.51
A.II fit well or closely, ζωστὴρ ἀρηρώς a close-fitting belt, Il.4.134; πύλαι εὖ, στιβαρῶς ἀραρυῖαι, 7.339, 12.454;σανίδες πυκινῶς ἀ. 21.535
; fit or be fitted to a thing, ἔγχος παλάμηφιν ἀρήρει fitted the hands, Od.17.4; κόρυθα κροτάφοις ἀραρυῖαν, κνημῖδες ἐπισφυρίοις ἀραρυῖαι, Il.13.188, 19.370; κυνέη ἑκατὸν πολίων πρυλέεσσ' ἀραρυῖα fitting a hundred champions, i.e. large enough for them, 5.744; also with Preps.,κυνέη ἐπὶ κροτάφοις ἀραρυῖα Od.18.378
, Hes.Sc. 137;ὄφρ' ἂν.. δούρατ' ἐν ἁρμονίῃσιν ἀρήρῃ Od.5.361
; κεραυνὸς ἐν κράτει ἀ. fit emblem in victory, Pi.O.10(11).83; ἀνθρώποισιν ἀρηρότα μυθίζεσθαι befitting men, Orph.A. 191.III to be fitted, furnished with a thing, [τάφρος] σκολόπεσσιν ὀξέσιν ἠρήρει Il.12.56
;πόλις πύργοις ἀραρυῖα 15.737
;ζώνη θυσάνοις ἀραρυῖα 14.181
: hence, furnished, endowed with,χαρίτεσσιν ἀραρώς Pi.I.2.19
;ἔθνεα θνητῶν παντοίαις ἰδέῃσιν ἀρηρότα Emp.35.17
;κάλλει ἀραρώς E.El. 948
;πολλῇσιν ἐπωνυμίῃσιν ἀρηρώς D.P.28
.IV to be fitting, agreeable, pleasing, (cf. ἀρέσκω ) once in Hom., ἐνὶ φρεσὶν ἤραρεν ἡμῖν it fitted our temper well, Od.4.777;ἄκοιτιν ἀρηρυῖαν πραπίδεσσι Hes. Th. 608
.V syncop. [tense] aor. 2 part. [voice] Med. ἄρμενος, η, on (ος, ον Id.Op. 786), fitting, fitted or suited to (cf. ἀρμένως), c. dat., ἱστὸν.. καὶ ἐπίκριον ἄρμενον αὐτῷ fitted or fastened to the mast, Od.5.254 (cf. ἄρμενα, τά);τροχὸν ἄρμενον ἐν παλάμῃσιν Il.18.600
;πέλεκυν.. ἄ. ἐν π. Od.5.234
.2 fit, meet,μάλα γάρ νύ οἱ ἄρμενα εἶπεν Hes.Sc. 116
: rarely c. inf., ἡμέρα κούρῃσι γενέσθαι ἄρμενος a day meet for girls to be born, Id.Op. 786.3 prepared, ready, χρήματα δ' εἰν οἴκῳ πάντ' ἄ. ποιήσασθαι ib. 407;ἄ. πάντα παρεῖχον Id.Sc.84
, cf. Thgn.275;ἄ. ἐς τόδε ἔργον A.R.4.1461
;ἄ. ἐς πόλεμόν τε καὶ ἐν νήεσσι μάχεσθαι Hermonax 1.3
, cf. 8.4 agreeable, welcome, ἄρμενα πράξαις, = εὖ πράξας, Pi.O.8.73;ἐν ἀρμένοις θυμὸν αὔξων Id.N.3.58
; so of men,ἄ. ξείνοισιν Pl.Epigr.6
. (Cf. Lat. arma, armus, artus, Goth. arms, etc.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀραρίσκω
-
115 lo
art.the.pron.it.* * *lo1 the1 (objeto directo - él) him; (- usted) you2 (objeto directo - cosa, animal) it■ ¿lo has probado? have you tried it?\con lo cual solo cual whichlo que what* * *1. art.1) the2) how2. pron.1) him, it2) you•- lo que* * *IART DEF1) [con adjetivos]a)lo difícil es que... — the difficult thing is that...
es de lo más divertido — it's so o really funny
lo mejor/peor de la película — the best/worst thing about the film
b) [referido a un estilo]viste a lo americano — he dresses in the American style, he dresses like an American
c) [con valor enfático]2)• lo de, lo de ayer — what happened yesterday
olvida lo de ayer — forget what happened yesterday, forget about yesterday
fui (a) lo de Pablo — Cono Sur (=a casa de) I went to Pablo's place
3)•
lo que —a) [relativo] whatlo que digo es... — what I say is...
¡sí hombre, lo que (yo) he dicho! — yes, just like I said!
toma lo que quieras — take what o whatever you want
todo lo que puedas — as much as o whatever you can
empezó a tocar, lo que le fastidió — she began to play, which annoyed him, to his annoyance, she began to play
lo que es eso... — as for that...
•
cuesta más de lo que crees — it costs more than you think•
lo que pasa es que... — the thing is...b) [con valor intensificador]¡lo que has tardado! — how long you've taken!, you've taken so long!
¡lo que sufre un hombre honrado! — what o the things an honourable man has to suffer!
¡lo que cuesta vivir! — the cost of living is so high!
c)• a lo que — LAm [en cuanto] as soon as
d)II• en lo que... — whilst...
PRON PERS1) [refiriéndose a él] him¿lo habéis invitado? — have you invited him?
