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101 jure
1.jūs, jūris, n. [kindred to Sanscr. yūsh, the same; cf. Gr. zômos], broth, soup, sauce (class.):II.cum una multa jura confundit cocus,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 120:quo pacto ex jure hesterno panem atrum vorent,
Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 17:in jus vocat pisces cocus,
Varr. R. R. 3, 9:negavit, se jure illo nigro delectatum,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 98:in ea cena cocus meus praeter jus fervens nihil potuit imitari,
id. Fam. 9, 20, 2:tepidum,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 81:male conditum,
id. ib. 2, 8, 69.—In a sarcastic lusus verbb.: Verrinum, hog-broth, or the justice of Verres, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 46, § 121.—Transf., juice, mixture:2.addita creta in jus idem,
the juice of the purple-fish, Plin. 35, 6, 26, § 44.jūs, jūris ( gen. plur. jurum for jurium, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 86; Cato ap. Charis. p. 72 and 109 P.:I.juribus,
Dig. 13, 5, 3, § 1; Charis. p. 19: jure, arch. dat., Liv. 42, 28, 6; Corp. Ins. Lat. 198, 31), n. [kindred with Sanscr. yu, to join; cf. zeugnumi, jungo, qs. the binding, obliging; cf. lex from ligo], right, law, justice.Lit. (class.; in plur. very rare, except in nom. and acc.), that which is binding or obligatory; that which is binding by its nature, right, justice, duty:II.juris praecepta sunt haec, honeste vivere, alterum non laedere, suum cuique tribuere,
Just. Inst. 1, 1, 3: jus naturale est quod natura omnia animalia docuit...videmus etenim cetera quoque animalia istius juris perita censeri, Dig. 1, 1, 1, § 3; Just. Inst. 1, 2 prooem.: omnes boni ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amant;per se jus est appetendum,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: Gy. Amabo, hicine istuc decet? Le. Jusque fasque est, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 20:jus hic orat,
id. Trin. 5, 2, 37; id. Ps. 1, 5, 123:omnium legum atque jurium fictor, conditor cluet,
id. Ep. 3, 4, 90:jus hominum situm est in generis humani societate,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:tenere,
id. Caecin. 11:obtinere,
to maintain, id. Quint. 9:de jure alicui respondere,
to lay down the law, id. de Or. 2, 33, 142:respondere,
id. Leg. 1, 4, 12: dicere, to pronounce judgment, give a judicial decision, as, e. g. the prætor:a Volcatio, qui Romae jus dicit,
id. Fam. 13, 14; Verg. A. 7, 246; cf.:jura dare,
id. ib. 1, 507:praetor quoque jus reddere dicitur, etiam cum inique decernit,
Dig. 1, 1, 11: quid dubitas dare mihi argentum? S. Jus petis, fateor, you ask what is right, reasonable, Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 16:jus publicum,
common right, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 65:jura communia,
equal rights, Cic. Div. 1, 5:divina ac humana,
id. Off. 1, 26:belli,
id. Div. 2, 77:gentium,
the law of nations, id. Off. 3, 5:quod naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnes populos peraeque custoditur, vocaturque jus gentium,
Gai. Inst. 1, 1:civile,
the civil law, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 109: quod quisque populus ipse sibi jus constituit, id ipsius proprium est vocaturque jus civile, Gai Inst. 1, 1:pontificium,
Cic. Dom. 13, 34:praediatorium,
id. Balb. 20:conjugialia,
Ov. M. 6, 536:jus est, apponi pernam frigidam,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 26:jus fasque est,
human and divine right, id. Cist. 1, 1, 22:juris nodos solvere,
Juv. 8, 50.— Abl.: jūrĕ, adverb., with justice, justly:jure in eum animadverteretur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 8, § 19:jure ac merito,
id. ib. 2, 5, 67, § 172; id. Cat. 3, 6, 14; Juv. 2, 34:et jure fortasse,
id. Tusc. 3, 12, 26:et fortasse suo jure,
id. Fin. 5, 2, 4:te ipse, jure optimo, merito incuses licet,
with perfect justice, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 24:optimo jure,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf.: pleno jure, Gai Inst. 1, 5, 14:justo jure,
Liv. 21, 3, 4; cf.opp. to injuria: non quaero, jure an injuria sint inimici,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 150: summum jus, the extremity or utmost rigor of the law:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. ib. 2, 5, 2, §4: ex quo illud, Summum jus, summa injuria, factum est jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33;so opp. (aequum et bonum habere quod defendant), si contra verbis et litteris, et, ut dici solet, summo jure contenditur,
id. Caecin. 23, 65.Transf.A.A place where justice is administered, a court of justice:B.in jus ambula,
come before a magistrate, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 22; Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 43:in jus ire,
Nep. Att. 6, 4:cum ad praetorem in jus adissemus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147:in jus acres procurrunt,
Hor. S. 1, 7, 20:aliquem in jus vocare,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 76, § 187; Hor. S. 2, 5, 29:aliquem in jus rapere,
id. ib. 1, 9, 77;2, 3, 72: trahere,
Juv. 10, 87.—Justice, justness of a thing:C.absolverunt, admiratione magis virtutis, quam jure causae,
Liv. 1, 26.—Legal right, power, authority, permission:cum plebe agendi,
Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 31:materiae caedendae,
Liv. 5, 55.—Of particular rights: jus eundi, a right of way, Gai Inst. 2, 31:jus agendi, aquamve ducendi,
id. ib.:altius tollendi vel prospiciendi,
id. ib. 4, 3: jus civitatis, the right to obtain the privileges of citizenship (cf. civitas;v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 640),
Cic. Arch. 5, 11; id. Caecin. 34, 98; 35, 102; id. Verr. 2, 4, 11,§ 26:jus capiendi,
Juv. 1, 56:testandi,
id. 16, 51; cf. 6, 217: jus trium liberorum, Sen. ap. Lact. 1, 16, 10:patrium,
the power of life and death over their children, Liv. 1, 26:homines recipere in jus dicionemque,
id. 21, 61:sub jus judiciumque regis venire,
id. 39, 24:(homo) sui juris,
his own master, independent, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 18:jus ad mulieres,
over the women, Plaut. Cas. 2, 2, 22:ut eodem jure essent, quo fuissent,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 13; cf.:melius, quod nil animis in corpora juris natura indulget,
Juv. 2, 139.— The legal forms of the old jurists:jus Flavianum,
Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 7. -
102 jus
1.jūs, jūris, n. [kindred to Sanscr. yūsh, the same; cf. Gr. zômos], broth, soup, sauce (class.):II.cum una multa jura confundit cocus,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 120:quo pacto ex jure hesterno panem atrum vorent,
Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 17:in jus vocat pisces cocus,
Varr. R. R. 3, 9:negavit, se jure illo nigro delectatum,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 98:in ea cena cocus meus praeter jus fervens nihil potuit imitari,
id. Fam. 9, 20, 2:tepidum,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 81:male conditum,
id. ib. 2, 8, 69.—In a sarcastic lusus verbb.: Verrinum, hog-broth, or the justice of Verres, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 46, § 121.—Transf., juice, mixture:2.addita creta in jus idem,
the juice of the purple-fish, Plin. 35, 6, 26, § 44.jūs, jūris ( gen. plur. jurum for jurium, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 86; Cato ap. Charis. p. 72 and 109 P.:I.juribus,
Dig. 13, 5, 3, § 1; Charis. p. 19: jure, arch. dat., Liv. 42, 28, 6; Corp. Ins. Lat. 198, 31), n. [kindred with Sanscr. yu, to join; cf. zeugnumi, jungo, qs. the binding, obliging; cf. lex from ligo], right, law, justice.Lit. (class.; in plur. very rare, except in nom. and acc.), that which is binding or obligatory; that which is binding by its nature, right, justice, duty:II.juris praecepta sunt haec, honeste vivere, alterum non laedere, suum cuique tribuere,
Just. Inst. 1, 1, 3: jus naturale est quod natura omnia animalia docuit...videmus etenim cetera quoque animalia istius juris perita censeri, Dig. 1, 1, 1, § 3; Just. Inst. 1, 2 prooem.: omnes boni ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amant;per se jus est appetendum,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: Gy. Amabo, hicine istuc decet? Le. Jusque fasque est, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 20:jus hic orat,
id. Trin. 5, 2, 37; id. Ps. 1, 5, 123:omnium legum atque jurium fictor, conditor cluet,
id. Ep. 3, 4, 90:jus hominum situm est in generis humani societate,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:tenere,
id. Caecin. 11:obtinere,
to maintain, id. Quint. 9:de jure alicui respondere,
to lay down the law, id. de Or. 2, 33, 142:respondere,
id. Leg. 1, 4, 12: dicere, to pronounce judgment, give a judicial decision, as, e. g. the prætor:a Volcatio, qui Romae jus dicit,
id. Fam. 13, 14; Verg. A. 7, 246; cf.:jura dare,
id. ib. 1, 507:praetor quoque jus reddere dicitur, etiam cum inique decernit,
Dig. 1, 1, 11: quid dubitas dare mihi argentum? S. Jus petis, fateor, you ask what is right, reasonable, Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 16:jus publicum,
common right, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 65:jura communia,
equal rights, Cic. Div. 1, 5:divina ac humana,
id. Off. 1, 26:belli,
id. Div. 2, 77:gentium,
the law of nations, id. Off. 3, 5:quod naturalis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnes populos peraeque custoditur, vocaturque jus gentium,
Gai. Inst. 1, 1:civile,
the civil law, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 109: quod quisque populus ipse sibi jus constituit, id ipsius proprium est vocaturque jus civile, Gai Inst. 1, 1:pontificium,
Cic. Dom. 13, 34:praediatorium,
id. Balb. 20:conjugialia,
Ov. M. 6, 536:jus est, apponi pernam frigidam,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 26:jus fasque est,
human and divine right, id. Cist. 1, 1, 22:juris nodos solvere,
Juv. 8, 50.— Abl.: jūrĕ, adverb., with justice, justly:jure in eum animadverteretur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 8, § 19:jure ac merito,
id. ib. 2, 5, 67, § 172; id. Cat. 3, 6, 14; Juv. 2, 34:et jure fortasse,
id. Tusc. 3, 12, 26:et fortasse suo jure,
id. Fin. 5, 2, 4:te ipse, jure optimo, merito incuses licet,
with perfect justice, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 24:optimo jure,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 111; cf.: pleno jure, Gai Inst. 1, 5, 14:justo jure,
Liv. 21, 3, 4; cf.opp. to injuria: non quaero, jure an injuria sint inimici,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 150: summum jus, the extremity or utmost rigor of the law:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. ib. 2, 5, 2, §4: ex quo illud, Summum jus, summa injuria, factum est jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33;so opp. (aequum et bonum habere quod defendant), si contra verbis et litteris, et, ut dici solet, summo jure contenditur,
id. Caecin. 23, 65.Transf.A.A place where justice is administered, a court of justice:B.in jus ambula,
come before a magistrate, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 22; Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 43:in jus ire,
Nep. Att. 6, 4:cum ad praetorem in jus adissemus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147:in jus acres procurrunt,
Hor. S. 1, 7, 20:aliquem in jus vocare,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 76, § 187; Hor. S. 2, 5, 29:aliquem in jus rapere,
id. ib. 1, 9, 77;2, 3, 72: trahere,
Juv. 10, 87.—Justice, justness of a thing:C.absolverunt, admiratione magis virtutis, quam jure causae,
Liv. 1, 26.—Legal right, power, authority, permission:cum plebe agendi,
Cic. Leg. 2, 12, 31:materiae caedendae,
Liv. 5, 55.—Of particular rights: jus eundi, a right of way, Gai Inst. 2, 31:jus agendi, aquamve ducendi,
id. ib.:altius tollendi vel prospiciendi,
id. ib. 4, 3: jus civitatis, the right to obtain the privileges of citizenship (cf. civitas;v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 640),
Cic. Arch. 5, 11; id. Caecin. 34, 98; 35, 102; id. Verr. 2, 4, 11,§ 26:jus capiendi,
Juv. 1, 56:testandi,
id. 16, 51; cf. 6, 217: jus trium liberorum, Sen. ap. Lact. 1, 16, 10:patrium,
the power of life and death over their children, Liv. 1, 26:homines recipere in jus dicionemque,
id. 21, 61:sub jus judiciumque regis venire,
id. 39, 24:(homo) sui juris,
his own master, independent, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 18:jus ad mulieres,
over the women, Plaut. Cas. 2, 2, 22:ut eodem jure essent, quo fuissent,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 13; cf.:melius, quod nil animis in corpora juris natura indulget,
Juv. 2, 139.— The legal forms of the old jurists:jus Flavianum,
Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 7. -
103 сила
