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loss+of+life+es

  • 101 сокращение срока службы

    Русско-английский словарь по электроэнергетике > сокращение срока службы

  • 102 гибель людей

    Русско-Английский новый экономический словарь > гибель людей

  • 103 сокращение срока службы

    Русско-английский научный словарь > сокращение срока службы

  • 104 потеря убитыми

    потери в людях, потери убитыми — the loss of life

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > потеря убитыми

  • 105 снижение долговечности

    loss of life, reduction of life

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > снижение долговечности

  • 106 снижение долговечности

    loss of life, ( изделия) reduction of life

    Русско-английский словарь по нефти и газу > снижение долговечности

  • 107 pérdida

    adj.
    1 lost, strayed, misguided; profligate, dissolute.
    Gente perdida Vagrants, vagabonds
    2 idle (vago); down and out (pobre). (America)
    * * *
    1 (daño) loss
    ■ no hay que lamentar pérdidas humanas fortunately, nobody has been killed
    4 (escape) leak
    \
    llorar la pérdida de alguien to mourn for somebody
    no tiene pérdida you can't miss it
    ser una pérdida de tiempo to be a waste of time
    * * *
    f., (m. - perdido)
    * * *
    perdido
    * * *
    a) ( mujer inmoral) loose woman
    b) (Chi, Méx) ( prostituta) streetwalker
    * * *
    = disappearance, loss, forfeiture, drawdown.
    Ex. If the disappearance of these latter two media are a problem, use dummies on the shelf and store the item at the circulation desk.
    Ex. Some attempts have been made to use video tape, but the results have been poor, with data losses and corruption.
    Ex. Penalties that can be imposed range from seizure and forfeiture of the articles and the means by which they were produced to fines or imprisonment.
    Ex. Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    ----
    * compresión sin pérdida = lossless compression.
    * funcionar con pérdidas = run + at a loss.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * pérdida auditiva = hearing loss, loss of hearing.
    * pérdida de audición = loss of hearing, hearing loss.
    * pérdida de autoridad = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de calor = heat loss.
    * pérdida de categoría laboral = demotion.
    * pérdida de concentración = lapse of concentration.
    * pérdida de confianza = sapping of confidence.
    * pérdida de consistencia = strength loss.
    * pérdida de contacto con la realidad = loss of touch with reality.
    * pérdida de credibilidad = loss of face.
    * pérdida de datos = data loss.
    * pérdida de dinero = cash drain.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * pérdida de la presión = depressurisation [depressurization, -USA].
    * pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.
    * pérdida del cabello = loss of hair.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * pérdida del sentido = fainting, fainting fit.
    * pérdida de masa ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdida de nitidez = fading.
    * pérdida de pelo = hair loss.
    * pérdida de persona querida = emotional loss.
    * pérdida de peso = weight loss.
    * pérdida de poder = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pérdida de tiempo = time wasting, wild goose chase, waste of time, time-consuming [time consuming], fool's errand.
    * pérdida de un tiempo precioso = waste of precious time.
    * pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.
    * pérdida de vidas = loss of life, toll on life.
    * pérdida de vigencia = demise.
    * pérdida humana = human loss.
    * pérdida neta = net loss.
    * pérdida ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdidas = wastage, losings.
    * pérdida trágica = tragic loss.
    * reducir pérdidas = cut down + losses, cut + losses.
    * seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.
    * ser una pérdida de dinero = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * ser una pérdida de tiempo = be idle, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.
    * ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.
    * sin pérdida = lossless.
    * sufrir pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * sufrir una pérdida = suffer + loss.
    * tener pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * trágica pérdida = tragic loss.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una pérdida constante de = a haemorrhage of.
    * * *
    a) ( mujer inmoral) loose woman
    b) (Chi, Méx) ( prostituta) streetwalker
    * * *
    = disappearance, loss, forfeiture, drawdown.

    Ex: If the disappearance of these latter two media are a problem, use dummies on the shelf and store the item at the circulation desk.

    Ex: Some attempts have been made to use video tape, but the results have been poor, with data losses and corruption.
    Ex: Penalties that can be imposed range from seizure and forfeiture of the articles and the means by which they were produced to fines or imprisonment.
    Ex: Commanders in Iraq have decided to begin the drawdown of U.S. forces in volatile Diyala province, marking a turning point in the U.S. military mission.
    * compresión sin pérdida = lossless compression.
    * funcionar con pérdidas = run + at a loss.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * pérdida auditiva = hearing loss, loss of hearing.
    * pérdida de audición = loss of hearing, hearing loss.
    * pérdida de autoridad = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de calor = heat loss.
    * pérdida de categoría laboral = demotion.
    * pérdida de concentración = lapse of concentration.
    * pérdida de confianza = sapping of confidence.
    * pérdida de consistencia = strength loss.
    * pérdida de contacto con la realidad = loss of touch with reality.
    * pérdida de credibilidad = loss of face.
    * pérdida de datos = data loss.
    * pérdida de dinero = cash drain.
    * pérdida de importancia = demise, swing away from.
    * pérdida de la presión = depressurisation [depressurization, -USA].
    * pérdida de las técnicas profesionales = de-skilling.
    * pérdida del cabello = loss of hair.
    * pérdida del conocimiento = unconsciousness, fainting, fainting fit, loss of consciousness.
    * pérdida del sentido = fainting, fainting fit.
    * pérdida de masa ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdida de nitidez = fading.
    * pérdida de pelo = hair loss.
    * pérdida de persona querida = emotional loss.
    * pérdida de peso = weight loss.
    * pérdida de poder = disempowerment.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * pérdida de sangre = bleed.
    * pérdida de tiempo = time wasting, wild goose chase, waste of time, time-consuming [time consuming], fool's errand.
    * pérdida de un tiempo precioso = waste of precious time.
    * pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.
    * pérdida de vidas = loss of life, toll on life.
    * pérdida de vigencia = demise.
    * pérdida humana = human loss.
    * pérdida neta = net loss.
    * pérdida ósea = bone loss.
    * pérdidas = wastage, losings.
    * pérdida trágica = tragic loss.
    * reducir pérdidas = cut down + losses, cut + losses.
    * seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.
    * ser una pérdida de dinero = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * ser una pérdida de tiempo = be idle, beat + a dead horse, fart + in the wind.
    * ser un pérdida de tiempo = flog + a dead horse.
    * sin pérdida = lossless.
    * sufrir pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * sufrir una pérdida = suffer + loss.
    * tener pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * trágica pérdida = tragic loss.
    * una gran pérdida = a great loss.
    * una pérdida constante de = a haemorrhage of.

    * * *
    1 (mujer inmoral) loose woman
    2 (Chi, Méx) (prostituta) streetwalker
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    perdida    
    pérdida
    pérdida sustantivo femenino

    ◊ pérdida de calor/energía heat/energy loss;

    tuvo una pérdida de conocimiento he lost consciousness, he passed out;
    no tiene pérdida (Esp) you can't miss it
    b) (Fin) loss;


    pérdidas materiales damage;
    pérdidas y ganancias profit and loss


    d) (escape de gas, agua) leak

    perdido,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 lost
    2 (desorientado) confused
    3 (perro, bala) stray
    II adv fam (totalmente, rematadamente) es tonto perdido, he's completely stupid
    III mf (libertino) degenerate, vicious
    ♦ Locuciones: ponerse perdido, to get dirty
    pérdida sustantivo femenino
    1 loss: su muerte supone una gran pérdida para nosotros, his death is a great loss for us
    2 (de tiempo, etc) waste
    3 (escape de agua, de gas) leak
    4 (daños materiales) (usu pl) damage: las pérdidas ascienden a varios millones, losses totalled several million
    ♦ Locuciones: no tiene pérdida, you can't miss it
    ' pérdida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bala
    - derrumbarse
    - desfallecimiento
    - desgracia
    - desvarío
    - rehacerse
    - reparar
    - severidad
    - causa
    - ciudad
    - compensar
    - deshonra
    - desprestigio
    - lamentable
    - mareado
    - marear
    - mareo
    - sensación
    - sensible
    - sentir
    - valorar
    English:
    battle
    - blackout
    - bleeding
    - book
    - compensate
    - depressed
    - deprivation
    - dropout
    - effective
    - experience
    - generation
    - get back
    - good
    - grievous
    - lament
    - loss
    - lost
    - make up
    - make up for
    - outflow
    - sense
    - stall
    - temporary
    - time-wasting
    - unconsciousness
    - vacantly
    - waste
    - miss
    - shantytown
    * * *
    1. [extravío] loss;
    en caso de pérdida, entregar en … in the event of loss, deliver to…;
    Esp
    no tiene pérdida you can't miss it
    2. [de vista, audición, peso] loss
    pérdida del conocimiento loss of consciousness
    3. [de tiempo, dinero] waste
    4. [escape] leak
    5. [muerte] loss;
    nunca se recuperó de la pérdida de su mujer he never got over losing his wife
    pérdidas humanas loss of life
    6. [en baloncesto] turnover
    7.
    pérdidas [financieras] losses
    pérdidas y ganancias profit and loss
    8.
    pérdidas (materiales) [daños] damage;
    las inundaciones han causado grandes pérdidas the floods have caused extensive damage
    9.
    pérdidas [de sangre] haemorrhage
    * * *
    f
    1 loss;
    no tiene pérdida you can’t miss it;
    pérdida de tiempo waste of time
    2 en baloncesto turnover
    * * *
    1) : loss
    2)
    pérdida de tiempo : waste of time
    * * *
    1. (en general) loss [pl. losses]
    2. (de tiempo) waste
    3. (de líquido, gas) leak

    Spanish-English dictionary > pérdida

  • 108 mortandad

    f.
    1 mortality.
    2 heavy loss of life, butchery, massacre, death-roll.
    * * *
    1 death toll
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=víctimas) [humanas] loss of life; [animales] death
    2) (=matanza) slaughter, carnage
    * * *
    a) ( por causas naturales) loss of life
    b) ( en batalla) slaughter, carnage
    * * *
    ----
    * índice de mortandad = death rate, mortality rate.
    * mortandad infantil = infant deaths.
    * * *
    a) ( por causas naturales) loss of life
    b) ( en batalla) slaughter, carnage
    * * *
    * índice de mortandad = death rate, mortality rate.
    * mortandad infantil = infant deaths.
    * * *
    1 (por causas naturales) loss of life
    la peste causó una elevada mortandad the plague caused enormous loss of life, the plague claimed many lives o victims
    2 (en una batalla) slaughter, carnage
    * * *

    mortandad sustantivo femenino death toll, number of victims
    ' mortandad' also found in these entries:
    English:
    mortality
    * * *
    loss of life;
    el terremoto causó una gran mortandad the earthquake caused great loss of life
    * * *
    f loss of life
    * * *
    1) : loss of life, death toll
    2) : carnage, slaughter

    Spanish-English dictionary > mortandad

  • 109 LOL

    1) Общая лексика: Море любви (в конце письменного послания) (Сокращение от Lots of Love, смысл несет прямо противоположный тому, о чем говорится)
    2) Авиация: loss-of-licence
    3) Спорт: Land Of Legends
    4) Военный термин: limited operating life
    5) Техника: low-order language
    6) Шутливое выражение: Loads Of Laughs
    7) Юридический термин: Look Out For Loonies
    8) Грубое выражение: Laugh My Ass Off
    9) Сокращение: Mongo, length of lead (actual), Labor of Love, Lack of Laughter (встречается редко), Lack of Love (game), Ladies of Lallybroch, Lady of the Lake, Land O' Lakes, Land of Legends (Canandaigua Speedway, New York), Land of Lincoln, Lands of Lore (game), Language of Literature, Language of Love, Laugh(ing) Out Loud, Lautes Online Lachen (German: Loud Online Laughter), Laws of Life, Lawyers on Line, League of Lightness (gaming clan), League of Losers (wild 17 chess team), Leaning Over Laughing, Learn Online, Legend of Legaia (video game), Legend of Lothian (computer game), Less Of Lip, Lewd Obscene Language, Life of Loan (banking), Life of the Land, Lightolier (компания, входящая в «Genlyte Group», а также ее брэнд, подразделение Royal Philips, расположена в шт.Массачусетс, специализируется на производстве электроники), Limited Operation Life, Limited Operational Life, Lips on Lips, List Of Lights, List of Links, List of Lists, Little Old Lady, Live-On-Line, Living on Line, Load of Laughs, Loads of Love, Locks of Love (Lake Worth, Florida charity), Log On Later, Longitudinal Output Level, Lord Oh Lord, Lord of Life (Church), Lord of Lords (Jesus), Lords of Legend (gaming), Loser on Line, Loss of Life (insurance), Loss of Light, Loss of Line (telephony), Loss of Load, Loss of Lock, Lot of Lamers, Lots Of Laughs, Lots Of Love, Lots Of Luck, Lots of Lag (on-line gaming), Lots of Laughter, Lots of Losers (Rocket Arena 3 clan), Love On Line, Love Our Lord, Love of Life, Love of Literacy (teaching), Lovelock, Derby Field Airport, Nevada (IATA code), Low Order Language, Lower Operating Limit, Loyal Orange Lodge, Lunatics on Line, Lying Out Loud, last or least, laughing on line, limit of liability (ограничение ответственности)
    10) Физиология: Loss Of Legs
    11) Вычислительная техника: Laughing Out Loud (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC), laughing out loud
    12) Деловая лексика: Life Of Loan
    13) Образование: Level Of Learning
    15) СМС: Laugh out loud
    16) AMEX. Lots Of Laugh

