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121 mutual

['mju: uəl]
adjective

1) (given etc by each of two or more to the other(s): mutual help; Their dislike was mutual.) gensidig

2) (common to, or shared by, two or more: a mutual friend.) fælles

•

- mutually

* * *
['mju: uəl]
adjective

1) (given etc by each of two or more to the other(s): mutual help; Their dislike was mutual.) gensidig

2) (common to, or shared by, two or more: a mutual friend.) fælles

•

- mutually

English-Danish dictionary > mutual
122 enough

[ɪ'nʌf] I
avverbio abbastanza, sufficientemente

big enough for us — abbastanza grande per noi

big enough to hold 50 people — abbastanza grande per contenere 50 persone

to eat enough — mangiare abbastanza

it's a common enough complaint — è un reclamo piuttosto frequente

you're not trying hard enough — ci stai provando senza sforzarti abbastanza

is he old enough to vote? — ha l'età per votare?

curiously enough, I like her — per quanto possa sembrare strano, mi piace

she said she would do it and sure enough she did — disse che l'avrebbe fatto e così è stato
II 1.
determinante abbastanza, sufficiente

enough money, seats — abbastanza soldi, sedie
2.
pronome

will that be enough (money)? — basterà?

there's more than enough for everybody — ce n'è più che a sufficienza per tutti

is there enough? — ce n'è abbastanza?

have you had enough to eat? — avete mangiato a sufficienza?

I've had enough of him — ne ho abbastanza di lui

I've had enough of working for one day — ho lavorato abbastanza per oggi

I've got enough to worry about — ho già abbastanza preoccupazioni

I think you have said enough — penso che tu abbia parlato abbastanza

once was enough for me! — una volta mi è bastata!

that's enough (from you)! — basta!

enough said! — ho capito!

enough's enough — basta così

••

enough is as good as a feast — prov. il troppo stroppia
••
Note:

When used as a determiner or a pronoun, enough is generally translated by abbastanza, which may either precede or follow the noun: we haven't bought enough meat = non abbiamo comprato abbastanza carne; there's enough meat for two meals / six people = c'è carne abbastanza per due pasti / sei persone; have you got enough chairs? = avete abbastanza sedie? will there be enough? = ce ne sarà abbastanza? (note that if the sentence does not specify what there is enough of, the pronoun ne, meaning of it / of them, must be added before the verb in Italian). - For more examples and particular usages, see the entry below

* * *
1. adjective
(in the number or quantity etc needed: Have you enough money to pay for the books?; food enough for everyone.) abbastanza
2. pronoun
(the amount needed: He has had enough to eat; I've had enough of her rudeness.) abbastanza
3. adverb
1) (to the degree needed: Is it hot enough?; He swam well enough to pass the test.) abbastanza

2) (one must admit; you must agree: She's pretty enough, but not beautiful; Oddly enough, it isn't raining.) abbastanza

* * *
[ɪ'nʌf] I
avverbio abbastanza, sufficientemente

big enough for us — abbastanza grande per noi

big enough to hold 50 people — abbastanza grande per contenere 50 persone

to eat enough — mangiare abbastanza

it's a common enough complaint — è un reclamo piuttosto frequente

you're not trying hard enough — ci stai provando senza sforzarti abbastanza

is he old enough to vote? — ha l'età per votare?

curiously enough, I like her — per quanto possa sembrare strano, mi piace

she said she would do it and sure enough she did — disse che l'avrebbe fatto e così è stato
II 1.
determinante abbastanza, sufficiente

enough money, seats — abbastanza soldi, sedie
2.
pronome

will that be enough (money)? — basterà?

there's more than enough for everybody — ce n'è più che a sufficienza per tutti

is there enough? — ce n'è abbastanza?

have you had enough to eat? — avete mangiato a sufficienza?

I've had enough of him — ne ho abbastanza di lui

I've had enough of working for one day — ho lavorato abbastanza per oggi

I've got enough to worry about — ho già abbastanza preoccupazioni

I think you have said enough — penso che tu abbia parlato abbastanza

once was enough for me! — una volta mi è bastata!

that's enough (from you)! — basta!

enough said! — ho capito!

enough's enough — basta così

••

enough is as good as a feast — prov. il troppo stroppia
••
Note:

When used as a determiner or a pronoun, enough is generally translated by abbastanza, which may either precede or follow the noun: we haven't bought enough meat = non abbiamo comprato abbastanza carne; there's enough meat for two meals / six people = c'è carne abbastanza per due pasti / sei persone; have you got enough chairs? = avete abbastanza sedie? will there be enough? = ce ne sarà abbastanza? (note that if the sentence does not specify what there is enough of, the pronoun ne, meaning of it / of them, must be added before the verb in Italian). - For more examples and particular usages, see the entry below

English-Italian dictionary > enough
123 reason

1.
['riːzn]noun

1) (cause) Grund, der

there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so

all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

with reason — aus gutem Grund

2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren

you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

stand to reason — unzweifelhaft sein

not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

see reason — zur Einsicht kommen

it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
2. intransitive verb
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)