сущ.Русское слово сила относится к разным сферам человеческой деятельности, где требуется применение силы. В английском же языке разным сферам и типам проявления силы соответствуют разные слова.1. force — сила, силы, мощь, мощность (указывает не только на физическую силу, но и на результат ее воздействия, чаще всего связанный с подавлением, разрушением, насилием): a great force — большая сила; airforces — военно-воздушные силы; the force of the wind — сила ветра; force of gravitation — сила притяжения; forces of nature — силы природы; with force — силой/насильно; by brutal force — при помощи грубой силы; from/out of the force of habit — в силу привычки; to take smth by force — взять что-либо силой/захватить что-либо силой; to use force — использовать силу/применить силу; to come into force — войти в силу The law is In force. — Этот закон в силе. The rules come into force next year. — Правила начинают действовать/ входят в силу с будушего года. They accused the police of using excessive force during the arrest. — Полицию обвиняли и чрезмерном применении силы во время ареста. The army took control of the region by force. — Армия силой установила контроль над этой территорией. His body swung round with the force of the blow. — Он покачнулся от силы удара./Удар был такой сильный, что он зашатался. The people were convinced by the force of the argument. — Людей убедила отказаться от своей точки зрения сила аргумента./Сила аргумента заставила людей отказаться от своей точки зрения. Не persuaded us to re-elect him by sheer force of personality. — Одна лишь сила его личности убедила нас переизбрать его на новый срок. She was the driving force behind the campaign. — Она была основной движущей силой всей кампании. Several trees were uprooted by the force of the wind last night. — Силой ветра ночью повалило несколько деревьев. The force of the wind was so great that it tore off and away the roof of the shabby cottage. — Силой ветра сорвало и унесло крышу с этого домика.2. strength — сила, физическая сила, мускульная сила, прочность, надежность, энергия, крепость, интенсивность (внутреннее свойство/качество, присущее человеку, явлению, предмету, энергия, заложенная в природных явлениях): strength of the colour — интенсивность цвета; strength of the smell — сила запаха; strength of alcohol — крепость алкоголя; strength of character — сила характера; strength of feelings — сила чувств; the strength of the US economy — сила экономики США/надежность экономики США/прочность экономики США They would not have had the strength to drag/to pull the car out of the ditch. — У них не хватило бы сил вытащить машину из канавы. Не pulled the sledge with all his strength. — Он тянул сани изо всех сил. The strength of the wind was measured by the local meteorologist. — Местные метеорологи измерили силу ветра. The strength of the building withstood the force of the earthquake. — Стены лома были столь прочны, что выдержали силу землетрясения. You cannot ignore the strength of public opinion. — Вы не должны игнорировать силу общественного мнения. I began to feel the strength of purpose failing me. — Я почувствовала, что сила убежденности в правильности моих целей стала покидать меня. The strength of the rope wouldn't stand the weight. — Веревка не выдержала бы такого веса./Веревка была бы недостаточно крепка/прочна для такого веса.3. might — могущество, мощь, сила (соединение моральной и физической силы человека; соединение экономической и политической силы страны): the might of the country — могущество страны; the might of the army — мощь армии; with all one's might — изо всех сил/что есть силы Might is right. — Где сила, там и право./Где сила, там и правда. She screamed with all her might. — Она закричала что было сил. Не was pulling the rope with all his might. — Он тянул веревку изо всех сил.4. power — сила, силы, способность, мощь, мощность, власть, высокое положение, главенствующее положение, энергия: mental powers — умственные способности; emergency powers — чрезвычайные полномочия; horse power — лошадиная сила; the power of imagination (of persuasion) — сила воображения (убеждения); the power of Parliament (of the President) — полномочия парламента (президента): the power of veto — право вето; the power of speech — дар речи; the power of explosion — сила взрыва/мощь взрыва; the power of a blow — сила удара/ мощность удара; in one's (in smb's) power — в моих (в чьих-либо) силах/ в моей (в чьей-либо) власти; beyond smb's power — не в чьих-либо силах/не в чьих-либо возможностях/не в чьих-либо полномочиях/не в чьей-либо власти The job is beyond his power. — Эта работа ему не по силам./Эта работа за пределами его возможностей. Не promised to do everything in his power. — Он обещал сделать все, чтo и его силах. After her illness she lost her power of speech. — После болезни она потеряла дар речи. The girl has a great power of imagination. — У девочки богатое воображение./У девочки большая сила воображения.Существительное power вызывает представление о контроле, о главенствующей позиции. Эта образность слова power проявляется в явном виде в ряде словосочетаний с переносным значением: They have no control (power) over their dream. — Они не могут контролировать свой сон (не имеют сил; не имеют власти над сном; не властны над ним). She ruled over the empire for many years. — Она правила империей многие годы./Долгие годы она стояла во главе империи. She remained at the top for ten years after his retirement. — После его отставки она продолжала занимать высший пост еще десять лет. They have come out on top yet again. — Они вновь оказались у власти. She holds the highest position in the company. — Она управляет компанией./Она занимает высший пост в компании. There are many staff under her. — Она ведает большим штатом./У нее в подчинении много персонала. How many people are there above you? — Сколько начальников над вами? Don't let them walk over you. — He давай им помыкать собой. Не is completely under her thumb. — Он у нее под каблуком./Он полностью в ее власти. They have a hold over him. — Он у них в руках. The police kept a firm grip on the situation. — Полиция держала ситуацию под контролем. She seems to have a handle on most of the work. — Она, по-видимому, держит всю работу под контролем./У нее в руках все рычаги этого дела. I've got the situation well in hand. — Я полностью контролирую ситуацию. The children are completely out of hand. — Дети совсем отбились от рук./С детьми сладу нет. I have no idea who is in the driving seat. — Понятия не имею, кто здесь заправляет. Не is steering the country through much needed reforms. — Он ведет/ направляет страну путем столь необходимых реформ. The company has expanded greatly during his years in the saddle. — Компания существенно разрослась за годы его правления. She kept her staff on a very tight reign. — Она держала штат в руках./Она держала штат в ежовых рукавицах./Она держала штат на коротком поводке./Она держала штат в узде. -
104 силы
сущ.Русское слово сила относится к разным сферам человеческой деятельности, где требуется применение силы. В английском же языке разным сферам и типам проявления силы соответствуют разные слова.1. force — сила, силы, мощь, мощность (указывает не только на физическую силу, но и на результат ее воздействия, чаще всего связанный с подавлением, разрушением, насилием): a great force — большая сила; airforces — военно-воздушные силы; the force of the wind — сила ветра; force of gravitation — сила притяжения; forces of nature — силы природы; with force — силой/насильно; by brutal force — при помощи грубой силы; from/out of the force of habit — в силу привычки; to take smth by force — взять что-либо силой/захватить что-либо силой; to use force — использовать силу/применить силу; to come into force — войти в силу The law is In force. — Этот закон в силе. The rules come into force next year. — Правила начинают действовать/ входят в силу с будушего года. They accused the police of using excessive force during the arrest. — Полицию обвиняли и чрезмерном применении силы во время ареста. The army took control of the region by force. — Армия силой установила контроль над этой территорией. His body swung round with the force of the blow. — Он покачнулся от силы удара./Удар был такой сильный, что он зашатался. The people were convinced by the force of the argument. — Людей убедила отказаться от своей точки зрения сила аргумента./Сила аргумента заставила людей отказаться от своей точки зрения. Не persuaded us to re-elect him by sheer force of personality. — Одна лишь сила его личности убедила нас переизбрать его на новый срок. She was the driving force behind the campaign. — Она была основной движущей силой всей кампании. Several trees were uprooted by the force of the wind last night. — Силой ветра ночью повалило несколько деревьев. The force of the wind was so great that it tore off and away the roof of the shabby cottage. — Силой ветра сорвало и унесло крышу с этого домика.2. strength — сила, физическая сила, мускульная сила, прочность, надежность, энергия, крепость, интенсивность (внутреннее свойство/качество, присущее человеку, явлению, предмету, энергия, заложенная в природных явлениях): strength of the colour — интенсивность цвета; strength of the smell — сила запаха; strength of alcohol — крепость алкоголя; strength of character — сила характера; strength of feelings — сила чувств; the strength of the US economy — сила экономики США/надежность экономики США/прочность экономики США They would not have had the strength to drag/to pull the car out of the ditch. — У них не хватило бы сил вытащить машину из канавы. Не pulled the sledge with all his strength. — Он тянул сани изо всех сил. The strength of the wind was measured by the local meteorologist. — Местные метеорологи измерили силу ветра. The strength of the building withstood the force of the earthquake. — Стены лома были столь прочны, что выдержали силу землетрясения. You cannot ignore the strength of public opinion. — Вы не должны игнорировать силу общественного мнения. I began to feel the strength of purpose failing me. — Я почувствовала, что сила убежденности в правильности моих целей стала покидать меня. The strength of the rope wouldn't stand the weight. — Веревка не выдержала бы такого веса./Веревка была бы недостаточно крепка/прочна для такого веса.3. might — могущество, мощь, сила (соединение моральной и физической силы человека; соединение экономической и политической силы страны): the might of the country — могущество страны; the might of the army — мощь армии; with all one's might — изо всех сил/что есть силы Might is right. — Где сила, там и право./Где сила, там и правда. She screamed with all her might. — Она закричала что было сил. Не was pulling the rope with all his might. — Он тянул веревку изо всех сил.4. power — сила, силы, способность, мощь, мощность, власть, высокое положение, главенствующее положение, энергия: mental powers — умственные способности; emergency powers — чрезвычайные полномочия; horse power — лошадиная сила; the power of imagination (of persuasion) — сила воображения (убеждения); the power of Parliament (of the President) — полномочия парламента (президента): the power of veto — право вето; the power of speech — дар речи; the power of explosion — сила взрыва/мощь взрыва; the power of a blow — сила удара/ мощность удара; in one's (in smb's) power — в моих (в чьих-либо) силах/ в моей (в чьей-либо) власти; beyond smb's power — не в чьих-либо силах/не в чьих-либо возможностях/не в чьих-либо полномочиях/не в чьей-либо власти The job is beyond his power. — Эта работа ему не по силам./Эта работа за пределами его возможностей. Не promised to do everything in his power. — Он обещал сделать все, чтo и его силах. After her illness she lost her power of speech. — После болезни она потеряла дар речи. The girl has a great power of imagination. — У девочки богатое воображение./У девочки большая сила воображения.Существительное power вызывает представление о контроле, о главенствующей позиции. Эта образность слова power проявляется в явном виде в ряде словосочетаний с переносным значением: They have no control (power) over their dream. — Они не могут контролировать свой сон (не имеют сил; не имеют власти над сном; не властны над ним). She ruled over the empire for many years. — Она правила империей многие годы./Долгие годы она стояла во главе империи. She remained at the top for ten years after his retirement. — После его отставки она продолжала занимать высший пост еще десять лет. They have come out on top yet again. — Они вновь оказались у власти. She holds the highest position in the company. — Она управляет компанией./Она занимает высший пост в компании. There are many staff under her. — Она ведает большим штатом./У нее в подчинении много персонала. How many people are there above you? — Сколько начальников над вами? Don't let them walk over you. — He давай им помыкать собой. Не is completely under her thumb. — Он у нее под каблуком./Он полностью в ее власти. They have a hold over him. — Он у них в руках. The police kept a firm grip on the situation. — Полиция держала ситуацию под контролем. She seems to have a handle on most of the work. — Она, по-видимому, держит всю работу под контролем./У нее в руках все рычаги этого дела. I've got the situation well in hand. — Я полностью контролирую ситуацию. The children are completely out of hand. — Дети совсем отбились от рук./С детьми сладу нет. I have no idea who is in the driving seat. — Понятия не имею, кто здесь заправляет. Не is steering the country through much needed reforms. — Он ведет/ направляет страну путем столь необходимых реформ. The company has expanded greatly during his years in the saddle. — Компания существенно разрослась за годы его правления. She kept her staff on a very tight reign. — Она держала штат в руках./Она держала штат в ежовых рукавицах./Она держала штат на коротком поводке./Она держала штат в узде. -
105 غير
غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر) \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب) \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب) \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول) \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل) \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان) \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد) \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب) \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز) \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف) \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم) \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart. -
106 δύναμις
