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i+nearly+fell

  • 101 let go (of)

    (to stop holding (something): Will you let go of my coat!; When he was nearly at the top of the rope he suddenly let go and fell.) slippe
    * * *
    (to stop holding (something): Will you let go of my coat!; When he was nearly at the top of the rope he suddenly let go and fell.) slippe

    English-Danish dictionary > let go (of)

  • 102 let go (of)

    (to stop holding (something): Will you let go of my coat!; When he was nearly at the top of the rope he suddenly let go and fell.) slippe
    * * *
    (to stop holding (something): Will you let go of my coat!; When he was nearly at the top of the rope he suddenly let go and fell.) slippe

    English-Danish dictionary > let go (of)

  • 103 ganancia

    f.
    1 profit (rendimiento).
    ganancias y pérdidas profit and loss
    ganancia líquida net profit
    2 haul, amount taken.
    * * *
    1 gain, profit
    \
    no (te, le, etc) arriendo la ganancia I wouldn't like to swap places with (you, him, etc)
    * * *
    noun f.
    profit, gain
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=beneficio) gain; (=aumento) increase
    2) pl ganancias (Com, Econ) (=ingresos) earnings; (=beneficios) profits
    3) LAm (=propina) extra, bonus
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Fin) profit
    * * *
    = earnings, gain, profit, profit margin, financial gain.
    Ex. It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.
    Ex. This is likely to lead to shorter and less complex profiles for searches, and the gains will be most obvious in a natural language system.
    Ex. As the quantity increased the printer's capital investment, which was always alarmingly high, rose with it, and his profit as a percentage of investment fell.
    Ex. This article discusses vendors' costs and profit margins and suggests librarians should expect either bigger discounts or more added-value services, but not both.
    Ex. Books are stolen for financial gain or out of an excessive passion for the volumes themselves.
    ----
    * ganancia bruta = gross profit.
    * ganancias = proceeds, return, spoils, winnings.
    * ganancias de la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * impuesto sobre las ganancias = profit(s) tax.
    * margen de ganancia = markup rate, markup [mark-up], profit margin.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * obtener ganancia = gain + benefit.
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Fin) profit
    * * *
    = earnings, gain, profit, profit margin, financial gain.

    Ex: It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.

    Ex: This is likely to lead to shorter and less complex profiles for searches, and the gains will be most obvious in a natural language system.
    Ex: As the quantity increased the printer's capital investment, which was always alarmingly high, rose with it, and his profit as a percentage of investment fell.
    Ex: This article discusses vendors' costs and profit margins and suggests librarians should expect either bigger discounts or more added-value services, but not both.
    Ex: Books are stolen for financial gain or out of an excessive passion for the volumes themselves.
    * ganancia bruta = gross profit.
    * ganancias = proceeds, return, spoils, winnings.
    * ganancias de la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).
    * impuesto sobre las ganancias = profit(s) tax.
    * margen de ganancia = markup rate, markup [mark-up], profit margin.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * obtener ganancia = gain + benefit.

    * * *
    A ( Com, Fin) profit
    las ganancias del año the year's profits
    la empresa sacó muy poca ganancia este año the company made very little profit this year
    estas operaciones dejaron poca(s) ganancia(s) these operations did not produce much profit
    no te/le/les arriendo la ganancia I don't envy you/him/them, I wouldn't like to swap places with you/him/them
    Compuestos:
    ● ganancia líquida or neta
    net profit
    ● ganancia total or bruta
    gross profit
    B ( Audio, Elec) gain
    * * *

     

    ganancia sustantivo femenino (Com, Fin) profit;
    ◊ ganancia neta/bruta net/gross profit;

    ganancia del capital capital gain
    ganancia sustantivo femenino profit
    ♦ Locuciones: no te/le arriendo la ganancia, I wouldn't like to be in your shoes

    ' ganancia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejar
    - embolsarse
    - recaudación
    - sacar
    - utilidad
    English:
    gain
    - windfall
    - margin
    - profit
    - profitably
    * * *
    1. [rendimiento] profit;
    [ingreso] earnings;
    ganancias y pérdidas profit and loss;
    Fam
    no te arriendo la ganancia [no te envidio] I wouldn't like to be in your shoes, I don't envy you
    ganancia bruta gross profit o earnings;
    ganancias de capital capital gains;
    ganancia inesperada windfall profit;
    ganancias invisibles invisible earnings;
    ganancia líquida net profit o earnings;
    ganancia neta net profit o earnings;
    ganancias sobre el papel paper profits;
    ganancia total gross profit o earnings
    2. Elec gain
    3. Chile, Guat, Méx [propina] extra, bonus
    * * *
    f profit
    * * *
    1) : profit
    2) ganancias nfpl
    : winnings, gains
    * * *
    ganancia n profit

