(where+however

Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).

Meaning: `flesh, piece(s) of meat' (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.

Other forms: Aeol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σαρκο-φάγος `eating flesh' (Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there `coffin' (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] sarcophagus, OHG sarch etc.; ἄ-σαρκος `without flesh, thin' (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.

Derivatives: 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. a. o.), - ίδιον (Arist. etc.) n. `piece of flesh', - ίς f. `meat, food' (late pap.); - ῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.), - ικός (hell. a. late), - ειος (late) `fleshy, made of flesh'; - ώδης `flesh-like' (Hp., X. etc.), - ήρης `consisting of flesh' ( Trag. Adesp.). 3a σαρκ-ίζω `to scrape clean of flesh' (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), περι- σάρξ with - ισμός (medic.), ἐκ- σάρξ (LXX); b. - όω ( περι-, ἐκ- a. o.) `to make fleshy, to change into flesh' with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτικός (medic. a. o.); c. - άζω s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] *tu̯r̥ḱ- `cut'

Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. ʮwarǝs-, pres. ʮwǝrǝsaiti prop. `cut' ( upa-, us- a. o.), as simplex `shape, create, destine etc.', IE tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. carō `(piece) of meat' = Umbr. karu `pars, piece of meat' to κείρω `cut' etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. tuekkaš `body' [with assumed loss of r before k] is discussed; s. however on σάκος): to ʮwarǝs- in the (clearly secondary) meaning `create, build'; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. tvaṣṭar- contains a zero grade (with a \< r̥), like Av. ʮwōrǝštar- (from * ʮwǝrǝštar-). OIr. torc `boar' has the same origin, for which he reconstructs *turḱos. L. discusses also the rise of - αρ-, - υρ- (rejecting a reconstr. *tu̯orḱ-). - From σάρξ Alb. šark `flesh of a fruit' (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).

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Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).

Meaning: `flesh, piece(s) of meat' (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.

Other forms: Aeol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σαρκο-φάγος `eating flesh' (Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there `coffin' (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] sarcophagus, OHG sarch etc.; ἄ-σαρκος `without flesh, thin' (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.

Derivatives: 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. a. o.), - ίδιον (Arist. etc.) n. `piece of flesh', - ίς f. `meat, food' (late pap.); - ῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.), - ικός (hell. a. late), - ειος (late) `fleshy, made of flesh'; - ώδης `flesh-like' (Hp., X. etc.), - ήρης `consisting of flesh' ( Trag. Adesp.). 3a σαρκ-ίζω `to scrape clean of flesh' (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), περι- σαρκός with - ισμός (medic.), ἐκ- σαρκός (LXX); b. - όω ( περι-, ἐκ- a. o.) `to make fleshy, to change into flesh' with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτικός (medic. a. o.); c. - άζω s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] *tu̯r̥ḱ- `cut'

Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. ʮwarǝs-, pres. ʮwǝrǝsaiti prop. `cut' ( upa-, us- a. o.), as simplex `shape, create, destine etc.', IE tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. carō `(piece) of meat' = Umbr. karu `pars, piece of meat' to κείρω `cut' etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. tuekkaš `body' [with assumed loss of r before k] is discussed; s. however on σάκος): to ʮwarǝs- in the (clearly secondary) meaning `create, build'; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. tvaṣṭar- contains a zero grade (with a \< r̥), like Av. ʮwōrǝštar- (from * ʮwǝrǝštar-). OIr. torc `boar' has the same origin, for which he reconstructs *turḱos. L. discusses also the rise of - αρ-, - υρ- (rejecting a reconstr. *tu̯orḱ-). - From σάρξ Alb. šark `flesh of a fruit' (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `light, glow, beam' (ep. poet. Il., Arist. etc.; on the use in Hom. Graz Le feu dans l'Il. et l'Od. 310ff.).

Compounds: σελασ-φόρος `bringing light' (A. a. o.), with analog. - η-: σελαη-φόρος (Man.), - γενέτης (AP).

Derivatives: 1. σελά-ω `to shine, to glow' (Nic. Th. 691) with - σμα, - σμός `glow' (Man.); 2. - γέομαι (E., Ar.), - γέω (Opp.) `to glow, to radiate' with - γησις f. `glow' (Zonar.); backformation - γος n. `beam' (Hymn. Is.); 3. enlarged - γίζω `id.' (Nonn. a. o.) with - γισμα n. `lightning, flash' (Man.); 4. - σσομαι `to shine, to glow' (Nic. Th. 46); with σελα-γέομαι: - σσομαι cf. πατα-γέω, - σσω a. o., Debrunner IF 21, 220f.; 5. - σκω `to glow' (Theognost.). -- On σελήνη, σέλαχος s. v.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: No flawless etymology. Semant. attractive is the connection with Av. x^varǝnah- n. `glory of fame' (and Skt. svàrnara- approx. `splendour of light'?), where also the word for `sun' (s. ἥλιος) and the expressions for `smoulder, singe' (s. 2. εἵλη `heatof the sun') are relevant. Yet `glow, gleam, glory' and `smoulder' can at least not directly be combined with each other (cf. WP. 2, 531 f.). A special problem is moreover presented by the preservation of the anlaut. σ- in σέλας, for which several explanations have been advanced (Kretschmer KZ 31, 422f., Prellwitz s. v., Solmsen Unt. 209 n. 2; s. also Schwyzer 322). Already for this reason the comparison of σελαγ-έω with Skt. svarg-á- m. `heaven' (Persson Beitr. 2, 579 n. 2) is hardly recommendable, what however does not exclude, that the γ-element in σελαγέω may have a high age (Benveniste Origines 28; also Specht Ursprung 212). -- Diff. attempts at explanation from IE by Pisani Rend. Acc. Lincei Scr. VI: 7, 75 and Jb. f. kleinas. Forsch. 3, 150.

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Grammatical information: f., m.

Meaning: `doggy, puppy' (Od.), also `whelp, cub' in gen. (E. in lyr., Nic., Luc. a.o.); metaph. `collar, neckband' (Pl. Com., Plb.).

Compounds: Also 1. member a. o. in σκυλακο-τρόφος `breeding dogs' with - ία, - ικός (late).