2)

reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

you can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. transitive verb
schlussfolgern

ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/90768/reason_out">reason out

* * *

rea·son

[ˈri:z^ən]

I. n

1. (cause) Grund m ( for für + akk)

the \reason [that] I'm asking is that... der Grund, warum ich frage, ist, dass...

for \reasons best known to herself, she's decided to... aus Gründen, die nur sie allein kennt, hat sie beschlossen zu...

there's no \reason to complain es gibt keinen Anlass, sich zu beschweren

give me one good \reason why I should stay nenne mir einen guten Grund, warum ich bleiben sollte

for \reasons of health aus gesundheitlichen Gründen

not guilty by \reason of insanity LAW nicht schuldig wegen Unzurechnungsfähigkeit

for \reasons of state aus Gründen der Staatsräson

there is every \reason to believe that... es spricht alles dafür, dass...

to have good/every [good]/no \reason to do sth guten/allen/keinen Grund haben, etw zu tun

the police have every good \reason to believe that... die Polizei hat allen Grund zur Annahme, dass...

for no obvious/particular \reason aus keinem ersichtlichen/besonderen Grund

for personal \reasons aus persönlichen Gründen

for some \reason aus irgendeinem Grund

by \reason of sth aufgrund [o wegen] einer S. gen

the \reason why [der Grund,] warum

the \reason why he did it was a mystery to us all [der Grund,] warum er es getan hast, war uns allen ein Rätsel

I'd like to know the \reason why ich wüsste gern, warum [o weshalb]

and that's the \reason why we decided against it und deshalb [o darum] haben wir uns dagegen entschieden

and that's the \reason why! und das ist der Grund dafür!

2. no pl (good cause) Grund m

to do sth with \reason etw aus gutem Grund tun

she was furious, and with \reason sie war wütend, und das aus gutem Grund

there is \reason to believe that... es gibt Grund zur Annahme, dass

to have \reason to believe that... Grund zur Annahme haben, dass...

3. no pl (power to think) Denkvermögen nt

the power of \reason logisches Denkvermögen

4. no pl (common sense) Vernunft f

there was \reason in what he said was er sagte, klang vernünftig

the Age of R\reason das Zeitalter der Vernunft

to reach the age of \reason vernünftig werden

to be [or go] beyond all \reason vollkommen unsinnig sein

to bring sb to \reason jdn zur Vernunft bringen

to see [or listen to] \reason auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't listen to \reason sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen

it stands to \reason that... es ist logisch, dass...

within \reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens

you can choose your own gift, within \reason wenn es im Rahmen bleibt, kannst du dir dein Geschenk selbst aussuchen

we'll do anything within \reason to... wir werden alles was in unserer Macht steht tun, um...

5. no pl (sanity) Verstand m

to lose one's \reason den Verstand verlieren

II. vi

1. (form judgments)

▪ to \reason from sth von etw dat ausgehen

\reasoning from past experience, she was convinced that... aufgrund ihrer [früheren] Erfahrung war sie davon überzeugt, dass...

2. (persuade)

▪ to \reason with sb vernünftig mit jdm reden

the police \reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go die Polizei versuchte, die Kidnapper [dazu] zu überreden, wenigstens die Kinder freizulassen

▪ to \reason with sb that... versuchen, jdm klarzumachen, dass...

III. vt

1. (deduce)

▪ to \reason that... schlussfolgern, dass...

▪ to \reason from sth that... aus etw [schluss]folgern [o schließen], dass...

from the suitcase in the passage, Gerald \reasoned that his aunt had arrived aus dem Koffer im Gang schloss Gerald, dass seine Tante eingetroffen war

2. (persuade)

▪ to \reason sb into sth jdn zu etw dat überreden

I \reasoned him into telling the truth ich überredete ihn, die Wahrheit zu sagen

▪ to \reason sb out of sth jdm etw ausreden

we have to \reason him out of giving up his studies wir müssen ihm die Idee ausreden, sein Studium aufzugeben

* * *
['riːzn]
1. n

1) (= cause, justification) Grund m (for für)

reason for living or being — Grund m zum Leben

my reason for going, the reason for my going — (der Grund,) weshalb ich gehe/gegangen bin

to give sb reason for complaint — jdm Anlass or Grund zu Klagen geben

the police had no reason to interfere — die Polizei hatte keinen Grund einzugreifen; (but did) die Polizei hat ohne Grund eingegriffen

what's the reason for this celebration? — aus welchem Anlass wird hier gefeiert?

I want to know the reason why — ich möchte wissen, weshalb

and that's the reason why... — und deshalb...

and that's the reason why! — und das ist der Grund dafür!