    Spanish-English dictionary > ganancia

  • 104 matar

    v.
    lo mataron a puñaladas he was stabbed to death
    ¡me vas a matar a disgustos! you'll be the death of me!
    estar o llevarse a matar (con alguien) to be at daggers drawn (with somebody)
    El pillo ultima a sus víctimas The bandit executes his victims.
    2 to slaughter (animal) (para consumo).
    3 to tone down (apagar) (color).
    4 to round (off).
    * * *
    1 (persona - gen) to kill; (- asesinar) to murder
    2 (animal - gen) to kill; (- para alimentación) to slaughter
    3 familiar (sorprender) to have on, kid
    ■ ¿que se ha fugado? ¡no me mates! he ran away? you're having me on!
    4 familiar (incomodar, causar dolor) to kill; (volver loco) to drive mad
    5 (dejar pasmado) to amaze, stun
    6 (pasar) to kill
    ■ mientras, voy a matar el tiempo dando una vuelta meanwhile, I'll go for a walk just to kill time
    7 (satisfacer - sed) to quench; (- hambre) to stay, stave off
    10 (limar - arista, esquina) to round
    11 (suavizar - color) to tone down
    12 argot (porro, cigarrillo) to stub out
    1 (involuntariamente) to die; (voluntariamente) to kill oneself
    \
    llevarse a matar con alguien to be at daggers drawn with somebody
    matarlas callando to be a wolf in a sheep's clothing
    matarse a trabajar to work oneself to death
    que me maten si... I'll be damned if...
    * * *
    verb
    2) butcher, slaughter
    3) pass, waste
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ persona] to kill; [+ reses, ganado] to kill, slaughter

    que me maten si... — I'll be damned if...

    - entre todos la mataron y ella sola se murió
    2) [+ tiempo, pelota] to kill; [+ sed] to quench; [+ sello] to postmark, cancel; [+ pieza] [en ajedrez] to take; [+ cal] to slake; [+ ángulo, borde] to file down; [+ color] to dull
    3) * (=molestar)
    4) * (=sorprender)

    ¿se van a casar? ¡me has matado! — they're getting married? you're kidding! *

    2.

    no matarás — (Rel) thou shalt not kill

    entrar a matar — (Taur) to go in for the kill

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < persona> to kill; < reses> to slaughter

    entrar a matar — (Taur) to go in for the kill

    entre todos la mataron (y ella sola se murió) — (fr hecha) they are all to blame

    matarlas — (Chi fam) to blow it (colloq)

    es para matarlos — I could murder o kill them (colloq)

    me mataste, no tengo ni idea! — (fam) you've really got me there, I haven't a clue! (colloq)

    2) (fam) < sed> to quench; < tiempo> to kill
    3)
    a) < pelota> to kill
    b) < carta> to cover
    2.
    matar vi ( causar muerte) to kill

    estar or llevarse a matar — to be at daggers drawn

    3.
    matarse v pron
    1)
    b) (refl) ( suicidarse) to kill oneself
    2) (fam)

    me maté estudiando or (Esp) a estudiar — I studied like crazy o mad (colloq)

    b) (Méx fam) ( para un examen) to cram (colloq), to swot (BrE colloq)
    * * *
    = do in, kill, murder, massacre, slaughter, slay.
    Ex. When I saw what he was up to, I drew back for a punch and hit him so hard on the nose that he fell on his back and lay there for some time, so that his wife stood over him and cried out 'Mercy! You've done my husband in!'.
    Ex. He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex. The man who was the real-life Don Juan may not have been murdered for his acts of seduction but for his possible homosexuality and political subversiveness.
    Ex. In the 1994 Rwandan genocide, 800,000 people were massacred.
    Ex. These small small but very sharp flakes were used by hunters to slaughter animals.
    Ex. A bronze statue of David slaying Goliath has been unveiled in Florence today after months of painstaking restoration work.
    ----
    * Algo que se hace para matar el tiempo = time filler.
    * a mata caballo = in a hurry, hurried, hurriedly, helter-skelter.
    * ansias de matar = bloodlust.
    * así me maten = for the life of me.
    * comer Algo para matar el gusanillo = eat + Comida + to keep + Nombre + going.
    * deseo de matar = bloodlust.
    * disparar a matar = shoot to + kill.
    * hay miradas que matan = if looks could kill....
    * incapaz de matar una mosca = wouldn't hurt a fly.
    * licencia para matar = licence to kill.
    * lo que a uno cura a otro mata = one man's meat is another man's poison.
    * máquina de matar = killing machine.
    * matar a alguien = take + life.
    * matar a cuchillazos = stab + Nombre + to death, knife + Nombre + to death.
    * matar a disparos = shoot + Nombre + dead.
    * matar al enemigo = take + no prisoners.
    * matar a palos = beat + Nombre + to death.
    * matar a puñaladas = stab + Nombre + to death, stab + Nombre + to death, knife + Nombre + to death.
    * matar con gas = gas.
    * matar con la mirada = look + daggers at.
    * matar de hambre = starve to + death.
    * matar de un disparo = shoot, fatally + shoot.
    * matar de un manotazo = swat.
    * matar el rato = hang around, hang about, pootle, dawdle.
    * matar el tiempo = kill + time.
    * matar indiscriminadamente = take + no prisoners.
    * matarlas callando = wolf in sheep's clothing.
    * matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * sed de matar = bloodlust.
    * si las miradas mataran... = if looks could kill....
    * tirar a matar = go for + the jugular, deadly force, shoot to + kill.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < persona> to kill; < reses> to slaughter

    entrar a matar — (Taur) to go in for the kill

    entre todos la mataron (y ella sola se murió) — (fr hecha) they are all to blame

    matarlas — (Chi fam) to blow it (colloq)

    es para matarlos — I could murder o kill them (colloq)

    me mataste, no tengo ni idea! — (fam) you've really got me there, I haven't a clue! (colloq)

    2) (fam) < sed> to quench; < tiempo> to kill
    3)
    a) < pelota> to kill
    b) < carta> to cover
    2.
    matar vi ( causar muerte) to kill

    estar or llevarse a matar — to be at daggers drawn

    3.
    matarse v pron
    1)
    b) (refl) ( suicidarse) to kill oneself
    2) (fam)

    me maté estudiando or (Esp) a estudiar — I studied like crazy o mad (colloq)

    b) (Méx fam) ( para un examen) to cram (colloq), to swot (BrE colloq)
    * * *
    = do in, kill, murder, massacre, slaughter, slay.

