-
81 day
deɪ сущ.
1) о явлениях природы а) день;
сутки Hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. ≈ Часы, дни, месяцы - вот во что рядится время. on that day ≈ в тот день all (the) day ≈ весь день chilly day, cool day ≈ прохладный день clear day, nice day ≈ ясный, хороший денек cloudy day ≈ пасмурный день cold day ≈ холодный день foggy day ≈ туманный день gloomy day ≈ хмурый день hot day, stifling day ≈ жаркий, душный день rainy day ≈ дождливый день sunny day ≈ солнечный день warm day ≈ теплый день day in, day out ≈ изо дня в день first day( of the week) ≈ воскресенье far in the day ≈ к концу дня three times a day ≈ три раза в день within several days ≈ через несколько дней, в течение нескольких дней back in the old days ≈ назад к старине eventful day memorable day red-letter day astronomical day civil day holy day nautical day opening day solar day visiting day wedding day day breaks day dawns all day long by the day for a day in a day the day every other day day about other day present day day after tomorrow day before day before yesterday one of those days day out б) дневное время, световой день London by day ≈ Лондон днем The longest day is equal to the longest night. ≈ Самый длинный день равен самой длинной ночи. at day before day between two days by day в) геол. дневная поверхность;
геол. горн. пласт, ближайший к земной поверхности;
земля вокруг отверстия шахты
2) а) часто мн. период, отрезок времени;
эпоха in the days of yore/old ≈ в старину, в былые времена in these latter days ≈ в последнее время in days to come ≈ в будущем, в грядущие времена men of the day ≈ видные люди( эпохи) б) пора, время ( расцвета, упадка и т. п.) ;
человеческая жизнь I have had vanities enough in my day. ≈ В свое время я был куда как тщеславен. close one's days end one's days have had one's day have seen one's day one's early days His day is gone. ≈ Его время прошло. His days are numbered. ≈ Дни его сочтены. Every dog has had his day. ≈ посл. У каждого были светлые минуты. в) день, дата The day of payment should be 13th August. ≈ Дата выплаты назначается на 13 августа.
3) знаменательный день banner day high day Inauguration Day May Day Victory Day
4) великий день (особенно боевая победа), день, полный дел;
юр. рабочий день I say, we've had quite a day. ≈ Скажу так - поработали на славу. The day is ours. ≈ Мы одержали победу, мы выиграли сражение. The day must be eight ours. ≈ Рабочий день должен длиться восемь часов. carry the day lose the day win the day ∙ the dog days rather late in the day ≈ поздновато;
увы, слишком поздно she is fifty if she is a day ≈ ей все пятьдесят (лет), никак не меньше to be on one's day ≈ быть в ударе to make a day of it ≈ весело провести день every day is not Sunday посл. ≈ не все коту масленица to name on/in the same day with ≈ поставить на одну доску с кем-л., чем-л. I rue the day ≈ проклинаю тот день it was a big day for our team ≈ нашей команде в тот день повезло the good old days ≈ старые добрые времена день - every * каждый день;
что ни день - any * в любoй день;
в любое время;
со дня на день - every other *, * about через день - twice а * два раза в день, дважды на дню - all * весь день - all * long день-деньской, с утра до вечера, весь день нaпролет - * and night, night and * день и ночь;
круглосуточно - between two *s (американизм) ночью - the * before накануне - the * before yesterday третьего дня, позавчера - the * after tomorrow послезавтра - in two *s через два дня - two *s after через два дня - а few *s ago несколько дней назад - * after *, * by *, * in and * out день за днем, изо дня в день - * out день, проведенный вне дома;
свободный день прислуги - * of rest, * off выходной день день, дневное время - parting * время перед заходом солнца;
день, склоняющийся к закату - broad * день, днем - at * на рассвете, на заре - before * затемно, до рассвета - by * днем - break of * рассвет;
восход солнца - the * breaks заря занимается рабочий день - seven-hour * семичасовой рабочий день - *'s takings ежедневная выручка - (to work) by the * (работать) поденно определенный день, определенное число;
(календарная) дата - Victory D. День Победы - May D. Первое мая - the * (диалектизм) сегодня;
- (оn) this * в этот день - оn the * of his arrival в день eго приезда - this * week (в тот же день) через неделю - the previous * накануне - till this * до этого дня - from this * оn с этого дня, начиная с этого дня - оn this very * в тот же самый день - to fix а * назначнтъ день - *s in court (юридическое) дни судебных заседаний - those аrе her *s по этим дням она принимает день, сутки, двадцать четыре часа - * clock часы с суточным заводом - * duty двадцатичетырехчасовая вахта - solar * солнечные сутки - mean solar * средние солнечные сутки - civil * гражданские сутки - lunar * лунный день;
лунные сутки - sidereal * звездные сутки - *'s length продолжительность в одни сутки - *'s allowance суточная дача - *'s provisions суточный запас продовольствия - two *'s journey двухдневное путешествие - five *s from Paris в пяти днях( езды) от Парижа - * of fire (военное) суточный расход боеприпасов, боекомплект решающий день;
битва, сражение - to carry /to win, to get/ the * одержать победу, выиграть битву;
взять верх - to lose the * проиграть сражение, потерпеть поражение - to save the * успешно закончить неудачно начатый бой;
спасти положение - thе * is ours победа за нами;
наша взяла - the * is against us мы проиграли битву;
все кончено, наше дело - табак - а fair * (устаревшее) победа в бою часто pl время, эра, эпоха - men and women of the * люди того или нашего времени - men of the * знаменитости эпохи - men of other *s мужчины другой эпохи - (in) these *s (в) эти дни - (in) these latter *s, (in) оur own * (в) наши дни, (в) наше время - (in) the *(s) of Shakespeare, (in) Shakespeare's *(s) (во) времена Шекспира - at the present * в наши дни, в настоящее время - in *s to come в будущем;
в грядущем - in the *s of old, in olden *s, in *s gone by в былые времена;
во время оно часто pl период, срок, пора - some * когда-нибудь;
в ближайшее время;
в недалеком будущем - (up) to the present * до настоящего времени, и по сию пору - at some future * в будущем;
как-нибудь на днях - *s of grace( коммерческое) льготный срок - lay *s (коммерческое) срок погрузки и разгрузки судов обыкн pl дни жизни, жизнь - better *s лучшие дни жизни, лучшая пора - he has seen his better *s он знавал лучшие времена - (one's) early *s юношеские годы - in one's boyhood *s в детстве - till one's dying * до конца дней своих - in one's last *s при последнем издыхании - to close one's *s окончить дни свои, умереть - in all one's born *s за всю свою жизнь - his *s are numbered его дни сочтены - the horse worked its *s out лошадь отжила свое определенный период жизни, пора - he was а great singer in his * когда-то он был великолепным певцом - I read much in my * было время, когда я много читал, в свое время к много читал пора расцвета, процветания - one's * is gone счастливая пора окончилась - he has had his * его время прошло (геология) дневной пласт, дневная поверхность (астрономия) период оборота небесного тела - the moon's * сидерический /звездный/ месяц > D. of Doom /Judgement, Wrath, Reckoning/ (религия) судный день, день страшного суда;
> Аll Fools' *, April Fool's * 1-е апреля;
> one * однажды, как-то раз;
в один прекрасный день;
в ближайшие дни;
> I'll see you one * я как-нибудь зайду к вам;
> оnе fine * в один прекрасный день;
> one of these *s в ближайшие дни;
> some * когда-нибудь;
> the оther * не так давно, на днях;
> early in the * вовремя;
> (rather) late in the * поздновато;
> good *! добрый день!;
до свидания;
> the * 's needs насущные потребности;
> сар and feather *s дни детства, детство;
> any * бесспорно, несомненно;
> black-letter * будний день;
> red-letter * праздник;
табельный день;
счастливый день;
> of а * мимолетный, недолговечный;
> to а * день в день;
> all * with smb. (американизм) гиблое дело, "крышка";
> а * after the fair слишком поздно: > а * before the fair слишком рано;
> (to be) оn the * (быть) в ударе;
> in this * and age в нaше с вами время;
> she is fifty if she is а * ей все пятьдесят;
> to name the * назначить день свадьбы;
> to keep one's * быть пунктуальным, являться вовремя;
> let's call it а * кончим на этом;
на сегодня довольно;
> to make а * of it прекрасно провести день;
> а fine * for the young ducks дождь идет - уткам раздолье;
дождливый день;
> to praise а fair * at night хвалйть что-л. с опозданием;
> to nаmе smb. in the same * ставить кого-л. на одну доску;
> clear as * ясно как день;
> as the * is long исключительно, на редкость;
> that will be the *! вряд ли на это можно рассчитывать;
