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1 local efficiency
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > local efficiency
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2 local efficiency
Математика: локальная эффективность -
3 local efficiency
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4 local efficiency of atomization
локальная эффективность атомизацииAnalytical chemistry dictionary > local efficiency of atomization
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5 efficiency
2) физ. коэффициент полезного действия, кпд3) экономичность, рентабельность, выгодность6) эффективность, отдача7) хим. выход реакции• -
6 local sweep efficiency
Нефть и газ: коэффициент вытесненияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > local sweep efficiency
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7 локальная эффективность
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > локальная эффективность
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8 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
9 LE
1) Общая лексика: левый глаз, текущая оценка (SEIC), ТО (SEIC), Egyptian Pound2) Компьютерная техника: Linear Executable, List Element, Local Expansion, Low End3) Медицина: lupus erythematosus4) Военный термин: Life Extension, Locally Engaged, laboratory equipment, laboratory evaluation, launch emplacement, launch equipment, law enforcement, life expectancy, light equipment, limits of error, logistics evaluation, low efficiency, low explosive, с большой продолжительностью полёта (long endurance)5) Техника: laser engine, lead engineer, limit of error, liquid explosive, luminous efficiency6) Шутливое выражение: Lunatic End7) Бухгалтерия: Limited Expense, Line Entry8) Металлургия: Large End9) Политика: Lebanon10) Телекоммуникации: Local Exchange (ISDN)11) Сокращение: Labor Exchange, Lance Ethernet, Leading Edge, Lebanon (NATO country code), Legal Entity, Logistics Executive (British Army; A), lifting eye12) Университет: Lab Exercise13) Физика: Low Energy14) Физиология: Left Eye, Lower Extremity, Lip Extension, Lupus Erythematosis15) Электроника: Logic Element16) Вычислительная техника: LAN Emulation (LANE, ATM)17) Нефть: lift(ing) efficiency, ожидаемая долговечность (life expectancy), ожидаемый ресурс (life expectancy), ожидаемый срок службы (life expectancy)18) Транспорт: Lemon Experiences, Low Emission, Luxury Edition19) Фирменный знак: Lodestar Entertainment20) СМИ: Low Edition21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: местный коммутатор (local exchange), Latest Estimate22) Программирование: Line Edit23) Сахалин Р: local exchange24) Безопасность: Line Encryption25) Расширение файла: Less or Equal, Executable image (DOS/4GW PM 32X DOS Extender)26) Ebay. Limited Edition27) Фармация: Long-Evans (линия крыс, см. Long-Evans rats)28) Должность: Layout Editor29) NYSE. Lands End, Inc. (now de-listed, acquired by Sears) -
10 Le
1) Общая лексика: левый глаз, текущая оценка (SEIC), ТО (SEIC), Egyptian Pound2) Компьютерная техника: Linear Executable, List Element, Local Expansion, Low End3) Медицина: lupus erythematosus4) Военный термин: Life Extension, Locally Engaged, laboratory equipment, laboratory evaluation, launch emplacement, launch equipment, law enforcement, life expectancy, light equipment, limits of error, logistics evaluation, low efficiency, low explosive, с большой продолжительностью полёта (long endurance)5) Техника: laser engine, lead engineer, limit of error, liquid explosive, luminous efficiency6) Шутливое выражение: Lunatic End7) Бухгалтерия: Limited Expense, Line Entry8) Металлургия: Large End9) Политика: Lebanon10) Телекоммуникации: Local Exchange (ISDN)11) Сокращение: Labor Exchange, Lance Ethernet, Leading Edge, Lebanon (NATO country code), Legal Entity, Logistics Executive (British Army; A), lifting eye12) Университет: Lab Exercise13) Физика: Low Energy14) Физиология: Left Eye, Lower Extremity, Lip Extension, Lupus Erythematosis15) Электроника: Logic Element16) Вычислительная техника: LAN Emulation (LANE, ATM)17) Нефть: lift(ing) efficiency, ожидаемая долговечность (life expectancy), ожидаемый ресурс (life expectancy), ожидаемый срок службы (life expectancy)18) Транспорт: Lemon Experiences, Low Emission, Luxury Edition19) Фирменный знак: Lodestar Entertainment20) СМИ: Low Edition21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: местный коммутатор (local exchange), Latest Estimate22) Программирование: Line Edit23) Сахалин Р: local exchange24) Безопасность: Line Encryption25) Расширение файла: Less or Equal, Executable image (DOS/4GW PM 32X DOS Extender)26) Ebay. Limited Edition27) Фармация: Long-Evans (линия крыс, см. Long-Evans rats)28) Должность: Layout Editor29) NYSE. Lands End, Inc. (now de-listed, acquired by Sears) -
11 le
1) Общая лексика: левый глаз, текущая оценка (SEIC), ТО (SEIC), Egyptian Pound2) Компьютерная техника: Linear Executable, List Element, Local Expansion, Low End3) Медицина: lupus erythematosus4) Военный термин: Life Extension, Locally Engaged, laboratory equipment, laboratory evaluation, launch emplacement, launch equipment, law enforcement, life expectancy, light equipment, limits of error, logistics evaluation, low efficiency, low explosive, с большой продолжительностью полёта (long endurance)5) Техника: laser engine, lead engineer, limit of error, liquid explosive, luminous efficiency6) Шутливое выражение: Lunatic End7) Бухгалтерия: Limited Expense, Line Entry8) Металлургия: Large End9) Политика: Lebanon10) Телекоммуникации: Local Exchange (ISDN)11) Сокращение: Labor Exchange, Lance Ethernet, Leading Edge, Lebanon (NATO country code), Legal Entity, Logistics Executive (British Army; A), lifting eye12) Университет: Lab Exercise13) Физика: Low Energy14) Физиология: Left Eye, Lower Extremity, Lip Extension, Lupus Erythematosis15) Электроника: Logic Element16) Вычислительная техника: LAN Emulation (LANE, ATM)17) Нефть: lift(ing) efficiency, ожидаемая долговечность (life expectancy), ожидаемый ресурс (life expectancy), ожидаемый срок службы (life expectancy)18) Транспорт: Lemon Experiences, Low Emission, Luxury Edition19) Фирменный знак: Lodestar Entertainment20) СМИ: Low Edition21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: местный коммутатор (local exchange), Latest Estimate22) Программирование: Line Edit23) Сахалин Р: local exchange24) Безопасность: Line Encryption25) Расширение файла: Less or Equal, Executable image (DOS/4GW PM 32X DOS Extender)26) Ebay. Limited Edition27) Фармация: Long-Evans (линия крыс, см. Long-Evans rats)28) Должность: Layout Editor29) NYSE. Lands End, Inc. (now de-listed, acquired by Sears) -
12 coefficient
1) коэффициент; множитель2) фактор3) константа, постоянная•-
absorption coefficient
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accommodation coefficient
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acidity coefficient
- acoustic absorption coefficient -
actinic coefficient
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adhesion coefficient
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adiabatic Hall coefficient
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admiralty coefficient
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aerosol extinction coefficient
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air drag coefficient
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air-to-air heat-transmission coefficient
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angular coefficient
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aridity coefficient
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attenuation coefficient
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autocorrelation coefficient
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binomial coefficient
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block coefficient
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breadth coefficient
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brightness coefficient
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bubble volume coefficient