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > LOL

  • 110 Lol

    1) Общая лексика: Море любви (в конце письменного послания) (Сокращение от Lots of Love, смысл несет прямо противоположный тому, о чем говорится)
    2) Авиация: loss-of-licence
    3) Спорт: Land Of Legends
    4) Военный термин: limited operating life
    5) Техника: low-order language
    6) Шутливое выражение: Loads Of Laughs
    7) Юридический термин: Look Out For Loonies
    8) Грубое выражение: Laugh My Ass Off
    9) Сокращение: Mongo, length of lead (actual), Labor of Love, Lack of Laughter (встречается редко), Lack of Love (game), Ladies of Lallybroch, Lady of the Lake, Land O' Lakes, Land of Legends (Canandaigua Speedway, New York), Land of Lincoln, Lands of Lore (game), Language of Literature, Language of Love, Laugh(ing) Out Loud, Lautes Online Lachen (German: Loud Online Laughter), Laws of Life, Lawyers on Line, League of Lightness (gaming clan), League of Losers (wild 17 chess team), Leaning Over Laughing, Learn Online, Legend of Legaia (video game), Legend of Lothian (computer game), Less Of Lip, Lewd Obscene Language, Life of Loan (banking), Life of the Land, Lightolier (компания, входящая в «Genlyte Group», а также ее брэнд, подразделение Royal Philips, расположена в шт.Массачусетс, специализируется на производстве электроники), Limited Operation Life, Limited Operational Life, Lips on Lips, List Of Lights, List of Links, List of Lists, Little Old Lady, Live-On-Line, Living on Line, Load of Laughs, Loads of Love, Locks of Love (Lake Worth, Florida charity), Log On Later, Longitudinal Output Level, Lord Oh Lord, Lord of Life (Church), Lord of Lords (Jesus), Lords of Legend (gaming), Loser on Line, Loss of Life (insurance), Loss of Light, Loss of Line (telephony), Loss of Load, Loss of Lock, Lot of Lamers, Lots Of Laughs, Lots Of Love, Lots Of Luck, Lots of Lag (on-line gaming), Lots of Laughter, Lots of Losers (Rocket Arena 3 clan), Love On Line, Love Our Lord, Love of Life, Love of Literacy (teaching), Lovelock, Derby Field Airport, Nevada (IATA code), Low Order Language, Lower Operating Limit, Loyal Orange Lodge, Lunatics on Line, Lying Out Loud, last or least, laughing on line, limit of liability (ограничение ответственности)
    10) Физиология: Loss Of Legs
    11) Вычислительная техника: Laughing Out Loud (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC), laughing out loud
    12) Деловая лексика: Life Of Loan
    13) Образование: Level Of Learning
    15) СМС: Laugh out loud
    16) AMEX. Lots Of Laugh

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Lol

  • 111 lol

    1) Общая лексика: Море любви (в конце письменного послания) (Сокращение от Lots of Love, смысл несет прямо противоположный тому, о чем говорится)
    2) Авиация: loss-of-licence
    3) Спорт: Land Of Legends
    4) Военный термин: limited operating life
    5) Техника: low-order language
    6) Шутливое выражение: Loads Of Laughs
    7) Юридический термин: Look Out For Loonies
    8) Грубое выражение: Laugh My Ass Off
    9) Сокращение: Mongo, length of lead (actual), Labor of Love, Lack of Laughter (встречается редко), Lack of Love (game), Ladies of Lallybroch, Lady of the Lake, Land O' Lakes, Land of Legends (Canandaigua Speedway, New York), Land of Lincoln, Lands of Lore (game), Language of Literature, Language of Love, Laugh(ing) Out Loud, Lautes Online Lachen (German: Loud Online Laughter), Laws of Life, Lawyers on Line, League of Lightness (gaming clan), League of Losers (wild 17 chess team), Leaning Over Laughing, Learn Online, Legend of Legaia (video game), Legend of Lothian (computer game), Less Of Lip, Lewd Obscene Language, Life of Loan (banking), Life of the Land, Lightolier (компания, входящая в «Genlyte Group», а также ее брэнд, подразделение Royal Philips, расположена в шт.Массачусетс, специализируется на производстве электроники), Limited Operation Life, Limited Operational Life, Lips on Lips, List Of Lights, List of Links, List of Lists, Little Old Lady, Live-On-Line, Living on Line, Load of Laughs, Loads of Love, Locks of Love (Lake Worth, Florida charity), Log On Later, Longitudinal Output Level, Lord Oh Lord, Lord of Life (Church), Lord of Lords (Jesus), Lords of Legend (gaming), Loser on Line, Loss of Life (insurance), Loss of Light, Loss of Line (telephony), Loss of Load, Loss of Lock, Lot of Lamers, Lots Of Laughs, Lots Of Love, Lots Of Luck, Lots of Lag (on-line gaming), Lots of Laughter, Lots of Losers (Rocket Arena 3 clan), Love On Line, Love Our Lord, Love of Life, Love of Literacy (teaching), Lovelock, Derby Field Airport, Nevada (IATA code), Low Order Language, Lower Operating Limit, Loyal Orange Lodge, Lunatics on Line, Lying Out Loud, last or least, laughing on line, limit of liability (ограничение ответственности)
    10) Физиология: Loss Of Legs
    11) Вычислительная техника: Laughing Out Loud (DFUE-Slang, Usenet, IRC), laughing out loud
    12) Деловая лексика: Life Of Loan
    13) Образование: Level Of Learning
    15) СМС: Laugh out loud
    16) AMEX. Lots Of Laugh

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > lol

  • 112 muerte

    f.
    fallecer de muerte natural to die of natural causes
    fallecer de muerte violenta to die a violent death
    ha sido herido de muerte he has been fatally wounded
    la odio a muerte I hate her with all my heart, I absolutely loathe her
    un susto de muerte a terrible shock
    de mala muerte (informal) third-rate, lousy
    muerte cerebral brain death
    2 murder (homicidio).
    se le acusa de la muerte de varias mujeres he has been accused of murdering o of the murder of several women
    * * *
    1 death
    2 (asesinato) murder
    3 la muerte death
    \
    a vida o muerte life-and-death
    dar muerte a alguien to kill somebody
    de mala muerte familiar grotty, crummy, rotten
    estar de muerte familiar (comida) to be scrumptious 2 (persona) to be gorgeous
    a muerte to the death
    hasta que la muerte nos separe till death do us part
    odiar a muerte to detest, loathe
    muerte cerebral brain death
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=por enfermedad, accidente) death

    tuvo una buena muerte — he had a good death, he died a good death

    • una lucha a muerte — a fight to the death

    odiar algo/a algn a muerte — to detest sth/sb, loathe sth/sb

    • causar la muerte a algn — to kill sb, cause the death of sb

    • encontrar la muerte — to die, meet one's death

    • herido de muerte — fatally injured

    • pena de muerte — death sentence

    • estar a las puertas de la muerte — to be at death's door

    • un susto de muerte — a terrible fright

    me diste un susto de muerte — you scared me to death, you gave me a terrible fright

    era un hotel de mala muerte — the hotel was a real dump **, the hotel was really grotty **

    muerte clínica, en situación de muerte clínica — clinically dead

    muerte súbita — (Med) sudden death; (Tenis) tie-break; (Golf) sudden death play-off; (Ftbl) sudden death

    vida 1)
    2) (=asesinato) murder

    • dar muerte a algn — to kill sb

    3) (=desaparición) [de imperio, civilización] death, demise frm

    la muerte de las civilizaciones indígenas — the death o demise of native civilizations

    * * *
    a) ( de ser vivo) death

    muerte natural/repentina — natural/sudden death

    odiar a muerte — to loathe, detest

    cada muerte de obispo — (AmL fam) once in a blue moon

    de mala muerte — (fam) < pensión> grotty (colloq), cheesy (AmE colloq)

    un pueblo de mala muerte — a dump (colloq), a really grotty place

    ser de muerte lenta — (Ven fam) to be fantastic (colloq)

    ser la muerte — (fam) ( ser atroz) to be hell o murder (colloq); ( ser estupendo) to be great o fantastic (colloq)

    b) ( homicidio)

    dar muerte a alguien — (frml) to kill somebody

    c) ( fin) death
    * * *
    = death, loss of life, last breath, passing, fatality, die-off.
    Ex. Typically, the additions to the name will fall within the following categories: title of nobility, title of honour, address, date of birth, and date of death.
    Ex. The war involved not only extensive loss of life and destruction of property, but also widespread damage to cultural monuments and objects.
    Ex. When she died in a bus accident in Bolivia while serving in a women's cooperative, her legacy did not stop with her last breath.
    Ex. The Rutgers University Libraries are sad to report on the passing of Thelma Tate.
    Ex. A summary is then presented of the number and percentage of snowmobile fatalities in these three states during winter 2002-03.
    Ex. We all know that there is no guarantee that, even if we do everything we can, the result won't be human die-off and environmental devastation.
    ----
    * afligido por la muerte de un familiar cercano = bereaved.
    * agarrar un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * a muerte = bitter, bitterly.
    * apedrear hasta la muerte = stone to + death.
    * coger un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * condenado a muerte = death row.
    * condenar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death.
    * condenar a muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.
    * con peligro de muerte = life threatening.
    * corredor de la muerte = death row.
    * cuestión de vida o muerte = life or death issue.
    * dar un susto de muerte = frighten + the living daylights out of, frighten + Nombre + to death, scare + the hell out of.
    * dar un susto de muerto = scare + the living daylights out of.
    * derecho a la muerte = right to die.
    * de vida o muerte = lifesaving, life threatening.
    * encuentro con la muerte = close shave with death, close encounter with death.
    * enemistad a muerte = blood feud.
    * enfrentarse a la muerte = face + death.
    * enzarzarse en una lucha a muerte = get into + a fight to the death.
    * escuadrón de la muerte = death squadron, death squad.
    * experiencia cercana a la muerte = near death experience.
    * firmar la sentencia de muerte = sound + the death knell for.
    * firmar una sentencia de muerte = sign + a death warrant (for).
    * frío de muerte = freezing cold.
    * hasta la muerte = until the end, forever, until the bitter end.
    * Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.
    * herido de muerte = mortally wounded.
    * herir de muerte = fatally + shoot.
    * lecho de muerte = deathbed [death bed].
    * lucha a muerte = fight to death.
    * lucha hasta la muerte = fight to death.
    * luchar a muerte = fight to + death, get into + a fight to the death.
    * luchar hasta la muerte = fight to + death.
    * morir de muerte natural = die + a natural death.
    * morir una muerte horrible = suffer + a horrible death, die + a horrible death.
    * muerte accidental = accidental death.
    * muerte aparente = suspended animation.
    * muerte asistida = assisted death, assisted dying.
    * muerte cerebral = brain death.
    * muerte clínica = brain death, clínical death.
    * muerte de un familiar = bereavement, death in the family.
    * muerte digna = dignified death.
    * muerte embrionaria = embryonal death.
    * muerte fetal = foetal death.
    * muerte, la = Reaper, the, Grim Reaper, the.
    * muerte natural = natural death.
    * muerte neonatal = neonatal death.
    * muerte por suicidio = suicidal death.
    * muerte prematura = premature death, untimely death.
    * muerte súbita = cot death, crib death, sudden death.
    * pelea a muerte = fight to death.
    * pelea hasta la muerte = fight to death.
    * pelear a muerte = fight to + death.
    * pelear hasta la mueerte = fight to + death.
    * pena de muerte = death penalty, death row.
    * penado con la muerte = punishable by death.
    * pillar un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * pulsión de muerte = death-wish.
    * roce con la muerte = close shave with death, close encounter with death.
    * sentencia de muerte = death sentence, death warrant, death knell.
    * sentenciar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.
    * sentenciar a muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.
    * sentido de la vida y al muerte, el = meaning of life and death, the.
    * síndrome infantil de muerte súbita (SIMS) = sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
    * tener una muerte digna = die with + dignity, have + a dignified death, die + a dignified death.
    * tener una muerte horrible = die + a horrible death, suffer + a horrible death.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * ver la muerte de cerca = have + brushes with death.
    * vida después de la muerte = afterlife [after-life].
    * vida or muerte = life or death.
    * * *
    a) ( de ser vivo) death

    muerte natural/repentina — natural/sudden death

    odiar a muerte — to loathe, detest

    cada muerte de obispo — (AmL fam) once in a blue moon

    de mala muerte — (fam) < pensión> grotty (colloq), cheesy (AmE colloq)

    un pueblo de mala muerte — a dump (colloq), a really grotty place

    ser de muerte lenta — (Ven fam) to be fantastic (colloq)

    ser la muerte — (fam) ( ser atroz) to be hell o murder (colloq); ( ser estupendo) to be great o fantastic (colloq)

    b) ( homicidio)

    dar muerte a alguien — (frml) to kill somebody

    c) ( fin) death
    * * *
    la muerte
    = Reaper, the, Grim Reaper, the

    Ex: The film parades a frenzy between an old woman being taken by the Reaper and being saved continuously by a playboy doctor with a team of pin-up nurses.

    Ex: These days, the Grim Reaper is usually portrayed as a skeleton or a cadaverous figure, garbed from head to foot in a black habit and hood, and carrying a large scythe.

    = death, loss of life, last breath, passing, fatality, die-off.

    Ex: Typically, the additions to the name will fall within the following categories: title of nobility, title of honour, address, date of birth, and date of death.