это мало вероятно;
> every * is nоt Sunday (пословица) не все коту масленица;
не каждый день праздник бывает;
> drunken *s have all their tomorrow (пословица) пьяный скачет, а проспался - плачет;
> sufficient for the * is the evil thereof( библеизм) довлеет дневи злоба его;
> every dog has his * (пословица) у всякого бывает полоса удачи account ~ расчетный день на Лондонской фондовой бирже accounting ~ день урегулирования платежей accounting ~ последний день расчетного периода accounting ~ расчетный день на Лондонской фондовой бирже accounting ~ учетный день all ~ long день-деньской;
by the day поденно appointed ~ назначеннный день appointed ~ назначенный день as from that ~ с этого числа ~ дневное время;
by day днем;
at day на заре, на рассвете;
before day до рассвета;
between two days амер. ночью to be on one's ~ быть в ударе ~ дневное время;
by day днем;
at day на заре, на рассвете;
before day до рассвета;
between two days амер. ночью ~ дневное время;
by day днем;
at day на заре, на рассвете;
before day до рассвета;
between two days амер. ночью business ~ время работы банка business ~ время работы биржи business ~ рабочий день ~ дневное время;
by day днем;
at day на заре, на рассвете;
before day до рассвета;
between two days амер. ночью all ~ long день-деньской;
by the day поденно carrying-over ~ бирж. день отсрочки сделки carrying-over ~ бирж. день репорта civil ~ гражданские сутки (исчисляются от 12 ч. ночи) clearing ~ день взаимных расчетов contango ~ день контанго contango ~ первый день расчета на Лондонской фондовой бирже continuation ~ бирж. день контанго continuation ~ бирж. первый день расчетного периода на Лондонской фондовой бирже court ~ день суда court ~ день судебного присутствия a creature of a ~ недолговечное существо или явление a creature of a ~ зоол. эфемерида day день;
сутки;
on that day в тот день;
all (the) day весь день ~ день ~ геол. дневная поверхность;
пласт, ближайший к земной поверхности ~ дневное время;
by day днем;
at day на заре, на рассвете;
before day до рассвета;
between two days амер. ночью ~ знаменательный день;
May Day Первое мая;
Victory Day День Победы;
Inauguration Day день вступления в должность вновь избранного президента США;
high (или banner) day праздник ~ (часто pl) период, отрезок времени;
эпоха;
in the days of yore (или old) в старину, в былые времена;
in these latter days в последнее время ~ победа;
to carry (или to win) the day одержать победу;
the day is ours мы одержали победу, мы выиграли сражение;
to lose the day проиграть сражение ~ пора, время (расцвета, упадка и т. п.) ;
вся жизнь человека;
to have had (или to have seen) one's day устареть, отслужить свое, выйти из употребления ~ сутки the ~ текущий день;
every other day, day about через день the ~ текущий день;
every other day, day about через день to a ~ день в день;
early in the day вовремя;
rather late in the day поздновато;
увы, слишком поздно;
a day after the fair слишком поздно fair: ~ выставка;
world fair всемирная выставка;
the day after the fair слишком поздно the ~ after tomorrow послезавтра a ~ before the fair слишком рано, преждевременно ~ by (или after) ~, from ~ to ~ день за днем;
изо дня в день;
со дня на день one of these ~s в один из ближайших дней;
day in, day out изо дня в день ~ победа;
to carry (или to win) the day одержать победу;
the day is ours мы одержали победу, мы выиграли сражение;
to lose the day проиграть сражение ~ of absence день отсутствия ~ of absence неприсутственный день ~ of credit день кредитования the ~ of doom (или of judgement) библ. день страшного суда;
конец света, светопреставление ~ of grace день отсрочки ~ of grace льготный день (для уплаты по векселю) ~ of grace льготный срок ~ of illness день отсутствия на работе по болезни ~ of maturity день наступления срока платежа ~ of payment день платежа ~ of sale день продажи ~ of settlement день заключения сделки ~ of settlement день заключения соглашения ~ of the month день месяца ~ of transaction день заключения сделки ~ of validation день оценки ~ off выходной день ~ out день, проведенный вне дома ~ out свободный день для прислуги one of these ~s в один из ближайших дней;
day in, day out изо дня в день discharging ~ суд. день разгрузки due ~ день платежа to a ~ день в день;
early in the day вовремя;
rather late in the day поздновато;
увы, слишком поздно;
a day after the fair слишком поздно early: ~ рано;
early in the year в начале года;
early in life в молодости;
early in the day рано утром;
перен. заблаговременно election ~ день выборов to save the ~ спасти положение;
every day is not Sunday посл. = не все коту масленица;
to name on (или in) the same day with = поставить на одну доску с every other ~ (EOD) через день the ~ текущий день;
every other day, day about через день every second ~ каждый второй день far in the ~ к концу дня;
this day (week, month, etc.) ровно через неделю (месяц и т. п.) ;
спустя неделю;
three times a day три раза в день far: ~ and wide всесторонне;
he saw far and wide он обладал широким кругозором;
far in the day к концу дня;
far into the night допоздна first ~ (of the week) воскресенье first intermediate ~ бирж. первый день среднего срока (четвертый день) ~ by (или after) ~, from ~ to ~ день за днем;
изо дня в день;
со дня на день good ~ до свидания good ~ добрый день ~ пора, время (расцвета, упадка и т. п.) ;
вся жизнь человека;
to have had (или to have seen) one's day устареть, отслужить свое, выйти из употребления he will see his better days yet он еще оправится, наступят и для него лучшие времена;
one's early days юность ~ знаменательный день;
May Day Первое мая;
Victory Day День Победы;
Inauguration Day день вступления в должность вновь избранного президента США;
high (или banner) day праздник high ~ праздник, праздничный день his ~ is gone его время прошло, окончилась его счастливая пора;
his days are numbered дни его сочтены;
to close (или to end) one's days окончить дни свои;
скончаться;
покончить счеты с жизнью his ~ is gone его время прошло, окончилась его счастливая пора;
his days are numbered дни его сочтены;
to close (или to end) one's days окончить дни свои;
скончаться;
покончить счеты с жизнью number: ~ уст. считать, пересчитывать;
his days are numbered его дни сочтены if a ~ ни больше ни меньше;
как раз in days to come в будущем, в грядущие времена;
men of the day видные люди (эпохи) ~ (часто pl) период, отрезок времени;
эпоха;
in the days of yore (или old) в старину, в былые времена;
in these latter days в последнее время ~ (часто pl) период, отрезок времени;
эпоха;
in the days of yore (или old) в старину, в былые времена;
in these latter days в последнее время latter: latter (сравн. ст. от late) недавний;
in these latter days в наше время;
the latter half of the week вторая половина недели ~ знаменательный день;
May Day Первое мая;
Victory Day День Победы;
Inauguration Day день вступления в должность вновь избранного президента США;
high (или banner) day праздник inauguration ~ день вступления в должность independence ~ День независимости interest ~ день выплаты процентов juridical ~ присутственный день в суде to call it a ~ считать дело законченным;
let us call it a day на сегодня хватит ~ победа;
to carry (или to win) the day одержать победу;
the day is ours мы одержали победу, мы выиграли сражение;
to lose the day проиграть сражение to make a ~ of it весело провести день making-up ~ день подведения баланса making-up ~ день подведения итога making-up ~ первый день ликвидационного периода maturity ~ день наступления срока платежа ~ знаменательный день;
May Day Первое мая;
Victory Day День Победы;
Inauguration Day день вступления в должность вновь избранного президента США;
high (или banner) day праздник May: May Day праздник Первого мая in days to come в будущем, в грядущие времена;
men of the day видные люди (эпохи) name ~ второй день расчетного периода на Лондонской фондовой бирже to save the ~ спасти положение;
every day is not Sunday посл. = не все коту масленица;
to name on (или in) the same day with = поставить на одну доску с named ~ второй день расчетного периода на Лондонской фондовой бирже national ~ национальный праздник nonworking ~ нерабочий день day день;
сутки;
on that day в тот день;
all (the) day весь день one ~ однажды one of these ~s в один из ближайших дней;
day in, day out изо дня в день he will see his better days yet он еще оправится, наступят и для него лучшие времена;
one's early days юность early: ~ ранний;
the early bird шутл. ранняя пташка;
at an early date в ближайшем будущем;
it is early days yet еще слишком рано, время не настало;
one's early days юность open ~ день открытых дверей the other ~ на днях other: ~ (с сущ. во мн. ч.) остальные;