2) [refiriéndose a usted] you3) [refiriéndose a una cosa, un animal] it¿el té lo tomas con leche? — do you take milk in your tea?
¿te acuerdas de lo bien que lo pasamos? — do you remember what a good time we had?
¡con lo mal que lo pasamos! — we had such an awful time!
4) [referido a un estado, cualidad]-¿estás cansado? -sí, lo estoy — "are you tired?" - "yes, I am"
* * *I1)lo interesante del caso es que... — the interesting thing about the case is that...
¿estoy en lo cierto? — am I right?
¿sabes lo de Pablo? — have you heard about Pablo?
voy a lo de Eva — (RPl) I'm going to Eva's house
lo que es por mí or en lo que a mí respecta... — (fam) as far as I'm concerned (colloq)
lo cual or que fue desmentido por el Gobierno — which was denied by the Government
3) ( con valor ponderativo)II¿ves lo mal que habla? — you see how badly he speaks?
pronombre personal1)a) ( referido - a él) him; (- a usted) you; (- a cosa, etc) it¿lo conoces? — do you know him?
lo encuentro muy bien, señor Lara — you're looking very well, Mr Lara
b) (impers)2) (conser, estar, haber): ¿que si estoy harta? pues sí, lo estoy am I fed up? well, yes, I am; si ella es capaz, yo también lo soy — if she can, so can I
* * *= itEx. It seems appropriate to take a retrospective look at the evolution of our catalog and the ideology which has shaped it.* * *I1)lo interesante del caso es que... — the interesting thing about the case is that...
¿estoy en lo cierto? — am I right?
¿sabes lo de Pablo? — have you heard about Pablo?
voy a lo de Eva — (RPl) I'm going to Eva's house
lo que es por mí or en lo que a mí respecta... — (fam) as far as I'm concerned (colloq)
lo cual or que fue desmentido por el Gobierno — which was denied by the Government
3) ( con valor ponderativo)II¿ves lo mal que habla? — you see how badly he speaks?
pronombre personal1)a) ( referido - a él) him; (- a usted) you; (- a cosa, etc) it¿lo conoces? — do you know him?
lo encuentro muy bien, señor Lara — you're looking very well, Mr Lara
b) (impers)2) (conser, estar, haber): ¿que si estoy harta? pues sí, lo estoy am I fed up? well, yes, I am; si ella es capaz, yo también lo soy — if she can, so can I
* * *= itEx: It seems appropriate to take a retrospective look at the evolution of our catalog and the ideology which has shaped it.
* * *lo1Aprefiero lo dulce I prefer sweet thingslo difícil es más interesante difficult things are more interestingdejemos lo difícil para mañana let's leave the difficult part until tomorrowlo interesante del caso es que … the interesting thing about the case is that …¿estoy en lo correcto? am I right?desde lo alto de la sierra from high up in the mountainstrata de ser lo más objetivo posible try to be as objective as possiblelo expresado por mi colega what my colleague saidque cada cual se ocupe de lo suyo everyone should take care of their own thingsse ha enterado de lo nuestro she's found out about uslo de la enfermedad de su madre es puro cuento this business o story about his mother being ill is complete fictionlo de Rafael fue realmente trágico what happened to Rafael was really tragiclo de María es muy triste it's very sad about Maríavoy a lo de Cristina ( RPl); I'm going to Cristina's, I'm going to Cristina's house o ( colloq) placeB(con oraciones de relativo): no entiendo lo que dices I don't understand what you're sayinghaz lo que creas oportuno do as you see fit, do what you think fitlo que más me gustó fue la música what I liked most was the musiclo que es por mí, que se muera ( fam); for all I care o as far as I'm concerned, he can drop dead ( colloq)( fam): en lo que se refiere a la televisión … as far as television is concerned …lo cual or lo que fue desmentido por el Gobierno which was denied by the GovernmentC(con valor ponderativo): ¡lo que debe haber sufrido! how she must have suffered!¿no te das cuenta de lo ridículo que es? don't you realize how ridiculous it is?¡no te imaginas lo que fue aquello! you can't imagine what it was like!¿has visto lo mal que habla? you see how badly he speaks?¡lo que es tener la conciencia tranquila! it's wonderful o what it is to have a clear conscience!pobre abuelo, con lo enfermo que está … poor grandpa, he's so ill …nosotros estábamos aquí lo más tranquilos ( fam); we were just sitting here as quiet as you like ( colloq)lo2Alo presentó como su novio she introduced him as her boyfriendlo encuentro muy bien, señor Calvo you're looking very well, Mr Calvoléelo en voz alta read it alouda él no lo pienso invitar I don't intend inviting himyo a usted lo respeto mucho I have great respect for youel pollo lo voy a hacer con arroz I'm going to cook the chicken with rice2 ( impers):duele que a uno lo traten así it hurts when people treat you like thatB (con:ser, estar, haber): ¿que si estoy harta? pues sí, lo estoy am I fed up? well, yes, I amsi ella es capaz de hacerlo yo también lo soy if she can do it, so can Ino será estúpido, pero lo parece he may not be stupid but he certainly acts like it¿hay algo que hacer? — sí, lo hay, y mucho is there anything needs doing? — yes, there is, plenty* * *
lo art
1:
lo interesante del caso es … the interesting thing about the case is …;
¿estoy en lo cierto? am I right?;
en lo alto de la sierra high up in the mountains;
ser lo más objetivo posible to be as objective as possible;
me dijo lo de siempre he came out with the same old story;
se ha enterado de lo nuestro/de lo de Pablo she's found out about us/about Pablo;