δύναμις, εως, ἡ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) gener. ‘capability’, with emphasis on function.① potential for functioning in some way, power, might, strength, force, capabilityⓐ general, λαμβάνειν δ. receive power Ac 1:8 (cp. Epict. 1, 6, 28; 4, 1, 109; Tat. 16, 1 δραστικωτέρας δ.); ἰδίᾳ δ. by one’s own capability 3:12. Of kings τὴν δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν αὐτῶν τῷ θηρίῳ διδόασιν Rv 17:13 (cp. Just., A I, 17, 3 βασιλικῆς δ.).—Of God’s power (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 66, 33 Jac. θεῶν δ., Diod S 1, 20, 6 τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν δύναμιν of Osiris’ function as benefactor to humanity; 5, 71, 6; 27, 12, 1; 34 + 35 Fgm. 28, 3; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 70, 75; 84; 23 [40], 36; Herm. Wr. 14, 9 ὁ θεὸς …, ἡ [ᾧ v.l.] πᾶσα δύναμις τοῦ ποιεῖν πάντα; PGM 4, 641; 7, 582; 12, 250; LXX; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 13, 12, 4; 7 [Fgm. 4, ln. 22 p. 164; ln. 84 p. 172]; EpArist; Jos., Ant. 8, 109; 9, 15; SibOr 3, 72; Just., A I, 32, 11 al.) Mt 22:29; Mk 12:24; Lk 22:69; Ro 1:16, 20 (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 167 God is known through his δ.); 9:17 (Ex 9:16); 1 Cor 1:18, 24; 2:5; 6:14; 2 Cor 4:7; 6:7; 13:4; Eph 3:7; 2 Ti 1:8; 1 Pt 1:5; Rv 1:16; 11:17; 12:10; 15:8; cp. 2 Cor 12:9a; Rv 5:12; 1 Cl 11:2; 33:3; Dg 7:9; 9:1f; δ. ὑψίστου Lk 1:35. In doxology (1 Ch 29:11f; on the doxol. in the Lord’s Prayer HSchumaker, Cath. World 160, ’45, 342–49) Mt 6:13 v.l.; D 8:2; 9:4; 10:5. Cp. Rv 4:11; 7:12; 19:1.—IMg 3:1; ISm 1:1; Hv 3, 3, 5; m 5, 2, 1; PtK 2. Hence God is actually called δ. (Philo, Mos. 1, 111, Mut. Nom. 29; Ath. 16, 2) Mt 26:64; Mk 14:62 (cp. Wsd 1:3; 5:23 and Dalman, Worte 164f). Christ possesses a θεία δ. (this expr. in Aristot., Pol. 4 [7], 4, 1326a 32; PGM 12, 302 al.; s. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 40, 20 al.; Did., Gen. 60, 8; s. θεῖος 1a) 2 Pt 1:3; cp. 1:16 and 1 Cor 5:4; of Christ’s potential to achieve someth. through Paul 2 Cor 12:9b (cp. SEG XXXIV, 1308, 5f [50 B.C.–50 A.D.]). In Hs 9, 26, 8, the potential associated with the women in black leads to destruction. δ. leaves Christ at his death GPt 5:19 (s. LVaganay, L’Évangile de Pierre 1930, 108; 254ff). ἐν τῇ τοῦ κυρίου δ. AcPlCor 2:39.— Power of the Holy Spirit (Jos., Ant. 8, 408; Just., D. 87, 4f al.) Lk 4:14; Ac 1:8; Ro 15:13, 19 (ἐν δ. πν. [θεοῦ]); Hm 11:2, 5. ἐν ἀποδείξει πνεύματος καὶ δυνάμεως 1 Cor 2:4; cp. ἐγείρεται ἐν δ. 15:43, foll. by σῶμα πνευμάτικον. δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι be strengthened in power (i.e. with ability to function) by the Spirit Eph 3:16. Hence the Spirit given the Christian can be called πνεῦμα δυνάμεως, i.e. in contrast to an unenterprising spirit, πνεῦμα δειλίας, God offers one that functions aggressively, 2 Ti 1:7; cp. 1 Pt 4:14 v.l.; AcPl Ha 8, 25/BMM 32f/Ox 1602, 39. The believers are ἐν πάσῃ δ. δυναμούμενοι equipped w. all power Col 1:11; cp. Eph 1:19; 3:20 (for Eph 1:19 cp. 1QH 14:23; 11:29 al.; for Eph 3:16, 6:10 cp. 1QH 7:17, 19; 12:35; 1QM 10:5; see KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 336); esp. the apostles and other people of God Lk 24:49; Ac 4:33; 6:8; cp. AcPl Ha 6, 21. ἐν πνεύματι καὶ δ. Ἠλίου Lk 1:17.—Of the devil’s destructive capability Lk 10:19; cp. Rv 13:2. ἡ δύναμις τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ νόμος what gives sin its power to function is the law 1 Cor 15:56.ⓑ specif., the power that works wonders (SEG VIII, 551, 39 [I B.C.]; POxy 1381, 206ff; PGM 4, 2449; 12, 260ff; Just., D. 49, 8 κρυφία δ.; s. JZingerle, Heiliges Recht 1926, 10f; JRöhr, D. okkulte Kraftbegriff im Altertum 1923, 14f) Mt 14:2; Mk 6:14; Hv 1, 3, 4. ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ θεός δυνάμει (God endowed him to perform miracles) Ac 10:38 (Dio Chrys. 66 [16], 10 of Jason: χρισάμενος δυνάμει τινί, λαβὼν παρὰ τῆς Μηδείας; Diod S 4, 51, 1 τ. τρίχας δυνάμεσί τισι χρίσασα=she anointed her hair with certain potions; 4, 51, 4; 17, 103, 4 ὁ σίδηρος κεχριμένος ἦν φαρμάκου δυνάμει=with a poisonous potion. Diod S 1, 97, 7 a powerful medium=φάρμακον; s. ἐξουσία 7; also RAC II 415–58). τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ δ. ἐξελθοῦσαν potency emanated from him Mk 5:30; cp. Lk 8:46; δ. παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἐξήρχετο 6:19; cp. 5:17; perh. also (but s. 3 below) Gal 3:5; 1 Cor 12:28f (on the pl. δυνάμεις s. X., Cyr. 8, 8, 14; Herm. Wr. 13, 8 al.; on this ADieterich, E. Mithraslit. 1903, 46f; cp. PKöhn VI, 245, 18 Athena; for parallels and lit. s. Ptocheia [=ASP 31] ’91, 55). ἐν δ. with power, powerful(ly) (TestJob 47:9; Synes., Ep. 90 p. 230d τοὺς ἐν δ.) Mk 9:1; Ro 1:4; Col 1:29; 2 Th 1:11; μετὰ δυνάμεως Mt 24:30; Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27.—κατὰ δύναμιν w. gen. (Lucian, Imag. 3) by the power of Hb 7:16. Hebraist.=δυνατός (but readily understood in the Greek world as a defining gen., e.g. λόγου ἄνοια=vocal frenzy Soph. Antig. 603; s. Judg 3:29; 20:46 [ἄνδρες δυνάμεως B =ἄνδρες δυνατοί A]; Wsd 5:23): τῷ ῥήματι τῆς δ. αὐτοῦ by his powerful word 1:3; μετʼ ἀγγέλων δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ w. messengers of his power i.e. angels who exercise Jesus’ power 2 Th 1:7 (unless this is to be rendered with KJV et al. his mighty angels) (cp. En 20:1; GrBar 1:8; 2:6); μὴ ἔχων δ. powerless Hv 3, 11, 2; m 9:12. ἰσχυρὰν δ. ἔχειν be very powerful m 5, 2, 3; cp. 9:11; ἐν ποίᾳ δ.; by what power? (s. under 5) Ac 4:7. ὕψος δυνάμεως pride in (one’s) power B 20:1.—Effectiveness in contrast to mere word or appearance 1 Cor 4:19f; 1 Th 1:5. ἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας, τὴν δὲ δύναμιν αὐτῆς ἠρνημένοι they have the outward appearance of piety, but deny its function 2 Ti 3:5 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 409 τὸ ὄνομα τ. βασιλείας εἶχεν, τ. δὲ δύναμιν οἱ Φαρισαῖοι=[Alexandra] bore the title queen, but the Pharisees were in control). δ. πίστεως the power of faith in contrast to verbal profession IEph 14:2. Sim. δ. w. ἐξουσία (Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 65) potent authority i.e. the word of Jesus is not only authoritative but functions effectively ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ, for the unclean spirits depart Lk 4:36; 9:1.—W. ἰσχύς 2 Pt 2:11 (Ath. 24, 2); w. ἐνέργεια Hm 6, 1, 1 (cp. Galen X, 635); τὴν δ. τῆς ἀναστάσεως the effectiveness of his (Christ’s) resurrection, which brings about the resurrection of the believers Phil 3:10.—Of the peculiar power inherent in a thing (of the healing power of medicines since Hippocr.; cp. Diod S 1, 20, 4; 1, 97, 7; 17, 103, 4; Plut., Mor. 157d al.; Dio Chrys. 25 [42], 3; Galen, Comp. Med. XIII 707 K.). δ. πυρός Hb 11:34 (Diod S 15, 50, 3 δ. τοῦ φωτός=the intensity of the light).② ability to carry out someth., ability, capability (cp. Democrit, Fgm. B 234; Pla., Philb. 58d; cp. Aristot., Metaph. 4, 12, 1019a 26; Epict. 2, 23, 34; 4 Km 18:20; Ruth 3:11; Jos., Ant. 10, 54; Just., D. 4, 1) δύναμιν εἰς καταβολὴν σπέρματος Hb 11:11 (s. entry καταβολή). κατὰ δύναμιν according to ability (Diod S 14, 81, 6 v.l.; SIG 695, 9; 44 [129 B.C.]; PGM 4, 650; POxy 1273, 24; BGU 1050, 14; Sir 29:20; Jos., Ant. 3, 102; Just., A II, 13, 6; also ὅση δ. A I, 13, 1; 55, 8 al.; ὡς δ. μου D. 80, 5) 2 Cor 8:3a; ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δ. to each according to his special capability (cp. SIG 695, 55) Mt 25:15; AcPl Ha 7, 17. Opp. beyond one’s ability ὑπὲρ δύναμιν (Demosth. 18, 193; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 1 §3; 2, 13 §49; POxy 282, 8; Sir 8:13) 2 Cor 1:8 or παρὰ δ. (Thu. 3, 54, 4; PPetr II, 3b, 2 [III B.C.]; POxy 1418, 3; Jos., Ant. 14, 378) 8:3b.③ a deed that exhibits ability to function powerfully, deed of power, miracle, wonder (Ael. Aristid. 40, 12 K.=5 p. 59 D.: δυνάμεις ἐμφανεῖς; 42, 4 K.=6 p. 64 D. al.; Eutecnius 4 p. 41, 13; POxy 1381, 42; 90f τ. δυνάμεις ἀπαγγέλλειν; Steinleitner, nos. 3, 7f and 17; 8, 10 [restored] al.; Ps 117:15; Just., A I, 26, 22 al.) w. σημεῖα 2 Th 2:9; also in pl. Ac 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12; Hb 2:4; in this sense δ. stands mostly in pl. δυνάμεις Mt 7:22; 11:20f, 23; 13:54, 58; Mk 6:2; 9:39; Lk 10:13; 19:37; Ac 8:13; 19:11; 1 Cor 12:10, 28f; Gal 3:5 (on the two last pass. s. 1b above); Hb 6:5. Sg. Mk 6:5.④ someth. that serves as an adjunct of power, resource μικρὰν ἔχειν δ. have few resources Rv 3:8. Also wealth (X., An. 7, 7, 36, Cyr. 8, 4, 34; Dt 8:17f) ἐκ τῆς δ. τοῦ στρήνους fr. the excessive wealth Rv 18:3. Esp. of military forces (Hdt. et al. very oft.; cp. OGI ind. VIII; LXX; Jos., Ant. 18, 262; Just., D 131, 3), even of the heavenly bodies thought of as armies δ. τῶν οὐρανῶν the armies of heaven (Is 34:4 v.l.; 4 Km 17:16; Da 8:10 Theod.; En 18:14) Mt 24:29; Lk 21:26; cp. Mk 13:25.⑤ an entity or being, whether human or transcendent, that functions in a remarkable manner, power as a personal transcendent spirit or heavenly agent/angel ([cp. Pla., Crat. 438c] Aristot., Met. 4, 12, 1019a, 26 divinities δυνάμεις [likewise TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 21=Stone p. 36] λέγονται; Eth. Epic. col. 9, 16, w. θεοι; Porphyr., Abst. 2, 2 p. 133 Nauck δαίμοσιν ἢ θεοῖς ἤ τισι δυνάμεσιν θῦσαι; Sallust. 15 p. 28, 15 αἱ ἄνω δυνάμεις; Herm. Wr. 1, 26; 13, 15; Synes., Ep. 57 p. 191b; PGM 4, 3051; 4 Macc 5:13; Philo, Conf. Lingu. 171, Mut. Nom. 59) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 1 Pt 3:22; αἱ δ. τοῦ σατανᾶ IEph 13:1. (Cp. αἱ πονηραὶ δ., διάβολος καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ Did., Gen. 45, 4.) θεὸς ἀγγέλων καὶ δ. MPol 14:1 (cp. the ins in FCumont, Étud. syr. 1917, p. 321, 5 ὁ θεὸς τ. δυνάμεων=BCH 26, 1902, 176; Just., D. 85, 6 ἄγγελοι … καὶ δ.)—Desig. of a personal divine being as a power (i.e. an effective intermediary or expression; s. DDD 509–16) of the most high God (Ael. Aristid. 37, 28 K.=2 p. 27 D.: Athena as δ. τοῦ Διός; Just., A I, 14, 5 δ. θεοῦ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ ἦν; cp. 23, 2; Tat. 5, 1) οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ δύναμις τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη this man is what is called the Great Power of God Ac 8:10 (cp. ins of Saïttaï in Lydia εἷς θεὸς ἐν οὐρανοῖς μέγας Μὴν οὐράνιος, μεγάλη δύναμις τοῦ ἀθανάτου θεοῦ: ILydiaKP 110; PGM 4, 1275ff ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὴν μεγίστην δύναμιν τὴν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ὑπὸ κυρίου θεοῦ τεταγμένην. S. New Docs 1, 107. Cp. HKippenberg, Garizim u. Synagoge: RVV ’71, 122–24.—GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 8f; WSpiegelberg, Die ägypt. Gottheit der ‘Gotteskraft’: Ztschr. f. äg. Sprache 57, 1922, 145ff; FPreisigke, D. Gotteskraft der frühchristl. Zeit 1922).⑥ the capacity to convey thought, meaning (Pla., Crat. 394b; Polyb. 20, 9, 11; Dionys. Hal. 1, 68; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 19; Cass. Dio 55, 3; Philo, Congr. Erud. Gr. 125; Just., D. 125, 1 ἡ δ. τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ὀνόματος; 138, 1 ὀγδόης ἡμέρας … δυνάμει … πρώτης) of language 1 Cor 14:11; of stones Hv 3, 4, 3; cp. 3, 8, 6f.—OSchmitz, D. Begriff δ. bei Pls: ADeissmann Festschr. 1927, 139–67; WGrundmann, D. Begriff d. Kraft in d. ntl. Gedankenwelt ’32; Dodd 16–20; EFascher, Dynamis Theou: ZTK n. s. 19, ’38, 82–108; LBieler, Δύναμις u. ἐξουσία: Wiener Studien 55, ’38, 182–90; AForster, The Mng. of Power for St. Paul, ATR 32, ’50, 177–85; MBarré, CBQ 42, ’80, 216–27 (contrast w. ‘weakness’ in Qumran lit.)—DELG. Lampe s.v. δύναμις VI B and VII. RAC IV 441–51. EDNT. M-M. TW. -
107 καταργέω
καταργέω fut. καταργήσω; 1 aor. κατήργησα; pf. κατήργηκα. Pass.: 1 fut. καταργηθήσομαι; 1 aor. κατηργήθην; pf. κατήργημαι (s. ἀργέω; since Eur., Phoen. 753; Polyb.; POxy 38, 7 [49/50 A.D.]; PFlor 176, 7; 218, 13; PStras 32, 7; 2 Esdr; TestSol [also PVindobBosw for 18:38]; AscIs 3:31; Just.).① to cause someth. to be unproductive, use up, exhaust, waste of a tree κ. τὴν γῆν Lk 13:7 (cp. ἀργεῖ οὐδὲν ἀλλὰ καρποφορεῖ OdeSol 11:23).② to cause someth. to lose its power or effectiveness, invalidate, make powerless fig. extension of 1 (so, above all, in Paul and the writings dependent on him; cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 7 κατάργησον τ. σώματος τὰς αἰσθήσεις; of the soul of Jesus: κ. τὰ ἐπὶ κολάσεσιν πάθη Iren. 1, 25, 1 [Harv. I 205, 4]) make ineffective, nullify τὴν πίστιν τοῦ θεοῦ God’s fidelity Ro 3:3. ἐπαγγελίαν Gal 3:17; cp. Ro 4:14; τὰ ὄντα κ. nullify the things that (actually) exist 1 Cor 1:28. τὸν νόμον make the law invalid Eph 2:15; cp. Ro 3:31 (RThompson, ETh 63, ’87, 136–48, on alleged rabbinic background; s. also ἵστημι A4). Also in B of the OT cultic ordinances, which have lost their validity for Christians 5:6; 9:4; 16:2.③ to cause someth. to come to an end or to be no longer in existence, abolish, wipe out, set aside τὶ someth. τὰ τοῦ νηπίου set aside childish ways 1 Cor 13:11. Of God or Christ: God will do away with both stomach and food 6:13; bring to an end πᾶσαν ἀρχήν, ἐξουσίαν, δύναμιν 15:24. τὸν ἄνομον 2 Th 2:8. τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ ἀνόμου put an end to the time of the lawless one (i.e., the devil) B 15:5. τὸν θάνατον break the power of death 2 Ti 1:10; B 5:6; pass. 1 Cor 15:26 (MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body [ 1 Cor 15], ’62, 117–19). τὸν τὸ κράτος ἔχοντα τοῦ θανάτου destroy the one who has power over death Hb 2:14. ἵνα καταργηθῇ τὸ σῶμα τ. ἁμαρτίας in order that the sinful body may be done away with Ro 6:6. In 2 Cor 3:14 the subject may be ἡ παλαιὰ διαθήκη or, more probably (despite some grammatical considerations), κάλυμμα; in the latter case the mng. is remove.—Pass. cease, pass away προφητεία, γνῶσις 1 Cor 13:8. τὸ ἐκ μέρους what is imperfect vs. 10. ἄρα κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ the cross has ceased to be an obstacle Gal 5:11. πᾶς πόλεμος καταργεῖται every war is brought to an end IEph 13:2. καταργούμενος doomed to perish of the ἄρχοντες τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 1 Cor 2:6. Of the radiance on Moses’ face 2 Cor 3:7. Subst. τὸ καταργούμενον what is transitory vss. 11, 13.④ to cause the release of someone from an obligation (one has nothing more to do with it), be discharged, be released. In our lit. pass. καταργοῦμαι ἀπό τινος of a woman upon the death of her husband κατήργηται ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός Ro 7:2. Of Christians κ. ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου be released fr. the law vs. 6. Of those who aspire to righteousness through the law κ. ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ be estranged from Christ Gal 5:4.—Frisk s.v. 2 ἀργός; also DELG s.v. ἔργον. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
108 νόμος
νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D2 of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspectiveⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P74), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.② constitutional or statutory legal system, lawⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinanceⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl2 [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT2 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz2 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT6 ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law2 ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
109 закон
act, law, principle* * *зако́н м.