Derivatives: 1. Dimin. σκυλάκ-ιον n. (IA.). 2. Fem. - αινα (AP), -η (Orph.). 3. Subst. - ῖτις f. `protectress of σ.', surname of Artemis (Orph.; Redard 212); - εύς m. = σκύλαξ (Opp.; rather metr. enlargement than bakformation from - εύω; cf. Bosshardt 71 and Kretschmer Glotta 11, 228). 4. Adj. - ειος `of σ.' (Hp., S. E.; Schmid - εος u. - ειος 51); - ώδης 'σ.-like' (X.); - ευτικός `belonging to σ.' (Ph.; analog. enlargement). 5. Verb - εύω of dogs act. `to mate, to copulate' (X., Arr.), pass. `to be raised' (Str., Max. Tyr.) with - εία f. `dog-breeding' (Plu., Poll.), - ευμα n. `offspring' (Epigr. ap. Plu., AP), - ευτής m. `dogbreeder' (Him.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: A word of the very large group of familiar and technical words in - αξ (cf. esp. μεῖραξ, δέλφαξ, πόρταξ etc., Chantraine Form. 377 ff.), σκύλαξ belongs first to σκύλ-ιον n. name of a shark (Arist.) and to σκύλλα fishname (Nic. Fr. 137 Schn.); s. Solmsen Wortforsch. 20 n. 1 (p. 21); to this, also w. expressive gemination, σκύλ(λ)ος = σκύλαξ, κύων (EM, H.) with σκυλλίς κληματίς H. (Strömberg Pfl.namen 31) and κύλλα σκύλαξ ( κύλλας κύλαξ cod.). Ήλεῖοι H. -- Without certain non-Greek cognates. Nearest comes Arm. c'ul, gen. c'l-u `joung bull' (Meillet BSL 26, 20f.), IE * skul- or * skōl-. Diff. Persson BB 19, 275 ff. with Prellwitz: to Lith. skalȉkas `barking hound' (: skãlyti `bark hunting') and kalė̃ `bitch' (s. also Fraenkel s. v.), to which after Persson also (quite improbable) from Germ. OWNo. skvaldra `talk loudly, boast' (Norw. also of dogs `bark loudly'), which however belongs first to OWNo. etc. skvala prop. `stream rustling' (from where `talk loudly'); s. WP. 1, 445 f. Still diff. Schwyzer KZ 37, 150 (to σκύζουσιν H.; s. σκυδμαίνω) and Osthoff Etym. parerga 1, 277 (s. Bq). -- Acc. to old assumption here also Σκύλλη, Att. Σκύλλα ("the bitch") name of the well-known sea-monster (Od.); s. Güntert Kalypso 176 w. n. 7; acc. to others to σκύλλω (Joh. Schmidt P.-W. II: 3, 658; against this Güntert l.c.). -- Cf. σκύμνος. -- The word could well be Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `spleen' (IA), metaph. `compress' (Hp.; cf. - ίον), αἰγὸς σπλήν as plantname `mallow, cheeseweed' (Ps.-Dsc.).

Compounds: As 2. member a. o. in ἄ-σπλην-ον n., - ος m. `miltwaste' (Dsc. a. o., because of its medic. effect against spleen; Strömberg Pfl. 86, where ἀ- is wrongy interpreted as prothetic, cf. Vitr. I 4, 10).

Derivatives: 1. σπλην-ίον n., - ίσκον n., - ίσκος m., - άριον n. `compress' (Hp., Dsc., Samos IV<sup>a</sup>); - ίον also as name of several plants (Dsc.; cf. ἄσπληνον ab.). 2. - ίτης, f. - ῖτις `belonging to the spleen, disease of the spleen' (Medic.; Redard 104 a. 102 f.). 3. - ικός `belonging to the spleen, splenetic' (Hp., hell. com. etc.), - ώδης `id.' (Hp.). 4. - ιάω `to be splenetic' (Arist. a. o.). -- Beside it σπλάγχνα n. pl. `interior organs (heart, liver, lungs, kidneys), intestines' (Il.), rarely and second. sg. as des. of individual organs (A., Pl., Arist.), metaph. (pl. a. sg.) "heart" = `mental state' (trag.), `compassion, commiseration, charity' (LXX, NT; coloured by Semitic). As 1. member a. o. in σπλαγχνο-φάγος `eating intestines' (LXX a.o.); often as 2. member, e.g. εὔ-σπλαγχνος `having healthy intestines' (Hp.), `compassionate' (LXX, NT). From it 1. σπλαγχν-ίδια n. pl. dimin. (Diph.). 2. - ίδης ( UPZ 89, 3 a. 13) form a. meaning doubted; cf. Wilcken ad loc. 3. - ικός `belonging to σ.' (Dsc., pap.). 4. - ίζομαι `to commiserate' (LXX, NT); - ίζω, - εύω `to consume intestines' (Cos IV^a, LXX resp. Ar. a. o.) with - ισμός m. (LXX); - εύω, - εύομαι `to predict from intestines' (Str.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [987] *spl(ē)ngh- `spleen'

Etymology: On the meaning of σπλήν and σπλάγχνα Egli Heteroklisie 44 ff. (not in all respects convincing); on Σπλήν as PN Bechtel Namenstud. 43 ff. With σπλήν cf. other names of body-parts as φρήν, ἀδήν, αὑχήν etc., which however all inflect with ablaut ( φρεν-ός etc. as against σπλην-ός). -- Several IE designtions of the spleen show in spite of great phonetic variation an clear similarity, which cannot be accidental. The basic word has because of association with other words, prob. also through taboo (Havers Sprachtabu 64, Specht Ursprung 77 n. 3) known strong changes. Thus Skt. plīhán- against Lat. liēn with common vocalization and stemformation but deviating anlaut; Av. spǝrǝzan-, also n-stem, but with zero grade (IE l̥) and initial sp-; the words mentioned have also IE ǵh before the suffix (Lat. liēn from * lihēn). Besides these, with stronger deviations, Arm. p'aycaɫn, OIr. selg, Lith. blužnìs, S.-CSl. slězena etc. -- As a reconstruction in detail is impossible, only suppositions are possible. We should start from *σπληχ-, *σπλαχ- (= Av. spǝrǝz-an-) with ν-stem as liēn etc. By anticipation of the nasal we get σπλα-γ-χ-ν-; further σπλήν haplological for *σπληχ-ήν (after monosyll. φρήν) or from *σπλη-γ-χ[ν]-? -- More w. lit. in WP. 2, 680, Pok. 987, W.-Hofmann s. liēn, Mayrhofer s. plīhā́, Vasmer s. selezënka. On σπλήν and σπλάγχνα also Egli l. c. and Schwyzer 489 w. n. 1. Older lit. also in Bq. -- Lat. LW [loanword] splēn (Engl. spleen etc.).

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `spleen' (IA), metaph. `compress' (Hp.; cf. - ίον), αἰγὸς σπλήν as plantname `mallow, cheeseweed' (Ps.-Dsc.).