    Ex: When I saw what he was up to, I drew back for a punch and hit him so hard on the nose that he fell on his back and lay there for some time, so that his wife stood over him and cried out 'Mercy! You've done my husband in!'.

    Ex: He was looking for the book 'Flowers and Bullets and Freedom to kill' = Estaba buscando el libro "Flores, balas y libertad para matar".
    Ex: The man who was the real-life Don Juan may not have been murdered for his acts of seduction but for his possible homosexuality and political subversiveness.
    Ex: In the 1994 Rwandan genocide, 800,000 people were massacred.
    Ex: These small small but very sharp flakes were used by hunters to slaughter animals.
    Ex: A bronze statue of David slaying Goliath has been unveiled in Florence today after months of painstaking restoration work.
    * Algo que se hace para matar el tiempo = time filler.
    * a mata caballo = in a hurry, hurried, hurriedly, helter-skelter.
    * ansias de matar = bloodlust.
    * así me maten = for the life of me.
    * comer Algo para matar el gusanillo = eat + Comida + to keep + Nombre + going.
    * deseo de matar = bloodlust.
    * disparar a matar = shoot to + kill.
    * hay miradas que matan = if looks could kill....
    * incapaz de matar una mosca = wouldn't hurt a fly.
    * licencia para matar = licence to kill.
    * lo que a uno cura a otro mata = one man's meat is another man's poison.
    * máquina de matar = killing machine.
    * matar a alguien = take + life.
    * matar a cuchillazos = stab + Nombre + to death, knife + Nombre + to death.
    * matar a disparos = shoot + Nombre + dead.
    * matar al enemigo = take + no prisoners.
    * matar a palos = beat + Nombre + to death.
    * matar a puñaladas = stab + Nombre + to death, stab + Nombre + to death, knife + Nombre + to death.
    * matar con gas = gas.
    * matar con la mirada = look + daggers at.
    * matar de hambre = starve to + death.
    * matar de un disparo = shoot, fatally + shoot.
    * matar de un manotazo = swat.
    * matar el rato = hang around, hang about, pootle, dawdle.
    * matar el tiempo = kill + time.
    * matar indiscriminadamente = take + no prisoners.
    * matarlas callando = wolf in sheep's clothing.
    * matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * sed de matar = bloodlust.
    * si las miradas mataran... = if looks could kill....
    * tirar a matar = go for + the jugular, deadly force, shoot to + kill.

    * * *
    matar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹persona› to kill; ‹reses› to slaughter
    lo mataron a golpes they beat him to death
    lo mató con un cuchillo she stabbed him to death
    lo mató un coche he was run over and killed by a car
    hubo que matar al caballo the horse had to be put down o destroyed
    entrar a matar ( Taur) to go in for the kill
    la vida que llevas acabará matándote you're going to kill yourself with the sort of life you're leading
    así me maten or que me maten si no es verdad lo que digo may God strike me dead if I speak a word of a lie
    las mata callando he's a wolf in sheep's clothing
    matarlas ( Chi fam); to blow it ( colloq)
    2
    (en sentido hiperbólico): pobre de tu madre, la vas a matar a disgustos your poor mother, you'll be the death of her
    es para matarlos, me hicieron esperar dos horas I could murder o kill them, they kept me waiting for two hours ( colloq)
    en el colegio nos matan de or ( AmL) a hambre they starve us at school
    cuando se entere me mata she'll kill me when she finds out ( colloq)
    me mata tener que levantarme a estas horas it kills me having to get up at this time ( colloq)
    ¡me mataste, no tengo ni idea! ( fam); you've really got me there, I haven't a clue! ( colloq)
    ¿sabes que le dieron el puesto a Rodríguez? — ¡no me mates! ( fam); you know they gave Rodríguez the job? — you're kidding! ( colloq)
    estos zapatos me matan these shoes are killing me!
    B ( fam); ‹sed› to quench
    compraron fruta para matar el hambre they bought some fruit to keep them going o to take the edge off their appetite
    para matar el tiempo to kill time
    C
    1 ‹pelota› to kill
    2 ‹carta› to cover
    ■ matar
    vi
    1 (causar muerte) to kill
    no matarás ( Bib) thou shalt not kill
    hay miradas que matan if looks could kill
    estar or llevarse a matar to be at daggers drawn
    2
    ( RPl fam) «vestido/escote»: un escote que mata a sensational low neckline
    mataba con ese vestido she looked stunning o ( colloq) a knockout in that dress
    A
    1
    (morir violentamente): se mató en un accidente she was killed in an accident
    al bajar del tren casi me mato I almost got killed getting off the train
    2 ( refl) (suicidarse) to kill oneself
    se mató de un tiro she shot herself
    B
    1 ( fam)
    (esforzarse): me maté estudiando or ( Esp) a estudiar y no aprobé I studied like crazy o mad and still didn't pass ( colloq)
    no hace falta que te mates haciéndolo there's no need to go crazy o to go mad o to kill yourself ( colloq)
    2
    ( Méx fam) «estudiante»: matarse en algo to cram sth ( colloq), to swot up (on) sth ( BrE colloq)
    * * *