law; rule; principleизменя́ться по (за́данному) зако́ну — change [vary] in a (predetermined) manner [fashion]сигна́л изменя́ется по зако́ну модули́рующего напряже́ния — the signal follows the modulating voltageнаходи́ть по зако́ну — find [determine, give] by the lawзако́н о том, что … — the law that …по зако́ну — under the lawподчиня́ться зако́ну — obey the lawсогла́сно зако́ну — by [according to] the lawзако́н Авога́дро — Avogadro's hypothesis, Avogadro's lawзако́н аддити́вности — additivity law, principle of additivityадиабати́ческий зако́н — adiabatic lawзако́н Архиме́да — Archimedes' principleзако́н ассоциати́вности — associative lawзако́н Бабо́ ( в физической химии) — Babo's lawзако́н Бавено́ крист. — Baveno twin lawзако́н Берну́лли ( в теории вероятностей) — Bernoulli's theoremзако́н биномиа́льного распределе́ния — binomial(-distribution) lawзако́н Би́о—Сава́ра ( в электродинамике) — Biot-Savart's lawзако́н Бо́йля—Марио́тта — Boyle's law, Mariotte's lawзако́н Бо́льцмана ( в статистической механике) — Boltzmann distribution lawзако́н больши́х чи́сел — law of large numbers, law of averagesзако́н Бу́гера-Ламбе́рта-Бе́ера ( в аналитической химии) — Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, Beer-Lambert-Bouguer lawзако́н Вант-Го́ффа — Van't Hoff lawвероя́тностный зако́н — probability law, law of probabilityзако́н взаи́мности ( в теории чисел) — reciprocity lawзако́н взаи́мности квадра́тных вы́четов — quadratic reciprocity lawзако́н взаимозамести́мости кфт. — reciprocity law, Bunsen-Roscoe lawзако́н виртуа́льных скоросте́й — law of virtual velocitiesзако́н возраста́ния энтропи́и — law of degradation of energyзако́н всеми́рного тяготе́ния Ньюто́на — (Newton's) law of gravitationзако́н Ге́йгера—Нетто́ла яд. физ. — Geiger-Nuttall ruleзако́н Гей-Люсса́ка ( в термодинамике) — Gay-Lussac's law, combining volumes principle, Charle's lawзако́н Ге́нри ( в термодинамике) — Henry's lawзако́н Ге́сса ( в термохимии) — Hess's law, law of constant heat summationгиперболи́ческий зако́н — hyperbolic lawзако́н Грэ́ма ( в коллоидной химии) — Graham's lawзако́н Гу́ка ( в механике) — Hooke's lawзако́н Дальто́на ( в кинетической теории газов) — Dalton's law, law of partial pressuresзако́н Да́рси ( в гидродинамике) — Darcy's lawзако́н движе́ния электро́нов в электри́ческом по́ле — behavior of electrons in an electric fieldзако́н двойно́го отрица́ния — law of double negationдвучле́нный зако́н — binomial lawзако́н де́йствия и противоде́йствия — law of action and reactionзако́н де́йствующих масс — law of mass action, mass action lawзако́н Джо́уля—Ле́нца — Joule's lawзако́н дистрибути́вности — distributive lawзако́н дистрибути́вности дизъю́нкции относи́тельно конъю́нкции — distributive law of disjunction over conjunctionзако́н дистрибути́вности конъю́нкции относи́тельно дизъю́нкции — distribution law of conjunction over disjunctionзако́н идеа́льного га́за — ideal gas lawзако́н излуче́ния Пла́нка — Planck distribution law, Planck radiation formulaзако́н излуче́ния Рэ́лея—Джи́нса ( в статистической механике) — Rayleigh-Jeans lawзако́н ине́рции — Galileo's law of inertia, first law of motionзако́н исключё́нного тре́тьего — law of the excluded middleквадрати́чный зако́н — square lawква́нтовый зако́н — quantum lawзако́н Ке́плера астр. — Kepler's lawзако́ны Кирхго́фа — Kirchhoff's lawsзако́н Кольра́уша ( в физической химии) — Kohlrausch's lawзако́н коммутати́вности — commutative lawзако́н конве́кции — raw or convectionзако́н ко́синуса — cosine lawзако́н кра́сного смеще́ния астр. — the red-shift law, Hubble lawзако́н кра́тных отноше́ний — (Dalton's) law of multiple proportionsзако́н Куло́на — Coulomb's lawлине́йный зако́н — linear lawзако́н ма́лых чи́сел — law of small numbersзако́н Менделе́ева, периоди́ческий — Mendeleev's periodic lawзако́н наиме́ньшего де́йствия — principle of least actionнеква́нтовый зако́н — unquantized lawзако́ны меха́ники Нью́тона — Newton's laws of motionзако́н обрати́мости опт. — principle of reversibilityзако́н обра́тных квадра́тов — inverse-square lawзако́н объё́мных отноше́ний — law of combining volumesзако́н О́ма — Ohm's lawосновно́й зако́н — fundamental lawзако́н оши́бок — error functionзако́н паё́в — law of multiple proportionsзако́н парциа́льных давле́ний — Dalton's law, law of partial pressuresзако́н Паска́ля ( в гидростатике) — Pascal's lawзако́н Па́шена ( в теории газовых разрядов) — Paschen's lawперемести́тельный зако́н — commutative lawзако́н площаде́й — law of areasзако́н поглоще́ния — law of absorptionзако́н подо́бия — scaling [similarity, similitude] lawзако́н по́лного то́ка — Ampere's circuital lawзако́н постоя́нства соста́ва — law of constant [definite] proportionsзако́н постоя́нства сумм тепла́ ( в термохимии) — Hess's law, law of constant heat summationзако́н постоя́нства угло́в — law of constant anglesзако́н преобразова́ния — transformation lawзако́н простра́нственного заря́да — spacecharge lawзако́н просты́х объё́мных отноше́ний — Gay-Lussac's law, combining volumes principle, Charle's lawзако́н противоре́чия — law of contradictionзако́н Пуазё́йля ( закон ламинарного течения вязкой жидкости через тонкую трубку) — Poiseuille's lawзако́н равноме́рного распределе́ния — equipartition lawзако́н радиоакти́вного распа́да — radioactive decay lawзако́н радиоакти́вного смеще́ния — radioactive-displacement lawзако́н развё́ртывания — law of developmentзако́н распределе́ния — distribution [partition] lawзако́н распределе́ния вероя́тностей — probability [distribution] lawзако́н распределе́ния оши́бок — law (of propagation) of errorsраспредели́тельный зако́н — distributive lawзако́н Рау́ля ( в физической химии) — Raoult's lawзако́н регули́рования — control (mode), control actionзако́н регули́рования, астати́ческий — integral control (mode [action]), I-control (mode [action])зако́н регули́рования, изодро́мный — proportional-plus-integral control [PI-control] (action)зако́н регули́рования, изодро́мный с предваре́нием [по произво́дной] — proportional-plus integral-plus derivative control [PID-control] (action)зако́н регули́рования, стати́ческий — proportional control (mode [action]), P-control (mode [action])зако́н рефлекти́вности — reflexive lawзако́н Рэ́лея ( в теории рассеяния света) — Rayleigh lawзако́н самодистрибути́вности — self-distributive lawзако́н свобо́дного паде́ния — free-fall lawзако́н симме́трии — symmetry lawзако́н си́нусов — sine lawзако́н сло́жных проце́нтов — law of compound interestзако́н случа́йных оши́бок — law of accidental errorsзако́н смеще́ния Ви́на — Wien's (displacement) lawзако́н сохране́ния коли́чества движе́ния — law of conservation of momentumзако́н сохране́ния ма́ссы — law of conservation of massзако́н сохране́ния мате́рии — law of conservation of matterзако́н сохране́ния эне́ргии — law of conservation of energyсочета́тельный зако́н — associative lawзако́н тавтоло́гии — law of tautologyзако́н термодина́мики — law of thermodynamicsзако́н то́ждества — law of identity, idempotent lawзако́н транзити́вности — transitive lawзако́н трёх вторы́х — three-halves power lawзако́н тройно́го отрица́ния — law of triple negationзако́н тяготе́ния Эйнште́йна — Einstein's law of gravitation, Einstein's field equationsзако́н упру́гости — law of elasticityзако́ны Фараде́я ( основные законы электролиза) — Faraday's laws of electrolysisзако́н Фараде́я—Ма́ксвелла—Ле́нца — Faraday's law of induction, law of electromagnetic inductionзако́н хими́ческих эквивале́нтов — law of multiple proportionsзако́н це́лых чи́сел — law of rational inducesзако́н Эйнште́йна ( в фотохимии) — Einstein law of photochemical equivalencesзако́н эквивале́нтов — law or multiple proportionsэкспоненциа́льный зако́н — exponential law* * * -
110 Recht
Recht n 1. RECHT law (Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen, objektives Recht); 2. RECHT right (to do sth) (das Recht etw. zu tun, subjektives Recht) • alle Rechte vorbehalten RECHT all rights reserved • auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • das Recht haben RECHT have the right to • für Recht erkennen RECHT make a judgment, adjudge • im Recht sein GEN be in the right • in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen RECHT impinge on sb’s rights • jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun GEN give sb the right to do sth • nach deutschem Recht RECHT according to German law • Recht haben RECHT be in the right • Recht übertragen GEN, RECHT alienate • Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen RECHT restore law and order • Recht vorbehalten RECHT reserve a right • Rechte gewährt durch PAT rights afforded by • von einem Recht Gebrauch machen RECHT exercise a right • von Rechts wegen RECHT by law, de jure* * *n < Recht> 1. Rechtsordnung, Rechtsnormen law, 2. das Recht etw. zu tun right (to do something) ■ alle Rechte vorbehalten < Recht> all rights reserved ■ auf die Rechte eines anderen übergreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ im Recht sein < Geschäft> be in the right ■ in die Rechte eines anderen eingreifen < Recht> impinge on sb's rights ■ jmdm. das Recht erteilen, etw. zu tun < Geschäft> give sb the right to do sth ■ nach deutschem Recht < Recht> according to German law ■ Recht übertragen <Geschäft, Recht> alienate ■ Recht und Ordnung wiederherstellen < Recht> restore law and order ■ Rechte gewährt durch < Patent> rights afforded by ■ von einem Recht Gebrauch machen < Recht> exercise a right ■ von Rechts wegen < Recht> by law, de jure* * *Recht
law, (Anspruch) right, claim, interest, title, (Befugnis) power, authority, (rechtliches Gehör) due process of law, (Gerechtigkeit) justice, (Rechtsstudium) jurisprudence, law, (Vorrecht) privilege;
• alle Rechte vorbehalten copyright entered at Stationer’s Hall, all rights reserved;
• aus eigenem Recht in one’s own right;
• ausschließlich aller Rechte (Wertpapier) ex all;
• mit gegenwärtigem Recht auf zukünftige Nutzung vested in interest;
• mit dem Recht des Substanzeingriffs (Pächter) without impeachment of waste;
• nach englischem Recht under English law;
• nach materiellem Recht upon the merits;
• ohne das geringste (jeden Anschein von) Recht without any colo(u)r of right;
• von Rechts wegen as of right, according to (by operation of) law, in duty bound;
• abgeleitetes Recht (EU) secondary legislation;
• abgetretenes Recht assigned right;
• abtretbares Recht transferable right;
• älteres Recht (Sachenrecht) paramount title;
• angeborenes Recht inherent right;
• angestammtes Recht birthright;
• nicht mehr angewandtes Recht law fallen into disuse;
• anwendbares (anzuwendendes) Recht governing (applicable) law;
• ausländisches Recht foreign law;
• ausschließliches Recht exclusive right;
• außerstaatliches Recht external law;
• bedingtes Recht contingent interest;
• begründete Rechte vested rights;
• vertraglich begründetes Recht contractual right;
• nebeneinander bestehende Rechte concurrent interests;
• zur Kaufpreissicherung bestelltes Recht purchase-money security interest (US);
• bindendes Recht binding law;
• bürgerliches Recht common (civil, private) law;
• aufschiebend bedingtes dingliches Recht executory interest;
• einklagbares Recht enforceable right;
• einzelstaatliches Recht (EU) national law;
• entgegenstehende Rechte conflicting rights;
• erworbene Rechte rights accrued, vested rights;
• formelles Recht law adjective, procedural law;
• geltendes Recht existing (established) law, law in force;
• am Ort des Vertragsabschlusses geltendes Recht law of the place where the contract is made;
• streitig gemachtes Recht threatened right;
• grundlegendes Recht fundamental right;
• gültiges Recht law in force;
• höchstpersönliches Recht right of persons, personal servitude;
• innerstaatliches (inländisches) Recht internal (domestic, national, municipal) law;
• internationales Recht international law, law of nations;
• materielles Recht substantive law;
• nachgewiesenes Recht proved claim;
• nachgiebiges Recht flexible law;
• naturgegebenes Recht inherent right;
• öffentliches Recht public law;
• originäres Recht natural right;
• persönliches Recht private (personal) law;
• staatsbürgerliche Rechte civil rights;
• stärkeres Recht title paramount;
• genau umschriebene Rechte definite rights;
• unabdingbares Recht inalienable right;
• unbestrittenes Recht clear title;
• ungeschriebenes Recht unwritten law;
• verbriefte Rechte (Verfassung) vested (chartered) rights;
• verfassungsmäßig verbürgtes Recht constitutional right;
• vererbliche Rechte incorporeal hereditaments;
• verjährtes Recht statute-barred right;
• vertragliches Recht contractual right;
• vertragsähnliches Recht quasi-contractual right;
• verwirktes Recht forfeited right;
• im Rang vorgehendes Recht senior title;
• wohlerworbene Rechte duly acquired rights, (Verfassung) vested rights (US);
• Recht des Aberntens [auch nach Beendigung der Pachtzeit] (Pächter) right to emblement;
• Recht auf Abtretung der Ersatzansprüche right of subrogation;
• Recht auf Akteneinsicht right to inspect files;
• Recht auf Arbeit right to work, employment right;
• Rechte von schwangeren oder stillenden Arbeitnehmerinnen rights for working women who are pregnant or breastfeeding;
• Recht auf ungestörte Aussicht right of view;
• Recht zur Banknotenausgabe note-issuing privilege (Br.);
• Recht auf Beanstandung right to [lodge] complaint;
• Recht auf vorzugsweise Befriedigung im Konkursverfahren priority (preference) claim;
• Recht auf Beibehaltung des Arbeitsplatzes bei Entlassungen bumping right;
• Rechte Dritter third-party rights;
• Recht am geistiges Eigentum intellectual property right;
• handelsbezogene Rechte am geistigen Eigentum trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS);
• Recht auf Einsichtnahme right to inspect;
• Recht auf Einsichtnahme in die Geschäftsbücher right of access to the books;
• individuelles Recht auf Elternurlaub individual right to parental leave;
• Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work;
• Recht auf gleiches Entgelt bei gleicher bzw. gleichwertiger Arbeit right to equal pay for equal work or work of equal value;
• Recht auf Entnahme right of withdrawal;
• Rechte gutgläubiger Erwerber rights of innocent purchasers;
• ausschließliches Recht zur Fernsehwerbung exclusive right to broadcast television advertising;
• gleiche Rechte für Frauen und Männer (EU)equal rights and opportunities for women and men;
• Rechte und Freiheiten der ideologischen und philosophischen Minderheiten rights and liberties of ideological and philosophical minorities;
• Recht auf Freizügigkeit right to free movement;
• Recht auf Gegendarstellung right of reply;
• Recht auf Gegenseitigkeit law of reciprocity;
• Rechte an einem Grundstück legal interests in land, chattels real;
• Recht der Handelsvertreter agency law;
• Recht der unerlaubten Handlungen law of torts;
• sachenrechtsähnliches Recht an Immobilien equitable state;
• Recht im Internet cyberlaw;
• Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften company law (Br.);
• Recht des Kaufvertrags law of sales;
• Rechte der Mehrheit majority rights;
• Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung freedom of speech, right to speak;
• Rechte der Minderheit minority rights;
• Recht auf Nachlassbeschränkung (Erbe) benefit of inventory;
• Recht der Niederlassung right of settlement;
• Rechte einer juristischen Person corporate rights;
• Rechte und Pflichten rights and liabilities;