the other students остальные студенты;
the other day на днях, недавно pay ~ день выплаты зарплаты pay ~ день урегулирования платежей pay ~ последний день расчетного периода pay ~ расчетный день payout ~ день выплаты polling ~ день выборов polling ~ день голосования the present ~ сегодня;
текущий день to a ~ день в день;
early in the day вовремя;
rather late in the day поздновато;
увы, слишком поздно;
a day after the fair слишком поздно return ~ день возврата судебного приказа rollover ~ дата очередной фиксации плавающей ставки по кредиту to save the ~ спасти положение;
every day is not Sunday посл. = не все коту масленица;
to name on (или in) the same day with = поставить на одну доску с second intermediate ~ второй средний срок settlement ~ день расчета по сделке с ценными бумагами settlement ~ последний день ликвидационного периода settlement ~ расчетный день settling ~ расчетный день she is fifty if she is a ~ ей все пятьдесят (лет), никак не меньше solar (или astronomical, nautical) ~ астрономические сутки( исчисляются от 12 ч. дня) some ~ когда-нибудь;
как-нибудь на днях some: ~ day, ~ time (or other) когданибудь;
some one какой-нибудь( один) ;
some people некоторые люди summer's ~ длинный день summer's ~ летний день far in the ~ к концу дня;
this day (week, month, etc.) ровно через неделю (месяц и т. п.) ;
спустя неделю;
three times a day три раза в день this: ~ pron demonstr. (pl these) этот, эта, это this day сегодня far in the ~ к концу дня;
this day (week, month, etc.) ровно через неделю (месяц и т. п.) ;
спустя неделю;
three times a day три раза в день ticket ~ второй день ликвидационного периода на фондовой бирже to a ~ день в день;
early in the day вовремя;
rather late in the day поздновато;
увы, слишком поздно;
a day after the fair слишком поздно trading ~ операционный день( на бирже) transaction ~ день исполнения сделки transaction ~ операционный день value ~ дата, с которой депозит начинает приносить проценты value ~ дата зачисления денег на банковский счет value ~ дата поставки срочного депозита value ~ дата поставки ценной бумаги ~ знаменательный день;
May Day Первое мая;
Victory Day День Победы;
Inauguration Day день вступления в должность вновь избранного президента США;
high (или banner) day праздник waiting ~ день ожидания weekly ~ off еженедельный выходной день weekly ~ off еженедельный день отдыха working ~ = workday workday: workday будний день;
рабочий день ~ будний день ~ рабочий день working ~ = workday working ~ будний день working ~ рабочий день, будний день working ~ рабочий день -
82 since
1. conjunction1) ((often with ever) from a certain time onwards: I have been at home (ever) since I returned from Italy.) desde que2) (at a time after: Since he agreed to come, he has become ill.) después que3) (because: Since you are going, I will go too.) ya que, puesto que
2. adverb1) ((usually with ever) from that time onwards: We fought and I have avoided him ever since.) desde entonces2) (at a later time: We have since become friends.) desde entonces
3. preposition1) (from the time of (something in the past) until the present time: She has been very unhappy ever since her quarrel with her boyfriend.) desde2) (at a time between (something in the past) and the present time: I've changed my address since last year.) desde3) (from the time of (the invention, discovery etc of): the greatest invention since the wheel.) desdesince1 adv desde entonceshe went to live in Paris 15 years ago and I haven't seen him since se fue a vivir a París hace 15 años, y desde entonces no lo he vuelto a versince2 conj desde quesince3 prep desdetr[sɪns]1 desde entonces■ he left 10 years ago and I haven't seen him since se marchó hace 10 años y desde entonces no lo he visto1 desde■ how long is it since your party? ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace de tu fiesta?■ since when do you call the shots round here? ¿desde cuándo mandas tú por aquí?1 (time) desde que■ since moving here, she's taken up painting desde que se trasladó aquí, ha empezado a pintar■ how long is it since we had a holiday? ¿cuánto hace que no tenemos vacaciones?2 (because, seeing that) ya que, puesto que■ since you're going to the shop... ya que vas a la tienda...■ since you haven't got any money... ya que tú no tienes dinero...since ['sɪnts] adv1) : desde entoncesthey've been friends ever since: desde entonces han sido amigosshe's since become mayor: más tarde se hizo alcalde2) ago: hacehe's long since dead: murió hace muchosince conj1) : desde quesince he was born: desde que nació2) inasmuch as: ya que, puesto que, dado quesince prep: desdeadv.• desde adv.• desde entonces adv.• después adv.conj.• cuando conj.• desde que conj.• pues conj.• puesto que conj.• ya que conj.prep.• a partir de prep.• desde prep.
I sɪns1) ( in time) desde quesince coming to London — desde que vino (or vine etc) a Londres
2) ( introducing a reason)since you can't go, can I have your ticket? — ya que no puedes ir ¿me das tu entrada?
since that is not the case... — como no es así, puesto que no es ése el caso... (frml)
II
preposition desdehow long is it since your operation? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace de tu operación?
III
adverb ( from then till now) desde entonces... but she had since remarried —... pero (en el ínterin) ella se había vuelto a casar
[sɪns]long since — (colloq) hace mucho
1.ADV desde entoncesnot long since, a short time since — hace poco
her parents have long since died — sus padres hace tiempo que fallecieron, sus padres fallecieron tiempo ha frm
2.PREP desdeever since then... — desde entonces...
ever since that... — desde aquello...
since that day he has been a changed man — desde or a partir de ese día es un hombre nuevo
how long is it since the accident? — ¿cuánto tiempo ha pasado desde el accidente?
since arriving — desde que llegué, desde mi llegada
3. CONJ1) (=from the time that) desde queit's a week since he left — hace una semana que se fue, se fue hace una semana
2) (=as, because) ya que, puesto que, comosince you can't come — ya que no puedes venir, como no puedes venir, puesto que no puedes venir
since you're tired, let's stay at home — ya que or puesto que or como estás cansado vamos a quedarnos en casa
SINCEsince he is Spanish — ya que or como or puesto que es español, siendo él español frm
Time
► When since is followed by a noun or noun phrase, you can usually translate it as desde:
Spain has changed a lot since Franco's death España ha cambiado mucho desde la muerte de Franco ► When since is followed by a verb phrase, use desde que instead:
Since I saw you a fortnight ago a lot of things have happened Desde que te vi hace quince días han pasado muchas cosas NOTE: Use the {present tense} in Spanish to describe a situation that started in the past and has continued up to now (present perfect or present perfect continuous in English):
I have been here since this morning Estoy aquí or Llevo aquí desde esta mañana
They've been waiting since nine o'clock Están esperando or Llevan esperando desde las nueve
He has been taking more exercise since he talked to his doctor Hace más ejercicio desde que habló con el médico But the perfect tense is used in Spanish when the verb is in the negative:
I haven't seen her since she left No la he visto desde que se fue ► Translate sin ce then {or} ever since using desde entonces:
She came home at five and has been studying ever since Llegó a casa a las cinco y está estudiando desde entonces ► Translate lon g since using hace tiempo (+ que + ((past tense))) or hacía tiempo (+ que + ((past/past perfect))) as relevant:
His wife has long since died Hace tiempo que murió su mujer, Su mujer murió hace tiempo
Meaning "as", "because"
► In formal contexts you can usually translate since using ya que {or} puesto que. In more everyday Spanish, use como, which must go at the beginning of the sentence:
They could not afford the house since they were not earning enough No podían pagar la casa puesto que or ya que no ganaban bastante
Since I hadn't heard from you, I decided to give you a call Como no sabía nada de ti, decidí llamarte For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *
I [sɪns]1) ( in time) desde quesince coming to London — desde que vino (or vine etc) a Londres
2) ( introducing a reason)since you can't go, can I have your ticket? — ya que no puedes ir ¿me das tu entrada?
since that is not the case... — como no es así, puesto que no es ése el caso... (frml)
II
preposition desdehow long is it since your operation? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace de tu operación?