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Callier coefficient
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capacitance coefficients
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chromatic coefficient
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chromaticity coefficients
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coefficient of active lateral earth pressure
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coefficient of amplification
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coefficient of charge
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coefficient of collar friction
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coefficient of compressibility
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coefficient of consolidation
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coefficient of correlation
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coefficient of cubical expansion
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coefficient of deformation
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coefficient of discharge
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coefficient of efficiency
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coefficient of elasticity
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coefficient of electrostatic induction
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coefficient of expansion
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coefficient of floating route filling
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coefficient of friction of rest
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coefficient of friction
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coefficient of harmonic distortion
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coefficient of hysteresis
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coefficient of induction
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coefficient of internal friction
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coefficient of jam compactness
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coefficient of journal friction
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coefficient of kinematic viscosity
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coefficient of kinetic friction
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coefficient of linear expansion
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coefficient of magnetization
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coefficient of mutual inductance
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coefficient of mutual overlap
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coefficient of performance
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coefficient of pivoting friction
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coefficient of proportionality
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coefficient of radiation
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coefficient of raft section density
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coefficient of regression
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coefficient of resistance
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coefficient of restitution
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coefficient of rigidity
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coefficient of rolling friction
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coefficient of rotation
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coefficient of self-induction
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coefficient of sliding friction
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coefficient of slip
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coefficient of static friction
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coefficient of strain
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coefficient of surface expansion
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coefficient of thermal efficiency
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coefficient of thermal expansion
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coefficient of total drag
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coefficient of utilization
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coefficient of variation
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coefficient of volume change
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combined convection and radiation coefficient
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combustion rate coefficient
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condensing coefficient
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conductance coefficient
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confidence coefficient
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contraction coefficient
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contrast coefficient
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convection coefficient
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corrosion coefficient
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coupling coefficient
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crest coefficient
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cross-correlation coefficient
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current temperature coefficient
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damping coefficient
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deadweight-displacement coefficient
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deadweight coefficient
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decay coefficient
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deflection coefficient
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demagnetization coefficient
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derailment coefficient
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dielectric coefficient
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dielectric loss coefficient
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diffusion coefficient
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dilution coefficient
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discharge coefficient
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dispersion coefficient
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dissipation coefficient
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distortion coefficient
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distribution coefficient
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drag coefficient
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drying coefficient
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efflux coefficient
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elastooptic coefficient
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electrochemical diffusion coefficient
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electrochemical transfer coefficient
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electrooptic coefficient
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emissivity coefficient
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empirically determined coefficient
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energy-transfer coefficient
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excess coefficient
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extinction coefficient
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filtration coefficient
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flow coefficient
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flux coefficient
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Fourier coefficient
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friction coefficient