I have (good) reason/every reason to believe that... — ich habe (guten) Grund/allen Grund anzunehmen, dass...

there is reason to believe that... — es gibt Gründe zu glauben, dass...

there is every reason to believe... — es spricht alles dafür...

for that very reason — eben deswegen

with (good) reason — mit gutem Grund, mit Recht

without any reason — ohne jeden Grund or Anlass, grundlos

for no reason at all — ohne ersichtlichen Grund

for no particular/apparent reason — ohne einen bestimmten/ersichtlichen Grund

why did you do that? – no particular reason — warum haben Sie das gemacht? – einfach nur so

for no other reason than that... —

for some reason (or ( an)other) — aus irgendeinem Grund

for reasons best known to himself/myself — aus unerfindlichen/bestimmten Gründen

all the more reason for doing it or to do it — umso mehr Grund, das zu tun

by reason of — wegen (+gen)

for reasons of State this was never disclosed — die Staatsräson machte die Geheimhaltung erforderlich

2) no pl (= mental faculty) Verstand m

to lose one's reason —

to reach the age of reason — verständig werden

the Age of Reason (Hist) — das Zeitalter der Vernunft

3) no pl (= common sense) Vernunft f

the voice of reason — die Stimme der Vernunft

to listen to reason — auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören

he won't listen to reason — er lässt sich (dat) nichts sagen

he's beyond reason — ihm ist mit Vernunft nicht beizukommen

that stands to reason — das ist logisch

we'll do anything within reason to... — wir tun alles, was in unserer Macht steht, um zu...

you can have anything within reason — Sie können alles haben, solange es sich in Grenzen hält

2. vi

1) (= think logically) vernünftig or logisch denken

the ability to reason — logisches Denkvermögen

2)

(= argue) to reason (with sb) — vernünftig mit jdm reden

there's no reasoning with him — mit ihm kann man nicht vernünftig reden

3. vt

1)

to reason sb out of sth — jdm etw ausreden

to reason sb into sth — jdn zu etw überreden

to reason why/what... — sich (dat) klarmachen, warum/was...

ours is not to reason why — es steht uns nicht an zu fragen, warum

he reasoned that if we hurried we could get there by 6 o'clock — er argumentierte, dass wir um 6.00 Uhr dort ankommen könnten, wenn wir uns beeilen würden, er rechnete vor, dass wir bis 6.00 Uhr dort sein könnten

2) (= deduce) schließen, folgern; (verbally) argumentieren; (= work out) problem durchdenken

* * *

reason [ˈriːzn]

A s

1. (Beweg)Grund m (of, for gen, für), Ursache f ( for gen), Anlass m ( for gen, zu, für):

have (no) reason to do sth (keinen) Grund oder (keine) Veranlassung haben, etwas zu tun;

have reasons to celebrate Grund zum Feiern haben;

I have my reasons for saying this ich sage das nicht von ungefähr;

the reason why (der Grund,) weshalb;

for the same reason aus dem gleichen Grund oder Anlass;

for one reason or another aus irgendeinem Grund;

for reasons of health aus Gesundheitsgründen;

for reasons of space aus Platzgründen;

he did this for reasons best known to himself aus unerfindlichen Gründen; if sth like this happens, it is for a reason dann hat das (s)einen Grund;

by reason of wegen, infolge (gen);

with reason aus gutem Grund, mit Recht;

without any reason

a) auch for no reason grundlos, ohne Grund

b) völlig grundlos, ohne den geringsten Grund;

without good reason ohne triftigen Grund;

not without reason nicht ohne Grund, nicht umsonst;

there is (no) reason to suppose that … es besteht (kein) Grund zu der Annahme, dass …;

there is every reason to believe that … alles spricht dafür, dass …;

there is good reason for optimism es gibt guten Grund, optimistisch zu sein;

all the more reason ein Grund mehr (for doing, to do zu tun)

2. Begründung f, Rechtfertigung f:

reasons pl of state Staatsräson f

3. (ohne art) Vernunft f:

a) Verstand m

b) Einsicht f:

within reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens;

there is reason in what you say was du sagst, hat Hand und Fuß;

be ( oder go) beyond all reason völlig überzogen sein (Forderungen etc);

bring sb to reason jemanden zur Vernunft oder Räson bringen;

lose one’s reason den Verstand verlieren;

listen to reason Vernunft annehmen;

regain one’s reason wieder zur Vernunft kommen;

it stands to reason that … es leuchtet ein, dass …; es ist (doch wohl) klar, dass …

4. (ohne art) PHIL Vernunbft f (Ggs Verstand): → age A 4

5. → premise² 1 a

B v/i

1. logisch denken, vernünftig urteilen

2. (with) vernünftig reden (mit), (jemandem) gut zureden, (jemanden) zu überzeugen suchen:

he is not to be reasoned with er lässt nicht mit sich reden

C v/t

1. schließen, folgern ( beide:

from aus)

2. oft reason out (logisch) durchdenken:

reasoned wohldurchdacht

3. zu dem Schluss kommen ( that dass)

4. ergründen ( what was; why warum)

5. (vernünftig) erörtern:

reason away etwas wegdiskutieren

6. jemanden durch Argumente überzeugen:

reason sb into (out of) sth jemandem etwas ein-(aus)reden

7. begründen

8. logisch formulieren

* * *
1.
['riːzn]noun

1) (cause) Grund, der

there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

no particular reason — (as answer) einfach so

all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

for no obvious reason — aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

with reason — aus gutem Grund

2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

lose one's reason — den Verstand verlieren

you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

stand to reason — unzweifelhaft sein

not listen to reason — sich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

see reason — zur Einsicht kommen

it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...
2. intransitive verb
1) schlussfolgern ( from aus)

2)

reason with — diskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

you can't reason with her — mit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden
3. transitive verb
schlussfolgern

ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

Phrasal Verbs:

- reason out

* * *

n.