Compounds: As 2. member a. o. in ἄ-σπλην-ον n., - ος m. `miltwaste' (Dsc. a. o., because of its medic. effect against spleen; Strömberg Pfl. 86, where ἀ- is wrongy interpreted as prothetic, cf. Vitr. I 4, 10).

Derivatives: 1. σπλην-ίον n., - ίσκον n., - ίσκος m., - άριον n. `compress' (Hp., Dsc., Samos IV<sup>a</sup>); - ίον also as name of several plants (Dsc.; cf. ἄσπληνον ab.). 2. - ίτης, f. - ῖτις `belonging to the spleen, disease of the spleen' (Medic.; Redard 104 a. 102 f.). 3. - ικός `belonging to the spleen, splenetic' (Hp., hell. com. etc.), - ώδης `id.' (Hp.). 4. - ιάω `to be splenetic' (Arist. a. o.). -- Beside it σπλάγχνα n. pl. `interior organs (heart, liver, lungs, kidneys), intestines' (Il.), rarely and second. sg. as des. of individual organs (A., Pl., Arist.), metaph. (pl. a. sg.) "heart" = `mental state' (trag.), `compassion, commiseration, charity' (LXX, NT; coloured by Semitic). As 1. member a. o. in σπλαγχνο-φάγος `eating intestines' (LXX a.o.); often as 2. member, e.g. εὔ-σπλαγχνος `having healthy intestines' (Hp.), `compassionate' (LXX, NT). From it 1. σπλαγχν-ίδια n. pl. dimin. (Diph.). 2. - ίδης ( UPZ 89, 3 a. 13) form a. meaning doubted; cf. Wilcken ad loc. 3. - ικός `belonging to σ.' (Dsc., pap.). 4. - ίζομαι `to commiserate' (LXX, NT); - ίζω, - εύω `to consume intestines' (Cos IV^a, LXX resp. Ar. a. o.) with - ισμός m. (LXX); - εύω, - εύομαι `to predict from intestines' (Str.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [987] *spl(ē)ngh- `spleen'

Etymology: On the meaning of σπλήν and σπλάγχνα Egli Heteroklisie 44 ff. (not in all respects convincing); on Σπλήν as PN Bechtel Namenstud. 43 ff. With σπλήν cf. other names of body-parts as φρήν, ἀδήν, αὑχήν etc., which however all inflect with ablaut ( φρεν-ός etc. as against σπλην-ός). -- Several IE designtions of the spleen show in spite of great phonetic variation an clear similarity, which cannot be accidental. The basic word has because of association with other words, prob. also through taboo (Havers Sprachtabu 64, Specht Ursprung 77 n. 3) known strong changes. Thus Skt. plīhán- against Lat. liēn with common vocalization and stemformation but deviating anlaut; Av. spǝrǝzan-, also n-stem, but with zero grade (IE l̥) and initial sp-; the words mentioned have also IE ǵh before the suffix (Lat. liēn from * lihēn). Besides these, with stronger deviations, Arm. p'aycaɫn, OIr. selg, Lith. blužnìs, S.-CSl. slězena etc. -- As a reconstruction in detail is impossible, only suppositions are possible. We should start from *σπληχ-, *σπλαχ- (= Av. spǝrǝz-an-) with ν-stem as liēn etc. By anticipation of the nasal we get σπλα-γ-χ-ν-; further σπλήν haplological for *σπληχ-ήν (after monosyll. φρήν) or from *σπλη-γ-χ[ν]-? -- More w. lit. in WP. 2, 680, Pok. 987, W.-Hofmann s. liēn, Mayrhofer s. plīhā́, Vasmer s. selezënka. On σπλήν and σπλάγχνα also Egli l. c. and Schwyzer 489 w. n. 1. Older lit. also in Bq. -- Lat. LW [loanword] splēn (Engl. spleen etc.).

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to put in order, to make ready, to equip, dress with weapons, clothes etc.; to prepare (for a journey), to dispatch'; also `to furl, take in the sails, to tie up, to constrain'; midd. esp. `to summon, to fetch, to prepare (for a journey), to set off' (also act. intr.). `to dress'.

Other forms: Aor. στεῖλαι, - ασθαι (Il.), Aeol. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι, fut. στελ-έω (β 287 a.o.), -ῶ, - οῦμαι (Att.). Aor. pass. σταλ-ῆναι (Pi., IA.), - θῆναι (hell.), perf. pass. ἔσταλμαι (IA.), act. ἔσταλκα (Att.), ἔστολα (gramm.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix with variaous shades of neaning, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, συν-, ὑπο-. As 2. member e.g. ἰδιό-στολος `having one's own equipment, equipped at one's own expense, making one's own journey' (Plu. a.o.), πυγο-στόλος adjunct of γυνή (Hes. Op. 373; on the debated meaning Martinazzoli Par. del Pass. 15, 203ff.); ναυ-στολ-έω `to send on a ship, to navigate, to steer (a ship)' (Pi., S., E., late prose; ναύ-στολος only A. Th. 858 [lyr.; doubted]; cf. ναυ-μαχέω, οἰνο-χοέω a.o. in Schwyzer 726); ἀκρο-στόλ-ιον n. `decorated end of the rostrum' (Callix., Str., D.S. etc.); ἀπόστολ-ος (: ἀπο-στέλλω) m. `envoys, fleet-expedition' (IA.), `apostle' (LXX, NT). As 2. member e.g. μελανό-στολος `with a black garment' (Plu.).

Derivatives: A. 1. στόλος m. `equipment (of a campaign), campaign by water and by land, fleet, army, troop, legion, march' (Pi., IA.); also `rostrum' (Pi., trag.)`outgrowth, stump, appendage' (Arist.); cf. below. 2. στολή (Aeol. σπόλα; cf. below) f. `armor', usu. `dress, garment' (IA.), `obstruction, pressure, constraint' (Epicur., medic.); ἀπο-, δια- ἐπι-στολή a.o. (: ἀπο-στέλλω) `sending resp. extension, mission or letter' (IA. etc.) with ἀποστολ-εύς m. `officials for equipping and dispatching the fleet' (Att.) a.o., s. Bosshardt 53 f. From this the dimin. στόλ-ιον n. (Delos II^a, AP a.o.); στολ-άς f. `jacket' (Ael.); στολ-ίς f. `dress', pl. `folds' (E., Arist. etc.) with - ίδιον, - ιδώδης, - ιδόομαι, - ίδωμα, - ιδωτός. - From στολή and στόλος: στολ-ίζω, also w. κατα-, συν-, ὑπο- `to place in order, to equip, to dress' (Hes. Op. 628, E., hell. a. late), - ισις, - ισμα, ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστήριον, - ιστεία; - άζομαι `to dress' in ἐστολάδαντο (metr. inscr. Marathon II<sup>p</sup>; cf. ἐρράδαται a.o. Schwyzer 672). -- 3. στολμός m. `equipment, clothing' (A., E.). -- B. στέλμα στέφος, στέμμα H. (correct?); στελμονίαι ζώματα H. (= X. Cyr. 6, 1); cf. ἁρ-μον-ία a.o., Scheller Oxytonierung 58f. -- C. 1. - σταλ-μα, only from the prefixed ἐπι-στέλλω etc.: ἐπί-, διά-, ἀπό-σταλμα n. `public mission etc.' (Thphr., pap.). 2. διασταλ-μός m. `assessment' (pap. VI^p). 3. στάλ-σις f. `obstruction' (Gal.), διά- στέλλω `destination, treaty' (LXX). 4. ἀνα-, δια-, περι- etc. - σταλτικός (late). --5. On στάλιξ s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1019] * stel- `put (up), stand'; also [985] * spel- `split'?