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gap coefficient
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gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient
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gas-side mass-transfer coefficient
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growth coefficient
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H0 coefficient
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heat conduction coefficient
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heat-transfer coefficient
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highest coefficient
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humidity coefficient
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hyetal coefficient
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hygroscopic coefficient
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impregnation coefficient
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integral coefficient
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interassembly moderator coefficient
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interdiffusion coefficient
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intraassembly moderator coefficient
-
ionic activity coefficient
-
ionic distribution coefficient
-
ionization coefficient
-
Joule-Thomson coefficient
-
Lagrangian coefficients
-
leading coefficient
-
lift coefficient
-
linear attenuation coefficient
-
linear expansion coefficient
-
lines coefficients
-
literal coefficient
-
load reflection coefficient
-
local heat-transfer coefficient
-
local mass-transfer coefficient
-
loss coefficient
-
magnetooptic coefficient
-
mass coefficient of reactivity
-
mass energy absorption coefficient
-
mass-transfer coefficient
-
midship-section coefficient
-
midship coefficient
-
molecular diffusion coefficient
-
negative temperature coefficient of reactivity
-
noise reduction coefficient
-
nondimensional coefficient
-
nonlinear-distortions coefficient
-
numerical coefficient
-
numeric coefficient
-
optical loss coefficient
-
orifice coefficient
-
output reflection coefficient
-
overall heat transfer coefficient
-
overall mass transfer coefficient
-
pan-to-lake coefficient
-
permeability coefficient
-
permeance coefficient
-
phase-change coefficient
-
phase coefficient
-
phase-temperature coefficient
-
pitch coefficient
-
plastic anisotropy coefficient
-
pluviometric coefficient
-
polytropic coefficient
-
potential coefficient
-
pressure coefficient of viscosity
-
pressure/viscosity coefficient
-
prismatic coefficient
-
programming coefficient
-
propagation coefficient
-
propulsive coefficient
-
purity coefficient
-
quasi-propulsive coefficient
-
radiant heat-transfer coefficient
-
Rankine's coefficient
-
reactivity coefficient
-
recombination coefficient
-
reflection coefficient
-
refraction coefficient
-
relative friction coefficient
-
reliability coefficient
-
reset coefficient
-
roughness coefficient
-
runoff coefficient
-
salting-out coefficient
-
sample correlation coefficient
-
saturation coefficient
-
SAW coupling coefficient
-
scattering coefficient
-
screening coefficient
-
sedimentation coefficient
-
self-diffusion coefficient
-
shear coefficient
-
similarity coefficient
-
slip coefficient
-
solubility coefficient
-
sound absorption coefficient
-
sound reflection coefficient
-
sound transmission coefficient
-
steady friction coefficient
-
steady-flow coefficient
-
stick-slip friction coefficient
-
stiffness coefficient
-
strain-hardening coefficient
-
stress-optical coefficient
-
technical readiness coefficient
-
temperature coefficient
-
thermal accommodation coefficient
-
thermal coefficient
-
thermal diffusion coefficient
-
thermal-conductivity coefficient
-
thermal-expansion coefficient
-
thermodiffusion coefficient
-
thermodynamic coefficient
-
thermoelectric coefficient
-
throttling coefficient
-
thrust coefficient
-
tip diffraction coefficient
-
torque coefficient
-
total diffusion coefficient
-
traction coefficient
-
transfer coefficient
-
transmission coefficient
-
transport coefficient
-
trichromatic coefficients
-
trilinear coefficients
-
tristimulus coefficients
-
undetermined coefficient
-
uniform heat transfer coefficient
-
uniformity coefficient
-
unsaturated coefficient
-
void coefficient
-
voltage temperature coefficient
-
volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion
-
wall coefficient
-
water-land coefficient
-
waterplane area coefficient
-
waterplane coefficient
-
weighting coefficient
-
weight coefficient
-
well imperfection coefficient
-
winding coefficient
-
wobble coefficient -
13 LETS
1) Американизм: Local Economic Trading System2) Военный термин: Law Enforcement Teletype Service, launch equipment test set3) Техника: low-energy telescope system4) Шутливое выражение: Lord Of E Town Streets5) Биржевой термин: Local Economic Trading Scheme, Local Exchange And Trading Scheme, Local Exchange Trade System, Local Exchange Trading Scheme6) Телекоммуникации: Line Efficiency Tracking System8) Университет: Learning Exchange For Teachers And Students9) Должность: Local Employment And Trade System, Local Employment Trading System -
14 net
̈ɪnet I
1. сущ.
1) сеть;
невод, тенета, трал to cast a net ≈ закидывать сети to spread a net ≈ раскидывать сети butterfly net ≈ сачок для ловли бабочек fishing net ≈ рыболовная сеть mosquito net ≈ сетка от комаров
2) западня, капкан, ловушка, сети caught in the net of suspicious circumstances ≈ пойманный в сети подозрительных дел Syn: trap I
1., snare
1., entanglement
3) паутина to weave a net ≈ плести паутину, сеть Syn: cobweb, spider's web
4) спорт а) сетка (волейбольная, теннисная и т. п.) б) ворота( в футболе, хоккее и т. п.)
5) а) вуаль;
сетка (для волос и т. п.) б) тюль
6) что-л., напоминающее сеть а) радио, тлв. сеть Syn: network б) агентурная сеть
2. гл.
1) а) покрывать сетью, сетями;
покрывать сетью (железных дорог, радиостанций и т. п.) The level sea, like a pale blue disc netted in silver lace. ≈ Поверхность моря, похожая на бледный голубой диск, покрытый серебряной сетью. б) окружать, опутывать сетью How dense a fold of danger nets him round. (Tennyson) ≈ Как крепко сжало его кольцо опасности.
2) а) ловить сетью и т. п. There is somebody netting the stream. ≈ Кто-то там на реке ловит рыбу сетью. Poachers have been netting salmon to supply the black market. ≈ Браконьеры ловили сетями семгу и поставляли на черный рынок. б) поймать сетью и т. п. в) перен. ловить, захватывать, завладевать;
разг. приобретать Miss Read begins her summer holiday with a mishap, a fall that nets her a broken arm and an injured ankle. ≈ Мисс Рид начала свой летний отдых с неудачи: она упала и получила сломанную ногу и пораненную лодыжку.
3) плести, вязать сети
4) забить мяч, забить гол Centre half Tiler netted his first goal for the club. ≈ Полузащитник Тилер забил свой первый мяч за клуб. Syn: score
2. II
1. сущ.
1) чистый доход
2) суть, сущность Syn: gist, essence
2. прил.
1) чистый, нетто( о весе, доходе) per pound net ≈ за фунт чистого веса net earnings ≈ чистая прибыль net worth ≈ стоимость без вычетов net cash ≈ наличные деньги;
наличный расчет без скидки, наличными без скидки net cost ≈ себестоимость net efficiency ≈ практический коэффициент полезного действия net load ≈ полезный груз strictly net ≈ строго без скидки net weight ≈ чистый вес, вес нетто, вес без упаковки
2) общий, конечный the net result ≈ общий результат net effect ≈ конечный результат We have a net gain of nearly 50 seats, the biggest for any party in Scotland. ≈ В конечном итоге мы получили около 50 мест, что является наибольшим для любой партии в Шотландии. Syn: basic, final
1., overall
2.
3) редк. чистый, несмешанный, беспримесный Syn: pure, unadulterated, unmixed
3. гл.
1) получать (как результат чего-л.) They took to the water intent on netting the $250,000 offered reward. ≈ Они бросились в воду, намереваясь получить обещанное вознаграждение в 250000 долларов.
2) приносить чистый доход The book has already netted a quarter of a million pounds. ≈ Книга уже принесла четверть миллиона фунтов чистого дохода.