    Ex: The war involved not only extensive loss of life and destruction of property, but also widespread damage to cultural monuments and objects.
    Ex: When she died in a bus accident in Bolivia while serving in a women's cooperative, her legacy did not stop with her last breath.
    Ex: The Rutgers University Libraries are sad to report on the passing of Thelma Tate.
    Ex: A summary is then presented of the number and percentage of snowmobile fatalities in these three states during winter 2002-03.
    Ex: We all know that there is no guarantee that, even if we do everything we can, the result won't be human die-off and environmental devastation.
    * afligido por la muerte de un familiar cercano = bereaved.
    * agarrar un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * a muerte = bitter, bitterly.
    * apedrear hasta la muerte = stone to + death.
    * coger un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * condenado a muerte = death row.
    * condenar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death.
    * condenar a muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.
    * con peligro de muerte = life threatening.
    * corredor de la muerte = death row.
    * cuestión de vida o muerte = life or death issue.
    * dar un susto de muerte = frighten + the living daylights out of, frighten + Nombre + to death, scare + the hell out of.
    * dar un susto de muerto = scare + the living daylights out of.
    * derecho a la muerte = right to die.
    * de vida o muerte = lifesaving, life threatening.
    * encuentro con la muerte = close shave with death, close encounter with death.
    * enemistad a muerte = blood feud.
    * enfrentarse a la muerte = face + death.
    * enzarzarse en una lucha a muerte = get into + a fight to the death.
    * escuadrón de la muerte = death squadron, death squad.
    * experiencia cercana a la muerte = near death experience.
    * firmar la sentencia de muerte = sound + the death knell for.
    * firmar una sentencia de muerte = sign + a death warrant (for).
    * frío de muerte = freezing cold.
    * hasta la muerte = until the end, forever, until the bitter end.
    * Hasta que la muerte nos separe = Till death do us part.
    * herido de muerte = mortally wounded.
    * herir de muerte = fatally + shoot.
    * lecho de muerte = deathbed [death bed].
    * lucha a muerte = fight to death.
    * lucha hasta la muerte = fight to death.
    * luchar a muerte = fight to + death, get into + a fight to the death.
    * luchar hasta la muerte = fight to + death.
    * morir de muerte natural = die + a natural death.
    * morir una muerte horrible = suffer + a horrible death, die + a horrible death.
    * muerte accidental = accidental death.
    * muerte aparente = suspended animation.
    * muerte asistida = assisted death, assisted dying.
    * muerte cerebral = brain death.
    * muerte clínica = brain death, clínical death.
    * muerte de un familiar = bereavement, death in the family.
    * muerte digna = dignified death.
    * muerte embrionaria = embryonal death.
    * muerte fetal = foetal death.
    * muerte, la = Reaper, the, Grim Reaper, the.
    * muerte natural = natural death.
    * muerte neonatal = neonatal death.
    * muerte por suicidio = suicidal death.
    * muerte prematura = premature death, untimely death.
    * muerte súbita = cot death, crib death, sudden death.
    * pelea a muerte = fight to death.
    * pelea hasta la muerte = fight to death.
    * pelear a muerte = fight to + death.
    * pelear hasta la mueerte = fight to + death.
    * pena de muerte = death penalty, death row.
    * penado con la muerte = punishable by death.
    * pillar un resfriado de muerte = catch + Posesivo + death (of cold).
    * pulsión de muerte = death-wish.
    * roce con la muerte = close shave with death, close encounter with death.
    * sentencia de muerte = death sentence, death warrant, death knell.
    * sentenciar a la pena de muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.
    * sentenciar a muerte = sentence + Nombre + to death, condemn + Nombre + to death.
    * sentido de la vida y al muerte, el = meaning of life and death, the.
    * síndrome infantil de muerte súbita (SIMS) = sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
    * tener una muerte digna = die with + dignity, have + a dignified death, die + a dignified death.
    * tener una muerte horrible = die + a horrible death, suffer + a horrible death.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * ver la muerte de cerca = have + brushes with death.
    * vida después de la muerte = afterlife [after-life].
    * vida or muerte = life or death.

    * * *
    muerte natural/repentina natural/sudden death
    el veneno le produjo la muerte instantánea the poison killed him instantly
    200 personas encontraron la muerte en el incendio 200 people lost their lives o ( liter) met their death in the fire
    condenado a muerte sentenced to death
    amenaza de muerte death threat
    hasta que la muerte nos separe till death us do part
    a la muerte de su padre heredó una fortuna she inherited a fortune on her father's death o when her father died
    herido de muerte fatally wounded
    me dio un susto de muerte ( fam); she scared the living daylights out of me ( colloq), she scared me to death ( colloq)
    luchó or se debatió varios días con la muerte he was at death's door o fighting for his life for several days
    odiar a muerte to loathe, detest
    cada muerte de obispo ( AmL fam); once in a blue moon
    de mala muerte ( fam); ‹pensión› grotty ( colloq), cheesy ( AmE colloq)
    es un pueblo de mala muerte it's a dump o a hole ( colloq), it's a really grotty place
    ser de muerte lenta ( Ven fam); to be fantastic ( colloq)
    ser la muerte ( fam) (ser atroz) to be hell o murder ( colloq); (ser estupendo) to be great o fantastic ( colloq)
    meterse de profesor es la muerte en vida it's murder going into teaching ( colloq)
    se cree/te crees la muerte he thinks he's/you think you're the bee's knees o the cat's whiskers ( colloq)
    2
    (homicidio): lo acusan de la muerte de tres personas he is accused of killing three people o of causing the deaths of three people
    dar muerte a algn ( frml); to kill sb
    3 (fin) death
    la muerte de una civilización the death o demise of a civilization
    Compuestos:
    brain death
    certificaron la muerte clínica dos horas despúes he/she was pronounced clinically dead two hours later
    cot death, sudden infant death syndrome ( tech)
    (literal) sudden death; (en fútbol, etc) sudden death; (en tenis) tiebreaker, tiebreak
    violent death
    * * *

     

    muerte sustantivo femenino
    death;

    a la muerte de su padre on her father's death;
    muerte de cuna crib death (AmE), cot death (BrE);
    me dio un susto de muerte (fam) she scared me to death (colloq);
    dar muerte a algn (frml) to kill sb;
    de mala muerte (fam) ‹pueblo/hotel› grotty (colloq);
    ser la muerte (fam) ( ser atroz) to be hell o murder (colloq);

    ( ser estupendo) to be fantastic (colloq)
    muerte sustantivo femenino
    1 death: murió de muerte natural, she died a natural death
    2 (homicidio) killing
    (asesinato) murder: al criminal se le imputan tres muertes, the criminal is charged with three murders
    ♦ Locuciones: a muerte, to death: defender a muerte, to defend to the death
    odiar a muerte, to loathe sb
    familiar de mala muerte, lousy, rotten
    (buenísimo) de muerte, fantastic, great
    ' muerte' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonarse
    - afectar
    - amenazar
    - borde
    - cabecilla
    - caer
    - condenar
    - condenada
    - condenado
    - conmutar
    - desafiar
    - ejecución
    - enloquecer
    - enterada
    - enterado
    - garito
    - garrote
    - genuina
    - genuino
    - hasta
    - instantánea
    - instantáneo
    - lamentar
    - lecho
    - local
    - mal
    - marcar
    - obsesionar
    - origen
    - palo
    - pena
    - pérdida
    - puerta
    - reciente
    - sabrosa
    - sabroso
    - sacudir
    - semblante
    - sentida
    - sentido
    - simbolizar
    - sobreponerse
    - tugurio
    - vida
    - violenta
    - violento
    - amenaza
    - apenar
    - baja
    - desafío
    English:
    afterlife
    - anarchy
    - brain death
    - cheat
    - commute
    - curtain
    - cutthroat
    - death
    - death penalty
    - death row
    - death squad
    - deathbed
    - demise
    - dice
    - doom
    - drive
    - dump
    - early
    - fatal
    - fatally
    - get
    - hole
    - inquest
    - lead to
    - matter
    - meet
    - misadventure
    - mortally
    - mourn
    - natural
    - opposed
    - pain
    - penalty
    - point
    - punishable
    - register
    - release
    - scare
    - sentence
    - shock
    - silly
    - snuff movie
    - squad
    - upset
    - wit
    - accidental
    - against
    - bereaved
    - bereavement
    - blow
    * * *
    muerte nf
    1. [fin de la vida] death;
    la malaria le produjo la muerte malaria was the cause of death;
    ha sido herido de muerte he has been fatally wounded;
    una lucha a muerte a fight to the death;
    la odio a muerte I hate her with all my heart, I absolutely loathe her;
    hasta que la muerte nos separe till death us do part;
    tener una muerte dulce to die peacefully;
    Am Fam
    cada muerte de obispo once in a blue moon;
    Fam
    de muerte: vas a agarrar un resfriado de muerte you're going to catch your death of cold;
    me he llevado un susto de muerte I got the fright of my life;
    hace un frío de muerte it's absolutely freezing;
    esta sopa está de muerte this soup is yummy;
    Fam
    de mala muerte [cine, restaurante] third-rate;
    un pueblo/una casa de mala muerte a hole, a dump;
    Ven Fam
    ser de muerte [muy bueno] to be fantastic;
    [muy malo] to be the pits muerte aparente suspended animation;
    muerte cerebral brain death;
    Der muerte civil civil death, attainder;
    muerte natural: [m5] morir de muerte natural to die of natural causes;
    vivió en una residencia hasta su muerte natural she lived in a home until she died of old age;
    muerte súbita [del bebé] sudden infant death;
    [en tenis] tie break; [en golf] play-off;
    muerte violenta violent death;
    morir de muerte violenta to die a violent death
    2. [homicidio] murder;
    se le acusa de la muerte de varias mujeres he has been accused of murdering o of the murder of several women;
    3.
    la muerte [ser imaginario] death
    4. [final, desaparición] death, demise;
    la muerte de los regímenes comunistas the demise of the Communist regimes
    * * *
    f death;
    a muerte to the death;
    odiar a muerte loathe, detest;
    me dio un susto de muerte it frightened me to death;
    de mala muerte fig fam lousy fam, awful fam
    * * *
    muerte nf
    : death
    * * *
    muerte n death

    Spanish-English dictionary > muerte

  • 113 hecatombe

    f.
    1 disaster (desastre).
    la inundación causó una hecatombe the flood caused great loss of life
    2 great calamity, heavy loss of life, disaster, hecatomb.
    * * *
    1 HISTORIA hecatomb
    2 (desgracia) disaster, catastrophe
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=catástrofe) disaster

    ¡aquello fue la hecatombe! — what a disaster that was!

    2) (=carnicería) slaughter, butchery
    3) ( Hist) hecatomb
    * * *
    femenino ( desastre) disaster, catastrophe; ( mortandad) loss of life; ( sacrificio) (Hist) hecatomb
    * * *
    femenino ( desastre) disaster, catastrophe; ( mortandad) loss of life; ( sacrificio) (Hist) hecatomb
    * * *
    1 (desastre) disaster, catastrophe; (mortandad) loss of life
    una hecatombe nuclear a nuclear disaster
    el terremoto causó una verdadera hecatombe the earthquake caused a huge loss of life o a huge number of deaths
    2 ( Hist) (sacrificio) hecatomb
    * * *

    hecatombe sustantivo femenino disaster, catastrophe
    ' hecatombe' also found in these entries:
    English:
    holocaust
    * * *
    1. [desastre] disaster;
    la inundación causó una hecatombe the flood caused great loss of life
    2. [partido, examen] massacre
    3. Hist [sacrificio] hecatomb
    * * *
    f
    1 disaster, catastrophe
    2 muertes loss of life
    * * *
    1) matanza: massacre
    2) : disaster