Etymology: The above forms form in spite of all semantic differentiation a well kept together formal system. Outside the wide semantic cadre are, however, στόλος in the sense of `ships beak a.o.', a meaning which seems difficult to connect with στέλλω `prepare, equip, send out', but which can without difficulty be connected with στελεά, στέλεχος, στήλη [which in my view do not belong to στέλλω]. When judging the etymology some seemingly Aeolic, mostly only lexically attested forms with σπ- (against inscr. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι) must not be overlooked: σπελλάμεναι στειλάμεναι, σπολεῖσα σταλεῖσα, εὔσπολον εὑεί-μονα, εὑσταλέα, κασπέλλει (cod. - έλη) στορνύει (all H.); σπόλα = στολή (Sapph.), κασπολέω (- σπελ-?) ὑποστορέσω (Sapph., H.). So ΙΑ. στελ-, Aeol. σπελ- from IE skʷel- (lit. in Persson Beitr. 1, 422)? After Bechtel Dial. 1, 125f. (with Schulze; cf. on this Hamm Grammatik 15 w. n. 3) in IA. στέλλω IE * stel- `send' and skʷel- `equip' (from where Aeol. σπελ-) would have fallen together. The difficulty to find IE * skʷel- back in other languages, as well as the meagre documentation of the σπ-forms both arouse suspicion against such a supposition. For some of the relevant words ( σπόλα, εὔσπολος) one might sonsider a connection with IE * spel- `split' (s. σπολάς). -- Exact cognates outside Greek are missing. Nearest comes Arm. steɫc-anem, aor. steɫc-i `prepare, creare' with unclear c (ɫc from l + s with Pedersen KZ 39, 427 ?); beside it steɫn, pl. steɫun-k` `stem, stalk, twig' (cf. στέλεχος, στελεά). Also several other words go back on IE * stel-, but deviate semantically from στέλλω: Alb. shtiell `wind up, reel up, collect' (IE * stel-n-ō); Germ. nouns as OE stela m. `stalk of a plant', OWNo. stiolr m. `tail-bone', NNorw. stjøl `stalk, stem' (\< * stelu-; cf. στελεχος, στελεά). Here belong also the unclear OWNo. stallr m. `constitution, crib, stable', OHG stal m. `living, seat, stable' (to which stellen) from PGm. * stalla- or * staðla-(IE * stol-no- or * st(h)h₂-dhlo- [to st(h)ā- `stand'; s. ἵστημι]); Skt. sthálam n. `continent, earth-bottom', sthálā f. `raised earth' etc. (cf. on στήλη). -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 643ff., Pok. 1019f., W.-Hofmann s. locus; older lit. also in Bq. -- The evidence for IE origin is meagre; could the word be Pre-Greek?

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to make an incision, to tear open, to open a vein, to let (the blood) flow, to let something take its course, to release, to drop, to abandon' (Hp., X., Arist. etc.).

Other forms: Also σχάω (Hp., com., Arist. a.o.), mostly aor. σχάσαι (Pi., B., Hp., E., com., X., Arist., hell. a. late) with pass. σχασθ-ῆναι, fut. pass. - ήσομαι, act. σχάσω, perf. midd. ἔσχασμαι (in ἐσχασμένη as plantname; Strömberg 43).

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, κατα-

Derivatives: 1. σχάσις ( ἀπό-, κατά-) f. `the tearing, blood-letting, release' (medic., Ph. Bel.). 2. σχάσμα ( κατά-) n. `incision, release' (Hp., Dsc., Ph. Bel.). 3. κατα-σχασμός m. `draft' (medic.). 4. σχαστήρ = Lat. tendicula (gloss.); κατασ[χ]αστήρ meaning unknown (IG 11: 2, 165, 11 [Delos III<sup>a</sup>]). 5. σχαστηρ-ία f. `trigger, release in mechanisms etc.' (Arist., Ph. Bel., Hero, Plb. etc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 58 n. 4); - ιον n. `lancet' ( Hippiatr.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [cf. 919] * skeh₂-? `split'?

Etymology: As orig. meaning is above assumed as usual `make an incision, tear open', from where `open, let loose etc.'; the word would be esp. characteristic for the language of the physician. Also a basic meaning `let loose, free v. t.' sceems however possible, while the usual professional expression φλέβα σχάσαι in MLG āderlāten `let (flow) from the vein' would get a direct agreement. -- As the whole formal system is clearly built on the aor. σχάσαι, from which σχάζω, σχάω as well as all other verbal and nominal forms, the etymolog has to start from this. A certain non-Greek agreement has not been found. Since Fick 1, 143 a. 567 σχάω is generally compared (Bq, WP. 2, 541 f., Pok. 919f., W.-Hofmann s. sciō) a.o. with Skt. chyati ( anu-, ava-, vi- etc.), ptc. chā-ta-, chi-tá-, caus. chāy-áyati (IE * skeh₂-, *skh₂i̯-) `split, hurt, esp. of the skin' (on the meaning Hoffmann Münch. Stud. 19, 61 ff., on phonetics Hiersche Ten. asp. 103 f., 214f.). To this semant. certainly unobjectionable connection it should be remarked, that of the Skt. verb non-present finite forms, e.g. the full grade s-aorist a-chā-s-it, occur only in the grammarians. The further combinations (s. the lit. above), e.g. with Lat. sciō, are no less hypothetic. -- So σχάσαι Greek innovation (perh. through cross of σχίσαι and ἐάσαι, χαλάσαι v.t.)? Note that σχ- cannot be directly explained from the assumed IE form.

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Grammatical information: m. pl.

Meaning: `Corybantes', priests of the Phrygian Cybele (E., Ar., Str.), sg. Κορύβας ` Ρέας ἱερεύς H.; also Κύρβαντες, sg. - ας (Pherecyd., S.).