3) получать чистую прибыль Syn: clear
3. сеть, сети (для лова рыбы, животных) ;
тенета;
силок - to catch with *s ловить сетями сетка - tennis * теннисная сетка - to play a good game at the * хорошо играть у сетки (теннис) хозяйственная сетка, авоська спасательная сетка (пожарная и т. п.) сети, западня - a police * полицейская облава - the thief escaped the police * вор ускользнул от (ловившей его) полиции - to spread one's * for smb. расставить кому-л. сети - to sweep everything into one's * прибирать к рукам все что можно - to be caught in a cheat's * попасться в лапы /в ловушку, в сеть/ мошенника сетчатый материал - wire * проволочная сетка - * door сетчатая дверь( текстильное) тюль - spotted * вуаль с мушками паутина - the spider weaves his * паук плетет свою паутину (радиотехника) (телевидение) сеть - radio * радиосеть - * call signal позывной сигнал( спортивное) ворота (футбол, хоккей) (спортивное) сети (отгороженная сеткой часть крикетного поля, где тренируются игроки) - to have an hour at the *s тренироваться в течение часа - I must have a long * tomorrow завтра мне будет нужно потренироваться подольше (военное) маскировочная сеть (военное) сетевое заграждение (математика) связка( математика) развертка многогранника ловить сетями, силками, тенетами - to * fish ловить рыбу сетями - to * birds ловить птиц силками поймать сеткой, сетью и т. п. - to * a butterfly поймать бабочку сачком ставить сети - to * a river поставить в реке сеть;
перегородить реку сетями ловить или поймать в свои сети;
расставлять сети, ловушку, западню - to * a village захватывать деревню - to * a rich husband подцепить /заполучить/ богатого мужа - to * for a rich husband охотиться за богатым женихом - to * smb.'s fancy пленить чье-л. воображение плести, вязать сети, кружево и т. п. - to * a purse вязать кошелек /сумочку/ закрывать, ограждать сеткой - to * fruit-trees закрывать /ограждать/ плодовые деревья сеткой - to * a tennis-lawn натянуть сетку на теннисном корте - to * windows вставлять в окна сетки (марлевые, проволочные и т. п.) (морское) ставить сетевые заграждения;
прикрывать сетевыми заграждениями покрывать сетью (железных дорог, радиостанций и т. п.) (спортивное) попасть в сетку (о мяче) (спортивное) забить (мяч, гол - хоккей, баскетбол) (военное) входить в связь суть, главное (экономика) нетто;
сальдо (о прибыли, доходе, весе и т. п.) общий;
конечный;
результативный, суммарный - * efficiency общий коэффициент полезного действия - * fuel (авиация) наличный запас топлива (на боевой вылет) - * result конечный результат (экономика) чистый;
нетто;
без вычетов;
сальдо - * weight чистый вес, вес нетто - * assets нетто-активы - * cash наличными без скидки - * cost чистая /действительная/ стоимость - * exporter нетто-экспортер;
страна, являющаяся в конечном счете экспортером какого-л. товара (в связи с соотношением экспорта и импорта) - * income чистая прибыль;
(американизм) доход, подлежащий обложению подоходным налогом - * load полезный /рабочий/ груз, вес без тары - * price цена нетто, цена после вычета всех скидок;
окончательная цена - * proceeds чистая выручка - * profit чистая прибыль - * surplus нераспределенная прибыль - * worth стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств;
собственный капитал предприятия - * yield( сельскохозяйственное) урожай за вычетом семян, потраченных на посев( редкое) чистый, без примеси, неразбавленный - * natural wine чистое натуральное вино получать в результате определять вес нетто( экономика) приносить чистый доход (экономика) получать чистый доход - he *ted $150 он получил чистого дохода сто пятьдесят фунтов стерлингов backbone ~ вчт. базовая сеть broadcasting ~ широковещательная сеть business-communications ~ сеть деловой связи circuit-switched ~ сеть с коммутацией каналов computer ~ сеть ЭВМ concentrator ~ вчт. сеть с концентраторами despotic ~ вчт. сеть с принудительной синхронизацией discrimination ~ вчт. классификационная сеть feedforward ~ вчт. сеть с механизмом прогнозирования событий high-flux ~ вчт. сеть с большой плотностью потока homogeneous computer ~ вчт. однородная сеть host-based ~ вчт. сеть с ведущей машиной inference ~ вчт. сеть вывода instrument communications ~ вчт. измерительная сеть integrated services ~ вчт. сеть с предоставлением комплексных услуг local area ~ вчт. локальная сеть long-haul ~ вчт. глобальная сеть multiple-token ~ вчт. сеть с множественным маркерным доступом multipoint ~ вчт. многоточечная сеть multistation ~ вчт. многостанционная сеть multiterminal ~ вчт. многополюсник net без вычетов ~ забить (мяч, гол) ~ конечный ~ нетто ~ общий ~ определять вес нетто ~ паутина ~ плести, вязать сети ~ покрывать сетью (железных дорог, радиостанций и т. п.) ~ покрывать сетью;
сетями ~ получать в результате ~ получать чистый доход ~ попасть в сетку (о мяче) ~ приносить чистый доход ~ расставлять сети (тж. перен.) ;
ловить сетями ~ сальдо ~ вчт. сетевой ~ сети, западня ~ сетка (для волос и т. п.) ~ сетка ~ сеть;
тенета ~ вчт. сеть ~ схема ~ цепь ~ чистый, нетто (о весе, доходе) ;
net profit чистая прибыль, чистый доход ~ чистый ~ чистый доход ~ cash наличные деньги;
наличный расчет без скидки;
net cost себестоимость ~ efficiency тех. практический коэффициент полезного действия;
net load тех. полезный груз ~ чистый, нетто (о весе, доходе) ;
net profit чистая прибыль, чистый доход profit: net ~ чистая прибыль nonpartitionable ~ вчт. нераспадающаяся сеть office ~ вчт. учрежденческая сеть packet switched ~ вчт. сеть с пакетной коммутацией partitionable ~ вчт. распадающаяся сеть peer-to-peer ~ вчт. сеть с равноправными узлами personal-computer ~ вчт. сеть персональных ЭВМ public telephone ~ государственная телефонная сеть queuing ~ вчт. сеть массового обслуживания radio ~, radio network радиосеть radio ~, radio network радиосеть resource-sharing ~ вчт. сеть с коллективным использованием ресурсов ring ~ вчт. кольцевая сеть semantic ~ вчт. семантическая сеть token-bus-based ~ вчт. сеть с маркерным доступом total ~ borrowing общая сумма заемных средств total ~ reserves общая сумма теоретического резерва страховых взносов transport ~ вчт. транспортная сеть value-added ~ вчт. сеть повышенного качества wide-area ~ вчт. глобальная сеть -
15 marketing
сущ.1) эк. торговля, реализация, продажа, сбыт (процесс передачи товаров от производителей промежуточным или конечным потребителям)ATTRIBUTES: cooperative, direct 1. 3), domestic 1. 2) а), global 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), mass 3. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), regional
See:cooperative marketing 2), direct marketing 2), domestic marketing 2), global marketing 2), 1), local marketing 2), mass marketing 2), national marketing 2), regional marketing 2) marketing authority, marketing behaviour 2), marketing board, marketing contract, marketing facilities 1), marketing level 2), marketing outlet 2), marketing permit, marketing position 2), marketing potential 2), marketing quota, marketing territory, marketing transaction 2), marketing year, usual marketing requirements, advertising, selling, merchandising2) марк. маркетинг (система методов и средств продвижения товаров или услуг от производителя к потребителю; включает анализ рынка, дизайн, разработку упаковки, разработку системы сбыта, рекламу и т. д.)marketing director — маркетинговый директор, директор по маркетингу
marketing expert — маркетинговый эксперт, эксперт в области маркетинга
marketing expertise — маркетинговая экспертиза, экспертная оценка в области маркетинга
Do we need to improve marketing or simply drop a particular product? — Нужно ли нам улучшить маркетинг или лучше отказаться от какого-л. продукта?