Anlass -¨e m.

Grund ¨-e m.

Ursache -n f.

Vernunft f.

Verstand -¨e m. v.

argumentieren v.

logisch denken ausdr.

venünftig reden ausdr.

vernünftig urteilen ausdr.

überlegen v.

English-german dictionary > reason
124 sense

sens
1. сущ.
1) а) чувство, ощущение;
восприятие to dull the senses ≈ притуплять чувства to have keen/quick senses ≈ остро чувствовать, ощущать to sharpen the senses ≈ обострять чувства intuitive sense ≈ интуитивное чувство a sense of humour ≈ чувство юмора a sense of failure ≈ сознание неудачи five senses sixth sense sense of proportion Syn: feeling б) общее настроение;
атмосфера, дух Syn: aura, mood, spirit
2) мн. разум, сознание have you taken leave (или are you out) of your senses? ≈ с ума вы сошли? to lose one's senses ≈ потерять сознание;
брякнуться в обморок to frighten/scare smb. out of his senses ≈ напугать кого-л. до потери сознания
3) здравый смысл, склад ума (тж. common sense, good sense, horse sense) ;
ум to display, show sense ≈ проявлять здравый смысл a grain of sense ≈ крупица здравого смысла They don't have the sense to admit defeat. ≈ У них не хватает здравого смысла, чтобы признать поражение. to bring smb. to her/his senses ≈ доводить что-л. до чьего-л. ума to take leave of one's senses talk sense ≈говорить дельно, разумно He is talking sense. ≈ Он дело говорит. Syn: wisdom
4) смысл;
значение (слова) ;
резон, обоснованность( каких-л. действий и т. п.) to make no sense ≈ иметь смысл figurative sense narrow sense strict sense in a sense in all senses in no sense
2. гл.
1) ощущать, чувствовать Syn: feel, become aware
2) понимать чувство - the five *s пять чувств - * of hearing слух - sixth * шестое чувство, интуиция - inner * внутренний голос;
внутреннее ощущение - * organs органы чувств - dogs have an acute * of smell у собак острое обоняние /хорошее чутье, нюх/ ощущение, восприятие - a * of pain ощущение боли - a * of time чувство времени - a * of locality чувство пространства - a high * of duty высокое чувство долга - aesthetic * эстетический вкус /-ое чутье/ - a * of colour понимание колорита, умение подбирать цвета - a keen * of humour тонкое чувство юмора - a high * of one's importance большое самомнение - to do smth. out of /from/ a * of duty делать что-л. из чувства долга - to have no * of proportion быть лишенным чувства меры - to lack all * of beauty не иметь чувства прекрасного - he has no stage * он совершенно не чувствует /не понимает законов/ сцены сознание, рассудок - in one's right *s в здравом уме - are you in your right *s? ты что - рехнулся? - to be out of one's *s (разговорное) свихнуться, спятить, быть не в своем уме - to recover /to regain/ one's *s прийти в себя /в сознание/ - to lose one's *s сойти с ума - to take leave of one's *s (разговорное) сойти с ума, рехнуться - to be frightened out of one's *s перепугаться до полусмерти /до обморока/;
одуреть от страха - no man in his *s would have done so так поступить мог только сумасшедший /лишенный здравого смысла/ разум - * comes with age разум приходит с годами - he has no * он не отличается благоразумием - to bring smb. to his *s образумить кого-л. - to come to one's *s образумиться, прийти в себя - to act against all * действовать /поступать/ неразумно здравый смысл (тж. common *) - a man of * разумный /здравомыслящий/ человек - to show good * проявить здравый смысл - to appeal to smb.'s good /common/ * взывать к чьему-л. здравому смыслу - to talk * говорить разумно /дельно/ - there is no * in doing this нет смысла /не стоит/ делать это - to have too much * to do smth., to have more * than to do smth. быть достаточно умным, чтобы сделать что-л. /не сделать чего-л./ - to make use of one's *s (разговорное) шевелить мозгами, думать - use a little *! (разговорное) шевели мозгами!, подумай! - he had the good * to make a wise choice у него хватило ума /здравого смысла/ сделать правильный выбор значение, важность( чего-л.) - to make * иметь смысл, быть нужным - this decision makes * это решение имеет смысл - it doesn't make *, it makes no * at all это лишено всякого смысла;