    Spanish-English dictionary > hecatombe

  • 114 жертва

    1. (жертвоприношение) sacrifice, victim, offering, oblation
    принасям в жертва offeras a sacrifice (на to), sacrifice
    мн.ч. casuaties, toll
    (плячка) prey. quarry
    (който лесно се подвежда и т. н.) an easy/soft mark, разг. ам. easy meat; sl. sucker, mug, gull
    имаше много жертви many lives were lost, there was a great loss of life. there were many casualties
    произшествие с пет жертви an accident with five casualties
    катастрофата взе много жертви the accident resulted in a great loss of life, the accident took a great toll of human life
    жертва съм на be a prey to, be a victim of
    ставам жертва на (умирам) die/fall a victim to, ( пострадвам) fall a prey/victim to, (на навик, чувства и) give out to
    жертва съм на порок be steeped (to the lips) in vice
    всички сме жертва на навика we are all creatures of habit
    жертва на алкохола a victim of alcoholism
    ставам жертва на своите страсти fall a prey to o.'s passions
    винаги децата са жертва (при развод и пр.) it is always the children who suffer
    аз съм жертвата шег. I am the victim
    родителите му правеха всякакви жертви, за да му дадат образование his parents made every sacrifice to educate him
    * * *
    жѐртва,
    ж., -и 1. ( жертвоприношение) sacrifice, victim, offering, oblation; изкупителна \жертваа scapegoat, stooge; принасям в \жертваа offer as a sacrifice (на to), sacrifice;
    2. ( пострадало лице) victim; мн. casualties, toll; ( плячка) prey, quarry; ( който лесно се подвежда и т. н.) easy/soft mark, разг. амер. easy meat; fall guy; sl. sucker, mug, gull; ( потърпевш) sufferer; аз съм \жертваата шег. I am the victim; вземам \жертваи claim victims; винаги децата са \жертваа ( при развод и пр.) it is always the children who suffer; всички сме \жертваа на навика we are all creatures of habit; давам много \жертваи suffer heavy losses; \жертваа съм на be a prey to, be a victim of; \жертваа съм на порок be steeped (to the lips) in vice; \жертваи на автомобилни злополуки road toll; имаше много \жертваи many lives were lost, there was a great loss of life, there were many casualties; катастрофата взе много \жертваи the accident resulted in a great loss of life, the accident took a great toll of human life; спечелвам битка с цената на големи \жертваи win a battle at a great sacrifice of life; ставам \жертваа на ( умирам) die/fall a victim to, ( пострадвам) fall a prey/victim to, (на навик, чувства) give out to;
    3. ( понасяне на лишения) sacrifice.
    * * *
    casualty ; easy {i;zi} (soft) mark ; fish ; fool ; immolation ; mug {mXg}; offering ; victim {viktim}: жертва of a perfect crime - жертва на перфектно престъпление
    * * *
    1. (жертвоприношение) sacrifice, victim, offering, oblation 2. (който лесно се подвежда и т. н.) an easy/soft mark, разг. ам. easy meat;sl sucker, mug, gull 3. (плячка) prey. quarry 4. (понасяне на лишения) sacrifice 5. (пострадало лице) victim 6. (потърпевш) sufferer 7. ЖЕРТВА на алкохола a victim of alcoholism 8. ЖЕРТВА съм на be a prey to, be a victim of 9. ЖЕРТВА съм на порок be steeped (to the lips) in vice 10. аз съм ЖЕРТВАта шег. I am the victim 11. вземам жертви claim victims 12. винаги децата са ЖЕРТВА (при развод и пр.) it is always the children who suffer 13. всички сме ЖЕРТВА на навика we are all creatures of habit 14. давам много жертви suffer heavy losses 15. жертви на автомобилни злополуки road toll 16. жертви на война victims of war 17. жертви на наводнение flood victims 18. изкупителна ЖЕРТВА scapegoat, stooge 19. имаше много жертви many lives were lost, there was a great loss of life. there were many casualties 20. катастрофата взе много жертви the accident resulted in a great loss of life, the accident took a great toll of human life 21. мн.ч. casuaties, toll 22. постигам целта си с цената на много жертви make great sacrifices to obtain o.'s end 23. правя големи жертви make sacrifices 24. принасям в ЖЕРТВА offeras a sacrifice (на to), sacrifice 25. произшествие с пет жертви an accident with five casualties 26. родителите му правеха всякакви жертви, за да му дадат образование his parents made every sacrifice to educate him 27. спечелвам битка с цената на големи жертви win a battle at a great sacrifice of life 28. ставам ЖЕРТВА на (умирам) die/fall a victim to, (пострадвам) fall a prey/victim to, (на навик, чувства и) give out to 29. ставам ЖЕРТВА на своите страсти fall a prey to o.'s passions

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  • 115 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 116 Menschenleben

    n
    1. (human) life; Menschenleben sind nicht zu beklagen there were no fatalities
    2. (Lebenszeit) lifetime; weitS. (Leben) life
    * * *
    das Menschenleben
    life
    * * *
    Mẹn|schen|le|ben
    nt
    human life

    Menschenleben beklagen — to report fatalities

    Menschenleben waren nicht zu beklagen — there was no loss of life, no fatalities were reported

    * * *
    Men·schen·le·ben
    nt
    1. (Todesopfer) [human] life
    der Unfall forderte drei \Menschenleben the accident claimed three lives
    die Verluste an \Menschenleben the loss of life
    \Menschenleben sind [nicht] zu beklagen there has been [no] loss of life
    2. (Lebenszeit) lifetime
    ein ganzes \Menschenleben lang a [whole] lifetime
    * * *
    das life

    der Unfall forderte vier Menschenleben — (geh.) the accident claimed four lives

    * * *
    1. (human) life;
    Menschenleben sind nicht zu beklagen there were no fatalities
    2. (Lebenszeit) lifetime; weitS. (Leben) life
    * * *
    das life

    der Unfall forderte vier Menschenleben — (geh.) the accident claimed four lives

    * * *
    n.
    human life n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Menschenleben

  • 117 pérdida de vidas

    (n.) = loss of life, toll on life
    Ex. The war involved not only extensive loss of life and destruction of property, but also widespread damage to cultural monuments and objects.
    Ex. A heavy toll on life is included among the evils of war.
    * * *
    (n.) = loss of life, toll on life

    Ex: The war involved not only extensive loss of life and destruction of property, but also widespread damage to cultural monuments and objects.

    Ex: A heavy toll on life is included among the evils of war.

    Spanish-English dictionary > pérdida de vidas

  • 118 vida

    f.
    1 life (existencia).
    en vida de during the life o lifetime of
    estar con vida to be alive
    perder la vida to lose one's life
    quitar la vida a alguien to kill somebody
    ¿qué es de tu vida? how's life?
    vida amorosa love life
    vida campestre country life
    la vida estudiantil student life
    vida eterna eternal life
    vida de familia family life
    vida laboral working life
    vida matrimonial married life
    vida privada private life
    vida sana clean living
    vida sentimental love life
    vida sexual sex life
    vida social social life
    vida útil shelf life
    2 life span, life span of person, duration.
    3 livelihood, subsistence.
    4 cost of living.
    5 Vida.
    * * *
    1 (gen) life
    2 (viveza) liveliness
    3 (tiempo) lifetime, life
    4 (modo de vivir) life, way of life
    5 (medios) living, livelihood
    \
    amargarle la vida a alguien to make somebody's life a misery
    ¡así es la vida! such is life!, that's life!
    cambiar de vida to change one's life style
    como si le fuera la vida en ello as if his life depended on it
    costarle algo la vida a alguien to pay with one's life
    dar la vida por to give one's life for, give one's right arm for
    dar vida a (parir) to give birth to 2 (realizar) to bring to life
    darse la gran vida / pegarse la gran vida / darse la vida padre familiar to live it up
    debatirse entre la vida y la muerte to fight for one's life
    de por vida for life
    de toda la vida lifelong
    echarse a la vida familiar to go on the game, become a prostitute
    en la flor de la vida in the prime of life
    en mi (tu, su, etc) vida never in my (your, his, etc) life
    en vida de during the life of
    escapar con vida / salir con vida to come out alive, survive
    estar con vida / estar sin vida to be alive / be dead
    ¡esto es vida! / ¡esto sí que es vida! this is the life!
    ganarse la vida to earn one's living
    hacerle la vida imposible a alguien to make life impossible for somebody
    llevar una vida agitada / llevar una vida tranquila to lead a busy life / lead a quiet life
    pagar alguien con su vida to pay with one's life
    ¿qué es de tu vida? how are things?
    quitarle la vida a alguien to take somebody's life
    ¡vida mía! / ¡mi vida! my love!, darling!
    la otra vida the next life
    señales de vida signs of life
    vida de perros dog's life
    vida familiar family life
    vida íntima private life
    vida sentimental love life
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) life
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=existencia) life

    está escribiendo la vida de Quevedo — he is writing the life o a life o a biography of Quevedo

    ¿qué es de tu vida? — what's new?, how's life?

    • con vida — alive

    escapar o salir con vida — to escape o come out alive

    •en vida de, en vida de mi marido — when my husband was alive, during my husband's lifetime

    ¡en la o mi vida! — never (in all my life)!

    • vida o muerte, una operación a vida o muerte — a life-or-death operation

    • la otra vida — the next life

    • perder la vida — to lose one's life

    • de por vida — for life

    • quitar la vida a algn — to take sb's life

    • quitarse la vida — to take one's own life

    • rehacer la vida — to start a new life

    • sin vida — lifeless

    un cuerpo sin vida — a (dead) body, a corpse

    • toda la vida, un amigo de toda la vida — a lifelong friend

    esperanza
    2) (=forma de vivir) life

    • la vida airada — (=modo de vida) the criminal life; (=hampa) the underworld

    de vida airada — loose-living, immoral

    • mujer de vida alegre — loose woman

    • la vida cotidiana — everyday life

    • doble vida — double life

    llevar una doble vida — to lead o live a double life

    • hacer vida marital — to live together (as man and wife)

    • mala vida, echarse a la mala vida — to go astray

    vida de perros, vida perra — dog's life, wretched life

    3) (=sustento)

    • coste de la vida — cost of living

    • ganarse la vida — to earn o make one's living

    se gana la vida haciendo traducciones — he earns o makes his living doing translations

    • nivel de vida — standard of living

    buscar 3.
    4) [de objeto]

    vida útil — (Com) lifespan; (Téc) useful life

    5)
    - ¡por vida del chápiro verde!

    contar la vida —

    ¡no me cuentes tu vida! — I don't want your life story!

    costarle la vida a algn —

    dar vida a algn —

    - hacer por la vida

    pasarse la vida —

    pasar la vida a tragos — *to have a miserable life

    - tener siete vidas como los gatos
    vivir 2., 1)
    6) (=vitalidad)

    lleno de vida — [ojos] lively; [persona] full of life

    • dar vida a, la música le da vida a estas imágenes — the music brings these images to life

    ¡vida!, ¡vida mía! — my love!, my darling!

    8) euf
    (=prostitución)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol) life

    140 personas perdieron la vida — (period) 140 people lost their lives (journ)

    eso le costó la vida — (period) that cost him his life

    dieron la vida por la patria — they gave o sacrificed their lives for their country

    b) (viveza, vitalidad) life

    le falta vida — it's/she's/he's not very lively

    en la/mi vida: en la or en mi vida he visto cosa igual! I've never seen anything like it in my life!; en la or mi vida haría una cosa así! I'd never dream of doing something like that!; hacerle la vida imposible a alguien to make somebody's life impossible; tener siete vidas — to have nine lives

    3)
    a) (manera de vivir, actividades) life

    ¿qué es de tu vida? — what have you been up to?

    hace or vive su vida — he gets on with o lives his own life

    (así) es la vida! — that's life, such is life

    estar/quedar loco de la vida — (CS fam) to be over the moon (colloq)

    la vida y milagros de alguien — (CS fam) somebody's life story

    pasar a mejor vida — (hum) persona to kick the bucket (colloq); traje/botas to bite the dust (colloq)

