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101 πένομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide' (Il.), `to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.Derivatives: 1. πενία, ion. - ίη f. `poverty, lack' (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. πενιχρ-ός `poor, devoid of smth.' (γ 348; cf. zu μελιχρός s. μέλι) with - ότης f. (S. E.). - αλέος `id.' (AP). 3. πένης, - ητος m. (f. πένησσα πτωχή H.) `who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor' in opposition both to πλούσιος and to πτωχός = `begging, destitute' (IA.) with πενέσ-τερος, - τατος (X., D.); after ἀσθενέσ-τερος a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from *πενετ-τερος); from it πενητ-εύω `to be poor' (Emp.), - υλίδας m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. *Πενητ-ύλος (as Φειδ-ύλος, Πενθ-ύλος a.o.). -- 4. πόνος m. `(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour' (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. παυσί-πονος `ending pain' (E., Ar. in lyr.); but ματαιο-πόνος a.o. to πονέομαι, s. v. From it πον-ηρός `toilsome, useless, bad, evil' (IA.) with - ηρία, - ηρεύομαι, - ήρευμα; πονόεις `id.' (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative πονέομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, δια- a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), πονέω, also w. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. (posthom.) `to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer', trans. `to cause pain'. As 2. member a.o. in ματαιο-πονέω `to labour in vain' (Democr.) with - πονία (Str.), - πόνημα (Iamb.), - πόνος (Plu., Gal.). From it πόν-ημα ( δια-) n. `labour, work' (Pl., E. u.a.), - ησις ( δια-, κατα-) f. `labour, effort' (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. διάπον-ος `working hard, weary' (Plu.) from δια-πονέω. 6. Beside it πονάω only in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) and ἐπόνασαν (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present πένομαι, which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative πονέομαι, - έω and by its synonyms, e.g. κάμνω, δέω, is in the epos used esp. of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning `want, lack, be poor' (from where πενία and πενιχρός already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. laborare `exert oneself', also `be in need, be pressed' (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that πένομαι orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for `stretch, twist, weave' in Lith. pìnti `twist', OCS pęti `stretch', Arm. hanum and henum `weave', further OHG etc. spin. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been `unharness', one may also from there through `harness oneself' come to `exert oneself' (cf. Arm. y-enum `stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders'?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. pendeō. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of πένητες and πλούσιοι and synonyms and of πενία and πλοῦτος s. J. Hemelrijk Πενία en Πλοῦτος. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. πεῖνα und σπάνις.Page in Frisk: 2,504-506Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πένομαι
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102 σκῖρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `induration, callus, hard tumour' (medic.), `hard, scrubby ground, scrub' (Tab. Heracl.).Other forms: - ρρ-, also σκῦρ-); σκῖρος m., - ον n. `crust, rind, cheese-rind, herdened dirt' (com.); also `hard, white matter, gypsum' (sch. Ar. V. 921, Suid.), in this meaning also σκίρρα (Suid.), γῆ σκιρράς (sch. Ar. V. 921); γῆ λευκή ὥσπερ γύψος Su.Derivatives: σκιρρίτης m. `gypsum-worker' (Zonar., Redard 36). -- Abstractformation σκιρρ-ίη f. `induration' (Aret.; Scheller 56), ἀκροσκιρ-ίαι f. pl. `high scrubby lands' (Tab. Heracl.); adj. σκιρ(ρ)-ός `hard' (Plu., Them. a. o.), - ώδης `callous' (Gall., Poll.); verb - όομαι, also w. έπι- a. o., `to harden, to take root' (Sophr., medic.) with - ωμα n. `induration' (Dsc.). - ωσις f. `id.' (Sor., Gal.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained. Cf. σκῦρος. -- Furnée 387 takes the word a Pre-Greek, which seems quite prob.Page in Frisk: 2,734Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκῖρος
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103 κοπιάω
κοπιάω fut. κοπιάσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐκοπίασα; pf. κεκοπίακα; 2 sg. κεκοπίακες or-κας (v.l.; s. B-D-F §83, 2; Mlt-H. 221); aor. pass. 3 sg. ἐκοπιάθη (fr. κόπτω via κόπος; TestAbr B 2 p. 107, 1 [Stone p. 62]) (Aristoph. et al.; Hippocr.; Epicurus 59, 3 Us.; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestJob 24:2; ApcSed 4:3; ApcMos 24; Philo, Joseph.).① become weary/tired (Aristoph. et al.; Sir 16:27; 1 Macc 10:81; 4 Macc 9:12; Jos., Bell. 6, 142) Rv 2:3 (the pf. here expresses the thought that the Ephesian congregation has not become tired to the extent of ‘giving up’). ἔκ τινος from someth. ἐκ τῆς ὁδοιπορίας from the journey J 4:6 (cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 321 ὑπὸ τῆς ὁδοιπορίας κεκοπωμένοι; Is 40:31). οἱ κοπιῶντες those who are weary (Diocles 142 p. 186, 28; cp. 1QH 8:36) Mt 11:28 (s. φορτίζω).② to exert oneself physically, mentally, or spiritually, work hard, toil, strive, struggle (Vett. Val. 266, 6; Syntipas p. 107, 15; POslo 160, 1; Philo, Mut. Nom. 254, Cher. 41), abs. (Aesop, Fab. 391 P.) Mt 6:28; Lk 5:5; 12:27; J 4:38b; 21:6 v.l.; Ac 20:35; 1 Cor 4:12; 16:16; Eph 4:28; 2 Ti 2:6. τὶ labor for someth. (En 103:9 κόπους κ.) J 4:38a. πολλά work hard Ro 16:6, 12b; Hs 5, 6, 2; 2 Cl 7:1. περισσότερον 1 Cor 15:10. κ. ἔν τινι work at something (Sir 6:19) ἐν λόγῳ καὶ διδασκαλίᾳ work hard at preaching and teaching 1 Ti 5:17. διὰ λόγου labor by word of mouth B 19:10. The sphere in which the work is done: ἐν ὑμῖν among you 1 Th 5:12. The manner: ἐν κυρίῳ Ro 16:12ab; εἴς τινα κ. work hard for someone vs. 6; Gal 4:11. εἰς τοῦτο for this 1 Ti 4:10. εἰς ὸ̔ κοπιῶ this is what I am toiling for Col 1:29. εἰς κενόν toil in vain (cp. Is 49:4 κενῶς ἐκοπίασα; 65:23 κοπιάσουσιν εἰς κενόν; TestJob 24:2) Phil 2:16. Also εἰς μάτην (Ps 126:1) Hs 9, 4, 8.—B. 312. DELG s.v. κόπτω A1. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
104 χαλεπός
χαλεπός, ή, όν (s. next entry; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol, Philo; Jos., Ant. 4, 1 βίος, 13, 422 νόσος; Just., D. 1, 5; Tat.; comp. χαλεπώτερα Just., A II, 2, 6) pert. to being troublesome, hard, difficult καιροὶ χ. hard times, times of stress 2 Ti 3:1. Of words that are hard to bear and penetrate deeply (Hes., Works 332; Dio Chrys. 49 [66], 19) Hv 1, 4, 2 (w. σκληρός). Of pers. (Od. 1, 198; Chion, Ep. 15, 1f; SIG 780, 31; EpArist 289; Jos., Ant. 15, 98) hard to deal with, violent, dangerous Mt 8:28. Of animals (Pla., Pol. 274b; Ps.-X., Cyneg. 10, 23; Dio Chrys. 5, 5) B 4:5 (comp.). In the sense bad, evil (Cebes 6, 2 of the πόμα of Ἀπάτη) τὰ ἔργα τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῆς πονηρίας χ. ἐστι the deeds of the angel of wickedness are evil Hm 6, 2, 10.—Subst. τὰ χ. (that which is) evil (X., Mem. 2, 1, 23; POxy 1242, 36) MPol 11:1 (opp. τὰ δίκαια). ἀρχὴ πάντων χαλεπῶν φιλαργυρία everything that is acrimonious begins with love of money Pol 4:1 (cp. 1 Ti 6:10).—B. 651. DELG. M-M. Spicq. -
105 ίψεται
ἴπτομαιpress hard: aor subj mp 3rd sg (epic)ἴπτομαιpress hard: fut ind mp 3rd sgἴ̱ψεται, ἴπτομαιpress hard: futperf ind mp 3rd sg -
106 ἴψεται
ἴπτομαιpress hard: aor subj mp 3rd sg (epic)ἴπτομαιpress hard: fut ind mp 3rd sgἴ̱ψεται, ἴπτομαιpress hard: futperf ind mp 3rd sg -
107 αντιτυπία