это вздор /чушь/ - his attitude doesn't make * его отношение трудно понять - I cannot make out the * of... не могу понять смысла (чего-л.) значение - strict * точное значение - archaic * устаревшее значение - in the narrow * of the word в узком значении этого слова - in the best * of the term в лучшем смысле этого слова - in a (certain) * в некотором смысле, до некоторой степени - in no * ни в каком смысле, ни в каком отношении - in no * a genius отнюдь не гений - in every * во всех отношениях - the marriage was in every * happy брак был во всех отношениях счастливым - in more *s than one и притом во многих значениях этого слова;
и притом во многих отношениях - the word has acquired an disparaging * это слово приобрело неодобрительный оттенок общее настроение, дух - to take the * of the meeting определить настроение /мнение/ собрания (путем голосования, опроса) ;
поставить вопрос на голосование - the * of the conference was manifest отношение конференции (к этому вопросу) было очевидным (специальное) направление - * of rotation направление вращения - * finder определитель направления > deprivation of *s сенсорная депривация;
выключение органов чувств (при тренировке космонавтов и т. п.) чувствовать, осознавать - to * danger чуять опасность - he *d our hostility он почувствовал наше враждебное отношение - I had *d as much я так и думал, я это предвидел понимать, отдавать себе отчет - she fully *d the danger of her position она целиком отдавала себе отчет в опасности своего положения all-inclusive ~ широкий смысл to come to one's ~s взяться за ум;
to frighten (или to scare) (smb.) out of his senses напугать (кого-л.) до потери сознания to come to one's ~s прийти в себя community ~ общественное значение ~ чувство;
ощущение;
the five senses пять чувств;
sixth sense шестое чувство, интуиция to come to one's ~s взяться за ум;
to frighten (или to scare) (smb.) out of his senses напугать (кого-л.) до потери сознания good ~ здравый смысл to have keen (или quick) ~s остро чувствовать, ощущать ~ pl сознание;
разум;
in one's senses в своем уме;
have you taken leave (или are you out) of your senses? с ума вы сошли? to talk ~ говорить дельно, разумно;
he is talking sense он дело говорит horse ~ разг. грубоватый здравый смысл in the strict(est) (или true) ~ of the word в (самом) точном значении слова;
in a good sense в хорошем смысле (слова) in a literal ~ в буквальном смысле слова;
in a sense в известном смысле, до известной степени in a literal ~ в буквальном смысле слова;
in a sense в известном смысле, до известной степени in all ~s во всех смыслах, во всех отношениях;
in no sense ни в каком отношении in all ~s во всех смыслах, во всех отношениях;
in no sense ни в каком отношении ~ pl сознание;
разум;
in one's senses в своем уме;
have you taken leave (или are you out) of your senses? с ума вы сошли? in the strict(est) (или true) ~ of the word в (самом) точном значении слова;
in a good sense в хорошем смысле (слова) ~ смысл, значение;
it makes no sense в этом нет смысла legal ~ юридический смысл a ~ of duty чувство долга;
a sense of humour чувство юмора a ~ of failure сознание неудачи;
a sense of proportion чувство меры ~ of justice смысл правосудия ~ of justice чувство справедливости a ~ of failure сознание неудачи;
a sense of proportion чувство меры ~ чувство;
ощущение;
the five senses пять чувств;
sixth sense шестое чувство, интуиция ~ настроение;
to take the senses of the meeting определить настроение собрания посредством голосования to talk ~ говорить дельно, разумно;
he is talking sense он дело говорит widest ~ в самом широком смысле