voy a lo de Eva (RPl) I'm going to Eva's (place)
2a)
lo cual fue desmentido por el gobierno which was denied by the Governmentb)
no entiendo lo que dices I don't understand what you're saying;
pide lo que quieras ask for whatever you want;
límpialo con un trapo o lo que sea clean it with a cloth or whatever;
¡lo que debe haber sufrido! how she must have suffered!;
¡no te imaginas lo que fue aquello! you can't imagine what it was like!;
¡lo que es saber idiomas! it sure is something (AmE) o (BrE) what it is to be able speak languages
■ pron pers
1
(— a usted) you;
(— a cosa, etc) it;◊ ¿lo conozco? do I know you?;
lo compré hoy I bought it today;
ya lo sé I knowb) ( impers):
2 ( con◊ estar, ser): ¿que si estoy harta? pues sí, lo estoy am I fed up? well, yes, I am;
si ella es capaz, yo también lo soy if she can, so can I
lo 1 art det neut the
lo mío, mine
lo nuestro, ours
lo otro, the other thing
lo peor, the worst (thing)
lo 2 pron pers m & neut
1 (objeto) it: no lo compliques, don't complicate it
(no se traduce) díselo, tell her
no lo sé, I don't know ➣ le 2 lo cual..., which... 3 lo de..., the business of...: no me dijo lo de su divorcio, he didn't tell me about his divorce 4 lo que..., what...: pídeme lo que quieras, ask me for whatever you want
5 (persona) no lo humilles, don't humiliate him
'lo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogada
- abogado
- acabose
- acanallar
- acariciar
- acaso
- aconsejar
- acreditar
- adelantarse
- agarrar
- agradecer
- alargarse
- alta
- alto
- amarre
- amortizar
- ancha
- ancho
- ánimo
- animosidad
- antes
- anticiparse
- apenas
- aprovecharse
- arramblar
- arrastrar
- así
- aunque
- aviso
- bailar
- baja
- bajinis
- bajo
- bandeja
- bar
- bastante
- bendita
- bendito
- berrinche
- bestia
- bien
- bolsillo
- bombo
- buenamente
- caber
- cacarear
- cachaza
- cada
- caer
English:
abandon
- absent-mindedly
- abuse
- accident
- accidentally
- account
- account for
- accurate
- aching
- advise
- afraid
- again
- agreeable
- ahead
- all
- along
- aloud
- amok
- anticipate
- anticlimax
- anybody
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- apply
- arbitration
- as
- at
- atop
- bad
- bang up
- bare
- basic
- bat
- be-all and end-all
- beat down
- beautiful
- beauty
- because
- belief
- believe
- below
- bend
- benefit
- besides
- best
- better
- between
- beyond
- bite
* * *(complemento directo)1. [a él, a ella] him, f her;pl them;lo conocí en una fiesta I met him at a party;la han despedido she's been sacked, they've sacked her;¡si lo insultan a uno, habrá que contestar! if people insult you, you have to answer back!2. [a usted] you;¿la acerco a algún sitio? can I give you a Br lift o US ride anywhere?3. [ello, esa cosa] it;pl them;no lo he visto I haven't seen it;esta pared hay que pintarla this wall needs paintinglo2♦ pron personal1. (neutro & predicado) it;lo pensaré I'll think about it;no lo sé I don't know;me gusta – ¡ya lo veo! I like it – I can see that!;su hermana es muy guapa pero él no lo es his sister is very good-looking, but he isn't;¿estás cansado? – sí que lo estoy are you tired? – yes, I am;es muy bueno aunque no lo parezca it's very good, even if it doesn't look itcompré este vestido en lo de Vicky I bought this dress at Vicky's (shop)♦ art(neutro)1. (antes de adjetivo, frase sustantiva o pronombre)lo antiguo me gusta más que lo moderno I like old things better than modern things;te olvidas de lo principal you're forgetting the most important thing;lo interesante viene ahora now comes the interesting bit o part;lo mejor/peor es que… the best/worst part is (that)…;quiere lo mejor para sus hijos she wants the best for her children;¿y lo de la fiesta? what about the party, then?;siento lo de ayer I'm sorry about yesterday;lo de abrir una tienda no me parece mala idea opening a shop doesn't seem at all a bad idea to me;lo de la huelga sigue sin resolverse that strike business still hasn't been resolved;lo mío son los toros [lo que me va] bullfighting's my thing, I'm a big bullfighting fan;el ajedrez no es lo mío [mi punto fuerte] chess isn't really my thing o game, I'm not very good at chess2. (con valor enfático)¡mira que no gustarle el queso, con lo bueno que está! how can she say she doesn't like cheese when it's so good?;no me quiere ayudar, ¡con todo lo que yo he hecho por ella! she doesn't want to help me – and after all I've done for her!;no te imaginas lo grande que era you can't imagine how big it was;¡lo que me pude reír con sus chistes! I did laugh o I really laughed at his jokes!3. (con frases de relativo)lo cual which;no quiso participar, lo cual no es de extrañar she didn't want to take part, which is hardly surprising;acepté lo que me ofrecieron I accepted what they offered me;gano menos de lo que te imaginas I earn less than you think;lo que ocurre es que… the thing is (that)…;puedes tomar lo que te apetezca you can have whatever you want;en lo que respecta a… as far as… is concerned, with regard to…♦ a lo que loc conjAndes, RP [en cuanto] as soon as;a lo que lo vio, salió corriendo she ran away as soon as she saw him* * *loI art sg the;lo bueno the good thing;no sabes lo difícil que es you don’t know how difficult it islo sé I knowIII pron rel sg:lo que what;lo cual which* * *lo pron1) : him, itlo vi ayer: I saw him yesterdaylo entiendo: I understand itno lo creo: I don't believe so2) (formal, masculine) : youdisculpe, señor, no lo oí: excuse me sir, I didn't hear you3)lo que : what, that whicheso es lo que más le gusta: that's what he likes the mostlo art1) : thelo mejor: the best, the best thing2) : howsé lo bueno que eres: I know how good you are* * *lo1 det (en general) the... thinglo2 pron1. (él) him2. (usted) you3. (cosa) it -