Internet marketing is not as difficult as it sounds. — Маркетинг в интернет не так сложен, как может показаться.
ATTRIBUTES: affinity, agricultural, ambush, back end, bank, bench, brand, business site, business-to-business, buzz, catalogue, cause-related, celebrity, circulation, competitive, concentrated 1) а), consumer goods, consumer, consumer-oriented, convergent, conversion, cooperative, corporate, counter, cross, customized, database, data-driven, developing, differentiated, dimensional, direct mail, direct, direct response, divergent, domestic 2) а), door-to-door, electronic, enlightened, ethnic, event, exponential, export 3. 2) а), farm 1. 1) а), financial 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) б), fraudulent, front end, full-scale, generic, geodemographic, global 1. 1) б), grassroots, green, grey, health care, housing, idea, incentive, industrial 1. 1) а), а, innovative, integrated, interactive, international, Internet, joint, knowledge-based, leveraged, list, local 1. 1) а), mass, media, multichannel, multilevel, multisegment, multistep, national 1. 1) а), negative option, network, niche, non-profit, one-step, one-to-one, on-line, operational, opt-in, opt-out, organic, organizational, permission, person, personal, personnel, place, product, product-differentiated, product-oriented, promotion, promotional, referral, regional, request, retail, scientific, segmented, sense-of-mission, service 1. 2) а), shopper, social, societal, sports, stimulating, strategic, structure, supporting, symbiotic, synchro, tactical, target 3. 2) а), targeted, telephone, television, test, trade, undifferentiated, unsegmented, vacation, value, vendor, video, viral, world
See:affinity marketing, agricultural marketing, agrimarketing, ambush marketing, back end marketing, back-end marketing, bank marketing, benchmarketing, brand marketing, business site marketing, business-to-business marketing, buzz marketing, catalogue marketing, cause-related marketing, celebrity marketing, circulation marketing, comarketing, co-marketing, competitive marketing, concentrated marketing, consumer goods marketing, consumer marketing, consumer-oriented marketing, convergent marketing, conversion marketing, cooperative marketing 1), corporate marketing, countermarketing, counter-marketing, cross-marketing, customized marketing, database marketing, data-driven marketing, demarketing, developing marketing, differentiated marketing, dimensional marketing, direct mail marketing, direct marketing 1), direct response marketing, direct-mail marketing, divergent marketing, domestic marketing 1), door-to-door marketing, electronic marketing, e-marketing, enlightened marketing, ethnic marketing, event marketing, events marketing, exponential marketing, export marketing, farm marketing, financial marketing, foreign marketing, fraudulent marketing, front end marketing, front-end marketing, full-scale marketing, generic marketing, geodemographic marketing, global marketing 1), grassroots marketing, green marketing, grey marketing, health care marketing, housing marketing, idea marketing, incentive marketing, industrial marketing, innovative marketing, integrated marketing, interactive marketing, international marketing, 2), joint marketing, knowledge-based marketing, leveraged marketing, list marketing, local marketing 1), macromarketing, mass marketing 1), media marketing, megamarketing, micromarketing, micro-marketing, multilevel marketing, multisegment marketing, multistep marketing, multi-step marketing, national marketing 1), negative option marketing, network marketing, niche marketing, non-profit marketing, one-step marketing, one-to-one marketing, on-line marketing, operational marketing, opt-in marketing, opt-out marketing, organic marketing, organizational marketing, permission marketing, person marketing, personal marketing, personnel marketing, place marketing, political candidate marketing, political marketing, pre-emptive marketing, premarketing, pre-marketing, product marketing, product-differentiated marketing, product-oriented marketing, promotion marketing, promotional marketing, referral marketing, regional marketing 1), remarketing, request marketing, retail marketing, scientific marketing, segmented marketing, sense-of-mission marketing, services marketing, shopper marketing, social marketing, societal marketing, sports marketing, stimulating marketing, strategic marketing, structure marketing, supporting marketing, symbiotic marketing, synchro marketing, synchromarketing, tactical marketing, target marketing, targeted marketing, telemarketing, telephone marketing, television marketing, test marketing, trade marketing, undifferentiated marketing, unsegmented marketing, vacation marketing, value marketing, vendor marketing, video marketing, viral marketing, world marketing, marketing action, marketing administration, marketing agency, marketing agreement, marketing analysis, marketing analyst, marketing appeal, marketing approach, marketing area, marketing arithmetic, marketing audit, marketing auditor, marketing behaviour 1), marketing bill, marketing budget, marketing campaign, marketing capability, marketing career, marketing chain, marketing channel, marketing communications, marketing company, marketing concept, marketing consultant, marketing control, marketing cooperation, marketing cooperative, marketing cost, marketing database, marketing decision, marketing department, marketing editor, marketing effectiveness, marketing efficiency, marketing environment, marketing ethics, marketing evaluation, marketing event, marketing expenditure, marketing expense, marketing expense-to-sales analysis, marketing experiment, marketing facilities 2), marketing feasibility, marketing firm, marketing function, marketing image, marketing implications, marketing information system, marketing instrument, marketing intelligence, marketing intermediary, marketing launch, marketing level 1), marketing logistics, marketing man, marketing management, marketing manager, marketing margin, marketing media, marketing medium, marketing middleman, marketing mix, marketing model, marketing myopia, marketing niche, marketing offer, marketing opportunity, marketing organization, marketing orientation, marketing outlet 1), marketing overkill, marketing performance, marketing plan, marketing planning, marketing position 1), marketing positioning, marketing potential 1), marketing productivity, marketing representative, marketing research, marketing response, marketing risk, marketing science, marketing scientist, marketing segmentation, marketing service, marketing specialist, marketing spread, marketing stimulus, marketing strategy, marketing strength, marketing support, marketing system, marketing tactics, marketing technique, marketing tool, marketing transaction 1), marketing value, marketing warfare, marketing weakness, advertising, pricing, promotion, product line, ICC / ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Journal of Marketing, Marketing Society, American Marketing Association, British Institute of Marketing, Chartered Institute of Marketing, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation, Communication, Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation3) торг. покупка продуктов (как правило, на рынке), закупка провизииI could prove that any male could do the weekly marketing at our local Ding Dong faster than any Mom. — Могу сказать с уверенностью, что любой мужчина может закупать провизию в нашем местном "Динг-Донге" быстрее домохозяйки.