     

    matar ( conjugate matar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ persona› to kill

    b) ( sacrificar) ‹perro/caballo› to put down, destroy;

    ‹ reses› to slaughter;



    es para matarlos I could murder o kill them (colloq);
    nos mataban de hambre they used to starve us;
    estos zapatos me están matando these shoes are killing me!
    2 (fam) ‹ sed› to quench;
    ‹ tiempo› to kill;

    verbo intransitivo
    to kill
    matarse verbo pronominal
    1




    2 (fam)
    a) ( esforzarse): me maté estudiando or (Esp) a estudiar I studied like crazy o mad (colloq)

    b) (Méx fam) ( para un examen) to cram (colloq), to swot (BrE colloq)

    matar verbo transitivo
    1 (a una persona) to kill
    (al ganado) to slaughter
    2 (el hambre, la sed, el tiempo) to kill
    3 (en exageraciones) el dolor de cabeza me está matando, my headache is killing me
    el ruido me mata, noise drives me mad
    4 (las aristas) to smooth
    5 (sello) to frank
    ' matar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acabar
    - pájaro
    - rematar
    - suerte
    - tiempo
    - apedrear
    - cargar
    - disparar
    - eliminar
    - liquidar
    - martirizar
    - matanza
    - quebrar
    - sangre
    - terminar
    - tirar
    - ultimar
    English:
    bird
    - butcher
    - club
    - dead
    - deliberate
    - destroy
    - do in
    - execute
    - gun down
    - kill
    - knock off
    - pants
    - put off
    - shoot
    - shoot down
    - slaughter
    - slay
    - time
    - trump
    - wrong
    - cut
    - finish
    - murder
    - strike
    - swat
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [quitar la vida a] to kill;
    [animal] [para consumo] to slaughter;
    lo mató un rayo he was struck by lightning and killed;
    lo mató un tren he died after being hit by a train;
    lo mató de una puñalada/de un tiro en el corazón she killed him with a single stab/shot to the heart;
    en este comedor nos matan de hambre the portions are terribly small in this canteen;
    lo mataron a puñaladas they stabbed him to death, he was stabbed to death;
    lo mataron a tiros they shot him (dead), he was shot (dead);
    el alcohol la está matando alcohol is killing her;
    Fam Fig
    como descubra al responsable, lo mato if I find out who's responsible I'll kill him;
    Fam Fig
    si se entera me mata she'll kill me if she finds out;
    Fam Fig
    es para matarte que no sepas eso you ought to be ashamed of yourself not knowing a thing like that;
    matar dos pájaros de un tiro to kill two birds with one stone;
    estar o [m5] llevarse a matar (con alguien) to be at daggers drawn (with sb);
    Fam
    matarlas callando [tramar algo] to be up to something on the quiet;
    [obrar con hipocresía] to be a wolf in sheep's clothing; Fam
    que me maten si: que me maten si lo entiendo I'm damned if I can understand it;
    que me maten si no ocurrió así I swear to God that's what happened
    2. [hacer sufrir, molestar mucho]
    ¡me vais a matar a disgustos! you'll be the death of me!;
    ¡este calor/dolor me mata! the heat/pain is killing me!;
    ¡estos zapatos me están matando! these shoes are killing me!;
    me matas con esas tonterías que dices you're driving me mad with all the nonsense you talk!
    3. [apagar, hacer pasar] [color] to tone down;
    [sed] to quench; [fuego] to put out; [cal] to slake;
    mato las horas o [m5] el tiempo viendo la televisión I kill time watching television;
    tomaré unas galletas para matar el hambre o [m5] el gusanillo I'll have some Br biscuits o US cookies to keep me going
    4. [redondear, limar] to round (off)
    5. [en juegos] [carta] to beat, to top;
    [ficha, pieza de ajedrez] to take, to capture
    6. Fam [destrozar, estropear] to ruin;
    no quisiera matar sus ilusiones I don't want to dash your hopes;
    el salón es bonito, pero ese cuadro lo mata the living-room is nice, but that picture totally ruins it
    ♦ vi
    to kill;
    no matarás [mandamiento] thou shalt not kill;
    hay amores que matan you can love somebody too much;
    hay miradas que matan if looks could kill;
    RP Fam
    que mata: tiene un olor que mata it smells disgusting;
    con esa mini quedás que matás you look drop-dead gorgeous in that miniskirt
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 persona, tiempo kill;
    matar a tiros shoot dead, shoot to death;
    matarlas callando fam be a wolf in sheep’s clothing
    2 ganado slaughter
    3 hambre satisfy; sed quench, slake
    II v/i kill;
    no matarás thou shalt not kill;
    estar a matar con alguien be at daggers drawn with s.o.
    * * *
    matar vt
    1) : to kill
    2) : to slaughter, to butcher
    3) apagar: to extinguish, to put out (fire, light)
    4) : to tone down (colors)
    5) : to pass, to waste (time)
    6) : to trump (in card games)
    matar vi
    : to kill
    * * *
    matar vb to kill