III
adverb ( from then till now) desde entonces... but she had since remarried —... pero (en el ínterin) ella se había vuelto a casar
long since — (colloq) hace mucho
-
83 live
Ⅰ.live1 [lɪv](a) (be or stay alive) vivre;∎ plants need oxygen to live les plantes ont besoin d'oxygène pour vivre;∎ as long as I live tant que je vivrai, de mon vivant;∎ was she still living when her grandson was born? est-ce qu'elle était encore en vie quand son petit-fils est né?;∎ he hasn't long to live il ne lui reste pas beaucoup de temps à vivre;∎ she didn't live long after her son died elle n'a pas survécu longtemps à son fils;∎ the doctors think she'll live les médecins pensent qu'elle vivra;∎ ironic you'll live! tu n'en mourras pas!;∎ I won't live to see them grow up je ne vivrai pas assez vieux pour les voir grandir;∎ she'll live to be 100 elle vivra jusqu'à 100 ans, elle sera centenaire;∎ we live in interesting times nous vivons une époque intéressante;∎ to live on borrowed time être en sursis;∎ to live to a ripe old age vivre vieux ou jusqu'à un âge avancé;∎ figurative the dialogue is what makes the characters live ce sont les dialogues qui donnent de la vie aux personnages;∎ your words will live in our hearts/memories vos paroles resteront à jamais dans nos cœurs/notre mémoire∎ to live dangerously vivre dangereusement;∎ familiar go on, live dangerously! allez, vas-y, on n'a qu'une vie!;∎ to live well vivre bien;∎ they lived happily ever after ils vécurent heureux jusqu'à la fin de leurs jours;∎ he lives by the rules il mène une vie bien rangée;∎ the rules we all live by les règles auxquelles nous nous plions tous;∎ she lives for her children/for skiing elle ne vit que pour ses enfants/que pour le ski;∎ he lived for music il ne vivait que pour la musique;∎ we're living for the day we emigrate nous vivons dans l'attente du jour où nous émigrerons;∎ she was living for the chance of revenge la perspective de vengeance était sa raison de vivre;∎ to live in poverty/luxury vivre dans la pauvreté/le luxe;∎ to live in fear vivre dans la peur;∎ he lives in the past il vit dans le passé;∎ we live in uncertain times nous vivons une époque incertaine;∎ humorous he lives in that shirt! il a cette chemise sur le dos en permanence!;∎ proverb live and let live! = il faut savoir faire preuve de tolérance!;∎ well, you live and learn! on en apprend tous les jours!∎ where does she live? où habite-t-elle?;∎ they have nowhere to live ils sont à la rue;∎ the giant tortoise lives mainly in the Galapagos la tortue géante vit surtout aux Galapagos;∎ they live in Rome ils habitent (à) Rome, ils vivent à Rome;∎ I lived in France for a year j'ai vécu en France pendant un an;∎ to live in a flat/a castle habiter (dans) un appartement/un château;∎ she lives in a fifth-floor flat elle vit dans un appartement au cinquième étage;∎ to live at Number 10 habiter au numéro 10;∎ to live in the town/country habiter ou vivre en ville/à la campagne;∎ I live in or on Bank Street j'habite Bank Street;∎ they live in or on my street ils habitent (dans) ma rue;∎ to live on the street être à la rue;∎ she lives on the ground floor elle habite au rez-de-chaussée;∎ he practically lives in or at the library il passe sa vie à la bibliothèque;∎ do you live with your parents? habitez-vous chez vos parents?;∎ old-fashioned or humorous to live in sin (with sb) vivre dans le péché (avec qn)(d) (support oneself) vivre;∎ they don't earn enough to live ils ne gagnent pas de quoi vivre;∎ he lives by teaching il gagne sa vie en enseignant;∎ the tribe lives by hunting la tribu vit de la chasse(e) (obtain food) se nourrir;∎ we've been living out of cans or tins lately on se nourrit de conserves depuis quelque temps;∎ he was reduced to living out of rubbish bins il en était réduit à fouiller les poubelles pour se nourrir(f) (exist fully, intensely) vivre;∎ she really knows how to live elle sait vraiment profiter de la vie;∎ let's live for the moment or for today! vivons l'instant présent!;∎ I want to live a little je veux profiter de la vie;∎ if you haven't been to New York, you haven't lived! si tu n'es jamais allé à New York, tu n'as rien vu!vivre;∎ to live a life of poverty vivre dans la pauvreté;∎ to live a life of luxury mener la grande vie;∎ to live a solitary life mener une vie solitaire;∎ to live a lie être dans une situation fausse;∎ she lived the life of a film star for six years elle a vécu comme une star de cinéma pendant six ans;∎ familiar to live it up faire la fête;∎ my father lives and breathes golf mon père ne vit que pour le golf(recover from → error, disgrace, ridicule)∎ they'll never let him live that down ils ne lui passeront ou pardonneront jamais cela;∎ if I forget her birthday, I'll never live it down! si j'oublie son anniversaire, elle ne me le pardonnera jamais!;∎ you'll never live this down! tu n'as pas fini d'en entendre parler!∎ all their farm hands live in tous leurs ouvriers agricoles sont logés sur place(a) (sponge off) vivre aux crochets de;∎ he lives off his parents il vit aux crochets de ses parents∎ they live off the fruit of other people's labours ils vivent du produit du travail d'autrui;∎ to live off the land vivre de la terre➲ live on(person) continuer à vivre; (custom, ideal) persister;∎ she lived on to the end in the same house elle a vécu dans la même maison jusqu'à sa mort;∎ his memory lives on son souvenir est encore vivant∎ to live on fruit and vegetables vivre de fruits et de légumes∎ it's not enough to live on ce n'est pas suffisant pour vivre;∎ to earn enough to live on gagner de quoi vivre;∎ how does she live on that salary? comment s'en sort-elle avec ce salaire?;∎ his pension is all they have to live on ils n'ont que sa retraite pour vivre;∎ to live on $800 a month vivre avec 800 dollars par mois∎ to live on one's wits vivre d'expédients;∎ to live on one's name vivre sur sa réputation➲ live out∎ she lived out the rest of her life in Spain elle a passé le reste de sa vie en Espagne∎ he lived out his destiny sa destinée s'est accomplie, il a suivi son destin;∎ to live out one's fantasies réaliser ses rêves∎ the maid lives out la bonne ne loge pas sur place;∎ he studies here but lives out il est étudiant ici mais il n'habite pas sur le campus∎ they live out of tins ils ne mangent que des conserves(experience → war, hard times etc) vivre, connaître; (survive → war, drought) survivre à;∎ they've lived through war and famine ils ont connu la guerre et la famine;∎ he's unlikely to live through the winter il est peu vraisemblable qu'il passe l'hiver(as a couple) vivre ensemble, cohabiter(name, reputation) se montrer à la hauteur de; (expectation) être ou se montrer à la hauteur de, répondre à;∎ we have a reputation to live up to! nous avons une réputation à défendre!;∎ it's too much for me to live up to on m'en demande trop;∎ the holiday didn't live up to our expectations les vacances n'étaient pas à la hauteur de nos espérances(a) (cohabit with) vivre avec;∎ she lived with him for a couple of years before they got married elle a vécu avec lui pendant quelques années avant qu'ils se marient∎ she's not easy to live with elle n'est pas facile à vivre;∎ I don't like the situation, but I have to live with it cette situation ne me plaît pas, mais je n'ai pas le choix;∎ I couldn't live with myself if I didn't tell him the truth je ne supporterais pas de ne pas lui dire la vérité;∎ you'll always live with the guilt la culpabilité vous poursuivra toute la vie;∎ it's not ideal but I can live with it ce n'est pas l'idéal mais je m'y feraiⓘ To live fast, die young and leave a beautiful corpse À l'origine, cette phrase provient du titre d'un film de 1949 mis en scène par Nicholas Ray intitulé Knock on Any Door ("Les Ruelles du malheur"), dont le personnage principal, un marginal joué par John Derek, voulait "vivre vite, mourir jeune et laisser un beau cadavre". Aujourd'hui cette formule est davantage associée aux personnages de rebelles qu'incarnaient James Dean et d'autres jeunes acteurs des années 50 et 60, et à la vie trépidante qu'ils menaient dans la réalité. Cette formule est généralement utilisée dans sa version tronquée ( live fast and die young) pour faire référence à un style de vie débridé. On dira par exemple I don't like these modern pop stars and their live fast, die young attitude ("je n'aime pas les vedettes de la musique pop d'aujourd'hui qui ne pensent qu'à s'amuser sans jamais penser aux conséquences").Ⅱ.live2 [laɪv](a) (alive → animal, person) vivant;∎ the live weight of the animal le poids de l'animal sur pied;∎ they feed the snakes on live mice ils nourrissent les serpents de souris vivantes;∎ familiar a real live cowboy un cow-boy, un vrai de vrai∎ live pictures from Mars des images en direct de Mars;∎ Sinatra live at the Palladium Sinatra en concert au Palladium;∎ recorded before a live audience enregistré en public(e) (unexploded) non explosé(f) (still burning → coals, embers) ardent(g) (not extinct → volcano) actif(h) (controversial) controversé;∎ a live issue un sujet controversé2 adverben direct;∎ to perform live (singer, group) chanter en direct;∎ they've never performed live ils n'ont jamais fait de scène;∎ the match can be seen/is going out live at 3.30 p.m. on peut suivre le match/le match est diffusé en direct à 15 heures 30;∎ the show comes live from New York City le spectacle nous arrive en direct de New York►► live ammunition balles fpl réelles;Technology live axle essieu m moteur, pont m;live births naissances fpl viables;Computing live cam caméra f Internet;Electricity live circuit circuit m alimenté ou sous tension;live entertainment spectacle m; (broadcast) spectacles mpl en direct;∎ nobody goes to see live entertainment any more plus personne ne va au spectacle de nos jours;∎ the theatre and other forms of live entertainment le théâtre et autres formes de divertissement;live music musique f live;live oak chêne m vert;live recording enregistrement m live ou public;Electricity live wire fil m sous tension;Cookery live yoghurt yaourt m actif -