    c) ( biografía) life

    buscarse la vida — (fam) to make a living

    5) ( como apelativo) darling
    * * *
    = life [lives, -pl.], life story, lifeblood, lifetime [life time], living, life's work, lifework, life and limb.
    Ex. We are comfortable with the things we know and can do because they give us a sense of control over our lives.
    Ex. This study attempts to illustrate and illuminate the life story of a remarkable pioneering woman, Tryn Ras, using pictorial sources.
    Ex. Since libraries are the lifeblood of research, it seems only fitting then that the education of librarians should include familiarity with research methodology.
    Ex. Bibliography and Library science reflect the changes that took place in Bliss's lifetime.
    Ex. They seem to regard literature as a secondary experience, more akin to being a peeping Tom, an impotent voyeur, rather than being one of the healthy, active people who get on with real living.
    Ex. Evelyn Bliss devoted his life's work to the study of classification and BC is the results of his efforts.
    Ex. This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex. This is a special issue devoted partly to the theme: Life and limb: issues of security and safety.
    ----
    * abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.
    * acabar + Posesivo + vida útil = run towards + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * acortar + Posesivo + vida = cut + Posesivo + life short.
    * actitud ante la vida = approach to life.
    * a favor de la vida humana = pro-life.
    * agotar + Posesivo + vida útil = run towards + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.
    * ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.
    * alargar la vida = prolong + life, prolong + longevity.
    * alegrar la vida a Alguien = brighten up + Posesivo + life.
    * al igual que con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * amante de la vida al aire libre = outdoor enthusiast.
    * apostarse la vida = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida = lifelong learning.
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * arreglar + Posesivo + vida = put + Posesivo + (own) house in order.
    * arriesgar la vida = risk + life and limb, play + Russian roulette, risk + Posesivo + life.
    * arriesgar + Posesivo + vida = put + Posesivo + life on the line.
    * aspectos de la vida = sphere of life.
    * atentar contra la vida de Alguien = attempt on + Posesivo + life.
    * atraído por la promesa de una vida mejor = drawn by the promise of a better life.
    * aunque me fuera la vida ene ello = for the life of me.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * buena vida = good life.
    * calidad de vida = quality of life.
    * cambiar la vida = change + life.
    * cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * ciencias de la vida = biosciences.
    * ciencias de la vida, las = life sciences, the.
    * ciencias sobre la vida en el espacio = space life sciences.
    * circunstancias de la vida = accident of birth.
    * cobrarse la vida de Alguien = claim + life.
    * cobrarse muchas vidas = take + a heavy toll of life.
    * cobrar vida = come + alive, come to + life.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * compañero de vida = lifemate.
    * compañía aseguradora de vida = life-insurance company.
    * compañía de seguros de vida = life-insurance company.
    * complicarse la vida = ask for + trouble.
    * condicionar la vida = condition + life.
    * condiciones de vida = living conditions.
    * conocer vida = see + the world.
    * contar + Posesivo + propia vida y milagros = spill + Posesivo + guts.
    * costar la vida = cost + life.
    * coste de la vida = cost of living.
    * coste de vidas humanas = human cost.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crucial para la vida de una persona = lifesaving.
    * cuerpo sin vida = dead body.
    * cuestión de vida o muerte = life or death issue.
    * culto a la vida = cult of life.
    * dar la vida = lay down + Posesivo + life, give + Posesivo + life.
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar + Posesivo + vida = give + Posesivo + all.
    * dar sentido a la vida = give + meaning to life.
    * dar sentido a + Posesivo + vida = make + sense of + Posesivo + life.
    * dar señales de vida = show + signs of life.
    * dar una segunda vida = give + a second life.
    * dar vida = imbue with + life, animate, bring to + life.
    * dar vida a = jazz up, brighten up, give + life to.
    * dar vida a Algo = bring + Nombre + to life.
    * dedicar la vida a = devote + life to.
    * dedicar toda una vida = spend + lifetime.
    * defensor de la vida humana = pro-lifer.
    * de la vida real = real-life.
    * de por vida = lifelong [life-long], lifetime [life-time].
    * derecho a la vida = right to live.
    * desquiciar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life upside down.
    * de toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * de vida enclaustrada = cloistered.
    * de vida o muerte = lifesaving, life threatening.
    * devolver el sentido a la vida = put + meaning + back in + Posesivo + life.
    * devolver la vida = bring + Nombre + back to life.
    * disfrutar de la vida = sail through + life.
    * diversidad de la vida = biodiversity, diversity of life, life-form diversity.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durar toda una vida = go on + for a lifetime, last + (for) a lifetime.
    * el amor de + Posesivo + vida = the love of + Posesivo + life.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * encarcelar de por vida = jail for + life.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * enfrentarse a la vida = cope with + life, face + life, cope.
    * en la vida real = in real life.
    * en los primeros años de vida = early in life.
    * en + Posesivo + vida = in + Posesivo + time.
    * enriquecer la vida de Alguien = enrich + Posesivo + life.
    * entregar + Posesivo + vida, = give + Posesivo + all.
    * equipo de mantenimiento artificial de la vida = life-support system.
    * esperanza de vida = life expectancy, lifespan [life span].
    * estilo de vida = lifestyle [life style/life-style], style of life, way of life.
    * estilo de vida alternativo = alternative life-style.
    * etapa de la vida = life stage.
    * expectativas de vida = life expectancy.
    * experiencia de la vida = experience of life.
    * facilitarle la vida a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * filosofía de vida = philosophy of life.
    * forma de vida = way of life.
    * ganarse la vida = earn + a living, make + a living, earn + income, earn + Posesivo + living, make + Posesivo + living, Verbo + for a living.
    * ganarse la vida a duras penas = eke out + a living, scratch (out) + a living, scrape + a living, eke out + an existence.
    * habilidades necesarias para la vida cotidiana = life skills.
    * hábitos de vida = lifestyle [life style/life-style].
    * hacer frente a la vida = cope.
    * hacer la vida imposible = make + life hell.
    * hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * hacer que la vida sea un infierno = make + life hell.
    * hacerse un hueco en la vida = get on in + life.
    * hacer vida social = socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * historia de vida = life history.
    * índice del coste de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * índice del costo de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inmiscuirse en la vida de Alguien = intrude on + Posesivo + privacy.
    * jugarse la vida = play + Russian roulette, risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb, bet + Posesivo + life.
    * la oportunidad de + Posesivo + vida = the opportunity of a lifetime.
    * la vida continúa = the show must go on.
    * la vida + continuar = life + go on.
    * la vida es así = life's like that.
    * ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.
    * lienzo de la vida, el = canvas of life, the.
    * línea de vida = lifeline.
    * lisiado de por vida = lamed for life.
    * lisiar a Alguien de por vida = lame + Nombre + for life.
    * llegar al final de su vida útil = come to + the end of + Posesivo + useful life, reach + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * lleno de vida = vibrant, feisty [feistier -comp., feistiest -sup.], spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], spirited, teeming with life, vivacious, ebullient, saucy [saucier -comp., sauciest -sup.].
    * llevar una vida + Ajetivo = lead + an + Adjetivo + existence.
    * llevar una vida arriesgada = live + dangerously, live + dangerously close to the edge.
    * llevar una vida de perros = lead + a dog's life.
    * llevar una vida miserable = live + wretched existence.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantenimiento artificial de la vida = life support.
    * mejorar la calidad de vida = improve + living standards, raise + living standards.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + calidad de vida = raise + Posesivo + quality of living.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + vida = improve + Posesivo + life.
    * meterse en la vida de Alguien = intrude on + Posesivo + privacy.
    * mientras hay vida hay esperanza = where there's life there's hope.
    * modo de vida = way of life.
    * modo de vida tradicional = folklife.
    * muerto en vida = living dead.
    * nada en la vida es gratuito = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.
    * nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.
    * no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * oportunidad única en la vida = chance of a lifetime.
    * otra vida, la = afterlife [after-life].
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * pasar a mejor vida = bite + the dust, give up + the ghost.
    * pasar a vida mejor = lay + Nombre + low.
    * perder la vida = lose + Posesivo + life.
    * pérdida de vidas = loss of life, toll on life.
    * perdonar la vida = spare + life.
    * permanecer con vida = stay + alive.
    * pletórico de vida = teeming with life.
    * poner en peligro la vida = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.
    * poner la vida en peligro = put + Posesivo + life at risk.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * posteriormente en + Posesivo + vida = in later life.
    * problemas de la vida = life problems [life-problems].
    * prolongar la vida = prolong + life, prolong + longevity.
    * prolongar la vida útil = extend + the useful life, prolong + useful life, increase + useful life.
    * que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.
    * que da vida = life-giving.
    * que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.
    * que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.
    * quitarse la vida = take + Posesivo + (own) life.
    * rebosante de vida y energía = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * reconstruir + Posesivo + vida = rebuild + Posesivo + life.
    * reformar + Posesivo + vida = reform + Posesivo + life.
    * régimen de vida = lifestyle [life style/life-style].
    * rehacer + Posesivo + vida = rebuild + Posesivo + life.
    * salir adelante en la vida, = get on in + life.
    * salvar la vida = save + life.
    * salvar la vida de milagro = have + a close shave with death.
    * secreto de la vida, el = secret of life, the.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguro de vida = life insurance.
    * seguro de vida a término = term life insurance.
    * seguro de vida vitalicio = whole life insurance.
    * sentido de la vida, el = meaning of life, the.
    * sentido de la vida y al muerte, el = meaning of life and death, the.
    * ser todo vida = be all life.
    * situaciones de la vida = life situations [life-situations].
    * soplo de vida = kiss of life.
    * tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.
    * tener una vida larga y próspera = live + long and prosper.
    * toda la vida = from the cradle to the grave, whole lifelong, whole life.
    * toda una vida = a lifetime.
    * toda una vida de experiencia = a lifetime of experience.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * triunfar en la vida = succeed in + life.
    * truncar + Posesivo + vida = snip + Posesivo + life short, cut + Posesivo + life short.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * una oportunidad única en la vida = once in a lifetime opportunity.
    * una vez en la vida = once in a lifetime.
    * una vez en + Posesivo + vida = once in + Posesivo + lifetime.
    * ver las cosas positivas de la vida = look on + the bright side of life.
    * vida acuática = aquatic life.
    * vida afectiva = love life.
    * vida amorosa = love life.
    * vida animal = animal life.
    * vida a toda pastilla = life in the fast lane.
    * vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * vida cívica = civic life.
    * vida civil = civic life.
    * vida como trabajador = working life.
    * vida corporativa = corporate life.
    * vida cotidiana = daily life, everyday living, daily living.
    * vida cotidiana, la = day to day life, the, everyday life.
    * vida cultural = cultural life.
    * vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * vida + dar un vuelco = turn + Posesivo + life upside down.
    * vida de archivo = archival life.
    * vida de, la = life nerve of, the.
    * vida de la ciudad = urban life, city life.
    * vida de la comunidad = community life.
    * vida del mundo literario = literary life.
    * vida de perros = a dog's life.
    * vida desenfrenada = life in the fast lane.
    * vida desequilibrada = unbalanced life, imbalanced life.
    * vida después de la muerte = afterlife [after-life].
    * vida diaria = daily life.
    * vida diaria, la = everyday life.
    * vida dilatada = long life.
    * vida disoluta = life in the fast lane, loose life.
    * vida doméstica = domestic life, home life.
    * vida emocional = emotional life.
    * vida en el campo = rural life.
    * vida en el entorno familiar = family life.
    * vida en el hogar = home life.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * vida entera, la = whole lifelong, whole life.
    * vida equilibrada = balanced life.
    * vida espiritual = spiritual life.
    * vida + expirar = life + expire.
    * vida extraterrestre = alien life.
    * vida fácil = fast living.
    * vida familiar = family life.
    * vida futura = future life.
    * vida humana = human life.
    * vida laboral = working life.
    * vida literaria = literary life.
    * vida marítima = seafaring.
    * vida media = half-life.
    * vida mejor = better life.
    * vida moderna, la = modern life.
    * vida nocturna = nightlife, night life.
    * vida or muerte = life or death.
    * vida pasada = previous life.
    * vida + pender + de un hilo = live on + the line.
    * vida personal = personal life.
    * vida privada = private life.
    * vida profesional = professional life.
    * vida pública = public life.
    * vida real = real life.
    * vida rural = rural life.
    * vida salvaje = wildlife.
    * vida sana = healthy life.
    * vida sentimental = love life.
    * vida sexual = sex life.
    * vida social = social life.
    * vida urbana = city life, urban life.
    * vida útil = lifetime [life time], life expectancy, lifespan [life span], useful life, shelf life, service life.
    * vida útil de un documento = shelf life.
    * vida vegetal = plant life.
    * vivir la vida al máximo = live + life to the full.
    * volver a la vida normal = get (back) into + the swings of things.
    * vuelta a la vida = resuscitation, resurrection.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Biol) life

    140 personas perdieron la vida — (period) 140 people lost their lives (journ)

    eso le costó la vida — (period) that cost him his life

    dieron la vida por la patria — they gave o sacrificed their lives for their country

    b) (viveza, vitalidad) life

    le falta vida — it's/she's/he's not very lively

    en la/mi vida: en la or en mi vida he visto cosa igual! I've never seen anything like it in my life!; en la or mi vida haría una cosa así! I'd never dream of doing something like that!; hacerle la vida imposible a alguien to make somebody's life impossible; tener siete vidas — to have nine lives

    3)
    a) (manera de vivir, actividades) life

    ¿qué es de tu vida? — what have you been up to?

    hace or vive su vida — he gets on with o lives his own life

    (así) es la vida! — that's life, such is life

    estar/quedar loco de la vida — (CS fam) to be over the moon (colloq)

    la vida y milagros de alguien — (CS fam) somebody's life story

    pasar a mejor vida — (hum) persona to kick the bucket (colloq); traje/botas to bite the dust (colloq)

    c) ( biografía) life

    buscarse la vida — (fam) to make a living

    5) ( como apelativo) darling
    * * *
    = life [lives, -pl.], life story, lifeblood, lifetime [life time], living, life's work, lifework, life and limb.

    Ex: We are comfortable with the things we know and can do because they give us a sense of control over our lives.