116 tal
adj.1 such (semejante, tan grande).¡jamás se vio cosa tal! you've never seen such a thing!lo dijo con tal seguridad que… he said it with such conviction that…su miedo era tal o tal era su miedo que… so great o such was her fear that…, she was so afraid that…en tal caso in such a casedijo cosas tales como… he said things like…2 such and such.a tal hora at such and such a timepron.such a thing (alguna cosa).* * *► adjetivo1 (semejante) such2 (tan grande) such, so■ tal es su ignorancia que... he is so ignorant that...3 (cosa sin especificar) such and such4 (persona sin especificar) someone called, a certain1 (alguno - cosa) such a thing, something; (- persona) someone, somebody► adverbio1 (así) in such a way, so■ tal me contestó que no supe cómo reaccionar he answered in such a way that I didn't know how to react■ tal estaban de cansados que se fueron a dormir en seguida they were so tired that they went straight to bed\como si tal cosa as if nothing had happenedcomo tal as suchde tal manera que in such a way thatde tal palo tal astilla like father, like sonno hay tal como... there's nothing like...¿qué tal? how are things?¿qué tal...? how... ?■ ¿qué tal estuvo la fiesta? how was the party?tal cual just as it istal para cual two of a kindtal vez perhaps, maybetal y como just as, as■ tal y como veo las cosas... as I see things...y tal y cual and so on* * *1. adj.1) such2) said•- tal vez2. adv.so, thus3. pron.1) such a one2) such a thing* * *1. ADJ1) [en relación con algo ya mencionado] suchnunca he hecho tal cosa — I never did any such thing o anything of the sort
hace diez años, tal día como hoy — on the same day ten years ago, ten years ago today
cosa 4), palo 1)el tal cura resultó estar casado — this priest (we were talking about) o pey this priest person turned out to be married
2) [indicando extrañeza o exageración] suchcon tal atrevimiento — with such a cheek, so cheekily
¡había tal confusión en el aeropuerto! — it was total chaos at the airport!
3) [indicando indeterminación]tal día, a tal hora — on such-and-such a day, at such-and-such a time
vivía en la calle tal, en el número cual — she lived in such-and-such a street at such-and-such a number
necesitaba un millón para tal cosa y otro millón para tal otra — he needed a million for one thing and another million for another
un tal García — one García, a man called García or something pey
2. PRON1) (=persona indeterminada)esa es una tal — pey she's a tart *
fulanoes su padre, y como tal, es responsable de su hijo — he's his father, and as such he is responsible for his son
2) (=cosa indeterminada)no haré tal — I won't do anything of the sort, I'll do no such thing
•
y tal * —había pinchos, bebidas y tal — there were snacks and drinks and things
estábamos charlando y tal, y de pronto me dio un beso — we were just chatting and so on, when suddenly he kissed me
•
tal y cual, teníamos prisa, pero entre tal y cual tardamos una hora — we were in a hurry, but between one thing and another it took us an houres muy simpática y tal y cual, pero no me gusta — she's very nice and all that, but I don't like her
me dijo que si tal y que si cual, pero no pudo convencerme — he said this, that and the other, but he wasn't able to convince me
3. ADV1) [en comparaciones]•
tal como, estaba tal como lo dejé — it was just as I had left ittal y como están las cosas, no creo que sea buena idea — as things are o given the current state of affairs, I don't think it would be a good idea
tal y como están las cosas, es mejor que nos vayamos — under the circumstances, it would be better if we left
•
tal cual, déjalo tal cual — leave it just as it istal la madre, cual la hija — like mother, like daughter
•
tal que, tomaremos algo ligero tal que una tortilla — we'll have something light such as o like an omelette2) [en preguntas]¿qué tal? — how's things?, how are you?
¿qué tal el partido? — what was the game like?, how was the game?
¿qué tal tu tío? — how's your uncle?
¿qué tal estás? — how are you?
¿qué tal estoy con este vestido? — how do I look in this dress?
¿qué tal has dormido? — how did you sleep?
¿qué tal es físicamente? — what does she look like?
¿qué tal si lo compramos? — why don't we buy it?, suppose we buy it?
3)• tal vez — perhaps, maybe
son, tal vez, las mejores canciones del disco — they are perhaps o maybe o possibly the best songs on the album
-¿crees que ganarán? -tal vez — "do you think they'll win?" - "perhaps o maybe o they may do"
4)• con tal de, hace lo que sea con tal de llamar la atención — he'll do anything to attract attention
no importa el frío con tal de ir bien abrigado — the cold doesn't matter as long as o if you're well wrapped up
•
con tal de que — provided (that), as long ascon tal de que no me engañes — provided (that) o as long as you don't deceive me
con tal de que regreséis antes de las once — provided (that) o as long as you get back before eleven
* * *I1) ( dicho) suchnunca dije tal cosa — I never said anything of the kind o such a thing
2) ( seguido de consecuencia)era tal su desesperación que... — such was his despair that...
se llevó tal disgusto que... — she was so upset (that)...
había tal cantidad de gente que... — there were so many people that...