84 Ford, Henry
(1863–1947) Gen MgtU.S. industrialist. Founder of the Ford Motor Company, who organized the assembly line along the scientific management principles of Frederick Winslow Taylor and recorded his philosophy in My Life and Work (1922)After spending time as a machinist’s apprentice, a watch repairer, and a mechanic, Ford built his first car in 1896. He quickly became convinced of the vehicle’s commercial potential and started his own company in 1903. His first car was the Model A. After a year in business he was selling 600 a month.In 1907 Ford professed that his aim was to build a motor car for the masses. In 1908 his Model T was born. Through innovative use of new mass-production techniques, 15 million Model Ts were produced between 1908 and 1927.At that time, Ford’s factory at Highland Park, Michigan, was the biggest in the world. Over 14,000 people worked on the 57-acre site. He was quick to establish international operations as well. Ford’s first overseas sales branch was opened in France in 1908 and, in 1911, Ford began making cars in the United Kingdom.In 1919 Henry Ford resigned as the company’s president, letting his son, Edsel, take over. By then the Ford company was making a car a minute and Ford’s market share was in excess of 57%. -
85 Aspdin, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 1778 Leeds, Englandd. 20 March 1855 Wakefield (?), England[br]English pioneer in the development of the cement industry.[br]Joseph Aspdin was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer. He became interested in making advanced cements for rendering brickwork and, on 21 October 1824, patented a calcined mixture of limestone, clay and water that he called Portland Cement because he thought it resembled Portland Stone in colour.Aspdin established his first cement works at Kirkgate in Wakefield in 1825: this was demolished in 1838 due to railway development, and a new works was established in the town in 1843. A year later Joseph Aspdin retired and handed the business over to his elder son James. Meanwhile, William, a younger son of Joseph, had also entered the business of manufacturing cement. Born in Leeds on 23 September 1815, he joined his father's firm at the age of 14, but left in 1841 to set up his own firm at Rotherhithe, London. There he manufactured an improved cement that was better and stronger than Parker's Roman Cement, probably because it contained a higher proportion of clinkered material. Further improvements were made during the following years and new factories were established, first at Northfleet in Kent and later at Gateshead on the south bank of the River Tyne (1853). It is interesting that Sir Marc Brunel later preferred to use William Aspdin's cement in the Thames railway tunnel construction because of its greater strength (see Frost). William Aspdin died at Itzehoe in Germany in 1864.[br]Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.DY -
86 Brearley, Harry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 February 1871 Sheffield, Englandd. 14 July 1948 Torquay, Devon, England[br]English inventor of stainless steel.[br]Brearley was born in poor circumstances. He received little formal education and was nurtured rather in and around the works of Thomas Firth \& Sons, where his father worked in the crucible steel-melting shop. One of his first jobs was to help in their chemical laboratory where the chief chemist, James Taylor, encouraged him and helped him fit himself for a career as a steelworks chemist.In 1901 Brearley left Firth's to set up a laboratory at Kayser Ellison \& Co., but he returned to Firth's in 1904, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at their Riga works, and Works Manager the following year. In 1907 he returned to Sheffield to design and equip a research laboratory to serve both Firth's and John Brown \& Co. It was during his time as head of this laboratory that he made his celebrated discovery. In 1913, while seeking improved steels for rifle barrels, he used one containing 12.68 per cent chromium and 0.24 per cent carbon, in the hope that it would resist fouling and erosion. He tried to etch a specimen for microscopic examination but failed, from which he concluded that it would resist corrosion by, for example, the acids encountered in foods and cooking. The first knives made of this new steel were unsatisfactory and the 1914–18 war interrupted further research. But eventually the problems were overcome and Brearley's discovery led to a range of stainless steels with various compositions for domestic, medical and industrial uses, including the well-known "18–8" steel, with 18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.In 1915 Brearley left the laboratory to become Works Manager, then Technical Director, at Brown Bayley's steelworks until his retirement in 1925.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1920.BibliographyBrearley wrote several books, including: 1915 (?), with F.Ibbotson, The Analysis of Steelworks Materials, London.The Heat Treatment of Tool Steels. Ingots and Ingot Moulds.Later books include autobiographical details: 1946, Talks on Steelmaking, American Society for Metals.1941, Knotted String: Autobiography of a Steelmaker, London: Longmans, Green.Further ReadingObituary, 1948, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 428–9.LRD -
87 Clymer, George E.
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1754 Bucks County, Pennsylvania, USAd. 27 August 1834 London, England[br]American inventor of the Columbian printing press.[br]Clymer was born on his father's farm, of a family that emigrated from Switzerland in the early eighteenth century. He attended local schools, helping out on the farm in his spare time, and he showed a particular talent for maintaining farm machinery. At the age of 16 he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, which he followed in the same district for over twenty-five years. During that time, he showed his talent for mechanical invention in many ways, including the invention of a plough specially adapted to the local soils. Around 1800, he moved to Philadelphia, where his interest was aroused by the erection of the first bridge over the Schuylkill River. He devised a pump to remove water from the cofferdams at a rate of 500 gallons per day, superior to any other pumps then in use. He obtained a US patent for this in 1801, and a British one soon after.Clymer then turned his attention to the improvement of the printing press. For three and a half centuries after its invention, the old wooden-framed press had remained virtually unchanged except in detail. The first real change came in 1800 with the introduction of the iron press by Earl Stanhope. Modified versions were developed by other inventors, notably George Clymer, who after more than ten years' effort achieved his Columbian press. With its new system of levers, it enabled perfect impressions to be obtained with far less effort by the pressman. The Columbian was also notable for its distinctive cast-iron ornamentation, including a Hermes on each pillar and alligators and other reptiles on the levers. Most spectacular, it was surmounted by an American spread eagle, usually covered in gilt, which also served as a counterweight to raise the platen. The earliest known Columbian, surviving only in an illustration, bears the inscription Columbian Press/No.25/invented by George Clymer/Anno Domini 1813/Made in Philadelphia 1816. Few American printers could afford the US$400 selling price, so in 1817 Clymer went to England, where it was taken up enthusiastically. He obtained a British patent for it the same year, and by the following March it was being manufactured by the engineering firm R.W.Cope, although Clymer was probably making it on his own account soon afterwards. The Columbian was widely used for many years and continued to be made even into the twentieth century. The King of the Netherlands awarded Clymer a gold medal for his invention and the Tsar of Russia gave him a present for installing the press in Russia. Doubtless for business reasons, Clymer spent most of his remaining years in England and Europe.[br]Further ReadingJ.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.—1969, contributed a thorough survey of the press in J. Printing Hist. Soc., no. 3.LRD -
88 may
mei(the fifth month of the year, the month following April.) mayo- May Day- maypole
May n mayotr[meɪ]1 mayo■ at the beginning/end of May a principios/finales de mayo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLMay Day el primero de mayo, el uno de mayo, el día nombre masculino de los trabajadoresMay ['meɪ] n: mayo mn.• mayo s.m.meɪ
I
[meɪ](pt, cond might) MODAL VBit may rain — puede or es posible que llueva
they may have gone out — puede que hayan salido, a lo mejor han salido
he may not have spoken to her yet — a lo mejor no ha hablado con ella todavía, puede que no haya hablado con ella todavía
I may have said so — es posible que lo haya dicho, puede que lo haya dicho
yes, I may — sí, es posible, sí, a lo mejor
as you might expect — como era de esperar, según cabía esperar
who might you be? — ¿quién es usted?
how old might you be? — ¿cuántos años tendrás?