• Recht der Produkthaftung product liability law;
• Recht auf Rückkehr an den gleichen oder einen gleichwertigen Arbeitsplatz right to return to the same or an equivalent job;
• Rechte an Sachen right of things;
• Recht an beweglichen Sachen chattel interest;
• Recht des Schadenersatzes law of damages;
• Recht auf Schutz der Intimsphäre right of privacy;
• Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung self-determination right in information;
• Recht auf Selbstverteidigung inherent right of self-defence;
• Recht auf Stellvertretung law of agency;
• Recht der Vereinigungsfreiheit right of freedom of association;
• Rechte und Verpflichtungen aus einem Vertrag rights and obligations arising under a contract;
• Rechte des Wechselinhabers holder’s right;
• Recht auf Wiederinbesitznahme right of reentry;
• Rechte von Wöchnerinnen rights for working women who have recently given birth;
• jem. ein Recht aberkennen to divest s. o. of a right;
• Recht abtreten to assign (cede) a right;
• sich jds. Rechte anmaßen to usurp s. one’s rights;
• über die Rechte in anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten aufklären to inform of the rights in other EU countries;
• Recht ausüben to exercise a right;
• Recht auf den Bezug junger Aktien ausüben to exercise the right to subscribe for new shares (stocks, US);
• Recht beanspruchen to vindicate a claim;
• jds. Rechte beeinträchtigen to prejudice (encroach upon) s. one’s rights;
• sich eines Rechtes begeben to abandon (surrender) a right;
• auf seinem Recht bestehen to insist on one’s right, to exact one’s pound of flesh;
• zu Recht bestehen to be good in law;
• Recht beugen to stretch law, to pervert the course of justice;
• seine Rechte gerichtlich durchsetzen to enforce one’s rights;
• in vertragliche Rechte eingreifen to impair the obligations of a contract;
• in jds. Rechte eintreten to succeed to s. one’s rights;
• für Recht erkennen to hold, to adjudicate, to find;
• Recht ersitzen to prescribe to a right;
• Recht auf Selbstbestimmung garantieren to guarantee (safeguard) the right of self-determination;
• eines Rechtes verlustig gehen to forfeit a right;
• Recht genießen (haben) to enjoy a right;
• Recht auf seiner Seite haben to have a strong case;
• Recht erlöschen (verfallen) lassen to allow a right to lapse;
• von seinem guten Recht Gebrauch machen to exercise one’s perfectly valid right;
• jem. ein Recht streitig machen to contest s. one’s right;
• seine Rechte missbrauchen to exceed (act in excess of) one’s rights;
• sein Recht in Anspruch nehmen to push one’s demands;
• jds. Rechte schmälern to curtail (entrench, restrain) s. one’s rights;
• im Recht sein to have the law on one’s side;
• unvereinbar mit dem Recht der Europäischen Union sein to be inconsistent with European Community law;
• Recht sprechen to dispense (administer) justice, to judge;
• j. im Genuss seiner Rechte stören to disturb s. o. in the lawful enjoyment of rights;
• Recht mit Füßen treten to fly in the face of the law;
• Recht übertragen to assign (transfer) a right;
• Recht verdrehen to pervert the course of justice, to twist the law;
• jem. ein Recht verleihen to confer a right upon s. o.;
• Recht verletzen to infringe a right;
• jds. Rechte verletzen to trespass on s. one’s rights;
• auf ein Recht verzichten to relinquish (disclaim) a right;
• sich ein Recht vorbehalten to reserve a right for o. s.;
• Recht wahren to safeguard a right;
• Recht auf Freizügigkeit wahrnehmen to take advantage of the right to free movement;
• nach dem Recht des Wohnsitzes beurteilt werden to be governed by the law of domicile;
• den Arbeitern ein verbrieftes Recht auf Grundkapitalbeteiligung zugestehen to give workers a recognized right to a bit of the equity. -
111 aplicar
v.1 to apply.Ricardo le aplica pintura a la pared Richard applies paint to the wall.El chico le aplicó la fórmula a la ecuación The boy applied the formula to…2 to be applicable, to apply, to appertain.Aplica el descuento The discount is applicable.3 to rub in.Ricardo aplica loción de manos Richard rubs in hand lotion.4 to administer.María aplica inyecciones Mary applies injections.* * *1 (gen) to apply■ aplicó el método que había aprendido de su padre he applied the method he had learned from his father■ para pedidos superiores a 250 se aplica un descuento del 10% for orders over 250 there is a 10% discount2 (destinar) to assign1 (esforzarse) to apply oneself, work hard* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (=poner)a) (Med) [+ crema, pomada] to apply; [+ inyección, tratamiento] to give, administer frm (a to)b) frm [+ pintura, pegamento] to apply frm2) (=poner en práctica) [+ teoría] to put into practice; [+ técnica] to use; [+ principio] to apply; [+ descuento] to give; [+ sanción, castigo] to impose, applyahora tienes que aplicar lo que has aprendido — now you have to put into practice what you have learnt
su objetivo es aplicar los acuerdos de paz — her aim is to put the peace agreements into practice o effect
le aplicaron la legislación antiterrorista en el interrogatorio — he was questioned under anti-terrorist laws
durante el verano aplicamos descuentos especiales — during the summer we offer o give special discounts
3) (=dedicar)aplicar a algo — [+ esfuerzos, tiempo] to devote to sth; [+ recursos] to apply to sth
2.3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml) <pomada/maquillaje/barniz> to apply (frml)3) (frml) <método/sistema> to put into practice2.aplicar vi (Col, Ven) to apply3.aplicar a un puesto/una beca — to apply for a job/a scholarship
aplicarse v pron to apply oneself* * *= pursue, bring to + bear.Ex. All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.Ex. For such a task the librarian is particularly well fitted by his professional education: bringing to bear the great analytical power of classification should be second nature to him.----* aplicar con brocha = brush.* aplicar de forma general = widely applied.* aplicar indiscriminadamente = apply across + the board.* aplicar la inteligencia a = apply + intellect to.* aplicar mal = misapply.* aplicar por extensión = extend.* aplicarse = apply, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.* aplicársele el cuento a Alguien = cap + fit.* aplicarse también = hold + good.* aplicar una capa base = prime.* aplicar una capa de imprimación = prime.* aplicar una normativa = apply + regulations.* aplicar un tratamiento equivocado = mistreat.* aplicar un tratamiento erróneo = mistreat.* lo mismo se aplica a = the same is true (for/of/with).* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml) <pomada/maquillaje/barniz> to apply (frml)3) (frml) <método/sistema> to put into practice2.aplicar vi (Col, Ven) to apply3.aplicar a un puesto/una beca — to apply for a job/a scholarship
aplicarse v pron to apply oneself* * *= pursue, bring to + bear.Ex: All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
Ex: For such a task the librarian is particularly well fitted by his professional education: bringing to bear the great analytical power of classification should be second nature to him.* aplicar con brocha = brush.* aplicar de forma general = widely applied.* aplicar indiscriminadamente = apply across + the board.* aplicar la inteligencia a = apply + intellect to.* aplicar mal = misapply.* aplicar por extensión = extend.* aplicarse = apply, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.* aplicársele el cuento a Alguien = cap + fit.* aplicarse también = hold + good.* aplicar una capa base = prime.* aplicar una capa de imprimación = prime.* aplicar una normativa = apply + regulations.* aplicar un tratamiento equivocado = mistreat.* aplicar un tratamiento erróneo = mistreat.* lo mismo se aplica a = the same is true (for/of/with).* * *aplicar [A2 ]vtA ( frml); ‹pomada/maquillaje› to apply ( frml), put on; ‹pintura/barniz› to apply ( frml); ‹inyección› to administer ( frml), to giveB ‹sanción› to impose; ‹descuento› to allowen estos casos se aplicará todo el rigor de la ley in such cases the full weight of the law will be brought to bearse le aplicará la tarifa 4A you will be charged at rate 4Ael acuerdo sólo se aplica a los afiliados al sindicato the agreement applies only to union membersD ‹misa› to say■ aplicarvi(Col, Ven) to applyaplicar a un puesto/una beca to apply for a job/a scholarshipto apply oneselftienes que aplicarte más en tus estudios you must apply yourself more to your studiestodos se aplicaron para que resultara un éxito they all worked hard to make it a success* * *
aplicar ( conjugate aplicar) verbo transitivo
1 (frml) ‹pomada/maquillaje/barniz› to apply (frml)
2 ‹ sanción› to impose;
‹ descuento› to allow;
3 ‹método/sistema› to put into practice
verbo intransitivo (Col, Ven) to apply;◊ aplicar a un puesto/una beca to apply for a job/a scholarship
aplicarse verbo pronominal
to apply oneself
aplicar verbo transitivo to apply
' aplicar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dar
English:
administer
- apply
- dab
- lay on
- reapply
- rub in
- slap on
- spray
- double
- pioneer
- prime
- rub
- waive
* * *♦ vt1. [técnica, teoría] to apply;[plan] to implement; [sanciones] to impose; [nombre, calificativo] to give, to apply2. [pomada, vendaje, pintura] to apply;aplicó alcohol en la herida she cleaned the wound with alcohol♦ viAndes [postular] to apply (a for)* * *v/t apply; sanciones impose* * *aplicar {72} vt: to apply* * *aplicar vbaplicó pomada sobre la picadura she applied some cream to the bite / she put some cream on the bite -
112 derecho2
2 = entitlement, law, right.Ex. Community education is another form of outreach that aims to educate the public about the availability of services that can help them, about their entitlement to benefits, or about their rights under the law.Ex. The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and Education.Ex. Access to information is a fundamental right of citizenship, in fact, the fourth right, following in the footsteps of civil rights, political rights and social rights.----* bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.* biblioteca de derecho = law library.* bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.* biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas de derecho = law librarianship.* carta de derechos = charter of rights.* carta de derechos humanos = charter of human rights.* colección de derecho = law collection.* colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.* conceder el derecho al voto = enfranchise.* con derecho a voto = eligible to vote.* con derecho de autor = copyright-protected.* con derechos de autor = copyrightable, royalty-paid.* con pleno derecho = with full rights.* conseguir el derecho para = win + the right to.* dar derecho a = entitle to.* Declaración de Derechos = Bill of Rights.* Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.* de derecho = de jure [iure].* de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.* defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.* defensor de los derechos de los animales = animal rights campaigner.* defensor de los derechos de los animales = animal rights activist.* defensor de los derechos de los ciudadanos = citizen activist.* defensor de los derechos humanos = human rights activist, human rights campaigner.* de pleno derecho = in + Posesivo + own right, rightful.* derecho administrativo = administrative law.* derecho a independizarse, el = right to secede, the.* derecho a la lectura = right to read.* derecho a la libertad de expresión = right to free speech, right of free speech.* derecho a la muerte = right to die.* derecho a la privacidad = privacy right.* derecho a la vida = right to live.* derecho a leer = right to read.* derecho al veto = veto power.* derecho al voto = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.* derecho a vivir = right to live.* derecho a votar = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.* derecho a voto = voting rights, suffrage, right to vote, the.* derecho básico = natural right, basic right.* derecho canónico = canon law.* derecho civil = civil law.* derecho comunitario = Community law.* derecho constitucional = constitutional right, constitutional law.* derecho consuetudinario = common law.* derecho de acceso = access right.* derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.* derecho de alquiler = rental right.* derecho de autor de la Corona = Crown copyright.* derecho de grabación de ondas sonoras o televisivas = off-air recording right.* derecho de la comunidad = community right.* derecho del consumidor = consumer law.* derecho del individuo = individual's right.* derecho del trabajo = employment law.* derecho de nacimiento = birthright.* derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.* derecho de patentes = patent law.* derecho de préstamo = lending right.* derecho de reproducción = reprographic right.* derecho de retención = lien.* derecho de servidumbre = easement.* derecho de sucesión = inheritance law.* derecho de voto = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.* derecho divino = divine right, divine law.* derecho eclesiástico = ecclesiastical law.* derecho eterno = eternal right.* derecho exclusivo = exclusive right.* derecho humano = human right.* derecho inalienable = inalienable right, birthright, unalienable right.* derecho internacional = international law.* derecho laboral = employment law.* derecho legal = legal right.* derecho medioambiental = environmental law.* derecho natural = natural right, natural law.* derecho penal = criminal law, penal law.* derecho preferente de compra = preemption [pre-emption].* derecho público = civic right, public law.* derechos = rights.* derechos afines = neighbouring rights.* derechos cívicos = civil rights.* derechos civiles = civil rights, civil liberties.* derechos de aduana = customs duties.* derechos de amarre = moorage.* derechos de atraque = moorage.* derechos de autor = copyright, royalty [royalties, -pl.].* derechos de la mujer = women's rights.* derechos de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property rights.* derechos del ciudadano = civil liberties.* derechos del consumidor = consumer rights [consumers' rights].* derechos de licencia = licensing rights.* derechos de los animales = animal rights.* derechos democráticos = democratic rights.* derechos de patente = patent rights.* derechos de propiedad = property rights.* derechos de reproducción = reproduction rights.* derechos en materia de procreación = reproductive rights.* derechos humanos específicos de la mujer = human rights of women.* derechos individuales = individual rights.* derecho soberano = sovereign right.* derecho sobre el préstamo al público (PLR) = public lending right (PLR).* derechos políticos = political rights.* derechos reproductivos = reproductive rights.* derechos sociales = social rights.* ejercer un derecho = exercise + right.* estado de derecho = rule of law.* facultad de derecho = law school.* hacer valer sus derechos = assert + Posesivo + rights.* igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.* individualización de los derechos = individualisation of rights.* infracción del derecho de autor = copyright infringement.* infringir un derecho = infringe + right, violate + right.* instrucción sobre los derechos de los ciudadanos = community education.* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.* libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.* libro de derecho = law book.* luchar por los derechos = campaign for + rights.* material protegido por el derecho de autor = copyright material, copyrighted material.* mención de derecho de autor = statement of copyright.* movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.* movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.* movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.* obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.* obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.* oficina de derechos de autor = copyright office.* pagar derechos reales = pay + royalty.* propietario de los derechos de autor = rightholder.* protegido por el derecho de autor = copyrighted, copyright-protected.* reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.* reivindicar el derecho de Uno = stake + Posesivo + claim.* reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.* reservarse el derecho de = reserve + the right to.* respetar un derecho = respect + right.* sociedad de gestión de derechos de autor = copyright collective, copyright collecting society, copyright collecting agency.* tarifa de derechos de autor = royalty charge.* tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.* tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.* tener el derecho de = have + the right to.* titular del derecho = payee entitled.* titular del derecho de autor = rights-holder [rightsholder], copyright holder.* titular de los derechos de autor = rights-owner.* todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.* violación del derecho de la gente a + Nombre = invasion of people's right to + Nombre.* violación de los derechos humanos = violation of human rights, human rights abuse.* violar los derechos = invade + rights.* violar un derecho = infringe + right, violate + right. -