3) ( con valor indeterminado) such-and-suchIItal día en tal lugar such-and-such a day, at such-and-such a place; llamó un tal Méndez — a Mr Méndez phoned
si quieres trato de adulto, compórtate como tal — if you want to be treated like an adult, behave like one
IIIson tal para cual — (fam) he's just as bad as she is, they're as bad as each other
1) (fam) ( en preguntas)hola ¿qué tal? — hello, how are you?
¿qué tal es Marisa? — what's Marisa like?
¿qué tal lo pasaron? — how did it go?
2) (en locs)con tal de + inf: hace cualquier cosa con tal de llamar la atención he'll do anything to get attention; con tal de no tener que volver as long as I don't have to come back; con tal (de) que + subj: con tal (de) que nadie se entere as long as no one finds out; con tal (de) que me lo devuelvas as long as o provided you give it back (to me); tal (y) como: tal (y) como están las cosas the way things are; hazlo tal (y) como te indicó do it exactly as she told you; tal cual: me lo dijo así, tal cual those were her exact words; lo dejé todo tal cual I left everything exactly as it was o just as it was; tal vez maybe; tal vez venga maybe he'll come; pensé que tal vez querrías — I thought you might want to
* * *= such.Ex. Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.----* aceptar tal cual = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.* a tal efecto = to this effect.* a tales efectos = hereto.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.* con tal de que + Subjuntivo = providing (that).* con tal de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), as long as.* copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.* de modo tal que = so much so that.* de tal envergadura = such that, of such magnitude.* de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.* de tal manera que = so that.* de tal modo que = in such a way that, so.* de tal modo que raya en lo ridículo = ridiculously.* de tal modo que + Subjuntivo = in such a way as to + Infinitivo.* de tal naturaleza = such that.* de tal palo tal astilla = a chip off the old block, like father, like son.* fulano de tal = so-and-so.* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.* no existir como tal = there + be + no such thing as.* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.* tal como es = warts and all.* tal como lo conocemos = as we know it.* tal cual = unaltered, uncritically, unmodified, unedited, warts and all, just as, like that, like this.* tal o cual = such and such.* tal que = such that.* tal vez = perhaps.* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.* tal y cual = such and such.* * *I1) ( dicho) suchnunca dije tal cosa — I never said anything of the kind o such a thing
2) ( seguido de consecuencia)era tal su desesperación que... — such was his despair that...
se llevó tal disgusto que... — she was so upset (that)...
había tal cantidad de gente que... — there were so many people that...
3) ( con valor indeterminado) such-and-suchIItal día en tal lugar such-and-such a day, at such-and-such a place; llamó un tal Méndez — a Mr Méndez phoned
si quieres trato de adulto, compórtate como tal — if you want to be treated like an adult, behave like one
IIIson tal para cual — (fam) he's just as bad as she is, they're as bad as each other
1) (fam) ( en preguntas)hola ¿qué tal? — hello, how are you?
¿qué tal es Marisa? — what's Marisa like?
¿qué tal lo pasaron? — how did it go?
2) (en locs)con tal de + inf: hace cualquier cosa con tal de llamar la atención he'll do anything to get attention; con tal de no tener que volver as long as I don't have to come back; con tal (de) que + subj: con tal (de) que nadie se entere as long as no one finds out; con tal (de) que me lo devuelvas as long as o provided you give it back (to me); tal (y) como: tal (y) como están las cosas the way things are; hazlo tal (y) como te indicó do it exactly as she told you; tal cual: me lo dijo así, tal cual those were her exact words; lo dejé todo tal cual I left everything exactly as it was o just as it was; tal vez maybe; tal vez venga maybe he'll come; pensé que tal vez querrías — I thought you might want to
* * *= such.Ex: Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.