2) (of permission) poderyes, you may — sí, puedes, ¡cómo no!
may I? — ¿me permite?, con permiso
may I go now? — ¿puedo irme ya?
may I see it? — ¿se puede ver?, ¿puedo verlo?
may I come in? — ¿se puede?, con permiso
might I suggest that...? — me permito sugerir que...
3) (in wishes)may you have a happy life together — ¡que seáis felices!
may God bless you — ¡Dios te bendiga!
may you be forgiven! — ¡que Dios te perdone!
long may he reign! — ¡que reine muchos años!
4) frm or liter5)might —
a) (suggesting)mightn't it be better to...? — + infin ¿no sería mejor...? + infin
you might shut the door! — ¡podrías or podías cerrar la puerta!
you might have told me! — ¡habérmelo dicho!
6) (in phrases)we may or might as well go — vámonos ya or de una vez
II
[meɪ]N (Bot) (=blossom) flor f del espino; (Brit) (=tree) espino m* * *[meɪ] -
89 Ferro, Antônio
(1895-1956)Writer, journalist, cultural leader, and diplomat in the early and middle phases of the Estado Novo. Born into a family with strong republican sympathies and enrolled as a student in Lisbon University's Law Faculty, Ferro soon abandoned his faith in the chaotic republic, quit studying law, and became a poet, writer, and journalist. His reputation as a modernist and nationalist who was also a cosmopolitan, celebrated, prolific, and well-traveled journalist was acquired during the years 1917-33, when his publications attracted much public attention. Ferro published best-selling accounts include exclusive personal interviews of right-wing dictators in Italy, Spain, and other countries; portraits of the United States, including Hollywood in the 1920s; and a depiction of the turbulent Spanish Republic prior to the Spanish Civil War.The best-selling book that brought Ferro a key government job with the Estado Novo was composed of a series of 1932 interviews with Portugal's dictator, Salazar-O Homem e a Sua Obra (1933). This sensational book advanced an appealing image of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, recently appointed premier by the military. The next year, Salazar invited Ferro to head the government's new information arm, Secretariado de Propaganda Nacional, which was renamed Secretariado Nacional da Informação (SNI) in 1944. From 1933 to 1949, Ferro directed this agency. Later alienated by the political situation, he was posted as a diplomat to Berne and Rome. Ferro married the Lisbon-based writer Maria Fernanda de Castro (1900-94). She collaborated with him on many writing and film projects. Ferro's so-called "policy of the Spirit" was a cultural policy that blended modernism, nationalism, and conservative values in the plastic and performing arts, film, and literature. After his diplomatic service abroad, he died in Lisbon. -
90 Winsor, Frederick Albert
SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities[br]b. 1763 Brunswick, Germanyd. 11 May 1830 Paris, France[br]German pioneer of gas lighting,[br]He was born Frederic Albrecht Winzer but anglicized his name after settling in England. His interest in gas lighting was aroused by the experiments of Philippe Lebon in Paris in 1802. Winsor had little scientific knowledge or engineering ability, but was well endowed with confidence and enterprise. He alone among the early practitioners of gas-making envisaged a central plant supplying a number of users through gas mains. He managed to discover the essentials of Lebon's process and tried without success to exploit it on the European continent. So he moved to England in 1803 and settled first in Grosvenor Square and then in Pall Mall. He gave public demonstrations of gas lighting at the Lyceum Theatre in London and in 1804 took out his first patent. In December he lit Pall Mall, the first street to be illuminated by gas. Winsor then began to promote a grandiose scheme for the formation of a National Light and Heat Company. He struggled against bitter opposition both in and out of Parliament to obtain sanction for his company, and it was only after the third attempt that the Gas Light \& Coke Company received its charter in 1812. However, Winsor lacked the knowledge to devise successful gas-producing plant, even with the help of the German immigrant chemist F.C.Accum. Winsor was dismissed in 1812 and returned to Paris the following year, while the company recovered with the appointment of an able engineer, Samuel Clegg. Winsor formed a company in Paris to install gas lighting, but that failed in 1819.[br]Further ReadingW.Matthew, 1827, An Historical Sketch of the Origin, Progress and Present State of Gaslighting, London.E.G.Stewart, 1958, Town Gas, Its Manufacture and Distribution, London: Science Museum.LRDBiographical history of technology > Winsor, Frederick Albert
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91 which
which [wɪtʃ]quel ⇒ 1 (a) lequel ⇒ 2 (a) celui qui ⇒ 2 (b) celui que ⇒ 2 (b) qui ⇒ 3 (a) que ⇒ 3 (a) ce qui ⇒ 3 (b) ce que ⇒ 3 (b)∎ which book did you buy? quel livre as-tu acheté?;∎ which candidate are you voting for? pour quel candidat allez-vous voter?;∎ which one? lequel?/laquelle?;∎ which ones? lesquels?/lesquelles?;∎ which one of you spoke? lequel de vous a parlé?;∎ which one of the twins got married? lequel des jumeaux s'est marié?;∎ I saw several films - which ones? j'ai vu plusieurs films - lesquels?;∎ I wonder which route would be best je me demande quel serait le meilleur chemin;∎ which way should we go? par où devrions-nous aller?;∎ keep track of which employees come in late notez le nom des employés qui arrivent en retard∎ he may miss his plane, in which case he'll have to wait il est possible qu'il rate son avion, auquel cas il devra attendre;∎ she arrives at 5 p.m. at which time I'll still be at the office elle arrive à 17 heures, heure à laquelle je serai encore au bureau;∎ they lived in Madrid for one year, during which time their daughter was born ils ont habité Madrid pendant un an, et c'est à cette époque que leur fille est née2 pronoun∎ which of the houses do you live in? dans quelle maison habitez-vous?;∎ which of these books is yours? lequel de ces livres est le tien?;∎ which is the freshest? quel est le plus frais?;∎ which is the more interesting of the two films? lequel de ces deux films est-il le plus intéressant?;∎ which of you saw the accident? qui de vous a vu l'accident?;∎ which of you three is the oldest? lequel de vous trois est le plus âgé?, qui est le plus âgé de vous trois?;∎ she's from Chicago or Boston, I don't remember which elle vient de Chicago ou de Boston, je ne sais plus laquelle des deux;∎ we can play bridge or poker, I don't care which on peut jouer au bridge ou au poker, peu m'importe;∎ I can't tell which is which je n'arrive pas à les distinguer (l'un de l'autre);∎ which is which? lequel est-ce?(b) (the one or ones that → as subject) (singular) celui qui (celle qui) m,f; (plural) ceux qui (celles qui) mpl, fpl; (→ as object) (singular) celui que (celle que) m,f; (plural) ceux que (celles que) mpl, fpl;∎ show me which you prefer montrez-moi celui que vous préférez;∎ tell her which is yours dites-lui lequel est le vôtre∎ the house, which is very old, needs urgent repairs la maison, qui est très vieille, a besoin d'être réparée sans plus attendre;∎ the vases, each of which held white roses, were made of crystal les vases, qui contenaient chacun des roses blanches, étaient en cristal;∎ the hand with which I write la main avec laquelle j'écris;∎ the office in which she works le bureau dans lequel ou où elle travaille;∎ the hotels at which they stayed les hôtels où ils sont allés ou descendus;∎ the house of which I am speaking la maison dont je parle;∎ the countries to which we are going or which we're going to les pays où nous allons∎ it took her an hour, which isn't bad really elle a mis une heure, ce qui n'est pas mal en fait;∎ he looked like a military man, which in fact he was il avait l'air d'un militaire, et en fait c'en était un;∎ he says it was an accident, which I don't believe for an instant il dit que c'était un accident, ce que je ne crois absolument pas ou mais je ne le crois pas un seul instant;∎ he's getting married, which surprises me il va se marier, ce qui m'étonne;∎ I don't like it when rents go up, which they often do je n'aime pas que les loyers augmentent, ce qui arrive souvent;∎ then they arrived, after which things got better puis ils sont arrivés, après quoi tout est allé mieux;∎ she lied about the letter, from which I guessed she was up to something elle a menti au sujet de la lettre, d'où j'ai deviné qu'elle combinait quelque chose;∎ he insists that actors should have talent, in which he is right il exige que les acteurs aient du talent, (ce) en quoi il a raison;∎ he started shouting, upon which I left the room il s'est mis à crier, sur quoi ou et sur ce j'ai quitté la piècePress = magazine de l'Union des consommateurs britanniques connu pour ses essais comparatifs -
92 Caxton, William