ἀντιτυπίᾱ, ἀντιτυπίαresistance of a hard body: fem nom /voc /acc dualἀντιτυπίᾱ, ἀντιτυπίαresistance of a hard body: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)——————ἀντιτυπίᾱͅ, ἀντιτυπίαresistance of a hard body: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic) -
108 ασθμαίνη
ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres subj mp 2nd sgἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres ind mp 2nd sgἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres subj act 3rd sg -
109 ἀσθμαίνῃ
ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres subj mp 2nd sgἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres ind mp 2nd sgἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres subj act 3rd sg -
110 διαγυμνάζη
διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: pres subj mp 2nd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: pres ind mp 2nd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: pres subj act 3rd sg -
111 διαγυμνάζῃ
διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: pres subj mp 2nd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: pres ind mp 2nd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: pres subj act 3rd sg -
112 διαγυμνάσαι
διαγυμνά̱σᾱͅ, διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: fut part act fem dat sg (doric)διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor inf actδιαγυμνάσαῑ, διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor opt act 3rd sg -
113 διαγυμνάσας
διαγυμνά̱σᾱς, διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: fut part act fem acc pl (doric)διαγυμνά̱σᾱς, διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: fut part act fem gen sg (doric)διαγυμνάσᾱς, διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor part act masc nom /voc sg (attic epic ionic) -
114 διαγυμνάση
διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor subj mid 2nd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor subj act 3rd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: fut ind mid 2nd sg -
115 διαγυμνάσῃ
διαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor subj mid 2nd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: aor subj act 3rd sgδιαγυμνάζωkeep in hard exercise: fut ind mid 2nd sg -
116 διανιψόμεθα
διά, ἀνά-ἴπτομαιpress hard: aor subj mp 1st pl (epic)διά, ἀνά-ἴπτομαιpress hard: fut ind mp 1st plδιανῑψόμεθα, διά, ἀνά-ἴπτομαιpress hard: futperf ind mp 1st plδιανῑψόμεθα, διά-νίφωaor subj mid 1st pl (epic)διανῑψόμεθα, διά-νίφωfut ind mid 1st plδιά-νίζωwash the hands: aor subj mid 1st pl (epic)διά-νίζωwash the hands: fut ind mid 1st pl -
117 διατετριμμένα
διατετρῑμμένα, διατρίβωrub hard: perf part mp neut nom /voc /acc plδιατετρῑμμένᾱ, διατρίβωrub hard: perf part mp fem nom /voc /acc dualδιατετρῑμμένᾱ, διατρίβωrub hard: perf part mp fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic) -
118 διατρίβετε
διατρί̱βετε, διατρίβωrub hard: pres imperat act 2nd plδιατρί̱βετε, διατρίβωrub hard: pres ind act 2nd plδιατρί̱βετε, διατρίβωrub hard: imperf ind act 2nd pl (homeric ionic) -
119 διατρίβητε
διατρίβωrub hard: aor imperat pass 2nd plδιατρί̱βητε, διατρίβωrub hard: pres subj act 2nd plδιατρίβωrub hard: aor ind pass 2nd pl (homeric ionic) -
120 διατρίψει
διάτριψιςgrinding: fem nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic)διατρίψεϊ, διάτριψιςgrinding: fem dat sg (epic)διάτριψιςgrinding: fem dat sg (attic ionic)διατρί̱ψει, διατρίβωrub hard: aor subj act 3rd sg (epic)διατρί̱ψει, διατρίβωrub hard: fut ind mid 2nd sgδιατρί̱ψει, διατρίβωrub hard: fut ind act 3rd sg
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Hard — (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos, strength … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard and fast — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard cancer — Hard Hard (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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