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sense
125 public broadcasting service

1) СМИ., гос. упр. общественное вещание (вещание некоммерческих СМИ на средства, собранные со слушателей и телезрителей)

2) СМИ, гос. упр. = !
"
может быть, просто ""public broadcasting"", а не ""public broadcasting service""?
"
???

!
"
The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 354 member TV stations in the United States, with some member stations available over the air and by cable in Canada. While the term ""broadcasting"" encompasses both radio and television, PBS only covers TV; public radio in the United States is served by National Public Radio, as well as content providers American Public Media, and Public Radio International.
"
PBS was founded on November 3, 1969,[1\] at which time it took over many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET) (which merged with station WNDT Newark, New Jersey to form WNET). It commenced broadcasting on Monday, October 5, 1970. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations.

PBS is a non-profit, private corporation which is owned collectively by its member stations.[2\] However, its operations are largely funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Its headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia.

Unlike the commercial television broadcast model of American networks such as ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, The CW and MyNetworkTV, in which affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for network programming, PBS member stations pay substantial fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization.
"
This relationship means that PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly from market to market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism and PBS strives to market a consistent national line-up. However, PBS has a policy of ""common carriage"" requiring most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common schedule, so that they can be more effectively marketed on a national basis. This setup is in many ways similar to the pre-2002 British ITV system of having some ""networked"" programs shown nationwide on all network contractors, and the remainder of scheduling being up to individual affiliates.
" "
Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS has no central program production arm or news department. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary, or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. WGBH in Boston is one of the largest producers of educational programming. News programs are produced by WETA-TV in Washington, D.C., WNET in New York and WPBT in Miami. The Charlie Rose interview show, Secrets of the Dead, NOW, Nature, Cyberchase, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer come from or through WNET in New York. Once a program is offered to and accepted by PBS for distribution, PBS (and not the member station that supplied the program) retains exclusive rights for rebroadcasts during the period for which such rights were granted; the suppliers do maintain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, and sometimes PBS licensed merchandise (but sometimes grant such ancillary rights as well to PBS).
" "
PBS stations are commonly operated by non-profit organizations, state agencies, local authorities (e.g., municipal boards of education), or universities in their community of license. In some states, PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional ""subnetwork"" (e.g., Alabama Public Television). Unlike Canada's CBC/SRC, PBS does not own any of the stations that broadcast its programming. This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical license issues.
"
In the modern broadcast marketplace, this organizational structure is considered outmoded by some media critics. A common restructuring proposal is to reorganize the network so that each state would have one PBS affiliate which would broadcast state-wide. However, this proposal is controversial, as it would reduce local community input into PBS programming, especially considering how PBS stations are significantly more community-oriented, according to the argument, than their commercial counterparts.

* * *

Общественное вещание

Англо-русский экономический словарь > public broadcasting service
126 to

{tu}
I. 1. nред гласна, пред съгласна, под ударение, prep движение, посока в, до, на, към, за, при
to come TO the surface излизам на повърхността
TO the right/left/south, etc. надясно, наляво, на юг и пр
2. място до, на
to apply polish TO the table слагам лак на/лакирам масата
with one's hands TO one's eyes с ръце на очи
ready TO (one's) hand подръка, наръки, наблизо
next door TO us до нас, до нашата къща
3. със знач. на дателен падеж с глаголи като give, send, lend, etc. на
give it TO her дай и го, дай го на нея
4. въвежда предложно допълнение с глаголи като apply, object, refer, be/get accustomed, etc. на, към, с
5. лично отношение на, към, за
pleasant/revolting TO приятен/противен на/за
lost/blind/dead/favourable TO изгубен/сляп/мъртъв/благоприятен за
kind/cruel TO мил/жесток към/с
in regard TO, as TO що се отнася/касае до
what is that TO you? теб какво ти става? какво те засяга
6. граница, степен, предел до, на
TO perfection/death/tears до съвършенство/смърт/сълзи
TO the last breath до последния си дъх
TO all eternity навеки
TO a man до последния човек, до един, до крак
TO the best of my knowledge/ability доколкото знам/мога
generous TO a fault прекомерно щедър
7. начин по
made TO order/measure направен по поръчка/мярка
drawn TO scale рисуван/начертан по мащаб
8. резултат за
TO my surprise/joy/disappointment, etc. за моя изненада/радост/разочарование
9. спрямо, към, по отношение на, в сравнение с
ten TO one десет към/на едно
to prefer one thing TO another предпочитам едно нещо пред друго
it's nothing TO what I expected това не e нищо в сравнение с онова, което очаквах
perpendicular/parallel TO перпендикулярен/успореден на
superior/inferior TO по-добър/по-лош по качество и пр. от
10. съотношение по количество, брой по
ten apples TO the kilo (по) десет ябълки в килограм
twenty cigarettes TO the box по 20 цигари на/в кутия
11. цел на, за, в чест на
to sit down TO dinner сядам на обед/да обядвам
TO this end за тази цел
to come TO someone's aid/help притичам се на помощ на някого
a hymn TO the sun химн/възхвала на слънцето
a monument TO паметник на/за/в чест на
12. прибавяне към, на
to add TO прибавям към
13. притежание, принадлежност на, от
brother/secretary/heir TO брат/секретар/наследник на
an exception TO a rule изключение от правило
common/natural/peculiar TO общ/естествен/характерен за
to have a right/title TO имам право на
to have a flat TO oneself живея сам в апартамент, имам апартамент на свое разположение
that's all there is TO it това e то/всичко, и толкоз
there is more TO it than that има и нещо друго, това не е всичко
there is no index TO the book към книгата няма азбучен показалец
a box with a lid TO it кутия с капак
a story with a moral TO it поучителна история
14. със съпровод на, с, по, под
to sing TO the piano пея със съпровод на пиано
to dance TO a tune танцувам под звуците на мелодия
to write TO dictation пиша по/под диктовка
15. време до
from... to... от... до...
five minutes TO ten десет часа без пет минути
to come TO someone's call идвам, когато някой ме повика
to fall TO someone blows падам под/от ударите на
there's nothing TO it това не представлява трудност, не е мъчно, много е лесно
II. 1. пред inf за да, за
never TO return за да не се върне никога
good TO drink добър/хубав за пиене
something TO eat нещо за ядене
he is not a man TO be trusted не е човек, на когото може да се вярва
2. замества инфинитива на споменат вече глагол
you may go if you want TO може да си отидете, ако искате
I didn't want to ask but I had TO не исках да питам, но трябваше
III. adv в нормалното/исканото положение, до спиране
to shut/bang the door TO затварям/затръшвам вратата
to come TO свестявам се, идвам на себе си
to bring someone TO свестявам някого