113 igualdad
f.1 equality (equivalencia).en igualdad de condiciones on equal termsigualdad de derechos equal rightsigualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities2 sameness.3 equation.* * *1 equality2 (de superficie) levelness\en igualdad de condiciones,... all things being equal,...estar en igualdad de condiciones to be on equal termsigualdad de derechos equal rightsigualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=equivalencia) equalityen igualdad de condiciones — on an equal basis, on an equal footing
2) (=uniformidad) [de superficie] evenness; [de rasgos, formas] similarity* * *femenino equality* * *= equity, parity, equality, equitability.Ex. It covers selected news reports which include the president's programme, power for youth services workers, pay equity, and equity in information services.Ex. The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.Ex. The national ethos is much more egalitarian than it was and more and more appeals can successfully be made to the argument of equality in political discussion.Ex. These variables ensured equitability by virtue of enabling each department to acquire the same percentage of the literature published in its field.----* concienciacion de la igualdad de sexos = gender awareness.* directiva sobre la igualdad de trato = equal treatment directive.* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones = other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.* estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.* igualdad de acceso = equity of access.* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.* igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.* igualdad de género = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.* igualdad de oportunidades = equal opportunity, equality of opportunities, equity of opportunity.* igualdad de poder = parity of power.* igualdad de retribución = equal pay.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for equal work, equal pay for comparable work.* igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.* igualdad de trato = equal treatment.* igualdad entre las razas = race equality.* igualdad entre los sexos = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad racial = race equality, racial equality.* igualdad retributiva = equal pay.* igualdad social = social equity.* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.* * *femenino equality* * *= equity, parity, equality, equitability.Ex: It covers selected news reports which include the president's programme, power for youth services workers, pay equity, and equity in information services.
Ex: The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.Ex: The national ethos is much more egalitarian than it was and more and more appeals can successfully be made to the argument of equality in political discussion.Ex: These variables ensured equitability by virtue of enabling each department to acquire the same percentage of the literature published in its field.* concienciacion de la igualdad de sexos = gender awareness.* directiva sobre la igualdad de trato = equal treatment directive.* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones = other things being equal, on equal terms, one of equals, ceteris paribus, in a tie, on an equal footing, on an equal basis.* en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.* estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.* igualdad de acceso = equity of access.* igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.* igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.* igualdad de género = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.* igualdad de oportunidades = equal opportunity, equality of opportunities, equity of opportunity.* igualdad de poder = parity of power.* igualdad de retribución = equal pay.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for equal work, equal pay for comparable work.* igualdad de tratamiento = fairness.* igualdad de trato = equal treatment.* igualdad entre las razas = race equality.* igualdad entre los sexos = gender equality, sex equality, sexual equality.* igualdad racial = race equality, racial equality.* igualdad retributiva = equal pay.* igualdad social = social equity.* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.* * *A (equidad) equalitylibertad, igualdad, fraternidad liberty, equality, fraternityigualdad de oportunidades/derechos equal opportunities/rightspor primera vez se enfrentaban en igualdad de condiciones for the first time they faced each other on equal terms o on an equal footingB ( Mat) equation* * *
igualdad sustantivo femenino
equality;
en igualdad de condiciones on equal terms
igualdad sustantivo femenino
1 (de trato) equality: exigimos igualdad de oportunidades para los minusválidos, we demand equality of opportunity for handicapped people
igualdad ante la ley, equality before the law
en igualdad de condiciones, on equal terms
2 (coincidencia, parecido) similarity: hay mucha igualdad entre ambos equipos, there is a lot of similarity between the two teams
' igualdad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
consonancia
- estar
- identidad
- oportunidad
- pie
English:
arm's length
- equal
- equality
- footing
- lobby
- minority
- parity
- sameness
- par
- pay
* * *igualdad nf1. [equivalencia] equality;la igualdad ante la ley equality before the law;piden un trato de igualdad they are asking for equal treatment;en igualdad de condiciones on equal terms;para garantizar la igualdad de condiciones in order to ensure a level playing field;en pie de igualdad on an equal footingigualdad de derechos equal rights;igualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities;igualdad de retribuciones equal pay;igualdad de sexos sexual equality2. [identidad] sameness3. Mat equation* * *f equality* * *igualdad nf1) : equality2) uniformidad: evenness, uniformity* * *igualdad n equality -
114 be
be a threat to a country's economic independence — становити (собою) загрозу економічній незалежності країни, загрожувати економічній незалежності держави
be a threat to a country's sovereignty — становити (собою) загрозу національному суверенітету, загрожувати національному суверенітету
be abdicant of responsibilities — знімати з себе відповідальність; нехтувати своїми обов'язками
be appointed with the advice and consent — (of Parliament, etc.) призначатися за рекомендацією і згодою ( парламенту тощо)
be arrested while in attendance — бути заарештованим за порушення парламентського імунітету під час присутності ( на засіданні законодавчого органу), підлягати арешту на засіданні законодавчого органу
be brought to punishment for crime — = be brought to punishment for one's crime понести покарання за злочин
be brought to punishment for one's crime — = be brought to punishment for crime
be called as a witness for the defence — = be called as a witness for the defense викликатися в якості свідка захисту
be called as a witness for the defense — = be called as a witness for the defence
be disqualified from membership — ( of parliament) лишитися місця ( у парламенті) (про особу), не мати права бути членом ( парламенту)
be elected on the second ballot — = be elected on the second balloting бути обраним у другому турі виборів
be elected on the second balloting — = be elected on the second ballot
be engaged in activities that may endanger national security — займатися діяльність, що становить небезпеку для національної безпеки
be engaged in criminal activity — = be engaged in criminal activities займатися злочинною діяльністю
be engaged in criminal activities — = be engaged in criminal activity
be exempt from the jurisdiction of the receiving state — не підпадати під юрисдикцію держави-господаря
be involved in criminal activity — = be involved in criminal activities займатися злочинною діяльністю
be involved in criminal activities — = be involved in criminal activity
be of a recommendatory character — = be of a recommendatory nature мати рекомендаційний характер
be put in double jeopardy for the same offence — = be put in double jeopardy for the same offense судити двічі за один і той же злочин ( про злочинця)
be put in double jeopardy for the same offense — = be put in double jeopardy for the same offence
be released on an undertaking not to leave — ( a city) звільнятися під підписку про невиїзд ( з міста)
be subject to arbitrary judgement — = be subject to arbitrary judgment піддаватися довільному засудженню
be subject to arbitrary judgment — = be subject to arbitrary judgement
be subject to close control by legislation — = be subject to close control by legislation the courts підлягати суворому контролю з боку законодавчого органу (судів)
be subject to close control by legislation the courts — = be subject to close control by legislation
be subject to mandatory retirement at a fixed age — підлягати обов'язковому виходу у відставку (на пенсію) після досягнення визначеного віку
be subject to the discretion of the court — вирішуватися судом; віддаватися на розсуд суду
be tried twice for the same offence — = be tried twice for the same offence offense судити двічі за один і той же злочин ( про злочинця)
- be brought before a courtbe tried twice for the same offence offense — = be tried twice for the same offence
- be brought before a magistrate
- be effective as law
- be punished on an indictment
- be shaken on cross-examination
- be a fugitive from justice
- be a judge
- be a lawyer
- be a party to a crime
- be a representative
- be a violation
- be about to commit an offence
- be about to commit an offense
- be above the law
- be absent
- be absent from court
- be absent from duty
- be absent from work
- be accountable
- be accused
- be accused of bribe-taking
- be accused of high treason
- be actionable
- be actionable on proof
- be admitted to bail
- be admitted to citizenship
- be admitted to the bar
- be affixed
- be allowed as evidence
- be allowed in evidence
- be ambushed
- be answerable
- be appointed by the president
- be appointed a judge
- be approved by the legislature
- be armed
- be arrested en masse
- be at fault
- be at law
- be at quarrel
- be at the Bar
- be at the crime scene
- be at war
- be authorized by the situation
- be aware
- be aware of a risk
- be aware of one's rights
- be aware of the crime
- be based
- be behind bars
- be beneath one's dignity
- be biased
- be booked for speeding
- be born in lawful wedlock
- be brought to court for trial
- be brought up
- be brought up to one's trial
- be called to the Bar
- be called upon to testify
- be cast in lawsuit
- be censored
- be chairman
- be chairwoman
- be charged
- be charged on the article
- be charged with high treason
- be confirmed
- be considered an authority
- be constitutionally based
- be convicted of murder
- be criminally liable
- be debated
- be deemed harmful to health
- be defeated in elections
- be defined by law
- be deprived
- be deprived of legal validity
- be deprived of privileges
- be detained in one's home
- be discussed
- be dislocated
- be dispossessed
- be divorced
- be down for a speech
- be educated
- be educated in law
- be elected
- be elected by direct ballot
- be elected for a second term
- be elected President
- be eligible
- be eligible for an amnesty
- be eligible for consideration
- be engaged
- be engaged in prostitution
- be entangled by intrigue
- be entitled
- be entitled to an attorney
- be entitled to benefit
- be entitled to speak and vote
- be equal before the law
- be equal in rights
- be equally authentic
- be exact in one's payments
- be exempt from control
- be exempted from taxation
- be expert with a revolver
- be fined for speeding
- be found guilty
- be found guilty on all counts
- be found not guilty
- be free from forced marriage
- be given a clearance
- be given security clearance
- be governed
- be guaranteed against loss
- be guided
- be guilty
- be guilty of murder
- be head
- be heard by counsel
- be heard in one's defence
- be heard in one's defense
- be heavily taxed
- be held legally responsible
- be held liable
- be high on drugs
- be hurtful to the health
- be ignorant
- be immune
- be immune from attachment
- be immune from execution
- be immune from jurisdiction
- be immune from prosecution
- be immune from requisition
- be immune from search
- be implicated in a case
- be implicated in a crime
- be in a mora
- be in abeyance
- be in accordance with the law
- be in arrear
- be in arrears
- be in breach
- be in charge
- be in charge of a department
- be in conference
- be in continuous session
- be in control of one's actions
- be in control of the territory
- be in custody
- be in debt
- be in default
- be in dispute
- be in exile
- be in foster care
- be in hiding
- be in hock
- be in jail
- be in jeopardy
- be in office
- be in on a racket
- be in possession
- be in power
- be in prison
- be in protest
- be in session
- be in the chair
- be in the clear
- be in the committee
- be in the dock
- be in the majority
- be in the minority
- be in the possession
- be in trouble
- be in trouble with the law
- be inaugurated as president
- be incited
- be included in a commission
- be included in the amnesty
- be innocent of the crime
- be inspired
- be instigated
- be instructed in law
- be interdicted by law
- be involved
- be implicated in a case
- be implicated in the crime
- be legally entitled
- be legally obligated
- be legally responsible
- be levied with a tax
- be liable
- be liable to smth.