See:4) потр., редк. предметы торговли; купленные товары [продукты\]See:
* * *
маркетинг: система методов и средств продвижения товаров от производителя к потребителю; включает анализ рынка, дизайн, разработку упаковки, организацию сбыта, рекламу и т. д.* * *. система организации производственно-сбытовой деятельности предприятия, в основе которой лежит комплексное изучение рынка, оценка и учет всех условий производства и сбыта продукции, товаров, услуг в ближайшее и более отдаленной перспективе. Основными элементами М. выступают: маркетинговые исследования и сбор информации, планирование ассортимента продукции, реализация, реклама и стимулирование сбыта. . Словарь экономических терминов 1 .* * *маркетинг’процесс выявления, максимизации и удовлетворения потребительского спроса на изделия компании -
16 best value
Gen Mgta U.K. government initiative intended to insure cost efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of public services by local authorities. The best value initiative was announced in early 1997 to replace compulsory competitive tendering (CCT), and pilot schemes in selected local authorities began in April 1998. The Local Government Act of 1999 requires councils, as part of the best value process, to review all services over a five-year period, setting standards and performance indicators for each service, comparing performance with that of other bodies, and undertaking consultation with local taxpayers and service users. -
17 model
'modl
1. noun1) (a copy or representation of something usually on a much smaller scale: a model of the Taj Mahal; (also adjective) a model aeroplane.) modelo, maqueta2) (a particular type or design of something, eg a car, that is manufactured in large numbers: Our car is a 1999 model.) modelo3) (a person who wears clothes etc so that possible buyers can see them being worn: He has a job as a male fashion model.) modelo, maniquí4) (a person who is painted, sculpted, photographed etc by an artist, photographer etc: I work as an artist's model.) modelo5) (something that can be used to copy from.) modelo, patrón6) (a person or thing which is an excellent example: She is a model of politeness; (also adjective) model behaviour.) modelo
2. verb1) (to wear (clothes etc) to show them to possible buyers: They model (underwear) for a living.) modelar2) (to work or pose as a model for an artist, photographer etc: She models at the local art school.) hacer de modelo, posar3) (to make models (of things or people): to model (the heads of famous people) in clay.) modelar4) (to form (something) into a (particular) shape: She modelled the clay into the shape of a penguin; She models herself on her older sister.) modelar•model1 adj en miniatura / a escalamodel2 n1. modelo / maqueta2. modelotr['mɒdəl]1 (small representation) modelo, maqueta2 (design) modelo, patrón nombre masculino3 (type of car etc) modelo4 (perfect example) modelo, pauta5 (fashion model) modelo nombre masulino o femenino, maniquí nombre masulino o femenino; (artist's model) modelo nombre masulino o femenino1 (miniature) en miniatura, a escala; (toy) de juguete2 (exemplary) ejemplar; (ideal) modelo1 modelar2 presentar, vestir, modelar1 modelar2 trabajar de modelo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto model oneself on somebody seguir el ejemplo de alguien| modeling))1 modelar2 presentar, vestir, modelar1 modelar2 trabajar de modelo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto model oneself upon somebody seguir el ejemplo de alguienshape: modelarmodel vi: trabajar de modelomodel adj1) exemplary: modelo, ejemplara model student: un estudiante modelo2) miniature: en miniaturamodel n1) pattern: modelo m2) miniature: modelo m, miniatura f3) example: modelo m, ejemplo m4) mannequin: modelo mf5) design: modelo mthe '97 model: el modelo '97adj.• modelo, -a adj.n.• boceto s.m.• dechado s.m.• ejemplar s.m.• espejo s.m.• horma s.f.• maqueta s.f.• marco s.m.• modelo s.m.• molde s.m.• muestra s.f.• padrón s.m.• pauta s.f.• plantilla s.f.v.• modelar v.
I 'mɑːdḷ, 'mɒdḷ1) ( reproduction) maqueta f, modelo m2) (paragon, example) modelo m3) ( design) modelo m4) ( person) modelo mf
II
1.