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c.1422 Kent, Englandd. 1491 Westminster, England[br]English printer who produced the first book to be printed in English.[br]According to his own account, Caxton was born in Kent and received a schooling before entering the Mercers' Company, one of the most influential of the London guilds and engaged in the wholesale export trade in woollen goods and other wares, principally with the Low Countries. Around 1445, Caxton moved to Bruges, where he engaged in trade with such success that in 1462 he was appointed Governor of the English Nation in Bruges. He was entrusted with diplomatic missions, and his dealings with the court of Burgundy brought him into contact with the Duchess, Margaret of York, sister of the English King Edward IV. Caxton embarked on the production of fine manuscripts, making his own translations from the French for the Duchess and other noble patrons with a taste for this kind of literature. This trend became more marked after 1470–1 when Caxton lost his post in Bruges, probably due to the temporary overthrow of King Edward. Perhaps to satisfy an increasing demand for his texts, Caxton travelled to Cologne in 1471 to learn the art of printing. He set up a printing business in Bruges, in partnership with the copyist and bookseller Colard Mansion. There, late in 1474 or early the following year, Caxton produced the first book to be printed in English, and the first by an English printer, The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, which he had translated from the French.In 1476 Caxton returned to England and set up his printing and publishing business "at the sign of the Red Pale" within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. This was more conveniently placed than the City of London for the likely customers among the court and Members of Parliament for the courtly romances and devotional works he aimed to produce. Other printers followed but survived only a few years, whereas Caxton remained successful for fifteen years and then bequeathed a flourishing concern to his assistant Wynkyn de Worde. During that time, 107 printed works, including seventy-four books, issued from Caxton's press. Of these, some twenty were his own translations. As printer and publisher, he did much to promote English literature, above all by producing the first editions of the literary masterpieces of the Middle Ages, such as the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate and Malory's Morte d'Arthur. Among the various dialects of spoken English in use at the time, Caxton adopted the language of London and the court and so did much to fix a permanent standard for written English.[br]Further ReadingW.Blades, 1877, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer, London; reprinted 1971 (the classic life of Caxton, superseded in detail by modern scholarship but still indispensable).G.D.Painter, 1976, William Caxton: A Quincentenary Biography of England's FirstPrinter, London: Chatto \& Windus (the most thorough recent biography, describing every known Caxton document and edition, with corrected and new interpretations based on the latest scholarship).N.F.Blake, 1969, Caxton and His World, London (a reliable account, set against the background of English late-medieval life).See also: Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zumLRD -
93 Lobnitz, Frederick
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 7 September 1863 Renfrew, Scotlandd. 7 December 1932 Crookston, Renfrewshire, Scotland[br]Scottish shipbuilder, expert in dredge technology.[br]Lobnitz was the son of Henry Christian Lobnitz. His father was born in Denmark in 1831, and had worked for some years in both England and Scotland before becoming a naturalized British subject. Ultimately Henry joined the Clyde shipyard of James Henderson \& Son and worked there until his death, by which time he was sole proprietor and the yard was called Lobnitz \& Co. By this time the shipyard was the acknowledged world leader in rock-cutting machinery.Frederick was given the opportunity to travel in Europe during the late 1870s and early 1880s. He studied at Bonn, Heidelberg and at the Zurich Polytechnic, and also served an apprenticeship at the Fairfield Shipyard of John Elder \& Co. of Glasgow. One of his first tasks was to supervise the construction and commissioning of a subaqueous rock excavator, and then he was asked to direct rock excavations at the Suez Canal.In 1888 Frederick Lobnitz was made a partner of the company by his father and was to remain with them until his death, at which time he was Chairman. By this time the shipyard was a private limited company and had continued to enhance its name in the specialized field of dredging. At that time the two greatest dredge builders in the world (and deadly rivals) were situated next to each other on the banks of the Clyde at Renfrew; in 1957 they merged as Simons-Lobnitz Ltd. In 1915 Lobnitz was appointed Deputy Director for Munitions in Scotland and one year later he became Director, a post he held until 1919. Having investigated the running of munitions factories in France, he released scarce labour for the war effort by staffing the plants under his control with female and unskilled labour.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1920. Officier de la Légion d'honneur.Further ReadingFred M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding Cambridge: PSL.Lobnitz \& Co., n.d., Romance of Dredging.FMW -
94 Fermi, Enrico
[br]b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italyd. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA[br]Italian nuclear physicist.[br]Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1938.Bibliography1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).Further ReadingL.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).LRD -
95 Petzval, Josef Max
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1807 Spisska-Beila, Hungaryd. 17 September 1891 Vienna, Austria[br]Hungarian mathematician and photographic-lens designer, inventor of the first "rapid" portrait lens.[br]Although born in Hungary, Petzval was the son of German schoolteacher. He studied engineering at the University of Budapest and after graduation was appointed to the staff as a lecturer. In 1835 he became the University's Professor of Higher Mathematics. Within a year he was offered a similar position at the more prestigious University of Vienna, a chair he was to occupy until 1884.The earliest photographic cameras were fitted with lenses originally designed for other optical instruments. All were characterized by small apertures, and the long exposures required by the early process were in part due to the "slow" lenses. As early as 1839, Petzval began calculations with the idea of producing a fast achromatic objective for photographic work. For technical advice he turned to the Viennese optician Peter Voigtländer, who went on to make the first Petzval portrait lens in 1840. It had a short focal length but an extremely large aperture for the day, enabling exposure times to be reduced to at least one tenth of that required with other contemporary lenses. The Petzval portrait lens was to become the basic design for years to come and was probably the single most important development in making portrait photography possible; by capturing public imagination, portrait photography was to drive photographic innovation during the early years.Petzval later fell out with Voigtländer and severed his connection with the company in 1845. When Petzval was encouraged to design a landscape lens in the 1850s, the work was entrusted to another Viennese optician, Dietzler. Using some early calculations by Petzval, Voigtländer was able to produce a similar lens, which he marketed in competition, and an acrimonious dispute ensued. Petzval, embittered by the quarrel and depressed by a burglary which destroyed years of records of his optical work, abandoned optics completely in 1862 and devoted himself to acoustics. He retired from his professorship on his seventieth birthday, respected by his colleagues but unloved, and lived the life of a recluse until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Hungarian Academy of Science 1873.Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (provides details of Petzval's life and work; Eder claims he was introduced to Petzval by mutual friends and succeeded in obtaining personal data).Rudolf Kingslake, 1989, A History of the Photographic Lens, Boston (brief biographical details).L.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (brief biographical details).JW -
96 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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97 Stevenson, Robert
[br]b. 8 June 1772 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 12 July 1850 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish lighthouse designer and builder.[br]After his father's death when he was only 2 years old, Robert Stevenson was educated at a school for children from families in reduced circumstances. However, c. 1788 his mother married again, to Thomas Smith, Engineer to the Northern Lighthouse Board. Stevenson then served an apprenticeship under his new stepfather. The Board, which is still an active force in the 1990s, was founded in 1786 to oversee the lights and buoyage in some of the wildest waters in Western Europe, the seas around the coasts of Scotland and the Isle of Man.After studies at Andersen's College (now the University of Strathclyde) and later at Edinburgh University, Stevenson assumed responsibility in the field for much of the construction work sanctioned by the Board. After some years he succeeded Smith as Engineer to the Board and thereby the long connection between the Northern Lights and the Stevenson family commenced.Stevenson became Engineer to the Board when he was about 30 years old, remaining in that office for the best part of half a century. During these years he improved catoptric lighting, adopted the central lamp refracting system and invented the intermittent flashing light. While these developments were sufficient to form a just memorial to the man, he was involved in greater endeavours in the construction of around twenty lighthouses, most of which had ingenious forms of construction. The finest piece was the Bell Rock Lighthouse, built on a reef off the Scottish East Coast. This enterprise took five years to complete and can be regarded as the most important construction of his life.His interests fitted in with those of the other great men living in and around Edinburgh at the time, and included oceanography, astronomy, architecture and antiquarian studies. He designed several notable bridges, proposed a design for the rails for railways and also made a notable study of marine timber borers. He contributed to Encyclopaedia Britannica and to many journals.His grandson, born in the year of his death, was the famous author Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS Edinburgh.Further ReadingSir Walter Scott, 1982, Northern Lights, Hawick.FMW -