Derivatives: κορυβάντειος `Corybantian' (AP), - αντικός `id.' (Plu.), - αντίς f. `id.' (Nonn.), - αντώδης `C.-like' (Luc.), - αντεῖον n. `C.-temple' (Str.); κορυβαντιάω `to be filled with frenzy like the C.' (Pl., Longin.) with - ιασμός (D. H., Longin.); κορυβαντίζω `consecrate in the C. rites' (Ar. V. 119, Iamb.) with - ισμός κάθαρσις μανίας H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Formation as Ἄβαντες, ἀλίβαντες a. o. (Schwyzer 526, Chantraine Formation 269). Etymology unknown; after the origin, Phrygian. Hypothesis of Kretschmer Sprache 2, 67f.: as Phrygian to OWNo. huerfa `turn oneself etc.' (Goth. ƕairban, s. on 2. καρπός). The variation whows that the word was in origin Pre-Greek, so Kretschmer's IE etymology must b abandoned (for Kretschmer the Phrygians were the only IE people in Anatolia, so he liked to find IE Phrygian etymologies, forgetting that the Phrygians took over much from earlier peoples in Anatolia). Which of the two forms was the original is far from easy to establish; Kretschmer thought is was Κύρβαντες (from where Κορύβ- arose through adaptation to κόρυς, which seems improbable to me). Fur. 359 thinks that in Pre-Greek a sequence υ - υ became ο - υ; so he too thinks that Κύρβ- was original (giving *Κυρυβ- \> Κορυβ-). [Not here with Kretschmer as Phryg. LW [loanword] κύρβις `turning table' (s. v.).] Rejecting the traditional etym. from κοῦρος, he assumes a form Κορυ-β- as the stem of κόρυψ νεανίσκος and thus explains Κορύβαντες. However, in this way he seems to forget that he took Κύρβαντες as the original form.

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οὖν (Hom.+) a particle, never found at the beginning of a sentence. In our lit. it is an inferential and then mainly a transitional conjunction (so Hdt.+ [Kühner-G. II p. 326].—B-D-F §451, 1; Rob. 1191f; Mlt-Turner 337f).

① inferential, denoting that what it introduces is the result of or an inference fr. what precedes, so, therefore, consequently, accordingly, then.

ⓐ in declarative sentences (PTebt 37, 15 [73 B.C.] ἐγὼ οὖν … γέγραφα=‘consequently I … am writing’; difft. 4 below) Mt 1:17; 3:10 (s. also 3 below); 7:24; Lk 3:9; 11:35; J 6:13; Ac 1:21; 5:41; Ro 5:1; 6:4; 11:5; 13:10; 16:19; 1 Cor 4:16; 7:26; 2 Cor 3:12; Eph 4:1, 17; Phil 2:28; 1 Pt 2:7; 3J 8 al.; AcPlCor 2:10, 19.—ἀπόδοτε οὖν well, then, give back Mt 22:21 (here οὖν=mod. Gk. λοιπόν).

ⓑ in commands and invitations, with intensive force (PTebt 33, 2 [φρόν]τισον οὖν ἵνα γένη(ται) ἀκολύθως=‘take care, then, that its (the letter’s) stipulations are followed’. Here οὖν picks up on the suggestion of the letter’s importance because of the prestige of the addressee; difft. 3 below) ποιήσατε οὖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας Mt 3:8 (also s. 3 below); ἔσεσθε οὖν ὑμεῖς τέλειοι 5:48. μὴ οὖν φοβεῖσθε 10:31 (cp. ApcEsdr 7:2; Just., D. 9, 2). προσερχώμεθα οὖν μετὰ παρρησίας Hb 4:16. Cp. Mt 6:8, 9, 31; 9:38; Mk 10:9; 13:35; Lk 8:18; 10:2, 40; Ac 2:36; 3:19; 8:22; 23:15, 21 (also s. 4 below); Ro 6:12 (WNauck, Das οὖν-paräneticum: ZNW 49, ’58, 134f); 1 Cor 10:31; 2 Cor 7:1; Gal 5:1; Phil 2:29; Col 2:16 al. νῦν οὖν πορεύεσθε ἐν εἰρήνῃ Ac 16:36.

ⓒ in questions

α. in real questions θέλεις οὖν; do you want, then? Mt 13:28. σὺ οὖν εἶ; are you, then? Lk 22:70. Cp. J 18:39. νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν; μὴ γένοιτο Ro 3:31; cp. Gal 3:21.—1 Cor 6:15. τί οὖν; why then? (Menand., Her. 40, Epitr. 313 S. [137 Kö.]; Dio Chrys. 2, 9; Just., D. 3, 2) Mt 17:10; cp. 19:7; J 1:25; what then? (Menand., Epitr. 226 S. [50 Kö], Peric. 744 [321 Kö.]; TestJob 38:7; Just., D. 3, 6; 67, 10) Mt 27:22; Mk 15:12; Lk 3:10; 20:15, 17; J 6:30b. τίς οὖν; (Menand., Epitr. 221 S. [45 Kö.]; TestJob 38:3; Just., D. 7, 1; Ath. 35, 1) Lk 7:42. διὰ τί οὖν οὐκ ἐπιστεύσατε; Mt 21:25; Mk 11:31 (TestJob 38:1; Just., D. 47, 2). πῶς οὖν; (Menand., Epitr. 441 S. [265 Kö.]; TestJob 19:2; Ar. 9, 9; 10, 7 al.) Mt 22:43; J 9:19; Ro 4:10; Ox 1081, 25=Otero p. 83 (SJCh 90, 2); AcPl Ha 10, 9. πότε οὖν; Lk 21:7. πόθεν οὖν; Mt 13:27, 56; J 4:11. ποῦ οὖν; (TestJob 32:2ff) Ro 3:27; Gal 4:15.

β. Certain formulas are favorite expressions, esp. in Paul: τί οὖν; what, then, are we to conclude? (Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 55; 60; 17 [34], 28; Jos., Bell. 2, 364) J 1:21; Ro 3:9; 6:15; 11:7. τί οὖν ἐστιν; what, then, is to be done? Ac 21:22; 1 Cor 14:15, 26. τί οὖν ἐστιν Ἀπολλῶς; what is Apollos, really? 3:5 (s. 3 below). τί οὖν φημι; 1 Cor 10:19. τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; what, then, are we to say? Ro 6:1; 7:7; 9:14, 30. τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν πρὸς ταῦτα; 8:31. τί οὖν ὁ νόμος; Gal 3:19.