* aceptar tal cual = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.* a tal efecto = to this effect.* a tales efectos = hereto.* como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.* como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.* con tal de que + Subjuntivo = providing (that).* con tal de que + Subjuntivo = provided (that), as long as.* copiar tal cual = lift + wholesale and unmodified.* de modo tal que = so much so that.* de tal envergadura = such that, of such magnitude.* de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.* de tal manera que = so that.* de tal modo que = in such a way that, so.* de tal modo que raya en lo ridículo = ridiculously.* de tal modo que + Subjuntivo = in such a way as to + Infinitivo.* de tal naturaleza = such that.* de tal palo tal astilla = a chip off the old block, like father, like son.* fulano de tal = so-and-so.* hasta tal grado que = so much so that.* hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.* hasta tal punto que = to a point where.* no existir como tal = there + be + no such thing as.* tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.* tal como es = warts and all.* tal como lo conocemos = as we know it.* tal cual = unaltered, uncritically, unmodified, unedited, warts and all, just as, like that, like this.* tal o cual = such and such.* tal que = such that.* tal vez = perhaps.* tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).* tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.* tal y cual = such and such.* * *tal1A(dicho): no existía tal tesoro, todo era fruto de su imaginación there was no such treasure, he had made it all upyo nunca he dicho tal cosa I have never said anything of the kind o anything of the sortnunca recibí tales instrucciones I never received any such instructionsB(seguido de consecuencia): su desesperación era tal or era tal su desesperación que llegó a pensar en el suicidio his despair was such o such was his despair that he even contemplated suicidese llevó tal disgusto or se llevó un disgusto tal que estuvo llorando toda la tarde she was so upset (that) she spent the whole afternoon cryinghabía tal cantidad de gente que no pudimos entrar there were such a lot of o so many people that we couldn't get inC (con valor indeterminado) such-and-such ( before n)siempre está pidiendo dinero para tal cosa y tal otra he's always asking for money for one thing or anotherha llamado un tal Méndez a Mr Méndez phoned, someone called Méndez phonedtal2si quieres que te traten como a un adulto, compórtate como tal if you want to be treated like an adult, behave like onees usted el secretario y como tal tiene ciertas responsabilidades you are the secretary and as such you have certain responsibilitiesque si tal y que si cual and so on and so forthestaban pintando, poniendo tablas nuevas y tal ( Esp); they were painting, putting in new boards and so on o and that sort of thingme dijo que si eras un tal y un cual … he said all kinds of terrible things about youson tal para cual ( fam); he's just as bad as she is o they're as bad as each other o they're two of a kindCompuestos:tal3A ( fam)(en preguntas): hola ¿qué tal? hello, how are you?¿qué tal estuvo la fiesta? how was the party?¿qué tal es Marisa? what's Marisa like?B ( en locs):con tal de + INF: hace cualquier cosa con tal de llamar la atención he'll do anything to get attentioncon tal de no tener que volver mañana as long as I don't have to come back tomorrowcon tal (de) que + SUBJ: con tal (de) que no se entere nadie, pagará lo que le pidamos he'll pay whatever we ask to stop anybody finding outquédatelo por ahora, con tal (de) que me lo devuelvas antes del viernes keep it for now, as long as o provided you give it back (to me) before Fridaydale otro, cualquier cosa con tal (de) que se calle give her another one, anything to keep her quiettal (y) como: tal (y) como están las cosas the way things aredéjalo tal (y) como lo encontraste leave it just the way you found it o just as you found ithazlo tal (y) como te indicó do it exactly as she told you o just as she told youtal cual: me lo dijo así, tal cual those were her exact words, she said just that, word for wordno cambié nada, lo dejé todo tal cual I didn't change anything, I left everything exactly as it was o just as it wasel postre le quedó igualito al de la foto, tal cual the dessert came out exactly as it looked in the phototal vez maybe¿vas a ir? — tal vez are you going to go? — maybe o I'll seetal vez no se enteró or no se haya enterado maybe o perhaps o it's possible she hasn't heardse me ocurrió que tal vez estuviera or estaría allí esperándome it occurred to me that he might be there waiting for me* * *
tal adjetivo
1 ( dicho) such;
nunca dije tal cosa I never said anything of the kind o such a thing
2 ( seguido de consecuencia):◊ se llevó tal disgusto que … she was so upset (that) …;
había tal cantidad de gente que … there were so many people that …
3 ( con valor indeterminado) such-and-such;
llamó un tal Méndez a Mr Méndez phoned
■ pronombre:◊ eres un adulto, compórtate como tal you're an adult, behave like one;
que si tal y que si cual and so on and so forth;
son tal para cual they're as bad as each other
■ adverbio
1 (fam) ( en preguntas):◊ hola ¿qué tal? hello, how are you?;
¿qué tal es Marisa? what's Marisa like?;
¿qué tal lo pasaron? how did it go?
2 ( en locs)◊ con tal de: hace cualquier cosa con tal de llamar la atención he'll do anything to get attention;
con tal de no tener que volver as long as I don't have to come back;
tal (y) como: tal (y) como están las cosas the way things are;
hazlo tal (y) como te indicó do it exactly as she told you;
tal cual: lo dejé todo tal cual I left everything exactly as it was;
tal vez maybe
tal
I adjetivo
1 (dicho, semejante) such: no dije tal cosa, I never said such a thing o anything of the kind
tales mariposas son corrientes aquí, butterflies like that are common here
de tal madre, tal hija, like mother, like daughter
de tal manera, in such a way
en tales condiciones, in such conditions
tal día como hoy, on a day like today
(uso enfático) nunca escuché tal algarabía, I never heard such a racket
tenía tal dolor de cabeza..., I had such a headache...