1) \<\<clay/shape\>\> modelar2) ( base)their education system was modeled on that of France — su sistema educativo se inspiró en el francés
3) \<\<garment\>\>
2.
vi1) ( make shapes) modelar
III
adjective (before n, no comp)1) ( miniature) <railway/village> en miniatura, a escala['mɒdl]1. N1) (=small-scale representation) modelo m a escala, maqueta f2) (=example) modelo mto hold sth/sb up as a model — presentar algo/a algn como modelo (a seguir)
a tribunal is to be set up on the model of Nuremberg — se constituirá un tribunal según el modelo de or a la manera del de Nuremberg
3) (=paragon) modelo mhe is a model of good behaviour/patience — es un modelo de buen comportamiento/paciencia
4) (=person) (Art) modelo mf ; (Fashion) modelo mf, maniquí mf5) (Comm) (=design) modelo m2. ADJ1) (=miniature) [railway, village] en miniatura, a escala2) (=prototype) [home] piloto3) (=perfect) modelo inva model husband/wife — un marido/una esposa modelo
3. VT1)to model sth on sth: their new socialist state is modelled on that of China — su nuevo estado socialista toma como modelo el de China
to model o.s. on sb — tomar a algn como modelo
children usually model themselves on their parents — los niños normalmente toman como modelo a sus padres
he models himself on James Dean — imita a James Dean, su modelo a imitar es James Dean
2) (Art) modelar3) (Fashion)4. VI1) (Art) (=make models) modelar2) (Phot, Art) posar; (Fashion) ser modelo, trabajar de modelo* * *
I ['mɑːdḷ, 'mɒdḷ]1) ( reproduction) maqueta f, modelo m2) (paragon, example) modelo m3) ( design) modelo m4) ( person) modelo mf
II
1.
1) \<\<clay/shape\>\> modelar2) ( base)their education system was modeled on that of France — su sistema educativo se inspiró en el francés
3) \<\<garment\>\>
2.
vi1) ( make shapes) modelar
III
adjective (before n, no comp)1) ( miniature) <railway/village> en miniatura, a escala -
18 hologram
- 3-D hologram
- acoustical hologram
- acoustically formed hologram
- aerial image hologram
- amplitude hologram
- amplitude-contrast hologram
- amplitude-phase hologram
- bichromatic hologram
- binary hologram
- black-and-white hologram
- blazed hologram
- bleached hologram
- Bragg-effect hologram
- coded hologram
- coded reference beam hologram
- coherent hologram
- color hologram
- colored hologram
- complementary hologram
- composite hologram - conical hologram
- control hologram
- copied hologram
- copying hologram
- cylindrical hologram
- Denisyuk hologram
- desensitized hologram
- dichromated gelatin hologram
- difference hologram
- diffuse hologram
- discriminating hologram
- double-beam hologram
- double-exposure hologram
- double-recorded hologram
- electronic hologram
- erasable hologram
- exponential hologram
- far-field hologram
- focused-image hologram
- Fourier-transform hologram
- Fraunhofer hologram
- Fraunhofer diffraction hologram
- frequency swept hologram
- Fresnel-diffraction hologram
- Fresnel-transform hologram
- Gabor-type hologram
- gas-laser hologram
- giant-pulse hologram
- gray hologram
- half-tone hologram
- high-efficiency hologram
- highly redundant hologram
- high-resolution hologram
- image hologram
- improved-efficiency hologram
- incoherent hologram
- infrared hologram
- in-line hologram
- intensity mapping hologram
- interferometric hologram
- laser hologram
- Leight-Upatnieks hologram
- lens-assisted hologram
- lensless hologram
- light hologram
- Lippmann-Bragg-Denisyuk hologram
- liquid hologram
- liquid-crystal hologram
- liquid-surface hologram
- local reference beam hologram
- long-wave hologram
- low-noise hologram
- magnetic hologram
- magnetooptic hologram
- microwave hologram
- monochrome hologram
- moving-target hologram
- multicolor hologram
- multiple-exposed hologram
- multiple-exposure hologram
- multiple-object beam hologram
- multiplexed hologram
- noncoherent hologram
- nondiffused hologram
- nondiffused illumination hologram
- nonlinearly recorded hologram
- nonoptical hologram
- ocular hologram
- off-axis hologram
- off-axis reference-beam hologram
- offset hologram
- offset reference hologram
- on-axis hologram
- on-axis reference-beam hologram
- optical hologram
- optically generated hologram
- original hologram
- panoramic hologram
- phase hologram
- phase-contrast hologram
- phase-only hologram
- photochromic hologram
- photoetched hologram
- photographic hologram
- photopolymer hologram
- planar hologram
- point hologram
- point-source hologram
- polarization hologram
- product hologram
- pulsed-laser hologram
- quasi-Fourier hologram
- rainbow hologram
- real-time hologram
- reconstructed hologram
- reflecting hologram
- reflection hologram
- replicated hologram
- sideband hologram
- single-beam hologram
- single-exposed hologram
- single-exposure hologram
- solid-state hologram
- space-division holograms
- spatial carrier hologram
- still hologram
- superimposed hologram
- synthesized hologram
- synthetic hologram
- temporal reference hologram
- thermomagnetic hologram
- thermoplastic hologram
- thick hologram
- thick-emulsion hologram
- thin hologram
- thin-emulsion hologram
- three-dimensional hologram
- time-average hologram
- transmission hologram
- transmitting-type hologram
- two-beam hologram
- two-color hologram
- two-dimensional hologram
- ultrasonic hologram
- ultraviolet hologram
- unbleached hologram
- uniaxial hologram
- variable-attenuation hologram
- variable-transparency hologram
- volume hologram
- white-light hologram
- wide-angle hologram
- xerographic hologram -
19 hologram
- 3-D hologram
- acoustical hologram
- acoustically formed hologram
- aerial image hologram
- amplitude hologram
- amplitude-contrast hologram
- amplitude-phase hologram
- bichromatic hologram
- binary hologram
- black-and-white hologram
- blazed hologram
- bleached hologram
- Bragg-effect hologram
- coded hologram
- coded reference beam hologram
- coherent hologram
- color hologram
- colored hologram
- complementary hologram
- composite hologram
- computer-generated hologram
- computer-synthesized hologram
- conical hologram
- control hologram
- copied hologram
- copying hologram
- cylindrical hologram
- Denisyuk hologram
- desensitized hologram
- dichromated gelatin hologram
- difference hologram
- diffuse hologram
- discriminating hologram
- double-beam hologram
- double-exposure hologram
- double-recorded hologram
- electronic hologram
- erasable hologram
- exponential hologram
- far-field hologram
- focused-image hologram
- Fourier-transform hologram
- Fraunhofer diffraction hologram
- Fraunhofer hologram
- frequency swept hologram
- Fresnel-diffraction hologram
- Fresnel-transform hologram
- Gabor-type hologram
- gas-laser hologram
- giant-pulse hologram
- gray hologram
- half-tone hologram
- high-efficiency hologram
- highly redundant hologram
- high-resolution hologram
- image hologram
- improved-efficiency hologram
- incoherent hologram
- infrared hologram
- in-line hologram
- intensity mapping hologram
- interferometric hologram