γ. in rhetorical questions πόσῳ οὖν διαφέρει ἄνθρωπος προβάτου how much more, then, is a human being worth than a sheep? Mt 12:12. πῶς οὖν σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ; how then will (Beelzebul’s) kingdom endure? vs. 26.—26:54; Lk 7:31; Ro 10:14 (s. also 4 below).

② marker of continuation of a narrative, so, now, then (s. Rob. 1191: ‘a transitional particle relating clauses or sentences loosely together by way of confirmation’)

ⓐ οὖν serves to resume a subject once more after an interruption: so, as has been said ἔλεγεν οὖν τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις Lk 3:7 (connecting w. vs. 3). Cp. 19:12; J 4:6, 9, 28; Ac 8:25; 12:5; cp. 25:4 (s. 4 below).—Cp. 1 Cor 8:4 (reaching back to vs. 1); 11:20.

ⓑ οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new. So esp. in the Gospel of John (Rob. 1191: ‘John boldly uses οὖν alone and needs no apology for doing so. It just carries along the narrative with no necessary thought of cause or result’.) now, then, well J 1:22; 2:18, 20; 3:25; 4:33, 46, 48; 5:10, 19; 6:60, 67; 7:25, 28, 33, 35, 40; 8:13, 21, 22, 25 (καὶ ἔλεγον P⁶⁶), 31, 57; 9:7f, 10, 16; 20:30 (s. also 3 below); and oft.; Ac 25:1; 26:9 (also s. 3 below) al. Prob. also J 9:18 οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαίοι Well, the Judeans refused to believe (s. 4 below). Cp. 1 Cor 3:5 (s. also 3 below).

ⓒ οὖν serves to indicate a response (HDana and JMantey, Manual Grammar of the Gk. NT 1927, p. 254) where the transl. in reply, in turn (Ex 8:6) is prob. J 4:9, 48; 6:53 al. In Ac 28:5 (s. also 4 below) Paul’s action is a response in narrative terms to the perception of the islanders: ὁ μὲν οὖν ἀποτινάξας τὸ θήριον he, in turn, shook off the creature.

ⓓ Frequently used w. other particles in continuation of discourse or narrative: ἄρα οὖν s. ἄρα 2b. ἐὰν οὖν Mt 5:19, 23; 24:26; J 6:62; 2 Ti 2:21; Js 4:4; Rv 3:3b; 2 Cl 3:3. ἐάν τε οὖν Ro 14:8. εἰ οὖν s. εἰ 6k. εἰ μὲν οὖν s. εἰ 6g. εἴτε οὖν … εἴτε 1 Cor 10:31; 15:11. ἐπεὶ οὖν s. ἐπεί 2. μὲν οὖν … δέ (Jos., Ant. 13, 76f; Just., D. 43, 7) Mk 16:19f; Lk 3:18f; J 19:24f; Ac 8:4f; 11:19f; 1 Cor 9:25.—Also without δέ denoting contrast (TestJob 40:14; Jos., Ant. 19, 337; Just., A I, 8, 3; Tat. 15, 1) Ac 1:6, 18; 2:41; 5:41; 8:25 al. νῦν οὖν (TestJob 23:7; ApcMos 11:30) Ac 10:33b; 23:15; also 15:10 (s. νῦν 2a).—ὅταν οὖν (Just., D. 138, 2; Ath. 7, 1; 13, 1; 32, 1 al.) Mt 6:2; 21:40; 24:15. ὅτε οὖν J 2:22; 4:45; 6:24; 13:12, 31; 19:6, 8, 30; 21:15. τότε οὖν (ApcEsdr 3:14; Just., D. 56, 19) 11:14; 19:1, 16; 20:8. ὡς οὖν (Jos., Ant. 6, 145, Vi. 292; Just., D. 43, 1; 49, 7) 4:1, 40; 11:6; 18:6; 20:11; 21:9; AcPlCor 1:6. ὥσπερ οὖν Mt 13:40.—οὐκ οὖν s. οὐκοῦν.

③ It has been proposed that some traces of older Gk. usage in which οὖν is emphatic, = certainly, really, to be sure etc. (s. L-S-J-M s.v. 1) remain in the pap (e.g. PLond I, 28, 4, p. 43 [c. 162 B.C.]; PTebt 33, 2 [on this s. 1b above]) and in the NT (so M-M., s.v. 3 and Dana and Mantey, op. cit. p. 255f) Mt 3:8 (s. also 1b above), 10; J 20:30 (s. also 2b above); indeed, of course Ac 26:9 (s. also 2b above); 1 Cor 3:5 (s. also 1cβ above) al. On the other hand, as indicated by the cross references, there is little semantic justification for making a separate classification. (On this s. esp. Rob. 1191–92.)

④ It has also been proposed that οὖν may be used adversatively (M-M., s.v. 4: ‘slightly adversative sense’, and w. ref. to PTebt 37, 15 [73 B.C.]; cp. 1b above; so also Dana and Mantey, op. cit. p. 256f) in some NT pass., e.g. J 9:18 (s. 2b above); Ac 23:21; 25:4; 28:5; Ro 10:14 (s. 1cγ above) in the sense but, however—JMantey, Newly Discovered Mngs. for οὖν: Exp., 8th ser., 22, 1921, 205–14. But s. Rob. 1191–92; B-D-F §451, 1.—Denniston 415–30.—DELG. M-M.