2 (valor indeterminado) such and such
tal día, en tal sitio, such and such a day at such and such a place
ayer te llamó un tal Pedro, someone called Pedro phoned you yesterday
II pron él es el jefe, y como tal es el culpable, he's the boss and, as such, he's to blame
sois tal para cual, you are two of a kind
y tal y cual, and so on
III adv (en expresiones)
1 ¿qué tal?: ¿qué tal tu familia?, how is your family? 2 tal vez, perhaps, maybe ➣ Ver nota en maybe 3 tal cual, just as it is 4 tal como, just as: tal como lo contaba, parecía cierto, the way he explained it, it seemed true
(del mismo modo) escríbelo tal y como te lo cuento, write it exactly as I tell you 5 con tal (de) que, so long as, provided
' tal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
astilla
- bailar
- bañera
- bien
- caso
- como
- con
- cual
- fulana
- fulano
- hombre
- manera
- padre
- palo
- rebotar
- reventa
- según
- semejante
- soñar
- tanta
- tanto
- tramoya
- vez
- caer
- che
- esperar
- llegar
- pasar
- preguntar
- prever
- punto
- qué
- regular
- resultar
- salir
- tirar
- y
English:
abroad
- arbitration
- average
- card
- certain
- chip
- colour
- come out
- do
- father
- fine
- flail
- grill
- intimidate
- like
- long
- maybe
- perhaps
- stand
- such
- such-and-such
- suchlike
- talk
- two
- wander
- way
- a
- come
- cope
- get
- keep
- kind
- length
- OK
- one
- regardless
- shame
- status
- tell
- thing
* * *♦ adj1. [semejante] such;¡jamás se vio cosa tal! you've never seen such a thing!;en tal caso in such a case;dijo cosas tales como… he said such things as…2. [tan grande] such;lo dijo con tal seguridad que… he said it with such conviction that…;me enojé de tal modo que… I got so angry that…;su miedo era tal que…, tal era su miedo que… so great o such was her fear that…, she was so afraid that…3. [mencionado]yo no he dicho tal cosa I never said such a thing, I never said anything of the sort;tales noticias resultaron falsas the news turned out to be untrue;ese tal Félix es un antipático that Félix is really unpleasant4. [sin especificar] such and such;a tal hora at such and such a time;quedamos tal día en tal sitio we agreed to meet on a certain day in a certain placehay un tal Jiménez que te puede ayudar there's someone called Mr Jiménez who can help you♦ pron1. [semejante cosa] such a thing;yo no dije tal I never said any such thing, I never said anything of the sort;como tal [en sí] as such;tal y cual, tal y tal this and that;y tal [etcétera] and so on;trajeron vino, cerveza y tal they brought wine and beer and so on o and stuff2. [semejante persona]si eres un profesional, actúa como tal if you're a professional, then act like one3. Compque si tal, que si cual this, that and the other;ser tal para cual to be two of a kind♦ adv¿qué tal…? how…?;¿qué tal (estás)? how are you (doing)?, how's it going?;¿qué tal el viaje? how was the journey?;¿qué tal es ese hotel? what's that hotel like?;¿qué tal si nos tomamos algo? why don't we have something to drink?;¿qué tal un descanso? what about a break?;tal (y) como just as o like;todo está tal y como lo dejamos everything is just as we left it;tal y como están las cosas… as things stand…, the way things are…;tal y como suele ocurrir… as is usual…;déjalo tal cual leave it (just) as it is;Famuna bebida, tal que una cerveza a drink, like a beer♦ con tal de loc conjas long as, provided;con tal de volver pronto… as long as o provided we're back early…;haría lo que fuera con tal de entrar en el equipo I'd do anything to get into the team, I'd do anything as long as o provided I got into the team;lo haré con tal (de) que me des tiempo I'll do it as long as o provided you give me time♦ tal vez loc advperhaps, maybe;¿vienes? – tal vez are you coming? – perhaps o maybe o I may do;tal vez vaya I may go;tal vez llueva mañana it may rain tomorrow;tal vez no lo creas you may not believe it;pensé que tal vez mereciera la pena intentarlo I thought it might be worth trying;tal vez sí maybe, perhaps;tal vez no maybe not, perhaps not* * *I adj such;no dije tal cosa I said no such thing;el gerente era un tal Lucas the manager was someone called Lucas;el tal abogado resultó ser su padre the lawyer (in question) turned out to be her fatherII adv1:¿qué tal? how’s it going?;¿qué tal la película? what was the movie like?2:tal como such as;tal y como exactly as, just as;dejó la habitación tal cual la encontró she left the room just as she found it;occurió así, tal cual that was exactly how it happened;Marta está tal cual Marta is the same as ever, Marta hasn’t changed a bit;con tal de que + subj as long as, provided thatIII pron:tal y tal, tal y cual and so on, and so forth;tal para cual two of a kind* * *tal adv1) : so, in such a way2)tal como : just astal como lo hice: just the way I did it3)con tal que : provided that, as long as4)¿qué tal? : how are you?, how's it going?tal adj1) : such, such a2)tal vez : maybe, perhapstal pron1) : such a one, someone2) : such a thing, something3)tal para cual : two of a kind* * *tal adj1. (semejante) suchla máquina hacía tal ruido que no pudimos oírnos the machine was making such a racket that we couldn't hear one another2. (persona indeterminda) someone callediré yo, con tal de que vayáis conmigo I'll go, as long as you come with me¿qué tal? how are things?¿qué tal...? how...?¿qué tal estuvo la fiesta? how was the party?tal vez maybe / perhaps -
117 GOLD