- laser hologram
- Leight-Upatnieks hologram
- lens-assisted hologram
- lensless hologram
- light hologram
- Lippmann-Bragg-Denisyuk hologram
- liquid hologram
- liquid-crystal hologram
- liquid-surface hologram
- local reference beam hologram
- long-wave hologram
- low-noise hologram
- magnetic hologram
- magnetooptic hologram
- microwave hologram
- monochrome hologram
- moving-target hologram
- multicolor hologram
- multiple-exposed hologram
- multiple-exposure hologram
- multiple-object beam hologram
- multiplexed hologram
- noncoherent hologram
- nondiffused hologram
- nondiffused illumination hologram
- nonlinearly recorded hologram
- nonoptical hologram
- ocular hologram
- off-axis hologram
- off-axis reference-beam hologram
- offset hologram
- offset reference hologram
- on-axis hologram
- on-axis reference-beam hologram
- optical hologram
- optically generated hologram
- original hologram
- panoramic hologram
- phase hologram
- phase-contrast hologram
- phase-only hologram
- photochromic hologram
- photoetched hologram
- photographic hologram
- photopolymer hologram
- planar hologram
- point hologram
- point-source hologram
- polarization hologram
- product hologram
- pulsed-laser hologram
- quasi-Fourier hologram
- rainbow hologram
- real-time hologram
- reconstructed hologram
- reflecting hologram
- reflection hologram
- replicated hologram
- sideband hologram
- single-beam hologram
- single-exposed hologram
- single-exposure hologram
- solid-state hologram
- space-division holograms
- spatial carrier hologram
- still hologram
- superimposed hologram
- synthesized hologram
- synthetic hologram
- temporal reference hologram
- thermomagnetic hologram
- thermoplastic hologram
- thick hologram
- thick-emulsion hologram
- thin hologram
- thin-emulsion hologram
- three-dimensional hologram
- time-average hologram
- transmission hologram
- transmitting-type hologram
- two-beam hologram
- two-color hologram
- two-dimensional hologram
- ultrasonic hologram
- ultraviolet hologram
- unbleached hologram
- uniaxial hologram
- variable-attenuation hologram
- variable-transparency hologram
- volume hologram
- white-light hologram
- wide-angle hologram
- xerographic hologramThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > hologram
-
20 consumption
n ек. споживання; використання; витрата; ужиток; a споживний; споживчийвитрачання та використання кінцевих товарів (goods) і послуг (service¹) протягом певного періоду часу для задоволення будь-яких потреб═════════■═════════aggregate consumption сукупне споживання; annual consumption річне споживання; capital consumption амортизація основного капіталу; collective consumption суспільне споживання • колективне споживання • суспільне використання • колективне використання; contingent consumption plan умовний план споживання; current consumption поточне споживання; daily consumption побутове споживання • щоденне споживання; domestic consumption внутрішнє споживання • споживання всередині країни; energy consumption енерговитрати • споживання енергії; expected consumption передбачуване споживання; final consumption кінцеве споживання; fuel consumption споживання пального; government consumption державне споживання; home consumption внутрішнє споживання; household consumption особисте споживання • споживання домогосподарства; individual consumption особисте споживання; induced consumption похідне споживання; industrial consumption промислове споживання • виробниче споживання; internal consumption внутрішнє споживання; limited consumption обмежене споживання; local consumption місцеве споживання; manufacturing consumption споживання обробної промисловості; mass consumption широке споживання • масове споживання; metal consumption витрати металу • споживання металу; monthly consumption місячне споживання • щомісячне споживання; national consumption національне споживання; nominal consumption номінальне споживання; nonproductive consumption непродуктивне споживання; oil consumption споживання пального; optional consumption споживання товарів і послуг, які не є життєво необхідними; overall consumption загальний обсяг споживання; paying consumption платоспроможне споживання; per capita consumption споживання на душу населення; personal consumption особисте споживання; per unit consumption споживання на одиницю; power consumption витрати енергії • споживання енергії; private consumption особисте споживання • приватне споживання; production consumption виробниче споживання; productive consumption продуктивне споживання; public consumption споживання для задоволення суспільних потреб населення; rated consumption номінальне споживання • номінальні витрати; restricted consumption обмежене споживання; retail level consumption споживання, обчислене за кількістю продуктів, куплених вроздріб; social consumption суспільне споживання • громадське споживання; total consumption загальне споживання; under consumption недоспоживання; unproductive consumption непродуктивне споживання • невиробниче споживання; wasteful consumption марнотратне споживання; water consumption водоспоживання; world consumption світове споживання; yearly consumption річне споживання═════════□═════════consumption bundle споживчий набір; consumption by weight споживання за ваговим виміром; consumption efficiency ефективність у споживанні; consumption expansion зростання споживання; consumption financed on credit споживання, фінансоване в кредит; consumption function функція споживання; consumption in agriculture споживання в сільському господарстві; consumption in bulk масове споживання; consumption in industry споживання в промисловості; consumption in kind споживання в натурі; consumption needs споживчі потреби; consumption of goods споживання благ; consumption of labour power споживання робочої сили • витрата робочої сили; consumption of materials витрати матеріалів • споживання матеріалів; consumption on the spot споживання на місці; consumption plan план споживання • програма споживання • графік споживання • таблиця споживання; consumption possibility line лінія споживчих можливостей; consumption potential потенціал споживання; consumption priorities споживчі пріоритети; consumption program програма споживання • план споживання • графік споживання • таблиця споживання; consumption schedule графік споживання • таблиця споживання • програма споживання • план споживання; consumption purpose мета споживання; consumption ratio відносний показник споживання; consumption stage етап споживання; consumption trend тенденція споживання; efficiency in consumption ефективність у споживанні; goods of mass consumption товари масового споживання • товари масового вжитку; income-consumption curve крива дохід — споживання; nonrivality in consumption неконкурентність у споживанні; price-consumption curve крива ціна — споживання; per unit consumption of materials витрата матеріалів на одиницю виробу
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