    Spanish-English dictionary > matar

  • 105 ALLR

    (öll, allt), a.
    1) all, entire, whole;
    hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all the heritage after me;
    af öllum hug, with all (one’s) heart;
    hvítr allr, white all over;
    bú allt, the whole estate;
    allan daginn, the whole day;
    í allri veröld, in the whole world;
    allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire fortnight;
    with addition of ‘saman’;
    allt saman féit, the whole amount;
    um þenna hernað allan saman, all together;
    2) used almost adverbially, all, quite, entirely;
    klofnaði hann allr í sundr, he was all cloven asunder, kváðu Örn allan villast, that he was altogether bewildered;
    var Hrappr allr brottu, quite gone;
    allr annarr maðr, quite another man;
    3) gone, past;
    áðr þessi dagr er allr, before this day is past;
    var þá óll þeirra vinátta, their friendship was all over;
    allt er nú mitt megin, my strength is exhausted, gone;
    4) departed, dead (þá er Geirmundr var allr);
    5) neut. sing. (allt) used. as a subst. in the sense of all, everything;
    þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt;
    hér er skammætt allt, here everything is transient;
    with a compar. all the more (því öllu þungbærri);
    with gen., allt missera (= öll misseri), all the year round;
    allt annars, all the rest;
    at öllu annars, in all other respects;
    alls fyrst, first of all;
    alls mest, most of all;
    in adverbial phrases: at öllu, in all respects, in every way;
    í öllu, in everything;
    með öllu, wholly, quite;
    neita með öllu, to refuse outright;
    6) pl. allir (allar, öll), as adj. or substantively, all (þeir gengu út allir);
    ór öllum fjórðungum á landinu, from all the quarters of the land;
    allir aðrir, all others, every one else;
    flestir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of;
    gen. pl. (allra) as an intensive with superlatives, of all things, all the more;
    nú þykkir mér þat allra sýnst, er, all the more likely, as;
    allra helzt, er þeir heyra, particularly now when they hear;
    allra sízt, least of all.
    * * *
    öll, allt, and alt, adj. [Ulf. alls = πας, άπας, όλος; A. S. eall; Engl. and Germ. all].
    A. In sing. as adj. or substantively, cunctus, totus, omnis:
    I. all, entire, the whole; hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all my heritage after me, Nj. 3; um alla þingsafglöpun, every kind of þ., 150; gaf hann þat allt, all, 101; at öllum hluta, in totum, Grág. i. 245; allr heilagr dómr, the whole body of Christians, ii. 165; á öllu því máli, Fms. vii. 311; allu fólki, thewhole people, x. 273; hvitr allr, white all over, 655 xxxii. 21; bú allt, thewhole estate, Grág. i. 244; fyrir allt dagsljós, before any dawn of light, Hom. 41: with the addition of saman = άπας—Icel. now in fem. sing. and n. pl. say öll sömun, and even n. sing. allt samant; in old writers saman is indecl.,—the whole, Germ. sänmtlich, zusammen; allt saman féit, thewhole amount, entire, Grág. ii. 148; þenna hernað allan saman, all together, Fms. i. 144; fyrir allan saman ójafnað þann, Sd. 157. Metaph. in the phrase, at vera ekki allr þar sem hann er sénn (séðr), of persons of deep, shrewd characters, not to be seen through, but also with a feeling of something ‘uncanny’ about them, Fms. xi. 157 (a familiar phrase); ekki er oil nótt úti enn, sagði draugrinn, the night is not all over yet, said the ghost, ‘the Ides are not past’ (a proverb), v. Ísl. Þjóðs.
    2. all, entire, full; allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire fortnight, Nj. 7; þar til er Kjartani þykir allt mál upp, until Kjartan thought it was high time, of one nearly (or) well-nigh drowned, Hkr. i. 286.
    II. metaph. past, gone, dead, extinct; perh. ellipt., vera allr í brottu, quite gone, Eb. 112 new Ed.; var Hrappr þá allr í brottu, Nj. 132; then by an ellipsis of ‘brottu,’ or the like, allr simply = past, gone:
    α. past, of time; seg þú svá fremi frá því er þessi dagr er allr, when this day is past, Nj. 96, Fms. ii. 38, 301; var þá öll þeirra vinátta, their friendship was all gone, Fms. ix. 428; allt er mi mitt megin, my strength is gone, exhausted, Str.
    β. dead; þá er Geirmundr var allr, gone, dead, Landn. (Hb.) 124; síz Gunnarr at Hlíðarenda var allr, since G. of Lithend was dead and gone (v. l. to lézt), Nj. 142; sem faðir þeirra væri allr, after his death, Stj. 127; þá er Nói var allr, 66; en sem hann var allr, 100; eptir þat er Sara var öll, after all Sara’s days were over, 139, 140, 405; á vegum allr hygg ek at at ek verða munu, that I shall perish on the way, Gg. verse 5; með því at þú ert gamlaðr mjök, þá munu þeir eigi út koma fyr en þú ert allr, Háv. 57; still freq. in Swed., e. g. blifwa all af bekumring, be worn out with sorrow; vinet blev alt, fell short; tiden er all, past.
    III. used almost adverbially, when it may be translated by all, quite, just, entirely; klofnaði hann allr í sundr, was all cloven asunder, Nj. 205; er sá nú allr einn í þínu liði er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, ok hinn, er þá eggiaði hins versta verks er eigi var fram komit, where it seems, however, rather to mean one and the same … or the very same …, thus, and he is now one and the same man in thy band, who has now lost his head, and he who then egged thee on to the worst work when it was still undone, or the very same, … who, Nj. 213; vil ek at sú görð häldist öll, in all its parts, 256; kváðu Örn allan villast, that he was all bewildered, Ld. 74.