- be liable civilly
- be liable criminally
- be liable for confiscation
- be liable for punishment
- be liable for tax
- be liable to prosecution
- be made known
- be made widely known
- be morally bankrupt
- be number one on the hit list
- be of a recommendatory nature
- be of counsel
- be of full age
- be of legal age
- be of little legal consequence
- be of provocative character
- be on a death row
- be on a tour of inspection
- be on all fours
- be on charge
- be on duty
- be on leave
- be on one's trail
- be on patrol
- be on picket
- be on remand
- be on the downward path
- be on the floor
- be on the force
- be on the run
- be on the staff
- be on the stakeout
- be on the take
- be on the track
- be on the wanted circular
- be on the wanted list
- be operating illegally
- be out of court
- be out of it
- be out of uniform
- be out of work
- be out
- be outlawed
- be outside the reference
- be outvoted
- be persecuted
- be personally liable
- be placed in the dock
- be placed into the dock
- be placed under surveillance
- be popularly elected
- be prejudiced
- be present at the death
- be present at the hearing
- be privately owned
- be privileged from arrest
- be proctorized
- be prohibited by law
- be proscribed by law
- be prosecutable by law
- be prosecuted
- be proxy
- be pulled in for speeding
- be punishable
- be put in the dock
- be put into the dock
- be put on parole
- be put on trial
- be qualified for membership
- be raised to the bench
- be re-elected
- be received in audience
- be regulated
- be rehabilitated
- be released at large
- be released from prison
- be remiss in duties
- be responsible
- be rounded up
- be seised of an issue
- be sent on an embassy
- be sentenced to death
- be sentenced to life
- be served with a summons
- be sought for murder
- be steeped in crime
- be struck off the list
- be struck off the records
- be subject
- be subject to a rule
- be subject to an interception
- be subject to call
- be subject to control
- be subject to law
- be subject to licence
- be subject to license
- be subject to limitations
- be subject to penalty
- be subject to punishment
- be subject to qualifications
- be subject to ratification
- be subject to review
- be subject to sanction
- be subject to the supervision
- be subject to torture
- be subjected to censorship
- be subjected to discrimination
- be subjected to interrogation
- be subjected to penalty
- be subjected to persecution
- be subjected to reprisals
- be subjected to repressions
- be subjected to victimization
- be subordinate only to the law
- be subversive of discipline
- be sued
- be sued civilly
- be suspected
- be taxed
- be tortured to death
- be trained in law
- be trapped
- be treated as a crime
- be tried
- be under cognizance
- be under a ban
- be under a cloud
- be under a suspicion
- be under accusation
- be under age
- be under an accusation
- be under arrest
- be under constant surveillance
- be under debate
- be under discussion
- be under examination
- be under indictment
- be under investigation
- be under legal age
- be under surveillance
- be under suspicion
- be under the control
- be under the effect of alcohol
- be under the jurisdiction
- be unopposed in the election
- be unopposed in the elections
- be valid
- be valid for a certain period
- be vested in the people
- be vicariously liable
- be victimized
- be well versed in law
- be widely defined
- be within cognizance
- be without appeal
- be without further appeal
- be wrong -
115 право
1. сущ.( в субъективном смысле) right; title; (власть, полномочие) authority; powerвосстанавливать в правах — ( кого-л) to rehabilitate, разг rehab; restore ( smb) in his / her rights
давать (предоставлять) (кому-л) право — to authorize (empower, enable) (smb + to + inf); entitle ( smb to); give (grant) ( smb) a right
затрагивать чьи-л права — to affect (impair, prejudice) smb's rights
заявлять (предъявлять) право — (на) to claim ( for); claim a right; lay (lodge, raise) a claim (to)
иметь право — (на) to be eligible ( for); be entitled (to); have a right (to)
лишать (кого-л) избирательного права — to deny ( smb) (deprive / divest smb of) his / her electoral right; disfranchise ( smb)
наделять (кого-л) правом — to authorize (empower) (smb + to + inf); confer a right (on / upon); vest a right ( in smb); vest ( smb) with a right
наносить ущерб (чьим-л) правам — to affect (impair, prejudice) ( smb's) rights
не затрагивать права и обязанности юридического лица — not to affect (impair, prejudice) the rights and obligations of a legal entity (person)
отказываться от права — to abandon (disclaim, drop, remise, renounce, resign, surrender, waive) a right; quitclaim
передавать (переуступать) право — to assign (cede, transfer) a right
посягать на (ущемлять) (чьи-л) права — to encroach (infringe, trespass, usurp) on (upon) ( smb's) rights
предоставлять (давать) (кому-л) право — to authorize (empower, enable) (smb + to + inf); entitle ( smb to); give (grant) ( smb) a right
приостанавливать осуществление прав и привилегий — to suspend the exercise of ( smb's) rights and privileges
без права — ( при покупке акций) ex right(s)
на равных правах — on a par; on the basis of parity
верховенство права — rule of law; supremacy of law
восстановление в правах — rehabilitation; restoration of rights
лишение права возражения — estoppel; ( на основании данного обещания) promissory estoppel
лишение гражданских прав — deprivation (forfeit, revocation) of civil rights
нарушение авторского права — infringement (violation) of a copyright; piracy
ограничение права — circumscription (curtailment, limitation, restriction) of a right; ( на возражение) estoppel
передача права — assignment (cession, transfer) of a right
поражение в правах — deprivation (extinction, forfeit, revocation) of a right; disability; disfranchisement; disqualification; incapacity; incapacitation
посягательство на права — ( чьи-л) encroachment (infringement, trespass) on (upon) ( smb's) rights
признание, соблюдение и защита прав и свобод человека — recognition, observance and protection of human rights and freedoms
уступка права — assignment (cession, transfer) of a right
права, (не) подлежащие передаче — ( другому лицу) (non-)transferable rights
право адвоката не разглашать сведения, полученные от клиента, право атторнея не разглашать сведения, полученные от клиента — attorney-client privilege
право владения, пользования и распоряжения — ( имуществом) right of possession ( на праве собственности ownership), enjoyment (use) and disposal (disposition) ( of property)
право интеллектуальной собственности — incorporeal right; intellectual property right
право обращения в суд, право доступа в суд — right of access to the court
право равного участия в жизни международного сообщества — right of (to) equal participation in the life of the international (world) community
право участия в управлении государственными делами — right to participate (take part) in the administration (conduct, government) of public affairs
право на бесплатные юридические услуги — ( для неимущих граждан) right to a free counsel (to free legal aid / assistance)
право на заключение коллективных договоров — collective bargaining right; right to bargain collectively
право на материальное обеспечение в старости (в случае потери трудоспособности) — right to maintenance in old age (in case of disability)
право на обжалование судебных решений — right of appeal; right to appeal against court decisions
право на получение возмещения, право на получение удовлетворения — right to recovery
право на помилование или смягчение приговора — right to seek pardon or commutation (mitigation) of the sentence
право на свободу мысли, совести и религии — right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
право на судебную проверку законности и обоснованности содержания под стражей — right to court verification of the legality and validity of holding ( smb) in custody
право вступать в отношения с другими государствами — right to enter into relations with other states
право искать убежище от преследований и пользоваться этим убежищем — right to seek and to enjoy asylum from persecution
право обжаловать действия должностных лиц — right to lodge a complaint against the actions of officials
право передавать вопрос на рассмотрение комитета — right to refer (submit) a matter to the committee
право принадлежать или не принадлежать к международным организациям — right to belong or not to belong to international organizations
право принимать участие в управлении своей страной — right to participate (take part) in the government of one's country
право распоряжаться своими богатствами и естественными ресурсами — ( государства) right ( of a state) to dispose of its wealth and its natural resources
право свободно передвигаться и выбирать место жительства — right to freedom of movement and choice of (place of) residence
право считаться невиновным до тех пор, пока вина не будет доказана в установленном законом порядке — right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law
право участвовать в культурной жизни общества — right to participate (take part) in the cultural life of society
право участвовать в отправлении правосудия — right to participate (take part) in administration of justice
монопольное право, исключительное право — exclusive (sole) right; prerogative
обязательственное право, относительное право — right in personam; ( из договора) contractual right
подразумеваемое право, презюмируемое право — implicit (implied) right; ( собственности) apparent ownership
- право авторствапреимущественное право, преференциальное право, приоритетное право — preferential (priority, underlying) right
- право аренды
- право бенефициара
- право вето - право воюющей стороны
- право вступления во владение
- право выбора
- право выкупа
- право выхода
- право голоса
- право давности
- право денонсации
- право доступа к информации
- право законодательной инициативы
- право защиты своих граждан
- право изобретателя
- право истребования долга
- право личной собственности
- право личности
- право муниципальной собственности
- право надзора
- право наследования
- право обжалования - право обыска судов
- право оперативного управления
- право отвода кандидата
- право отзыва
- право отказа от наследства
- право отчуждения за долги
- право очной ставки
- право передоверия
- право перепродажи
- право пересмотра
- право плавания под морским флагом
- право подписи
- право подписки на акции
- право пользования
- право помилования
- право прайвеси
- право представления
- право преждепользования
- право преимущественной покупки
- право преследования
- право приоритета
- право продажи
- право проезда
- право прохода
- право протеста
- право регресса
- право оборота
- право самосохранения
- право свободного доступа
- право, связанное с недвижимостью
- право собраний
- право собственности
- право суда
- право требования
- право убежища
- право удержания имущества
- право усмотрения
- право участия в голосовании
- право физического лица на имя
- право хозяйственного управления
- право членства
- право юридического лица
- право юрисдикции
- право на апелляцию
- право на быстрый суд
- право на взыскание
- право на владение землёй
- право на возврат
- право на вознаграждение
- право на гражданство
- право на дистрибьюторство
- право на доброе имя и репутацию
- право на жизнь
- право на жилище
- право на запрос
- право на защиту
- право на защиту закона
- право на защиту от безработицы
- право на заявление ходатайства
- право на избрание
- право на иск
- право на компенсацию
- право на наследство
- право на недвижимость
- право на образование
- право на обыск
- право на осмотр и захват
- право на отдых и досуг
- право на охрану здоровья
- право на переизбрание
- право на пересмотр приговора
- право на пользование родным языком
- право на привилегии
- право на привилегии и иммунитеты
- право на равенство перед судом
- право на самоопределение
- право на самоуправление
- право на свободный выбор работы
- право на свободу
- право на свободу убеждений
- право на социальное обеспечение
- право на судебную защиту
- право на существование
- право на труд
- право на юридическое равенство
- право выступать в высших судах
- право завещать любое имущество
- право избирать и быть избранным
- право нанимать адвоката
- право наслаждаться искусством
- право не отвечать на вопросы
- право носить оружие
- право потребовать адвоката
- право представлять свидетелей
- право представлять улики
- право просить помилования
- право удерживать товар
- право хранить и носить оружие
- право хранить молчание
- абсолютное право
- неограниченное право
- авторское право - беспредельное право
- бесспорное право
- неоспоримое право
- большие права
- вещное право
- имущественное право
- взаимные права и обязанности
- возвратное право
- гражданские права - закреплённое право
- признанное право
- залоговое право
- избирательное право - неделимое имущественное право
- нематериальное право
- абсолютное право
- неотъемлемое право
- обусловленное право
- ограниченное право
- основные права - политические права
- посессорное право
- преимущественное право покупки
- производное право - регрессивное право
- смежные права
- совместное право в недвижимости
- социально-экономические права
- спорное право
- субъективное право
- суверенное право
- супружеские права
- существенное право
- ущемлённое право
- юридически действительное право 2. сущ.( в объективном смысле) lawбакалавр права — Bachelor of Law(s) (B.L., LL.B.)
верховенство (господство) права — rule-of-law; supremacy of law
вопрос права — matter (point, question) of law
доктор права — Doctor of Law(s) (D.L., LL.D.)
магистр права — Master of Law(s) (M.L., LL.M.)