πῦρ, ός, τό (Hom.+) fire

ⓐ of earthly fire, as an important element in creation Dg 7:2.—Mt 17:15; Mk 9:22; Ac 28:5; Js 5:3 (cp. 4 Macc 15:15); ITr 2:3. Melting lead 2 Cl 16:3. Necessary for forging metals Dg 2:3. Testing precious metals for purity 1 Pt 1:7; Hv 4, 3, 4; in metaphor Rv 3:18. For ἄνθρακες πυρός Ro 12:20 s. ἄνθραξ. For κάμινος (τοῦ) πυρός (Iren. 5, 5, 2 [Harv. II 332, 2) 1 Cl 45:7; 2 Cl 8:2 s. κάμινος. For βάλλειν εἰς (τὸ) π. s. βάλλω 1b.—περιάπτειν πῦρ kindle a fire Lk 22:55. κατακαίειν τι πυρί burn someth. (up) with fire, in a pass. construction Mt 13:40; τινὰ ἐν πυρὶ Rv 17:16 (v.l. without ἐν). Pass. construction 18:8. ὑπὸ πυρὸς κατακαίεσθαι MPol 5:2 (κατακαίω, end). πῦρ καιόμενον 11:2b (καίω 1a). πυρὶ καίεσθαι Hb 12:18; Rv 8:8 (καίω 1a). Fire is used in comparisons γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός Ac 2:3 (Ezek. Trag. 234 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14] ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ φέγγος ὡς πυρὸς ὤφθη ἡμῖν). φλὸξ πυρός a flame of fire (Ex 3:2; Is 29:6; PsSol 15:4; JosAs 14:9): ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός Rv 1:14; cp. 2:18; 19:12.—Of a Christian worker who has built poorly in the congregation it is said σωθήσεται ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved as if through (the) fire, i.e. like a person who must pass through a wall of fire to escape fr. a burning house (Ps.-Crates, Ep. 6 [=Malherbe p. 56] κἂν διὰ πυρός; Jos., Ant. 17, 264 διὰ τοῦ πυρός; Diod S 1, 57, 7; 8 διὰ τοῦ φλογὸς … σωθείς from a burning tent) 1 Cor 3:15 (HHollander, NTS 40, ’94, 89–104; s. σῴζω 3). Cp. Jd 23 (ἁρπάζω 2a).—Of the torture of a loyal confessor by fire IRo 5:3; ISm 4:2; MPol 2:3; 11:2a; 13:3; 15:1f; 16:1; 17:2; cp. Hb 11:34; in imagery of Rome ἀπέρχομαι εἰς κάμινον πυρός AcPl Ha 6, 20 (cp. b below).

ⓑ of fire that is heavenly in origin and nature (cp. Diod S 4, 2, 3 of the ‘fire’ of lightning, accompanying the appearance of Zeus; 16, 63, 3 τὸ θεῖον πῦρ; Just., D. 88, 3 πῦρ ἀνήφθη ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῳ [at Jesus’ baptism]. In gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 14]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 9, 5.—Orig., C. Cels. 4, 13, 19): an angel appears to Moses ἐν φλογὶ πυρὸς βάτου in the flame of a burning thorn-bush Ac 7:30 (s. Ex 3:2; cp. Just., A I, 62, 3 ἐν ἰδέᾳ πυρός.—PKatz, ZNW 46, ’55, 133–38). God makes τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πυρὸς φλόγα (cp. Ps 103:4, esp. in the v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]) Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3. Corresp., there burn before the heavenly throne seven λαμπάδες πυρός Rv 4:5 and the ‘strong angel’ 10:1 has πόδες ὡς στῦλοι πυρός, but both of these pass. fit equally well in a. Fire appears mostly as a means used by God to execute punishment: in the past, in the case of Sodom ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ Lk 17:29 (Gen 19:24; cp. 1QH 3:31). Cp. Lk 9:54 (4 Km 1:10, 12; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24, 13] ἐξ οὐρανοῦ; Jos., Ant. 9, 23 πῦρ ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ πεσόν). Quite predom. in connection w. the Last Judgment: the end of the world διʼ αἵματος καὶ πυρός Hv 4, 3, 3; cp. Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3. Also Sib-Or 4, 173; 5, 376f); Rv 8:7. κόσμος αἴρεται ἐν πυρί AcPl Ha 2, 26; 9, 11. The Judgment Day ἐν πυρὶ ἀποκαλύπτεται makes its appearance with fire 1 Cor 3:13a; cp. 13b (JGnilka, Ist 1 Cor 3:10–15 … Fegfeuer? ’55); 2 Pt 3:7 (on first-century cosmological views s. FDowning, L’AntCl 64, ’95, 99–109, esp. 107f). When Jesus comes again he will reveal himself w. his angels ἐν πυρὶ φλογός (cp. Sir 45:19) 2 Th 1:8. Oft. in Rv: fire is cast fr. heaven upon the earth 8:5; 13:13; 20:9 (καταβαίνω 1b). It proceeds fr. the mouths of God’s two witnesses 11:5 and fr. the mouths of plague-bringing horses 9:17f. See 16:8. For πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 s. ζῆλος 1, end. ἡ χείρ μου πυρὶ ἀποπίπτει ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ my hand falls off me from (burning in) the fire GJs 20:1 (codd.).—The fire w. which God punishes sinners (cp. ApcSed 4:1 κόλασις καὶ πῦρ ἐστιν ἡ παίδευσίς σου) οὐ σβέννυται (cp. Is 66:24) Mk 9:48; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5. Hence it is called (s. PGM 5, 147 τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἀθάνατον): (τὸ) πῦρ (τὸ) αἰώνιον (4 Macc 12:12; TestZeb 10:3; GrBar 4:16; Just., A I, 21, 6 al.; Tat. 17, 1; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 9]) Mt 18:8; 25:41; Jd 7; Dg 10:7 (opp. τὸ πῦρ τὸ πρόσκαιρον 10:8). πῦρ ἄσβεστον (ἄσβεστος 1) Mt 3:12; Mk 9:43, 45 v.l.; Lk 3:17; 2 Cl 17:7; IEph 16:2; AcPl Ha 1, 22. It burns in the γέεννα (τοῦ) πυρός (ApcEsdr 1:9 p. 25, 1 Tdf.; s. γέεννα and cp. En 10:13 τὸ χάος τοῦ πυρός) Mt 5:22; 18:9 (cp. 1QS 2:7f); Mk 9:47 v.l.; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus not recorded elsewhere). ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς (καὶ θείου) Rv 19:20; 20:10, 14ab, 15 (cp. Jos As 12, 10 ἄβυσσον τοῦ πυρός); cp. Rv 21:8; 14:10, 18; 15:2. The fiery place of punishment as ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός Mt 13:42, 50 (difft. AcPl Ha 6, 20 see at the end of a, above). τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ fire awaits that person AcPlCor 2:37. The fire of hell is also meant in certain parables and allegories, in which trees and vines represent persons worthy of punishment Mt 3:10; 7:19; Lk 3:9; J 15:6. The one whose coming was proclaimed by John the Baptist βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; whether πῦρ in Mt 3:11; Lk 3:16 refers to reception of the Holy Spirit (esp. in Lk 3:16) or to the fire of divine judgment is debatable; for association of πῦρ with πνεῦμα s. Ac 2:3f; AcPlCor 2:13 (βαπτίζω 3b). As Lord of Judgment God is called πῦρ καταναλίσκον Hb 12:29 (Dt 4:24; 9:3.—Mesomedes calls Isis πῦρ τέλεον ἄρρητον [IAndrosIsis p. 145, 14]).—Of a different kind is the idea that fire is to be worshiped as a god (Maximus Tyr. 2, 4b of the Persians: πῦρ δέσποτα; Theosophien 14 p. 170, 11 τὸ πῦρ ἀληθῶς θεός) Dg 8:2.