    IV. neut. sing. used as a subst. in the sense of all, everything, in every respect; ok for svá með öllu, sem …, acted in everything as…, Nj. 14, Ld. 54; ok lát sem þú þykist þar allt eiga, that you depend upon him in all, Fms. xi. 113; eigi er enn þeirra allt, they have not yet altogether won the game, Nj. 235: í alls vesöld, in all misery, Ver. 4; alls mest, most of all, especially, Fms. ii. 137 C, Fs. 89 (in a verse); in mod. usage, allra mest, cp. below. The neut. with a gen.; allt missera, all the year round, Hom. 73; allt annars, all the rest, Grág. ii. 141; at öllu annars, in all other respects, K. Þ. K. 98; þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt, Fas. i. 338. In the phrases, at öllu, in all respects, Fms. i. 21, Grág. i. 431; ef hann á eigi at öllu framfærsluna, if he be not the sole supporter, 275: úreyndr at öllu, untried in every way, Nj. 90; cp. Engl. not at all, prop. not in every respect, analogous to never, prop. not always: fyrir alls sakir, in every respect, Grág. ii. 47, Fas. i. 252: í öllu, in everything, Nj. 90, 228: með öllu, wholly, quite, dauðr með öllu, quite dead, 153; neita með öllu, to refuse outright, Fms. i. 35, 232, Boll. 342: um allt, in respect of everything, Nj. 89; hence comes the adverb ávalt, ever = of allt = um allt, prop. in every respect, v. ávalt.
    V. the neut. sing. allt is used as an adv., right up to, as far as, all the way; Brynjólfr gengr allt at honum, close to him, Nj. 58; kómu allt at bænum, 79; allt at búðardyrunum, right up to the very door of the booth, 247; allt norðr urn Stað, all along north, round Cape Stad, Fms. vii. 7; suðr allt í Englands haf, iv. 329; verit allt út í Miklagarð, as far out as Constantinople, ii. 7, iv. 250, 25; allt á klofa, Bárð. 171.
    2. everywhere, in all places; at riki Eireks konungs mundi allt yfir standa í Eyjunum, might stretch over the whole of the Islands, Eg. 405; Sigröðr var konungr allt um Þrændalög, over all Drontheim, Fms. i. 19; bjoggu þar allt fyrir þingmenn Runólfs goða, the liegemen of R. the priest were in every house, ii. 234 ( = í hverju húsi, Bs. i. 20); allt norðr um Rogaland, all the way north over the whole of R., Fms. iv. 251; vóru svirar allt gulli búnir, all overlaid with gold, vi. 308; hafið svá allt kesjurnar fyrir, at ekki megi á ganga, hold your spears everywhere (all along the line) straight before you, that they (the enemy) may not come up to you, 413; allt imdir innviðuna ok stafnana, vii. 82.
    3. nearly = Lat. jam, soon, already; vóru allt komin fyrir hann bréf, warrants of arrest were already in his way, Fms. vii. 207; var allt skipat liðinu til fylkingar, the troops were at once drawn up in array, 295; en allt hugðum vér ( still we thought) at fara með spekt um þessi héruð, Boll. 346.
    4. temp. all through, until; allt til Júnsvöku, Ann. 1295; allt um daga Hákonar konungs, all through the reign of king Hacon, Bs. i. 731.
    5. in phrases such as, allt at einu, all one, all in the same way, Fms. i. 113. In Icel. at present allt að einu means all the same: allt eins, nevertheless; ek ætla þó utan a. eins, Ísl. ii. 216; hann neitaði allt eins at…, refused all the same, Dipl. iii. 13; allt eins hraustliga, not the less manly, Fms. xi. 443. The mod. Icel. use is a little different, namely = as, in similes = just as; allt eins og blómstrið eina (a simile), just as the flower, the initial words of the famous hymn by Hallgrim.
    6. by adding ‘of’ = far too …, much too …, Karl. 301 (now freq.)
    7. with a comparative, much, far, Fms. vi. 45 (freq.)
    VI. neut. gen. alls [cp. Ulf. allis = όλως; A. S. ealles], used as an adv., esp. before a negative (ekki, hvergi), not a bit, not at all, no how, by no means; þeir ugðu alls ekki at sér, they were not a bit afraid, Nj. 252; hræðumst vér hann nú alls ekki, we do not care a bit for him, 260; á hólmgöngu er vandi en alls ekki ( none at all) á einvigi, Korm. 84; en junkherra Eiríkr þóttist ekki hafa, ok kallaði sik Eirík alls ekki (cp. Engl. lackland), Fms. x. 160; alls hvergi skal sök koma undir enn þriðja mann, no how, in no case, by no means, Grág. i. 144: sometimes without a negative following it; ær alls geldar, ewes quite barren, Grág. i. 502; hafrar alls geldir, id.; alls vesall, altogether wretched, Nj. 124; alls mjök stærist hann nú, very much, Stj.; a. mest, especially, Fs. 89, Fms. ii. 137. In connection with numbers, in all, in the whole; tólf vóru þau alls á skipi, twelve were they all told in the ship, Ld. 142; tíu Íslenzkir menn alls, 164; alls fórust níu menn, the slain were nine in all, Ísl. ii. 385; verða alls sárir þrír eða fleiri, Grág. ii. 10; alls mánuð, a full month, i. 163; þeir ala eitt barn alls á aefi sinni, Rb. 346.
    β. with addition of ‘til’ or ‘of’ = far too much; alls of lengi, far too long a time, Fms. i. 140; hefnd alls til lítil, much too little, vi. 35.
    B. In pl. allir, allar, öll, as adj. or substantively:
    1. used absol. all; þeir gengu út allir, all men, altogether, Nj. 80; Síðan bjoggust þeir heiman allir, 212; Gunnarr reið ok beir allir, 48; hvikit þér allir, 78, etc.
    2. as adj., alla höfðingja, all the chiefs, Nj. 213; ór öllum fjórðungum á landinu, all the quarters of the land, 222; at vitni guðs ok allra heilagra manna, all the saints, Grág. ii. 22; í allum orrostum, in all the battles, Fms. x. 273; Josep ok allir hans ellifu bræðr, Stj., etc.
    3. by adding aðrir, flestir, etc.; allir aðrir, all other, everyone else, Nj. 89, Fms. xi. 135: flestir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of, v. flestr; in mod. use flestallir, flest being indecl.: allir saman, altogether, Nj. 80.
    4. adverb., Gregorius hafði eigi öll fjögr hundruð, not all, not quite, four hundred, Fms. vii. 255.
    5. used ellipt., allir ( everybody) vildu leita þér vegs, Nj. 78.
    6. gen. pl. allra, when followed by superl. neut. adj. or adv., of all things, all the more; en nú þyki mér þat allra sýnst er …, all the more likely, as …, Ld. 34; allra helzt er þeir heyra, particularly now when they hear, Fms. ix. 330; allra helzt ef hann fellr meir, all the rather, if …, Grág. ii. 8; allra sízt, least of all, 686 B. 2; bæn sú kemr til þess allra mest, especially, Hom. 149: very freq. at present in Icel., and used nearly as Engl. very, e. g. allra bezt, the very best; a. hæst, neðst, fyrst, the very highest, lowest, foremost, etc.
    C. alls is used as a prefix to several nouns in the gen., in order to express something common, general, universal.
    COMPDS: allsendis, allsháttar, allsherjar, allsherjarbúð, allsherjardómr, allsherjarfé, allsherjargoði, allsherjarlið, allsherjarlýðr, allsherjarlög, allsherjarþing, allskonar, allskostar, allskyns, allsstaðar, allsvaldandi, allrahanda, allraheilagra.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ALLR