(the metal) malta (so in LotR – Etym has malda [stem SMAL], but cf. the archaic form smalta mentioned under LAWAR); GOLD laurë (= "not the metal but the colour, what we should call golden light", Letters:308, "of light and colour, not of the metal", Silm:433, "not a metallic word. It was applied to those things which we often call 'golden' though they do not much resemble metallic gold: golden light, especially sunlight", RGEO:70, “golden light”, VT49:47, "a word for golden light or colour, never used for the metal", PM:353, "light of the golden Tree Laurelin", LR:368; a "mystic name" of gold, LT1:255 [possibly a notion Tolkien later abandoned]; in LT1:258 and LT2:341 the gloss is simply "gold".) RED GOLD †cullo (obsoleting culu in LT2:341? In LT1:255 culu is said to be a poetic word for "gold", but also used mythically as a name of all red and yellow metals), GOLDEN laurëa (pl laurië is attested; LT1:258 has laurina), GOLDEN-RED culda, culina (flame-coloured); (cf. Silm. Appendix: "cul- 'golden-red' in Culúrien") –LotR:1157/SMAL, Letters:308/RGEO:70/LAWAR, KUL, RGEO:70/Nam, Silm:429 -
118 DAUÐI
m. death;taka dauða, to meet one’s death, die;dauði ferr á e-n, one is surprised by death;draga e-m til dauða, to cause one’s death;sá vegr, er til dauða dregr, that leads to death;liggja fyrir dauðanum, to be dying or on the point of death.* * *1. death; the word is used in the strong form in all Teut. dialects from Gothic to English, but in Icel. it is weak, even in the earliest writers; though traces of a strong form (dauðr, s or ar) are found in the phrase til dauðs ( to death) and in compds, as mann-dauðr: cp. also Hm. 69, where dauðr seems to be a substantive not an adjective: Fagrsk. 139 also writes dauðar-orð instead of dauða orð; an old song, Edda 52, has Dvalins dauðs-drykkr = dauða-drykkr, i. e. the death-drink of the dwarf; the strong form also remains in such words as dauð-dagi, dauð-hræddr, dauð-yfli, dauð-ligr, dauð-vána, which could not possibly be forms of a weak daudi, Nj. 198; at dauða kominn, Fms. i. 32; d. for a hann, Nj. 27; the references are numberless, though heathen proverbs and sayings prefer to use ‘hel’ or ‘feigð,’ which were more antique, whereas dauoi recalls Christian ideas, or sometimes denotes the manner of death.2. medic. mortification.COMPDS: dauðablóð, dauðabönd, dauðadagr, dauðadá, dauðadómr, dauðadrep, dauðadrukkinn, dauðadrykkr, dauðadyrr, dauðadæmdr, dauðafylgja, dauðahræddr, dauðakvöl, dauðaleit, dauðalitr, dauðamaðr, dauðamark, dauðamein, dauðaorð, dauðaráð, dauðaróg, Dauðasjór, dauðaskattr, dauðaskellr, dauðaskuld, dauðaslag, dauðaslig, dauðasnara, dauðasteytr, dauðastríð, dauðastund, dauðasvefn, dauðasök, dauðatákn, dauðateygjur, dauðaútlegð, dauðaverk. -
119 -ima
adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima "fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the meaning "-able" PE17:68, as in mátima edible mat- eat, nótima countable not- count and with a negative prefix úquétima "unspeakable" from quet- "speak". Note that the stem-vowel is normally lengthened in the derivatives where -ima means "-able", though this fails to occur in cenima visible q.v., but contrast hraicénima, q.v. and also before a consonant cluster as in úfantima not concealable PE17:176. "X-ima" may mean "apt to X" when the ending is added to an intransitive verbal stem, as in Fírimar "mortals", literally "those apt to die" WJ:387. The adj. úfantima not concealable PE17:176 also appears as úfantuma PE17:180, indicating the existence of a variant ending -uma possibly used to derive adjectives with a bad meaning; compare the ending *-unqua next to -inqua, q.v. -
120 М-213
МОЖЕТ БЫТЬ (sent adv (parenth))1. Also: МОЖЕТ СТАТЬСЯ obs ( fixed WOpossiblyperhapsmaybe (it) could (may) be (that) (he (sheetc)) may (might) (perhaps) it is possible (that) (he (she etc)) might just.Утешение же, а может быть, это и не утешением было, а чем-то другим - каким-то источником новых сил, — она стала находить в квартире Нюрка... (Залыгин 1). She began to find some comfort in Niurok's little flat...or perhaps it wasn't comfort at all, but something else, a kind of source of new strength (1a).В течение года, может быть двух, происходили столкновения, ссоры, драки, случилось даже убийство... (Федин 1). In the course of a year, maybe two, there occurred clashes, quarrels, fights, and even murder took place... (1 a).Те (очевидцы), что остались, рассказывают по-разному, а некоторые и вовсе не помнят... Что касается меня, то я собрал в кучу всё, что слышал по данному поводу, и прибавил кое-что от себя, прибавил, может быть, даже больше, чем слышал (Войнович 2). Those (eyewitnesses) that are (left) tell all kinds of different stories and some can't remember anything at all....As for me, I've heaped up everything I heard on the subject and added a little something of my own as well, could be I even added more than I heard (2a).«За тобой я, может быть, пойду, а один не сдвинусь с места» (Гончаров 1). "I may, perhaps, follow you, but alone I shall not stir from this spot" (1b).В другое время и при других обстоятельствах подобные слухи, может быть, не обратили бы на себя никакого внимания... (Гоголь 3). At another time and under different circumstances such rumors might not have attracted attention (3c). At another time, under different circumstances, it is possible that these rumors wouldn't have had such an impact (3e).«Так если бы вы... Лягавому предложили вот то самое, что мне говорили, то он, может статься...» — «Гениальная мысль!» - восторженно перебил Митя (Достоевский 1). "So if you were to...make Lyagavy the same offer you made me, he might just..." "A brilliant idea!" Mitya interrupted ecstatically (1a).2. used in sentences expressing urging, prompting etc ( occas. in order to soften the categorical nature of the prompting)perhapsmaybe why not (do sth.) why don't you (we etc) (do sth.).Лёнька спросил: «Может быть, немного посидим?» -«Это ночью», — ответил Садчиков. «Ноги отваливаются» (Семёнов 1). Lyonka said: "Perhaps we can sit down for a while?" "Tonight," replied Sadchikov. "My legs are dropping off" (1a).
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