    Ex: This study attempts to illustrate and illuminate the life story of a remarkable pioneering woman, Tryn Ras, using pictorial sources.
    Ex: Since libraries are the lifeblood of research, it seems only fitting then that the education of librarians should include familiarity with research methodology.
    Ex: Bibliography and Library science reflect the changes that took place in Bliss's lifetime.
    Ex: They seem to regard literature as a secondary experience, more akin to being a peeping Tom, an impotent voyeur, rather than being one of the healthy, active people who get on with real living.
    Ex: Evelyn Bliss devoted his life's work to the study of classification and BC is the results of his efforts.
    Ex: This is an eloquent, moving testament to the lifework of a major artist of unimpeachable technique and passion.
    Ex: This is a special issue devoted partly to the theme: Life and limb: issues of security and safety.
    * abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.
    * acabar + Posesivo + vida útil = run towards + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * acortar + Posesivo + vida = cut + Posesivo + life short.
    * actitud ante la vida = approach to life.
    * a favor de la vida humana = pro-life.
    * agotar + Posesivo + vida útil = run towards + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.
    * ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.
    * alargar la vida = prolong + life, prolong + longevity.
    * alegrar la vida a Alguien = brighten up + Posesivo + life.
    * al igual que con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * amante de la vida al aire libre = outdoor enthusiast.
    * apostarse la vida = bet + Posesivo + life.
    * aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida = lifelong learning.
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * arreglar + Posesivo + vida = put + Posesivo + (own) house in order.
    * arriesgar la vida = risk + life and limb, play + Russian roulette, risk + Posesivo + life.
    * arriesgar + Posesivo + vida = put + Posesivo + life on the line.
    * aspectos de la vida = sphere of life.
    * atentar contra la vida de Alguien = attempt on + Posesivo + life.
    * atraído por la promesa de una vida mejor = drawn by the promise of a better life.
    * aunque me fuera la vida ene ello = for the life of me.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * buena vida = good life.
    * calidad de vida = quality of life.
    * cambiar la vida = change + life.
    * cambiar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * ciencias de la vida = biosciences.
    * ciencias de la vida, las = life sciences, the.
    * ciencias sobre la vida en el espacio = space life sciences.
    * circunstancias de la vida = accident of birth.
    * cobrarse la vida de Alguien = claim + life.
    * cobrarse muchas vidas = take + a heavy toll of life.
    * cobrar vida = come + alive, come to + life.
    * comenzar una nueva vida = make + a new life for + Reflexivo.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * compañero de vida = lifemate.
    * compañía aseguradora de vida = life-insurance company.
    * compañía de seguros de vida = life-insurance company.
    * complicarse la vida = ask for + trouble.
    * condicionar la vida = condition + life.
    * condiciones de vida = living conditions.
    * conocer vida = see + the world.
    * contar + Posesivo + propia vida y milagros = spill + Posesivo + guts.
    * costar la vida = cost + life.
    * coste de la vida = cost of living.
    * coste de vidas humanas = human cost.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crucial para la vida de una persona = lifesaving.
    * cuerpo sin vida = dead body.
    * cuestión de vida o muerte = life or death issue.
    * culto a la vida = cult of life.
    * dar la vida = lay down + Posesivo + life, give + Posesivo + life.
    * dar nueva vida = give + Nombre + new life, give + a second life.
    * dar + Posesivo + vida = give + Posesivo + all.
    * dar sentido a la vida = give + meaning to life.
    * dar sentido a + Posesivo + vida = make + sense of + Posesivo + life.
    * dar señales de vida = show + signs of life.
    * dar una segunda vida = give + a second life.
    * dar vida = imbue with + life, animate, bring to + life.
    * dar vida a = jazz up, brighten up, give + life to.
    * dar vida a Algo = bring + Nombre + to life.
    * dedicar la vida a = devote + life to.
    * dedicar toda una vida = spend + lifetime.
    * defensor de la vida humana = pro-lifer.
    * de la vida real = real-life.
    * de por vida = lifelong [life-long], lifetime [life-time].
    * derecho a la vida = right to live.
    * desquiciar + Posesivo + vida = turn + Posesivo + life upside down.
    * de toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * de vida enclaustrada = cloistered.
    * de vida o muerte = lifesaving, life threatening.
    * devolver el sentido a la vida = put + meaning + back in + Posesivo + life.
    * devolver la vida = bring + Nombre + back to life.
    * disfrutar de la vida = sail through + life.
    * diversidad de la vida = biodiversity, diversity of life, life-form diversity.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durar toda una vida = go on + for a lifetime, last + (for) a lifetime.
    * el amor de + Posesivo + vida = the love of + Posesivo + life.
    * empezar una nueva etapa en la vida = turn over + a new page, turn over + a new leaf.
    * encarcelar de por vida = jail for + life.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * enfrentarse a la vida = cope with + life, face + life, cope.
    * en la vida real = in real life.
    * en los primeros años de vida = early in life.
    * en + Posesivo + vida = in + Posesivo + time.
    * enriquecer la vida de Alguien = enrich + Posesivo + life.
    * entregar + Posesivo + vida, = give + Posesivo + all.
    * equipo de mantenimiento artificial de la vida = life-support system.
    * esperanza de vida = life expectancy, lifespan [life span].
    * estilo de vida = lifestyle [life style/life-style], style of life, way of life.
    * estilo de vida alternativo = alternative life-style.
    * etapa de la vida = life stage.
    * expectativas de vida = life expectancy.
    * experiencia de la vida = experience of life.
    * facilitarle la vida a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * filosofía de vida = philosophy of life.
    * forma de vida = way of life.
    * ganarse la vida = earn + a living, make + a living, earn + income, earn + Posesivo + living, make + Posesivo + living, Verbo + for a living.
    * ganarse la vida a duras penas = eke out + a living, scratch (out) + a living, scrape + a living, eke out + an existence.
    * habilidades necesarias para la vida cotidiana = life skills.
    * hábitos de vida = lifestyle [life style/life-style].
    * hacer frente a la vida = cope.
    * hacer la vida imposible = make + life hell.
    * hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * hacer que la vida sea un infierno = make + life hell.
    * hacerse un hueco en la vida = get on in + life.
    * hacer vida social = socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * historia de vida = life history.
    * índice del coste de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * índice del costo de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * infundir nueva vida a = breathe + (new) life into.
    * inmiscuirse en la vida de Alguien = intrude on + Posesivo + privacy.
    * jugarse la vida = play + Russian roulette, risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb, bet + Posesivo + life.
    * la oportunidad de + Posesivo + vida = the opportunity of a lifetime.
    * la vida continúa = the show must go on.
    * la vida + continuar = life + go on.
    * la vida es así = life's like that.
    * ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.
    * la vida + seguir = life + go on.
    * ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.
    * lienzo de la vida, el = canvas of life, the.
    * línea de vida = lifeline.
    * lisiado de por vida = lamed for life.
    * lisiar a Alguien de por vida = lame + Nombre + for life.
    * llegar al final de su vida útil = come to + the end of + Posesivo + useful life, reach + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * lleno de vida = vibrant, feisty [feistier -comp., feistiest -sup.], spry [spryer comp., spryest -sup.], sprightly [sprightlier -comp., sprightliest -sup.], spirited, teeming with life, vivacious, ebullient, saucy [saucier -comp., sauciest -sup.].
    * llevar una vida + Ajetivo = lead + an + Adjetivo + existence.
    * llevar una vida arriesgada = live + dangerously, live + dangerously close to the edge.
    * llevar una vida de perros = lead + a dog's life.
    * llevar una vida miserable = live + wretched existence.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantenimiento artificial de la vida = life support.
    * mejorar la calidad de vida = improve + living standards, raise + living standards.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + calidad de vida = raise + Posesivo + quality of living.
    * mejorar + Posesivo + vida = improve + Posesivo + life.
    * meterse en la vida de Alguien = intrude on + Posesivo + privacy.
    * mientras hay vida hay esperanza = where there's life there's hope.
    * modo de vida = way of life.
    * modo de vida tradicional = folklife.
    * muerto en vida = living dead.
    * nada en la vida es gratuito = you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs.
    * nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.
    * no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * nueva vida = greener pastures, pastures new.
    * oportunidad única en la vida = chance of a lifetime.
    * otra vida, la = afterlife [after-life].
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * pasar a mejor vida = bite + the dust, give up + the ghost.
    * pasar a vida mejor = lay + Nombre + low.
    * perder la vida = lose + Posesivo + life.
    * pérdida de vidas = loss of life, toll on life.
    * perdonar la vida = spare + life.
    * permanecer con vida = stay + alive.
    * pletórico de vida = teeming with life.
    * poner en peligro la vida = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.
    * poner la vida en peligro = put + Posesivo + life at risk.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * posteriormente en + Posesivo + vida = in later life.
    * problemas de la vida = life problems [life-problems].
    * prolongar la vida = prolong + life, prolong + longevity.
    * prolongar la vida útil = extend + the useful life, prolong + useful life, increase + useful life.
    * que cambia la vida = life-changing, life-altering.
    * que da vida = life-giving.
    * que mejora la calidad de vida = life-enhancing.
    * que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.
    * quitarse la vida = take + Posesivo + (own) life.
    * rebosante de vida y energía = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * reconstruir + Posesivo + vida = rebuild + Posesivo + life.
    * reformar + Posesivo + vida = reform + Posesivo + life.
    * régimen de vida = lifestyle [life style/life-style].
    * rehacer + Posesivo + vida = rebuild + Posesivo + life.
    * salir adelante en la vida, = get on in + life.
    * salvar la vida = save + life.
    * salvar la vida de milagro = have + a close shave with death.
    * secreto de la vida, el = secret of life, the.
    * seguir con + Posesivo + vida normal = get on with + Posesivo + life.
    * seguro de vida = life insurance.
    * seguro de vida a término = term life insurance.
    * seguro de vida vitalicio = whole life insurance.
    * sentido de la vida, el = meaning of life, the.
    * sentido de la vida y al muerte, el = meaning of life and death, the.
    * ser todo vida = be all life.
    * situaciones de la vida = life situations [life-situations].
    * soplo de vida = kiss of life.
    * tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.
    * tener una vida larga y próspera = live + long and prosper.
    * toda la vida = from the cradle to the grave, whole lifelong, whole life.
    * toda una vida = a lifetime.
    * toda una vida de experiencia = a lifetime of experience.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * triunfar en la vida = succeed in + life.
    * truncar + Posesivo + vida = snip + Posesivo + life short, cut + Posesivo + life short.
    * una cuestión de vida o muerte = a matter of life and death.
    * una oportunidad única en la vida = once in a lifetime opportunity.
    * una vez en la vida = once in a lifetime.
    * una vez en + Posesivo + vida = once in + Posesivo + lifetime.
    * ver las cosas positivas de la vida = look on + the bright side of life.
    * vida acuática = aquatic life.
    * vida afectiva = love life.
    * vida amorosa = love life.
    * vida animal = animal life.
    * vida a toda pastilla = life in the fast lane.
    * vida + cambiar por completo = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * vida cívica = civic life.
    * vida civil = civic life.
    * vida como trabajador = working life.
    * vida corporativa = corporate life.
    * vida cotidiana = daily life, everyday living, daily living.
    * vida cotidiana, la = day to day life, the, everyday life.
    * vida cultural = cultural life.
    * vida + dar un giro de 180 grados = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * vida + dar un vuelco = turn + Posesivo + life upside down.
    * vida de archivo = archival life.
    * vida de, la = life nerve of, the.
    * vida de la ciudad = urban life, city life.
    * vida de la comunidad = community life.
    * vida del mundo literario = literary life.
    * vida de perros = a dog's life.
    * vida desenfrenada = life in the fast lane.
    * vida desequilibrada = unbalanced life, imbalanced life.
    * vida después de la muerte = afterlife [after-life].
    * vida diaria = daily life.
    * vida diaria, la = everyday life.
    * vida dilatada = long life.
    * vida disoluta = life in the fast lane, loose life.
    * vida doméstica = domestic life, home life.
    * vida emocional = emotional life.
    * vida en el campo = rural life.
    * vida en el entorno familiar = family life.
    * vida en el hogar = home life.
    * vida en el trabajo = job life.
    * vida entera, la = whole lifelong, whole life.
    * vida equilibrada = balanced life.
    * vida espiritual = spiritual life.
    * vida + expirar = life + expire.
    * vida extraterrestre = alien life.
    * vida fácil = fast living.
    * vida familiar = family life.
    * vida futura = future life.
    * vida humana = human life.
    * vida laboral = working life.
    * vida literaria = literary life.
    * vida marítima = seafaring.
    * vida media = half-life.
    * vida mejor = better life.
    * vida moderna, la = modern life.
    * vida nocturna = nightlife, night life.
    * vida or muerte = life or death.
    * vida pasada = previous life.
    * vida + pender + de un hilo = live on + the line.
    * vida personal = personal life.
    * vida privada = private life.
    * vida profesional = professional life.
    * vida pública = public life.
    * vida real = real life.
    * vida rural = rural life.
    * vida salvaje = wildlife.
    * vida sana = healthy life.
    * vida sentimental = love life.
    * vida sexual = sex life.
    * vida social = social life.
    * vida urbana = city life, urban life.
    * vida útil = lifetime [life time], life expectancy, lifespan [life span], useful life, shelf life, service life.
    * vida útil de un documento = shelf life.
    * vida vegetal = plant life.
    * vivir la vida al máximo = live + life to the full.
    * volver a la vida normal = get (back) into + the swings of things.
    * vuelta a la vida = resuscitation, resurrection.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Biol) life
    la vida marina marine life
    a los tres meses de vida at three months (old)
    el derecho a la vida the right to life
    no pudieron salvarle la vida they were unable to save his life
    era una cuestión de vida o muerte it was a matter of life and death
    se debate entre la vida y la muerte she's fighting for her life
    140 personas perdieron la vida en el accidente ( period); 140 people lost their lives in the accident ( journ)
    quitarse la vida to take one's (own) life ( frml)
    el accidente que le costó la vida ( period); the accident that cost him his life
    jugarse la vida to risk one's life
    se puso como si le fuera la vida en ello he behaved as if his life depended on it
    sólo tres personas lograron salir con vida only three people escaped alive, there were only three survivors
    encontraron su cuerpo sin vida junto al río ( period); his body was found by the river
    el cuerpo sin vida de su amada ( liter); the lifeless body of his beloved ( liter)
    dieron la vida por la patria they gave o sacrificed their lives for their country
    la mujer que te dio la vida the woman who brought you into this world
    el actor que da vida al personaje de Napoleón the actor who plays o portrays Napoleon
    con la vida en un hilo or pendiente de un hilo: estuvo un mes entero con la vida en un hilo his life hung by a thread for a whole month
    real como la vida misma true, true-life
    es una historia real como la vida misma it's a true o true-life story
    mientras hay vida hay esperanza where there is life there is hope
    2 (viveza, vitalidad) life
    es un niño sano, lleno de vida he's a healthy child, full of life
    la ciudad es bonita, pero le falta vida it's a nice city but it's not very lively o it doesn't have much life
    unas cortinas amarillas le darían vida a la habitación yellow curtains would liven up o brighten up the room
    se pasa la vida viendo la televisión he spends his life watching television
    toda una vida dedicada a la enseñanza a lifetime dedicated to teaching
    a lo largo de su vida throughout his life
    en vida de tu padre when your father was alive
    la corta vida del último gobierno the short life of the last government
    la relación tuvo una vida muy corta the relationship was very short-lived
    la vida de un coche/electrodoméstico the life-span of a car/an electrical appliance
    cuando encuentres al hombre de tu vida when you find the man of your dreams o your Mr Right
    es el amor de mi vida she's the love of my life
    amargarle la vida a algn to make sb's life a misery
    amargarse la vida to make oneself miserable
    complicarle la vida a algn to make sb's life difficult
    complicarse la vida to make life difficult for oneself
    de por vida for life
    de toda la vida loc adj/adv (desde siempre) lifelong
    se conocen de toda la vida they know each other from way back
    un programa/una medicina de toda la vida a run-of-the-mill program*/medicine
    un amigo/votante de toda la vida a lifelong friend/voter
    en la/mi vida: ¡en la or en mi vida he visto cosa igual! I've never seen anything like it in my life!
    ¡en la or mi vida haría una cosa así! I'd never dream of doing something like that!
    en mi perra vida lo he visto (CS fam); I've never seen him in my life
    enterrarse en vida to cut oneself off from the world
    hacerle la vida imposible a algn to make sb's life impossible
    C
    1 (manera de vivir, actividades) life
    lleva una vida muy ajetreada she leads a very busy life
    la medicina/pintura es toda su vida she lives for medicine/painting
    ¿qué tal? ¿qué es de tu vida? how are you? what have you been up to?
    déjalo que haga or viva su vida let him get on with o let him live his own life
    ¡esto sí que es vida! this is the life!
    ¡(así) es la vida! that's life, such is life
    la vida le sonríe fortune has smiled on her
    hacen vida de casados or marital they live together
    comparten la casa pero no hacen vida en común they share the house but they lead separate lives o they live separately
    ¡qué vida ésta! what a life!
    ¡qué vida más cruel! ( hum); it's a hard life! ( hum)
    darse or pegarse una or la gran vida to have an easy life ( colloq), to live the life of Riley ( colloq)
    estar encantado de la vida to be thrilled, to be thrilled to bits ( colloq), to be over the moon ( colloq)
    está encantada de la vida con el nuevo trabajo she's thrilled to bits o she's over the moon with her new job
    ¿podríamos hacer la fiesta en tu casa? — por mí, encantado de la vida could we have the party at your house? — I'd be delighted to o that's absolutely fine by me
    estar/quedar loco de la vida (CS fam); to be over the moon ( colloq), to be thrilled
    la vida y milagros or ( RPI) la vida, obra y misterios ( fam); life story
    se sabe la vida y milagros de todo el mundo he knows everybody's life story
    pasar a mejor vida ( hum) «persona» to kick the bucket ( colloq), to croak ( colloq);
    «vestido/zapatos» to bite the dust ( colloq)
    pegarse la vida padre ( fam); to have an easy life
    vida privada/militar private/military life
    su vida sentimental or amorosa his love life
    la vida y obra de Cervantes the life and works of Cervantes
    las vidas de los santos the lives of the saints
    Compuestos:
    ( euf):
    ser de vida alegre to be in the profession o the life ( AmE), to be on the game ( BrE colloq)
    life of contemplation
    ( fam); dog's life
    tuvo una vida de perros she led a dog's life
    ● vida eterna or perdurable
    la vida eterna or perdurable eternal o everlasting life
    nightlife
    social life
    no hacen mucha vida social they don't socialize much, they don't have much social life
    D
    (necesidades materiales): con ese dinero tiene la vida resuelta with that money she's set up for life
    la vida está carísima everything is so expensive, the cost of living is very high
    ganarse la vida to earn one's o a living
    buscarse la vida ( fam): me busco la vida como puedo one way or another I get by o I make a living
    ¡pues, ahora que se busque la vida! well, now he'll have to stand on his own two feet o get by on his own!
    ¡mi vida! or ¡vida mía! my darling!, darling!
    pero hija de mi vida ¿cómo se te ocurrió hacer eso? but my dear, what made you do that?
    * * *