  • 106 almost

    'o:lməust
    (nearly but not quite: She is almost five years old; She almost fell under a moving car.) casi
    almost adv casi
    it's almost twelve o'clock son casi las doce / falta poco para las doce
    tr['ɔːlməʊst]
    1 casi
    almost ['ɔl.mo:st, ɔl'mo:st] adv
    : casi, prácticamente
    adv.
    • casi adv.
    • cuasi adv.
    'ɔːlməʊst
    adverb casi
    ['ɔːlmǝʊst]
    ADV casi

    it's almost finished/ready — casi está terminado/listo

    he almost fell — casi se cae, por poco no se cae

    I had almost forgotten about it — casi lo olvido, por poco no lo olvido

    we're almost there — estamos a punto de llegar, ya nos falta poco para llegar

    "have you finished?" - "almost" — -¿has acabado? -casi

    * * *
    ['ɔːlməʊst]
    adverb casi

    English-spanish dictionary > almost

  • 107 almost

    adverb
    fast; beinahe
    * * *
    ['o:lməust]
    (nearly but not quite: She is almost five years old; She almost fell under a moving car.) fast, beinahe
    * * *
    al·most
    [ˈɔ:lməʊst, AM -moʊst]
    adv fast, beinahe
    I \almost wish I hadn't invited him mir wäre es fast lieber, ich hätte ihn nicht eingeladen
    we're \almost there wir sind gleich da
    they'll \almost certainly forget to do it es ist so gut wie sicher, dass sie vergessen werden, es zu tun
    I \almost died when I saw the damage mich traf fast der Schlag, als ich den Schaden sah
    \almost impossible praktisch [o so gut wie] unmöglich
    * * *
    ['ɔːlməʊst]
    adv
    fast, beinahe

    he almost fell — er wäre fast gefallen

    * * *
    almost [ˈɔːlməʊst] adv fast, beinah(e):
    he almost died er wäre fast gestorben
    * * *
    adverb
    fast; beinahe
    * * *
    adv.
    beinah adv.
    fast adv.
    meist adv.
    nahezu adv.

    English-german dictionary > almost

  • 108 at one swoop

    (at one (fell) swoop (редк. at a swoop))
    одним ударом, одним махом, в один момент, сразу [at one fell swoop шекспировское выражение, см. цитату]

    Macduff.: ".All my pretty ones? Did you say all? - O hell-kite! - All? What, all my pretty chickens and their dam At one fell swoop? " (W. Shakespeare, ‘Macbeth’, act IV, sc. 3) — Макдуф: "...Всех малышей моих. - Не так ли? Всех? О адский коршун! Всех моих цыпляток С наседкой вместе - всех одним налетом. " (перевод Ю. Корнеева)

    Here the huffing of Miss Bella and the loss of three of her men at a swoop, aggravated by the coronation of an opponent, led to that young lady's jerking the draughtboard and pieces off the table. (Ch. Dickens, ‘Our Mutual Friend’, book I, ch. IV) — Тут мисс Белла, потеряв сразу три пешки, что грозило ей проигрышем, вдруг толкнула шахматную доску, и все фигуры покатились со стола на пол.