* * *

{tu} nред гласна, пред сьгласна {tъ}, под ударение {tu:}) prep(2) {tu} part 1. пред inf за да, за; never to return за да не се въ{3} {tu:} adv в нормалното/исканото положение; до спиране; to shut

* * *

с, със; при; пред; да; за; за да; към; на;

* * *
1. 1 време до 2. 1 прибавяне към, на 3. 1 притежание, принадлежност на, от 4. 1 със съпровод на, с, по, под 5. 1 цел на, за, в чест на 6. a box with a lid to it кутия с капак 7. a hymn to the sun химн/възхвала на слънцето 8. a monument to паметник на/за/в чест на 9. a story with a moral to it поучителна история 10. an exception to a rule изключение от правило 11. brother/secretary/heir to брат/секретар/наследник на 12. common/natural/peculiar to общ/естествен/характерен за 13. drawn to scale рисуван/начертан по мащаб 14. five minutes to ten десет часа без пет минути 15. from... to... от... до.. 16. generous to a fault прекомерно щедър 17. give it to her дай и го, дай го на нея 18. good to drink добър/хубав за пиене 19. he is not a man to be trusted не е човек, на когото може да се вярва 20. i didn't want to ask but i had to не исках да питам, но трябваше 21. i. nред гласна, пред съгласна, под ударение, prep движение, посока в, до, на, към, за, при 22. ii. пред inf за да, за 23. iii. adv в нормалното/исканото положение, до спиране 24. in regard to, as to що се отнася/касае до 25. it's nothing to what i expected това не e нищо в сравнение с онова, което очаквах 26. kind/cruel to мил/жесток към/с 27. lost/blind/dead/favourable to изгубен/сляп/мъртъв/благоприятен за 28. made to order/measure направен по поръчка/мярка 29. never to return за да не се върне никога 30. next door to us до нас, до нашата къща 31. perpendicular/parallel to перпендикулярен/успореден на 32. pleasant/revolting to приятен/противен на/за 33. ready to (one's) hand подръка, наръки, наблизо 34. something to eat нещо за ядене 35. superior/inferior to по-добър/по-лош по качество и пр. от 36. ten apples to the kilo (по) десет ябълки в килограм 37. ten to one десет към/на едно 38. that's all there is to it това e то/всичко, и толкоз 39. there is more to it than that има и нещо друго, това не е всичко 40. there is no index to the book към книгата няма азбучен показалец 41. there's nothing to it това не представлява трудност, не е мъчно, много е лесно 42. to a man до последния човек, до един, до крак 43. to add to прибавям към 44. to all eternity навеки 45. to apply polish to the table слагам лак на/лакирам масата 46. to bring someone to свестявам някого 47. to come to someone's aid/help притичам се на помощ на някого 48. to come to someone's call идвам, когато някой ме повика 49. to come to the surface излизам на повърхността 50. to come to свестявам се, идвам на себе си 51. to dance to a tune танцувам под звуците на мелодия 52. to fall to someone blows падам под/от ударите на 53. to have a flat to oneself живея сам в апартамент, имам апартамент на свое разположение 54. to have a right/title to имам право на 55. to my surprise/joy/disappointment, etc. за моя изненада/радост/разочарование 56. to perfection/death/tears до съвършенство/смърт/сълзи 57. to prefer one thing to another предпочитам едно нещо пред друго 58. to shut/bang the door to затварям/затръшвам вратата 59. to sing to the piano пея със съпровод на пиано 60. to sit down to dinner сядам на обед/да обядвам 61. to the best of my knowledge/ability доколкото знам/мога 62. to the last breath до последния си дъх 63. to the right/left/south, etc. надясно, наляво, на юг и пр 64. to this end за тази цел 65. to write to dictation пиша по/под диктовка 66. twenty cigarettes to the box по 20 цигари на/в кутия 67. what is that to you? теб какво ти става? какво те засяга 68. with one's hands to one's eyes с ръце на очи 69. you may go if you want to може да си отидете, ако искате 70. въвежда предложно допълнение с глаголи като apply, object, refer, be/get accustomed, etc. на, към, с 71. граница, степен, предел до, на 72. замества инфинитива на споменат вече глагол 73. лично отношение на, към, за 74. място до, на 75. начин по 76. резултат за 77. спрямо, към, по отношение на, в сравнение с 78. съотношение по количество, брой по 79. със знач. на дателен падеж с глаголи като give, send, lend, etc. на
* * *