     

    vida sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Biol) life;


    una cuestión de vida o muerte a matter of life and death;
    quitarse la vida to take one's (own) life (frml);
    salir con vida to escape alive
    b) (viveza, vitalidad) life;


    le falta vida it's/she's/he's not very lively
    2 ( extensión de tiempo, existencia) life;

    toda una vida a lifetime;
    la vida de un coche the life-span of a car;
    un amigo de toda la vida a lifelong friend;
    amargarle la vida a algn to make sb's life a misery;
    complicarse la vida to make life difficult for oneself;
    de por vida for life;
    hacerle la vida imposible a algn to make sb's life impossible
    3 (manera de vivir, actividades) life;

    ¿qué es de tu vida? what have you been up to?;
    hace or vive su vida he lives his own life;
    ¡esto sí que es vida! this is the life!;
    ¡(así) es la vida! that's life, such is life;
    vida privada private life;
    su vida sentimental his love life;
    una mujer de vida alegre a woman of easy virtue;
    ¡qué vida de perros! it's a dog's life;
    hacer vida social to socialize;
    estar encantado de la vida to be thrilled, to be over the moon (colloq)
    4 ( necesidades materiales):

    ganarse la vida to earn one's o a living;
    tiene la vida resuelta he's set up for life
    5 ( como apelativo) darling;
    ◊ ¡mi vida! (my) darling!

    vida sustantivo femenino
    1 (existencia) life: no hay vida en Marte, there is no life on Mars
    estar con vida, to be alive
    quitarse la vida, to take one's own life
    2 (periodo vital) life: toda la vida ha sido socialista, he's been a socialist all his life
    de corta vida, short-lived
    toda una vida, a lifetime
    3 (modo de vida) ¿cómo te va la vida?, how's life?
    la literatura es su vida, he lives for literature o literature is his life
    lleva una vida muy desordenada, she lives o leads a very chaotic life
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar ¡esto es vida!, this is the life (situación muy agradable, placentera) ¡esto es vida!, todo el día tumbado sin tener que trabajar, this is the life! lazing around all day without having to work
    fam (resolver un asunto, problema) buscarse la vida: no tengo dinero, - me da igual, ¡búscate la vida!, I haven't got any money, - I couldn't care less, go and sort your own problems out
    figurado Lit Cine Teat (representar un personaje) dar vida: en esa película el actor da vida a Napoleón, in that film the actor plays the part of Napoleon
    dar la vida, to sacrifice o give one's life
    ganarse la vida, to earn one's living
    fig fam (morir) pasar a mejor vida, to pass away
    (independencia) tener/vivir su (propia) vida alguien: ya no está con sus padres, tiene su propia vida, he isn't with his parents anymore, he's living his own life
    a vida o muerte, (situación de alto riesgo) le tuvieron que operar a vida o muerte, it was a life or death operation
    de mi/tu/su... vida: el amor de mi vida, the love of my life
    de por vida, for life
    de toda la vida, lifelong
    en la vida, never in one's life
    Rel la otra vida, the next life
    familiar vida de perros, dog's life
    fam (hechos y anécdotas de un personaje o persona) vida y milagros de alguien, the full details about sb
    ' vida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agitada
    - agitado
    - amargarse
    - andar
    - atentar
    - comentar
    - complicarse
    - constante
    - contemplativa
    - contemplativo
    - convivencia
    - conyugal
    - cosa
    - crepúsculo
    - cruzarse
    - delante
    - descansada
    - descansado
    - desengañarse
    - desgraciada
    - desgraciado
    - encarrilar
    - episodio
    - ser
    - ermitaña
    - ermitaño
    - esperanza
    - flor
    - ir
    - ganarse
    - hipótesis
    - ilusión
    - indigna
    - indigno
    - inerte
    - intrepidez
    - jamás
    - juego
    - jugar
    - martirio
    - muerta
    - muerto
    - mujer
    - normalización
    - oportunidad
    - padecer
    - padre
    - pajolera
    - pajolero
    - pantalla
    English:
    abundance
    - account
    - active
    - afterlife
    - alive
    - amenities
    - assurance
    - attempt
    - bang up
    - battle
    - bread
    - breeding ground
    - bright
    - busy
    - carp
    - chapter
    - clean
    - conception
    - cost
    - cost of living
    - crossroads
    - dead
    - dear
    - dedicate
    - destroy
    - dodge
    - dog
    - domestic
    - earn
    - easy
    - eccentric
    - emigrate
    - existence
    - fascination
    - flat
    - give up
    - gracious
    - greed
    - greediness
    - hell
    - herself
    - high life
    - himself
    - hurdle
    - impossible
    - index-linked
    - insurance
    - lead
    - life
    - life expectancy
    * * *
    vida nf
    1. [estado fisiológico, hecho de existir] life;
    ¿hay vida en otros planetas? is there life on other planets?;
    el cuerpo sin vida de un soldado the lifeless body of a soldier;
    el conflicto se cobró muchas vidas many lives were lost in the conflict;
    aquello le costó la vida that cost him his life;
    dar la vida por to give one's life for;
    estar con vida to be alive;
    va a ser una operación a vida o muerte the operation may save his life but it may also kill him;
    estar entre la vida y la muerte to be at death's door;
    perder la vida to lose one's life;
    quitarse la vida to take one's (own) life;
    salir con vida to come out alive;
    como si la vida le fuera en ello as if his/her life depended on it;
    ser una cuestión o [m5] un asunto de vida o muerte to be a matter of life and death;
    enterrarse en vida to forsake the world;
    pasar a mejor vida Euf [persona] to pass away;
    [prenda, aparato, utensilio] to have had it;
    la otra vida the next life;
    tenía la vida pendiente de un hilo her life was hanging by a thread;
    mientras hay vida hay esperanza hope springs eternal
    vida artificial artificial life;
    la vida eterna eternal life;
    vida extraterrestre extraterrestrial life;
    vida intrauterina intrauterine life
    2. [periodo de existencia] life;
    trabajó toda su vida he worked all his life;
    una vida plagada de éxitos a lifetime of success;
    de mi/tu/ etc[m5] vida of my/your/ etc life;
    el amor/la oportunidad de su vida the love/chance of his life;
    un amigo de toda la vida a lifelong friend;
    le conozco de toda la vida I've known him all my life;
    de toda la vida las novias van de blanco brides have worn white since time immemorial, brides have always worn white;
    de por vida for life;
    en vida de during the life o lifetime of;
    eso no lo hubieras dicho en vida de tu padre you would never have said that while your father was alive;
    así no vas a aprobar en la o [m5] tu vida you'll never pass like that;
    ¡en mi o [m5] la vida vi cosa igual! I'd never seen such a thing in all my life!;
    pasarse la vida haciendo algo to spend one's life doing sth;
    se pasa la vida quejándose he does nothing but complain all the time;
    hacer la vida imposible a alguien to make sb's life impossible;
    Am
    toda la vida: [sin duda] [m5]¿prefieres África a Europa? – ¡toda la vida! do you prefer Africa to Europe? – every time! o you bet!;
    la vida da muchas vueltas you never know what life has got in store for you;
    3. Com [de maquinaria, aparato, automóvil] life;
    tiene una vida útil de veinte años it has a useful life of twenty years, it's designed to last for twenty years
    vida en estantería shelf life;
    vida media average life, mean lifetime
    4. [forma de vivir, faceta cotidiana] life;
    su vida es el teatro the theatre is her life;
    ¿cómo es tu vida diaria? what would be a typical day in your life?;
    la vida política del país the country's political life;
    ¿no te gustaría cambiar de vida? wouldn't you like to change your life o the way you live?;
    yo hago o [m5] vivo mi vida como todo el mundo I just get on with my life like everyone else;
    lleva una vida muy tranquila she leads o lives a very peaceful life;
    ¡así es la vida! that's life!, such is life!;
    ¡esto (sí que) es vida! this is the life!;
    una mujer de vida alegre a loose woman;
    ¿qué es de tu vida? how's life?;
    ¡qué vida ésta! what a life!;
    la buena vida the good life;
    darse o [m5]pegarse la gran vida, darse o [m5] pegarse la vida padre to live the life of Riley;
    llevar una vida de perros to lead a dog's life
    vida amorosa love life;
    vida de familia family life;
    vida privada private life;
    vida pública public life;
    vida sentimental love life;
    vida sexual sex life;
    vida social social life;
    hacer vida social (con) to socialize (with)
    5. [animación] life;
    este pueblo tiene mucha vida this town is very lively;
    estar lleno de vida to be full of life;
    Brando da vida al personaje del padre Brando plays the father
    vida nocturna nightlife
    6. [necesidades materiales]
    la vida está muy cara en Japón the cost of living is very high in Japan;
    Fam
    está la vida muy achuchada money's very tight;
    ganarse la vida to earn a living;
    con este trabajo me gano bien la vida I make a good living from this job
    7. [apelativo cariñoso] darling;
    ¡mi vida!, ¡vida mía! my darling!
    * * *
    f life; esp
    TÉC life span;
    de por vida for life;
    toda la vida all one’s life;
    somos amigos de toda la vida we have been friends all our lives;
    en mi vida never (in my life);
    en vida in his/ her etc lifetime;
    ¿qué es de tu vida? how are things?;
    ganarse la vida earn a living;
    vivir su vida live one’s own life;
    hacer la vida imposible a alguien make s.o.’s life impossible;
    a vida o muerte life-or-death;
    estar entre la vida y la muerte be hovering between life and death, be fighting for life;
    la gran vida live high on the hog fam, live the life of Riley fam ;
    pasar a mejor vida pass away;
    quitarse la vida take one’s own life, kill o.s.;
    perder la vida lose one’s life;
    salir con vida come out alive;
    sin vida lifeless;
    la vida y milagros de alguien s.o.’s life story;
    vida en pareja married life, life together;
    vida familiar/sentimental family/love life;
    vida interior inner self;
    así es la vida that’s life;
    vida mía my love;
    mujer de la vida loose woman;
    dar vida a TEA play the part of
    * * *
    vida nf
    1) : life
    la vida cotidiana: everyday life
    2) : life span, lifetime
    3) biografía: biography, life
    4) : way of life, lifestyle
    5) : livelihood
    ganarse la vida: to earn one's living
    6) viveza: liveliness
    7)
    media vida : half-life
    * * *
    vida n
    1. (en general) life [pl. lives]
    2. (sustento) living