ошибка в праве — error (mistake) of law; flaw in the law
презумпция права — presumption in law; prima facie law
в соответствии с нормами (принципами) международного права — in accordance (compliance, conformity) with the norms (principles) of international law; under international law
право, действующее на территории страны — law of the land
право, регулирующее деятельность акционерных компаний — company law
- право войныправо, регулирующее деятельность международных организаций — law of international organizations
- право в судебном толковании
- право международной безопасности
- право международной торговли
- право международных инвестиций
- право народов - право торгового оборота
- агентское право
- административное право
- акционерное право
- арбитражное право
- арендное право
- банковское право
- брачное право
- брачно-семейное право - государственное право
- гражданское право
- гражданско-процессуальное право
- действующее право
- деликтное право
- дипломатическое право - доказательственное право
- Европейское право
- естественное право
- законодательное право
- земельное право
- изобретательское право
- каноническое право
- коллизионное право
- конституционное право
- консульское право
- личное право
- материальное право
- межгосударственное право
- международное право
- международное валютное право
- международное воздушное право
- международное гуманитарное право
- международное договорное право
- международное космическое право
- международное морское право
- международное обычное право
- международное авторское право
- международное публичное право
- международное частное право
- налоговое право - общее право
- обычное право
- обязательственное право
- парламентское право
- патентное право
- позитивное право
- посольское право
- прецедентное право
- процессуальное право - рыночное право
- светское право
- семейное право
- современное право
- сравнительное право
- статутное право
- страховое право
- судебное право
- таможенное право
- торговое право
- трудовое право
- уголовное право
- уголовно-процессуальное право
- финансовое право
- хозяйственное право
- церковное право
- частное право -
116 закон
м. law; rule; principleзакон Гейгера—Неттола — Geiger-Nuttall rule
закон дистрибутивности дизъюнкции относительно конъюнкции — distributive law of disjunction over conjunction
закон дистрибутивности конъюнкции относительно дизъюнкции — distribution law of conjunction over disjunction
закон излучения Рэлея—Джинса — Rayleigh-Jeans law
разъяснить смысл правовой нормы, закона — to clarify the law
преступление, караемое по закону — offence punishable by law
предстать перед судом; ответить по закону — to answer in law
Антонимический ряд: -
117 порушення
с1) (дисципліни, порядку) breach, breaking, wrongdoing; infringement, violation, trespass, transgression, contravention; ( закону) infringement, delictпорушення громадського порядку — breach of the peace, riot, affray
порушення дихання — breathlessness, respiratory impairment
порушення енергопостачання — power supply discontinuity, supply disruption, power failure, interruption of service, supply interruption
порушення законів логіки — violation of logic, paralogism
порушення закону — infringement (infraction, violation) of the law
порушення поліцейських правил — police regulations offence, police wrong
порушення порядку — infringement of order; disturbance
порушення права юр. — breach of law, violation of law, law violation
порушення права володіння діал. — molestation
порушення гри спорт. — foul
порушення правил дорожнього руху — breach ( infringement) of traffic regulations, traffic violation
порушення прикусу мед. — disturbed occlusion, deviation of occlusion, occlusion abnormality
порушення режиму — disturbance, irregularity, trouble
порушення синхронізації — desynchronization, desynchronizing, time-base [timing] error
порушення спокою — disturbance, nuisance
порушення структури — imperfection, structural failure
порушення функції мед. — dysfunction, impaired [compromised] function
порушення харчування мед. — malnutrition
2) (про справу, питання) raising -
118 lög-maðr
m. [old Swed. lagman; the president of the supreme court formerly held in Orkney was called the lagman]:—‘law-man.’ In the ancient Scandinavian kingdoms each legal community or state (lög) had its own laws, its own parliament (lögþing), and its own ‘law-man’ (lagh-mann, lögmaðr); the lagman was the first commoner and the spokesman of the people against the king and court at public assemblies or elsewhere; he was also the guardian of the law, and the president of the legislative body and of the law courts. As in the heathen time laws were not written, the lagman had to say what was the law of the land in any case of doubt; in the general assemblies, at least in Iceland, he had to ‘say’ the law (from memory) to the assembled people from the Law-hill (Lögbergi); hence in the Icelandic Commonwealth he was called lög-sögu-maðr (q. v.), the ‘law-speaker,’ ‘law-sayer,’ ‘speaker of the law,’ and his office lög-saga or lög-sögn = ‘law-speaking:’1. Sweden and Gothland in olden times were the classical lands of lagmen, for the whole kingdom was a confederation of commonwealths, each with its parliament, law-speaker, and laws, who were all of them united under one king; see the various records in the old Swedish laws, Sveriges Gamla Lagar, as edited by Schlyter, as also the classical account given of lagman Thorgny in Ó. H. ch. 60 sqq.—í hverri þessi deild landsins er sitt lögþing, ok sín lög, yfir hverjum lögum er lögmaðr, … þat skulu lög vera sem hann réð upp at kveða; en ef konungr, eða jarl, eða byskupar fara yfir land ok eigu þing við búendr, þá svarar lögmaðr af hendi búenda …; aðrir lögmenn allir skulu vera undir-menn þess lögmanns er á Tíunda-landi er, Ó. H. 65.2. in Norway the political institutions of the old patriarchal ages were greatly disturbed through the wars and conquest of Harald Fairhair; the ancient laws of Norway too have been preserved in a much more fragmentary state than those of Sweden; of some of the most interesting laws only the eccl. section has been preserved, often in Icelandic transcripts or abridged. The most interesting records of the lagmen are therefore not to be found in the Norse laws, but in the Sagas, e. g. the debates in the Hák. S. Gamla, ch. 71–80, 85–97 (in the Flatey book), as also in the Þinga-þáttr in Fms. vii. 123–150, and in stray passages in the Icelandic Sagas, in such phrases as lögmenn ok konungr, lögmenn ok dómendr, lenda menn ok lögmenn ok alla alþýðu, Eg. 352.3. in the later Middle Age in Norway, and in Icel. after 1280, the lagman was a justice, who presided in the court lögrétta, at the lögþing (II), cp. Jb. passim.4. in the Icelandic Commonwealth, the officer whose duties have been described above was specially called lögsögumaðr, and lögmaðr is only used = lagamaðr = a lawyer,—þat er ok, at lögsögumaðr skal svá görla þáttu alla upp segja, at engi viti einna miclogi görr, en ef honum vinsk eigi fróðleikr til þess, þá skal hann eiga stefnu við fimm lögmenn (lawyers, men skilled in law), en næstu dægr áðr, eðr fleiri, Grág. i. 2, 3; þat skal allt hafa er finnsk á skr þeirri er Hafliði lét göra … en þat eitt af annarra lögmanna fyrirsögn ( of other lawyers) er eigi mæli því í gegn, 7; Njáll var lögmaðr svá mikill ( so great a lawyer), at eingi fannsk hans jafningi, Nj. 30. At the union with Norway (A. D. 1272) the lögsögu-maðr of the Commonwealth was replaced by two lagmen of the Norse kind, so that in the Sagas composed after that date (e. g. the Grettla) or in Sagas preserved in later transcripts, the terms were now and then confounded, and ‘lögmaðr’ was, by way of anachronism, used of the lögsögu-maðr of the old Commonwealth, cp. Grett. 64, 115, 173, 191 new Ed., Nj. 24, 164, 237 (v. l.), Eg. 597, Ísl. (Gunnl. S.) ii. 208, 238, 256, Bs. i. (Hungrv.) 62, Fms. iv. 115, 176, where the Ó. H. edition has the true reading, being made from a vellum of the Commonwealth time.β. two instances are recorded referring to the 10th century in Iceland, where a lögmaðr occurs as a kind of county sheriff or officer, viz. in the Háv. S. (begin.) and the Svarfdæla S. ch. 10; but both records seem to be spurious and adapted to the state of things in Norway, for neither Saga is preserved in its pure original state, but remoulded after the union; see Maurer’s Entstehung des Isl. Staates, Beiträge, 136 sqq. In Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, as the power of the king increased, so that of the old lagman sank, and at last died away. In England it is preserved in the Speaker of the House of Commons, whose very name recalls to mind the law-speaker of the old Scandinavian communities.II. a pr. name, Lög-maðr, Orkn.COMPDS: lögmannsdæmi, lögmannseiðr, lögmannslauss, lögmannsúrskurðr. -
119 сила сил·а
1) (насилие) forceзахватить / овладеть силой — to take by force, to lay violent hands (оп)
применять силу — to apply / to use force
военная сила — military force / power; the sabre перен.
демонстрация силы — demonstration / show of force, show-down of strength, flag-waving exercise
силой оружия — by force of arms / weaponry
воздерживаться от угрозы силой или её применения — to refrain from the threat or use of force
2) (могущество, авторитет) power, strength; (способность влиять) forceюр.
не признавать юридической силы за завоеваниями государства — to render invalid conquest on the part of the stateобщими силами — with joint forces, by joining hands
сила общественного воздействия — power of public / social influence
3) мн. (войска) forcesвоенно-воздушные силы — air forces, winged arm
военно-морские силы — naval forces / formations; Naval Establishment амер.
вооружённые силы — armed / military forces
наращивать вооружённые силы (в каком-л. районе) — to expand military presence, to build up military force
вооружённые силы, оснащённые обычным оружием — conventional operational forces
деятельность вооружённых сил — activities of the forces, force activity
соотношение вооружённых сил — proportions / ratio / relationship of armed forces
соотношение вооружённых сил, оснащённых обычными средствами ведения войны — balance of conventional forces
соотношение вооружённых сил, оснащённых ядерным оружием — balance of nuclear forces
численность вооружённых сил — size / strength of the armed forces
уровень вооружённых сил — forces level, level of (armed) forces
стратегические ракетные силы морского базирования — sea-based / submarine-based strategic missile forces
сухопутные силы — ground / land forces
многосторонние ядерные силы — multinational / multilateral nuclear forces
силы быстрого развёртывания — quick / rapid deployment forces
силы возмездия / для нанесения ответного удара — retaliatory forces
силы передового базирования — forward-based systems, FBS
силы по поддержанию мира — peace-keeping / peace-safeguarding forces
4) мн. (часть общества) forcesантинародные силы — anti-popular / anti-national forces
реакционные силы — reactionary forces, forces of reaction
расстановка сил на международной / мировой арене — correlation of forces on the international arena / world scene
соотношение сил — correlation / proportion / relationship of forces
5) (источник какой-л. деятельности, могущества) forceдвижущая сила — driving / motive force
направляющая / руководящая сила — directing / guiding / leading force
определяющая сила общественного развития — determining / decisive force in social development
принудительная сила — compulsory / coercive power
рабочая сила — manpower; labour
избыточная рабочая сила — redundant manpower, abundant labour
квалифицированная рабочая сила — skilled manpower, experienced labour force
наёмная рабочая сила, занятая в сфере обслуживания — service employees
недостаток / нехватка рабочей силы — shortage of manpower / labour
6) (способность человека к какой-л. деятельности) power, strength, energyпосвятить все силы — to dedicate all (one's) energy (to)
сила воли — strength of will, will-power
7) (интенсивность, напряжённость) force, power, intensity8) (материальное начало) forcesв силу чего-л. — owing to smth., by virtue of smth.
9) юр. (правомочность) force, power, validityбыть в силе (о договоре и т.п.) — to be in effect
вводить в силу (договор, документ и т.п.) — to put in force
вновь входить в силу, обретать силу (о законе и т.п.) — to revive
вступать в силу (о законе, резолюции и т.п.) — to come / to enter into force, to become effective / operative, to take action / effect, to go into operation, to enure
вступить в силу с момента / после подписания (о договоре, соглашении) — to enter into force on / upon signature
вступать в силу с (такого-то числа) — to take effect from the date...
иметь силу (о законе, соглашении и т.п.) — to be effective, to stand good / in force
иметь равную силу — to have equal validity (with)
лишить законной силы — to invalidate, to mullify
не иметь силы (о договоре, документе и т.п.) — to have no force
оставаться в силе (о договоре, документе и т.п.) — to continue / to remain in force, to stand good / in force; (о судебном решении, приговорах и т.п.) to remain in force / valid
потерять / утратить силу (о документе, договоре и т.п.) — to cease to be in force
терять силу — to become invalid, to lapse
имеющий обратную силу — retroactive; ex post facto лат.
обязательная сила (права, договора и т.п.) — binding force
обязательная сила международных договоров — obligatory / hinding force of international treaties
потерять (свою) обязательную силу — to lose (one's) binding force
юридическая сила — legal force, validity
вступающий в силу (2 октября) — effective (2nd October)
вступающий немедленно в силу (о законе, договоре и т.п.) — self-executing
имеющий силу (о договоре, соглашении и т.п.) — in force
имеющий законную силу — authentic, of legal force, executory, effective, in force, effectual, valid in force
не имеющий законной силы — invalid / inoperative
считать не имеющим законной силы (о договорах, соглашениях и т.п.) — to consider null and void
вступление в силу (договора, соглашения и т.п.) — entry into force
условия вступления в силу (договора, соглашения и т.п.) — conditions of entry into force
с момента вступления в силу (о договоре, соглашении и т.п.) — on the entry into force
сила закона — power / force of the law
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120 قوة
قُوَّة \ force: violence; fierce or uncontrolled use of strength: He took the money from the old woman by force. might: power; strength: He tried with all his might. power: strength; force: I haven’t the power to lift this weight, a strong and important country Russia is a great power. strength: the quality of being strong; strong condition. \ بِقُوّة \ hard: with much effort or force (often in compounds): You must try hard if you want to succeed. I hit him hard, strongly; very much: It’s snowing hard. passionately: with strong or violent feelings: He loved his country passionately. strongly: firmly; deeply: I strongly advise you to buy this. \ قُوَّة أعصاب \ nerve: boldness; the courage that is necessary to do sth. dangerous: The climber lost his nerve and fell. \ قُوَّة تَحَمُّل \ endurance: the power of enduring or bearing pain, trouble, etc.: Long-distance runners need great endurance. stamina: the power of working hard in rough conditions over a long period of time, without getting seriously tired or ill. wear: fitness for use; strength: There is plenty of wear left in that coat. \ قُوَّة تَركيز \ concentration: close or complete attention: This book will need all your concentration. \ قُوَّة جَسَدِيَّة \ force: natural or bodily power; active strength: The force of the explosion broke all the windows in the building. He had to use force to get the lid off the tin. \ قُوَّة حِصان \ horsepower: (sometimes shortened to HP) a measure of the power of an engine. \ قُوَّة الخَيَال \ imagination: the act or the power of imagining: A poet needs an active imagination. \ قُوَّة شَخْصِيَّة \ backbone: strength of character. \ القُوَّة الكامِلة \ strength: the full quantity of a group of persons who form an effective force: The nurses are not up to strength. (There are not enough nurses) They are 30 below strength. (The hospital usu. employs 30 more than it has now). \ القُوَّة المُجرَّدَة \ brute force: force used without skill or care: He had lost the key of the box, and had to use brute force to break it open. \ قُوَّة مُحَرِّكة \ power: force that can be used for doing work: electric power; water power. \ قُوَّة مسلَّحَة \ force: a controlled body of men: a police force; the armed forces. \ قُوَّة المَصّ \ suction: sucking the natural force that draws things together when there is no air between them. \ قُوَّة مُعَاكِسَة \ opposition: opposing, an opposing; force; (in a law-making group) elected members whose party is against the governing party. \ القُوَى العَقْلِيَّة \ senses: (in various phrases) a calm and reasonable state of mind: The explosion frightened them out of their senses. Anyone in his senses would take that job.
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