ⓒ fig. (Just., D. 8, 1 πῦρ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἀνήφθη; Chariton 2, 4, 7 πῦρ εἰς τ. ψυχήν; Ael. Aristid. 28, 110 K.=49 p. 527 D.: τὸ ἱερὸν κ. θεῖον πῦρ τὸ ἐκ Διός; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 5; PGrenf I=Coll. Alex. p. 177 ln. 15 [II B.C.] of the fire of love; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21] of God’s wrath) ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ Js 3:6 (s. γλῶσσα 1a). The saying of Jesus πῦρ ἦλθον βαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Lk 12:49 seems, in the context where it is now found, to refer to the fire of discord (s. vss. 51–53). πῦρ is also taken as fig. in Agr 3, the sense of which, however, cannot be determined w. certainty (s. Unknown Sayings, 54–56) ὁ ἐγγύς μου ἐγγὺς τοῦ πυρός. ὁ δὲ μακρὰν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας (cp. ἐγγύς 3; ἐγγὺς εἶναι τοῦ πυρός as someth. dangerous also Chariton 6, 3, 9). On the difficult pass. πᾶς πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται Mk 9:49 and its variants s. ἁλίζω and cp. ἅλας b (s. also NColeman, JTS 24, 1923, 381–96, ET 48, ’37, 360–62; PHaupt, Salted with Fire: AJP 45, 1924, 242–45; AFridrichsen, Würzung durch Feuer: SymbOsl 4, 1926, 36–38; JdeZwaan, Met vuur gezouten worden, Mc 9:49: NThSt 11, 1928, 179–82; RHarris, ET 48, ’37, 185f; SEitrem, Opferritus u. Voropfer der Griechen u. Römer 1915, 309–44. JBauer, TZ 15, ’59, 446–50; HZimmermann [Mk 9:49], TQ 139, ’59, 28–39; TBaarda [Mk 9:49], NTS 5, ’59, 318–21).—B. 71; RAC VII 786–90; BHHW I 479f. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ὅταν temporal particle (since Hom. who, however, always separates it [ὅτʼ ἄν]; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.)

① pert. to an action that is conditional, possible, and, in many instances, repeated, at the time that, whenever, when

ⓐ w. the subj., in which case ὅτ. oft. approaches the mng. of ἐάν, since the time-reference also indicates the conditions under which the action of the main clause takes place (Kühner-G. II 447f). 1J 2:28 the mss. vary betw. ὅτ. and ἐάν (as e.g. also Judg 6:3)

α. w. the pres. subj., when the action of the subordinate clause is contemporaneous w. that of the main clause. Usually of (regularly) repeated action whenever, as often as, every time that (PFay 109, 1 ὅταν θέλῃς=‘every time that you want’; likew. POxy 1676, 26; Just., D. 128, 3 ὅταν βούληται. Cp. ἄν I, cα) ὅταν ποιῇς ἐλεημοσύνην Mt 6:2; cp. 5f, 16; 10:23; Mk 13:11. ὅταν θέλητε 14:7.—Lk 12:11; 14:12f al. W. τότε foll. whenever …, then (Hero Alex. III p. 214, 5) ὅταν ἀσθενῶ, τότε δυνατός εἰμι 2 Cor 12:10. Also without the idea of repetition when 1 Th 5:3.—Looking back upon a preceding time-reference ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης ὅταν πίνω Mt 26:29; Mk 14:25. Introducing an epexegetical statement 1J 5:2 (B-D-F §394).

β. w. the aor. subj., when the action of the subordinate clause precedes that of the main clause (IMaronIsis 9 [ὅτ]αν οἷς ἔβλεψα τὸν ἥλιον=‘whenever with what [eyes] I have seen the sun’ [corrected restoration of editio princeps]; PLips 104, 16 [96/95 B.C.]; PRyl 233, 2; Is 28:19; 57:13; Ath. 1, 4): ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν when they (have) revile(d) Mt 5:11. Cp. 12:43 (s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 285f); 13:32; 23:15; 24:32f; Mk 4:15f, 31f; 13:28; Lk 6:22, 26 and oft. W. τότε foll. when (someth. has happened), then (Sir 18:7; Jos., Bell. 6, 287, Ant. 10, 213; TestJob 38:3; ApcEsdr 3:13 p. 27, 24) Mt 24:15f; 25:31; Mk 13:14; Lk 5:35 (different in the parallels Mt 9:15; Mk 2:20, where ἡμέραι ὅταν days when belong together and τότε is connected w. καί); Lk 21:20; J 8:28; 1 Cor 15:28, 54; Col 3:4.

ⓑ w. the ind. (on this late development s. B-D-F §382, 4; Rob. 972f; also Schwyzer II 304).

α. w. fut. ind. (1 Km 10:7; SibOr 4, 70; 11, 219) when 2 Cl 12:2 (GEg 252, 57 has the aor. subj. in the corresponding pass.); 17:6; 15:5 (s. Reinhold 108 and 2 below); Lk 13:28 v.l. (for ὄψησθε). Whenever Rv 4:9 (Mussies 343–47).

β. w. pres. ind. (Strabo 12, 27 p. 555 ὅταν δείκνυται; Ps.-Lucian, Philop. 26; PHamb 70, 19 ὅταν τὸν λόγον δίδομεν; Ps 47:4 v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]; Philo, Poster. Cai. 15 v.l.—ADebrunner, Glotta 11, 1920, 26f) Mk 11:25 (in addition to στήκετε, στήκητε and στῆτε are also found in the mss.). As a v.l. in Lk 11:2 and J 7:27.

γ. w. impf. ind. (Polyb. 4, 32, 5f ὅταν … ἦσαν; ins in CB I/2, 477 no. 343, 8; Gen 38:9; 1 Km 17:34; Ps 119:7; Da 3:7 Theod. v.l.; ParJer 2:3) ὅταν αὐτὸν ἐθεώρουν Mk 3:11.

δ. w. aor. ind., in place of ὅτε when (Ex 16:3; Ps 118:32; GrBar 4:11; 8:1; ApcMos 17:37) Rv 8:1 (v.l. ὅτε); whenever (Ex 17:11; Num 11:9) ὅταν ὀψὲ ἐγένετο, ἐξεπορεύοντο ἔξω τῆς πόλεως Mk 11:19 (s. B-D-F §367; difft. Mlt. 248); Hs 9, 4, 5; 9, 17, 3.

ε. w. the plpf. ind. as soon as Hs 9, 1, 6.

② marker of a point of time simultaneous with an action and functioning with causal force, inasmuch as ὅταν βλέπετε since you see 4:14 (s. Reinhold 108f).—M-M.