    Spanish-English dictionary > vida

  • 119 प्राणः _prāṇḥ

    प्राणः 1 Breath, respiration.
    -2 The breath of life, vitality, life, vital air, principle of life (usually pl. in this sense, the Prāṇas being five; प्राण, अपान, समान, व्यान and उदान); प्राणैरुपक्रोशमलीमसैर्वा R.2.53;12.54; (हृदि प्राणो गुदे$पानः समानो नाभिसंस्थितः । उदानः कण्ठदेशस्थो व्यानः सर्वशरीरगः ॥).
    -3 The first of the five life-winds or vital airs (which has its seat in the lungs); अपाने जुह्वति प्राणं प्राणे$पानं तथापरे । प्राणापानगती रुद्ध्वा प्राणायाम- परायणाः ॥ Bg.4.29.
    -4 Wind, air inhaled.
    -5 Energy, vigour, strength, power; as in प्राणसार q. v.; युद्धातिथ्यं प्रदास्यामि यथाप्राणं निशाचर Rām.3.5.28; Bhāg.8.2.29; सर्वप्राणप्रवणमघवन्मुक्तमाहत्य वक्षः Mv.1.45.
    -6 The spirit or soul (opp. शरीर).
    -7 The Supreme Spirit; इमानि भूतानि प्राणमेवाभिसंविशन्ति Bṛi. Up.1.11.5.
    -8 An organ of sense; स्पृष्ट्वैतानशुचिर्नित्यमद्भिः प्राणानुपस्पृशेत् । गात्राणि चैव सर्वाणि नाभिं पाणितलेन तु ॥ Ms.4.143; मरीचिमिश्रा ऋषयः प्राणेभ्यो$हं च जज्ञिरे Bhāg.1.6.31.
    -9 Any person or thing as dear and necessary as life, a beloved person or object; कोशः कोशवतः प्राणाः प्राणाः प्राणा न भूपतेः H.2.9; अर्थपतेर्विमर्दको बहिश्चराः प्राणाः Dk.
    -1 The life or essence of poetry, poetical talent or genius; inspiration.
    -11 Aspiration; as in महाप्राण or अल्पप्राण q. v.
    -12 Digestion.
    -13 A breath as a measure of time.
    -14 Gum-myrrh.
    -15 Life, living (जीवन); दैवं च दैवसंयुक्तं प्राणश्च प्राणदश्च ह । अपेक्षापूर्वकरणादशुभानां शुभं फलम् ॥ Mb.12.36.14.
    -16 Food (अन्न); अनस्तिकानां भूतानां प्राणदाः पितरश्च ये Mb.12.12.4.
    -17 N. of Brahmā, Viṣṇu and other gods.
    -Comp. -अतिपातः killing a living being, taking away life.
    -अत्ययः loss of life.
    -अधिक a.
    1 dearer than life.
    -2 superior in strength or vigour.
    -अधिनाथः a husband.
    -अधिपः the soul.
    -अन्तः death; capital punishment; अब्राह्मणः संग्रहणे प्राणान्तं दण्डमर्हति Ms.8.359.
    -अन्तिक a.
    1 fatal, mortal.
    -2 lasting to the end of life, ending with life.
    -3 dangerous.
    -4 capital (as a sentence); अज्ञानात् वारुणीं पीत्वा संस्कारेणैव शुद्ध्यति । मतिपूर्वमनिर्देश्यं प्राणान्तिकमिति स्थितिः ॥ Ms. 11.146. (
    -कम्) murder.
    -अपहारिन् a. fatal, destructive to life.
    -अपानम्, -नौ air inhaled and exhaled; प्राणापाना- न्तरे देवी वाग्वै नित्यं प्रतिष्ठिता Mañjūṣā.
    -अयनम् an organ of sense; (सुप्तिमूर्च्छोपतापेषु प्राणायनविघाततः । नेहते$हमिति ज्ञानं मृत्युप्रज्वारयोरपि ॥ Bhāg.4.29.72.
    -आघातः destruction of life, killing a living being; प्राणाघातान्निवृत्तिः Bh.3.63.
    -आचार्यः a physician to a king.
    -आत्मन् m. the vital or animal soul.
    -आद a. fatal, mortal, causing death.
    -आबाधः injury to life; प्राणाबाधयुक्तास्वापत्सु Kau. A.1.8.
    -आयामः restraining or suspending the breath during the mental recitation of the names or attributes of a deity.
    -आहुतिः f. an oblation to the five Prāṇas.
    -ईशः, -ईश्वरः 1 a lover, husband; नीचैः शंस हृदि स्थितो हि ननु मे प्राणेश्वरः श्रोष्यति Amaru.67; बाला लोलविलोचना शिव शिव प्राणेशमालोकते Bv.2.57.
    -2 wind.
    -ईशा, -ईश्वरी a wife, beloved, mistress.
    -उत्क्रमणम्, -उत्सर्गः departure of the soul, death.
    -उपहारः food.
    -कर a. refreshing or reviving the spirits; सद्यो मांसं नवान्नं च बाला स्त्री क्षीरभोजनम् । क्षीर- मुष्णोदकं चैव सद्यः प्राणकराणि षट् ॥ Chāṇakya.
    -कर्मन् n. Vital function.
    -कृच्छ्रम्, -बाधा peril of life, a danger to life.
    -ग्रहः the nose.
    -घातक a. destructive to life.
    -घोषः the sound from the ears when the fingers are put therein; छिद्रप्रतीतिश्छायायां प्राणघोषानुपश्रुतिः Bhāg.1.42.29.
    -घ्नः a. fatal, life-destroying.
    -चयः increase of strength.
    -छिद् a.
    1 murderous.
    -2 destructive.
    -छेदः murder.
    -त्यागः 1 suicide; वरं प्राणत्यागो न च पिशुनवाक्येष्वभिरुचिः H.1.
    -2 death.
    -द a. life-giving.
    (-दम्) 1 water.
    -2 blood.
    (-दः) 1 Viṣṇu.
    -2 Brahmā.
    -3 Terminalia Tomentosa (Mar. ऐन).
    -दा Terminalia Chebula (Mar. हिरडा).
    -दक्षिणा gift of life; प्राणदक्षिणां दा 'to grant one his life'.
    -दण्डः capital punishment.
    -दयितः a husband.
    -दातृ a. 'life-giver', saviour, deliverer.
    -दानम् 1 resigning life.
    -2 the gift of life, saving one's life.
    -दुरोदरम्, -द्यूतम् fighting for life.
    -दृह् a. Sustaining or prolonging the breath.
    -द्रोहः an attempt upon any body's life.
    -धार a. living, animate. (
    -रः) a living being.
    -धारणम् 1 maintenance or support of life.
    -2 vitality.
    -3 a means of supporting life.
    -नाथः 1 a lover, husband.
    -2 an epithet of Yama.
    -निग्रहः restraint of breath, checking the breath.
    -पतिः 1 a lover, husband.
    -2 the soul; बुद्धिं समाच्छाद्य च मे समान्युरुद्भूयते प्राणपतिः शरीरे Mb.3. 269.4.
    -3 a physician.
    -पत्नी the voice.
    -परिक्रयः staking one's life.
    -परिक्षीण a. one whose life is drawing to a close.
    -परिग्रहः possession of life, life, existence.
    -प्रद, -दायक, -दायिन् a. restoring or saving life.
    -प्रयाणम् departure of life, death.
    -प्रियः 'as dear as life', a lover, husband.
    -भक्ष a. feeding on air only.
    -भास्वत् m. the ocean.
    -भृत् a. possessed of life, living, animate, sentient. (-m.) a living being; अन्तर्गतं प्राणभृतां हि वेद R.2.43.
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -मोक्षणम् 1 departure of life, death.
    -2 suicide.
    -यमः = प्राणायाम q. v.
    -यात्रा 1 support of life; maintenance, livelihood; पिण्डपात- मात्रप्राणयात्रां भगवतीम् Māl.1.
    -2 the act of breathing.
    -यात्रिक requisite for subsistence; प्राणयात्रिकमात्रः स्यात् Ms.6.57.
    -योनिः 1 the Supreme Being.
    -2 wind. (-f.) the source of life.
    -रन्ध्रम् 1 the mouth.
    -2 a nostril.
    -रोधः 1 suppressing the breath.
    -2 danger to life.
    -वल्लभा a mistress, wife.
    -विद्या the science of breath or vital airs.
    -विनाशः, -विप्लवः loss of life, death.
    -वियोगः separation of the soul from the body, death.
    -वृत्तिः f. a vital function.
    -व्ययः cost or sacri- fice of life.
    -शरीरः the Supreme Being; स क्रतुं कुर्वीत मनोमयः प्राणशरीरः Ch. Up.
    -संयमः suspension of breath.
    -संशयः, -संकटम्, -संदेहः risk or danger to life, peril of life, a very great peril.
    -संहिता a manner of reciting the Vedic text.
    -सद्मन् n. the body.
    -सम a. as dear as life. (
    -मः) a husband, lover. (
    -मा) a wife; नूनं प्राणसमावियोगविधुरः स्तम्बेरमस्ताम्यति Māl.9.33.
    -सार a. 'having life as the essence', full of strength and vigour, muscular; गिरिचर इव नागः प्राणसारं (गात्रं) विभर्ति Ś.2.4.
    -हर, -हारिन् a. causing death, taking away life, fatal; पुरो मम प्राणहरो भविष्यसि Gīt.7.
    -2 capital.
    -हारक a. fatal. (
    -कम्) a kind of deadly poison.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > प्राणः _prāṇḥ

  • 120 sang

    sang [sɑ̃]
    masculine noun
    • animal à sang froid/chaud cold-/warm-blooded animal
    • verser or faire couler le sang to shed blood
    • il a le jeu/le jazz dans le sang he's got gambling/jazz in his blood
    • bon sang ! (inf) dammit! (inf!)
    * * *
    sɑ̃
    nom masculin
    1) Biologie blood

    animal à sang chaud/froid — warm-/cold-blooded animal

    faire couler le sang — fig to shed blood

    le sang a coulé — fig blood flowed

    2) ( vie)

    au prix du sang — with loss of life; pinte

    3) ( violence) bloodshed
    4) ( hérédité) blood

    de sang — [frère, liens] blood (épith)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    avoir le sang chaud — ( être sensuel) to be hot-blooded; ( être coléreux) to be hotheaded

    mon sang n'a fait qu'un tour — ( d'émotion) my heart missed a beat; ( de colère) I saw red

    se faire du mauvais sang — (colloq) to worry

    bon sang (de bonsoir (colloq))! — for God's sake! (colloq)

    * * *
    sɑ̃ nm
    * * *
    sang nm
    1 Physiol blood; donner son sang to give blood; avoir de l'alcool dans le sang to have alcohol in one's blood; sang contaminé contaminated blood; perte de sang loss of blood; être en sang to be covered with blood; couleur de sang blood-red; taché de sang bloodstained; mordre jusqu'au sang to bite through the skin; animal à sang chaud/froid warm-/cold-blooded animal; le sang m'est monté à la tête I had a rush of blood to the head; au premier sang ( dans un duel) at the first cut; coup de sang apoplexy; avoir le sang qui monte au visage to blush; verser son sang pour son pays to shed blood for one's country; faire couler le sang fig to shed blood; le sang a coulé fig blood flowed; avoir du sang sur les mains fig to have blood on one's hands; ⇒ navet;
    2 ( vie) sang des martyrs martyrs' blood; au prix du sang with loss of life; payer de son sang to pay with one's blood;
    3 ( violence) bloodshed; vouloir la guerre et le sang to want war and bloodshed; se terminer dans le sang to end in bloodshed; odeur de sang smell of blood; ivre de sang lusting for blood;
    4 ( hérédité) blood; un sang royal royal blood; sang riche et généreux blood of a rich and generous line; de sang [frère, liens] blood ( épith); être du même sang to be kin; vous êtes de mon sang you and I are kin.
    sang bleu blue blood; sang du Christ Relig blood of Christ; sang rouge arterial blood.
    avoir le sang chaud ( être sensuel) to be hot-blooded; ( être coléreux) to be hotheaded; avoir un coup de sang to have apoplexy; avoir qch dans le sang○ to have sth in one's blood; il a ça dans le sang it's in his blood; mettre qch à feu et à sang to put sth to fire and the sword; mon sang n'a fait qu'un tour ( d'émotion) my heart missed a beat; ( de colère) I saw red; se faire du mauvais sang○ to worry; apporter du sang neuf to bring new blood; tourner les sangs à qn○ to give sb a fright; bon sang○, bon sang de bon sang○, bon sang de bonsoir○! for God's sake○!
    [sɑ̃] nom masculin
    à sang froid/chaud cold-/warm-blooded
    sang artériel/veineux arterial/venous blood
    répandre ou verser ou faire couler le sang (soutenu) to shed ou to spill blood
    le sang a coulé ou a été répandu blood was shed
    en sang: être en sang, nager ou baigner dans son sang to be covered in blood
    ne pas avoir de sang dans les veines, avoir du sang de poulet (familier) , avoir du sang de navet (familier) to have no guts, to be a complete wimp
    a. [colérique] to be ou to have a short fuse
    b. [impétueux] to be hot-headed
    c. [sensuel] to be hot-blooded
    mon sang s'est glacé ou figé dans mes veines my blood ran cold ou turned to ice in my veins
    a. [d'effroi] my heart missed ou skipped a beat
    b. [de rage] I saw red
    se faire du mauvais sang ou un sang d'encre, se manger ou se ronger les sangs to worry oneself sick, to be worried stiff, to fret
    du sang frais ou nouveau ou neuf
    a. [personnes] new blood
    b. [argent] new ou fresh money
    3. (soutenu) [race, extraction] blood
    lorsque l'on a du sang bleu dans les veines... when one is blue-blooded...
    4. (familier & locution)
    ————————
    au sang locution adjectivale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > sang

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