to (под ударение [tu:], без ударение [tu] пред гласна, [tə] пред съгласна) I. prep 1. за движение, посока в; до; на; към; за; при; a journey ( visit) \to Italy пътуване до (визита в) Италия; a tendency \to тенденция, в посока към; \to horse! на конете! \to arms! на оръжие! \to the right ( left, south, etc.) надясно (наляво, на юг и пр.); 2. със значение на дателен падеж на; to give ( send, lend, etc.) \to давам (изпращам, давам на заем и пр.) на; give it \to me дай ми го; 3. за изразяване на лично отношение на, към, за; lost ( blind, sympathetic, favourable) \to изгубен (сляп, състрадателен, благоприятен) за; loyal ( unfaithful) \to верен (неверен) на; subject \to подлежащ на; in regard \to, as \to що се отнася до; what's it \to you? теб какво те засяга? 4. за граница, предел до, на; starved \to death изгладнял до смърт, умрял от глад; \to a large ( great) extent до голяма степен; \to the last breath до последния си дъх; \to the core ( the marrow) до мозъка на костите, до краен предел, всецяло; \to all eternity навеки; \to the best of my knowledge ( ability) доколкото знам (мога), доколкото ми е известно; generous \to a fault прекомерно щедър; 5. за място до, на; shoulder \to shoulder рамо до рамо, един до друг; 6. за начин по; made \to order ( measure) направен по поръчка (мярка); drawn \to scale рисуван (начертан) по мащаб; 7. за резултат за; \to my relief ( amazement) за мое облекчение (удивление); 8. спрямо, към, пред, в сравнение с; ten \to one десет към (на) едно; to prefer s.th. \to s.th. else предпочитам едно нещо пред друго; it's nothing \to what I expected нищо не е пред (в сравнение с) това, което очаквах; 9. за цел на, за; в чест на; \to this end за тази цел; with a view \to с оглед на; to drink \to пия за (в чест на); a monument \to паметник за (в памет на, в чест на); 10. за прибавяне към, на; to add \to прибавям към; 11. за притежание на, за; brother ( secretary, heir) \to брат (секретар, наследник) на; exception \to a rule изключение на правило; common ( natural, peculiar) \to общ (естествен, характерен) за; key \to the door ключ от (за) вратата; to have a right ( title) \to имам право на; to have \to o.s. имам на свое разположение; that's all there is \to it това е всичко; there is nothing \to it нищо не представлява; 12. с акомпанимент на, с, по; to sing \to the piano пея с (акомпанимент) на пиано; to dance \to a tune танцувам под такта на мелодия; to write \to ( from) dictation пиша под диктовка, по нареждане на; 13. за време до; from... \to от ... до; ten minutes \to six шест без десет; II. частица пред инф. 1. да; за да; за (цел, предназначение); programs set up \to save animals програми, направени с цел спасяването на животните; good \to eat добър за ядене; s.th. \to drink нещо за пиене; he is not the man \to forget his duties той не е човек, който би забравил задълженията си; in years \to come в бъдеще, в идните години; take it if you want \to вземи го, ако искаш; 2. във възклицания; oh, \to think of it! само като си помисля! but then \to be let down like that! но да те разочароват по този начин! така да те разочароват!; III. [tu:] adv 1. в нормалното или исканото положение; до спиране; to shut ( bang) the door \to затварям (затръшвам) вратата; to come \to свестявам се; to bring \to свестявам; 2.: \to and fro назад-напред, нагоре-надолу.

English-Bulgarian dictionary > to
127 mutual

['mjuːtʃʊəl]
aggettivo

1) (reciprocal) mutuo, reciproco

the feeling is mutual — è una cosa reciproca

2) (common) comune

our mutual friend — il nostro comune amico

by mutual agreement — di comune accordo

it is to their mutual advantage — è nel loro comune interesse

3) comm. [ society] mutuo

* * *
['mju: uəl]
adjective

1) (given etc by each of two or more to the other(s): mutual help; Their dislike was mutual.) reciproco

2) (common to, or shared by, two or more: a mutual friend.) comune

•

- mutually

* * *
['mjuːtʃʊəl]
aggettivo

1) (reciprocal) mutuo, reciproco

the feeling is mutual — è una cosa reciproca

2) (common) comune

our mutual friend — il nostro comune amico

by mutual agreement — di comune accordo

it is to their mutual advantage — è nel loro comune interesse

3) comm. [ society] mutuo

English-Italian dictionary > mutual
128 metaphor

метафора

transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, on the similarity of one feature common to two different entities, on possessing one common characteristic, on linguistic semantic nearness, on a common component in their semantic structures.

"pancake" for the "sun" (round, hot, yellow)

"silver dust" and "sequins" for "stars"

The expressiveness is promoted by the implicit simultaneous presence of images of both objects - the one which is actually named and the one which supplies its own "legal" name, while each one enters a phrase in the complexity of its other characteristics.

The wider is the gap between the associated objects the more striking and unexpected - the more expressive - is the metaphor.

His voice was a dagger of corroded brass. (S.Lewis)

They walked alone, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. (W.S.Gilbert)

Source: V.A.K.

••

a) the power of realising two lexical meanings simultaneously

b) a SD when two different phenomena (things, events, ideas, actions) are simultaneously brought to mind by the imposition of some or all of the inherent properties of one object on the other which by nature is deprived of these properties

Source: I.R.G.

••

скрытое сравнение, основанное на ассоциации по сходству, осуществляемое путём применения названия одного предмета к другому и выявляющее таким образом какую-нибудь важную черту второго (I.V.A.)

See: personification, simile, lexical SDs

English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > metaphor

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