98 Maria II, queen
(1811-1853)Born Maria da Glória, daughter of Pedro IV of Portugal (Pedro I of Brazil) and his first wife, Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria, in Rio de Janeiro, the future queen was named regent at age seven, on the death of King João VI (1826). By an agreement, her father Pedro abdicated the throne of Portugal on her behalf with the understanding that she would marry her uncle Dom Miguel, who in turn was pledged to accept a constitutional charter written by Pedro himself. Backed by the absolutist party, including his reactionary mother Queen Carlota Joaquina, Dom Miguel returned from his Austrian exile in 1828 and proceeded to scrap the 1826 charter of Pedro and rule as absolutist king of Portugal, placing the nine-year-old Maria da Glória in the political wilderness.Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (who had been Pedro IV of Portugal before he abdicated in Maria's favor) responded by deciding to fight for his daughter's cause and for the restoration of the 1826 charter. Maria's constitutional monarchy, throne, and cause were at the center of the War of the Brothers, a tragic civil war from 1831 to 1834. With foreign assistance from Great Britain, Pedro's army and fleet prevailed over the Miguelite forces by 1834. By the Convention of Évora-Monte, signed by generals of Miguel and Pedro, Miguel surrendered unconditionally, peace was assured, and Miguel went into exile.At age 15, Maria da Glória was proclaimed queen of Portugal, but her personal life was tragic and her reign a stormy one. Within months of the victory of her constitutionalist cause, her chief advocate and counselor, her father Pedro, died of tuberculosis. Her all too brief reign was consumed in childbirth (she died bearing her 11th child in 1853 at age 34) and in ruling Portugal during one of the modern era's most disturbed phases. During her time on the throne, there were frequent military insurrections and interventions in politics, various revolutions, the siege of Oporto, the Patuleia revolt and civil war, the Maria da Fonte uprising, rebellion of leading military commanders (marshals), and economic troubles. Maria was a talented monarch, and helped raise and educate her oldest son Pedro, who succeeded her as King Pedro V, one of Portugal's most remarkable rulers of recent centuries. Late in her reign, the constitutional monarchy system settled down, enjoyed greater stability, and began the so-called " Regeneration" era of economic development and progress. -
99 Burrell, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. c.1570 Englandd. 1630 near Huntingdon, England[br]English shipbuilder and Chief Shipwright to the East India Company.[br]Born into comfortable circumstances, Burrell chose ship construction as his career. Ability aided by financial influence helped professional advancement, and by his early thirties he possessed a shipyard at Ratcliffe on the River Thames. Ship design was then unscientific, shrouded in mystique, and it required patience and perseverance to penetrate the conventions of the craft.From the 1600s Burrell had been investing in the East India Company. In 1607 the Company decided to build ships in their own right, and Burrell was appointed as the first Master Shipwright, a post he held for nearly twenty years. The first ship, Trade's Increase, of 1,000-tons burthen, was the largest ship built in England until the eighteenth century, but following a mishap at launch and the ship's subsequent loss on its maiden voyage, the Company reassessed its policy and built smaller ships. Burrell's foresight can be gauged by his involvement in two private commercial undertakings in Ireland; one to create oak forests for shipbuilding, and the other to set up a small ironworks. In 1618 a Royal Commission was appointed to enquire into the poor condition of the Navy, and with the help of Burrell it was ruled that the main problems were neglect and corruption. With his name being known and his good record of production, the Royal Navy ordered no fewer than ten warships from Burrell in the four-year period from 1619 to 1623. With experience in the military and commercial sectors, Burrell can be regarded as an all-round and expert shipbuilder of the Stuart period. He used intuition at a time when there were no scientific rules and little reliable empiric guidance on ship design.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFirst Warden of the Shipwrights' Company after its new Charter of 1612.Further ReadingA.P.McGowan, 1978, "William Burrell (c. 1570–1630). A forgotten Stuart shipwright", Ingrid and other Studies (National Maritime Museum Monograph No. 36). W.Abell, 1948, The Shipwright's Trade, Cambridge.FMW -
100 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
[br]b. 24 October 1632 Delft, Netherlandsd. 1723 Delft, Netherlands[br]Dutch pioneer of microscopy.[br]He was the son of a basketmaker, Philip Tonisz Leeuwenhoek, and Grietje Jacobsdr van den Berch, a brewer's daughter. After the death of his father in 1637, his mother married the painter Jacob Jansz Molijn. He went to school at Warmond and, later to an uncle who was Sheriff of Benthuizen. In 1648 he went to Amsterdam, where he was placed in a linen-draper's shop owned by William Davidson, a Scottish merchant. In 1652 or 1653 he moved back to Delft, where in 1654 he married the daughter of a cloth-merchant, Barbara de Mey. They had five children, only one of whom survived (born 22 September 1656). At about this time he bought a house and shop in the Hippolytus buurt and set up in business as a draper and haberdasher. His wife died in 1666 and in 1671 he married Cornelia Swalmius, a Reformed Church minister's daughter. Lacking self-confidence and not knowing Latin, the scientific language of the day, he was reluctant to publish the results of his investigations into a multitude of natural objects. His observations were made with single-lens microscopes made by himself. (He made at least 387 microscopes with magnifications of between 30x and 266x.) Among the subjects he studied were the optic nerve of a cow, textile fibres, plant seeds, a spark from a tinderbox, the anatomy of mites and insects' blood corpuscles, semen and spermatozoa. It was the physician Reinier de Graaf who put him in touch with the Royal Society in London, with whom he corresponded for fifty years from 1673. One of his last letters, in 1723, to the Royal Society was about the histology of the rare disease of the diaphragm that he had studied in sheep and oxen and from which he died. In public service he was a chamberlain to the sheriffs of Delft, a surveyor and a wine-gauger, offices which together gave him an income of about 800 florins a year. Leeuwenhoek never wrote a book, but collections were published in Latin and in Dutch from his scientific letters, which numbered more than 250.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1680.Further ReadingL.C.Palm and H.A.M.Snelders, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1632–1723: Studies in the Life and Work of the Delft Scientist, Commemorating the 350th Anniversary of his Birthday.B.Bracegirdle (ed.), Beads of Glass: Leeuwenhoek and the Early Microscope. (Catalogue of an exhibition in the Museum Boerhaave, November 1982 to May 1983, and in the Science Museum, May to October 1983).IMcNBiographical history of technology > Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van
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Grammy Award for Album of the Year — The Grammy Award for Album of the Year is the most prestigious award category at the Grammys. It has been awarded since 1959 and though it was originally presented to the artist alone, the award is now presented to the artist, the producer, the… … Wikipedia
Born to Make You Happy — Infobox Single Name = Born to Make You Happy Artist = Britney Spears from Album = ...Baby One More Time B side = Released = flagicon|Germany December 6, 1999 flagicon|Europe December 24, 1999 flagicon|UK January 17, 2000 Format = CD single… … Wikipedia
The Fountainhead — Fountainhead redirects here. For other uses, see Fountainhead (disambiguation). The Fountainhead … Wikipedia
PFA Young Player of the Year — The Professional Footballers Association Young Player of the Year (often called the PFA Young Player of the Year, or simply the Young Player of the Year) is an annual award given to the player under the age of 23 who is adjudged to have been the… … Wikipedia
The Mysterious Mr. Quin — … Wikipedia
The Residents — Origin Shreveport, Louisiana, United States Genres Avant garde, experimental, multimedia art Years active 1966 1969–present Labels … Wikipedia
Wheel of the Year — Sabbats redirects here. For other uses of sabbat or sabbath, see Sabbath (disambiguation). For Wheel of time, see Wheel of time (disambiguation). This article is about the modern Wiccan Sabbat. For the historical and legendary Witches Sabbath,… … Wikipedia