    Whereupon, fate instantly intervened to overthrow this prudent resolve, and very nearly ruined the whole effect of Miss Climpson's diplomacy at one fell swoop. (D. L. Sayers, ‘Unnatural Death’, ch. V) — Мисс Климпсон приняла было это благоразумное решение; но судьба не преминула вмешаться, и вся ее дипломатия чуть в один миг не пошла прахом.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > at one swoop

  • 109 omal

    , omalże, omal że książk. Ⅰ adv. omal nie umarł he (very) nearly a. almost died
    - omal nie parsknął śmiechem he almost burst out laughing
    Ⅱ part. almost, nearly
    - naiwność granicząca omal że z głupotą naivety (practically a. almost) bordering on stupidity
    * * *
    adv

    omal nie — almost, (very) nearly

    * * *
    adv.
    almost, nearly; omal nie zemdlała she almost fainted; to jest omalże niemożliwe it's almost impossible.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > omal

  • 110 golpe1

    1 = punch, coup, blow, rap, knocking, beat, knock, swipe, hit, bang.
    Ex. When I saw what he was up to, I drew back for a punch and hit him so hard on the nose that he fell on his back and lay there for some time, so that his wife stood over him and cried out 'Mercy! You've done my husband in!'.
    Ex. Nearly 1500 delegates from 67 countries attended the conference which was dominated by the 3 day coup designed to restore Communist party influence.
    Ex. The Great War of 1914-18 was a heavy blow for the Bulletin, from which it never really recovered, and in the 1920s it gradually sank under its own weight, helped by a forced move from its previous quarters to make room for a trade fair.
    Ex. There was also a spot from which, if you struck the floor with a hard rap of your heel, you could almost count the reverberations as the sound bounced from floor to ceiling to walls to floor.
    Ex. It seems to me that the Dewey engine is still ticking over, though there's an occasional knocking and it could no doubt do with a good tuning.
    Ex. Immediately after the recognition of a cardiac cycle the program calculates mean values over a given time or a given number of beats.
    Ex. After a few knocks, it was clear that no one was going to answer.
    Ex. In fact it is an exaltation of the Kyoto protocol and a thinly disguised swipe at those countries who have not signed up.
    Ex. Nothing is more unrealistic that seeing the hero take in an unlikely number of hits without turning a hair.
    Ex. This is how the world ends, not with a bang, but with a whimper.
    ----
    * aguantar un golpe = take + a hit.
    * amortiguar el golpe = soften + the blow.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de golpes = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * asestar el golpe de gracia = administer + the coup de grace, deliver + the coup de grace.
    * asestar un golpe = give + a blow, bash, deal + a blow, strike + a blow.
    * asestar un golpe mortal = deal + the death blow.
    * atizar un golpe = deal + a blow.
    * cerrar de golpe = slam.
    * dar el golpe de gracia = administer + the coup de grace, deliver + the coup de grace.
    * dar golpes = pound.
    * darse golpes de pecho = beat + Posesivo + breast.
    * darse golpes en el pecho = beat + Posesivo + breast.
    * dar un golpe = knock.
    * dar un golpe por detrás = rear-end.
    * de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.
    * derribar a Alguien de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the ground, knock + Nombre + to the floor.
    * de un golpe = at one blow, at one whack, at one pull, in one shot, in one lump, in one action, in one go, in one fell swoop, at one fell swoop.
    * duro golpe = cruel blow.
    * eliminar de un golpe = eliminate + at a stroke.
    * emprenderla(s) a golpes con = lam into, lay into.
    * encajar el golpe = take it on + the chin.
    * golpe de estado = coup d'etat, putsch.
    * golpe de gracia = coup de grace, kiss of death, killer blow, death blow.
    * golpe de mala suerte = stroke of misfortune.
    * golpe de suerte = stroke of luck.
    * golpe fuerte = whack.
    * golpe fulminante = crushing blow.
    * golpe mortal = mortal blow, killer blow, death blow.
    * golpe por detrás = rear end.
    * golpe seco = flop.
    * intento de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.
    * introducir a golpes = hammer into.
    * quitar con un golpe = knock off.
    * recibir un golpe = take + a hit.
    * recobrarse de un golpe = lick + Posesivo + wounds.
    * sacar a golpes = punch out.
    * tentativa de golpe de estado = attempted coup, coup attempt.
    * tirar a Alguien al suelo de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the floor, knock + Nombre + to the ground.
    * todo de (un) golpe = all at once.
    * tumbar a Alguien al suelo de un golpe = knock + Nombre + to the floor, knock + Nombre + to the ground.
    * vivir sin dar golpe = live off + the fat of the land.

    Spanish-English dictionary > golpe1

  • 111 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 112 m|ało

    Ⅰ adv. grad. 1. (niewielka intensywność) [czytać, jeść, pracować, wiedzieć, zarabiać] little, not much
    - (bardzo) mało jesz you eat (very) little, you don’t eat (very) much
    - ostatnio mało wychodzę z domu I haven’t been out much lately
    - mało prawdopodobny unlikely, improbable
    - to raczej mało prawdopodobne it’s not very probable a. it’s hardly likely
    - mało inteligentny not very intelligent
    - mało popularny rather unpopular
    - opowiadał o jakiejś mało znanej książce he was talking about some little-known a. obscure book
    - będę od dzisiaj mniej palić as from today I’m going to smoke less
    - te kolory są za mało intensywne these colours are not vivid enough
    - jechał przez kraje mniej lub bardziej ciekawe he travelled through various countries, some more interesting than others
    - książkę przyjęto z mniejszym lub większym zainteresowaniem the book was met with varying degrees of interest
    - nie mniej niż/od no less than, just as
    - nasze psy są nie mniej szybkie od waszych our dogs are just as fast as yours
    - jest nie mniej zdenerwowany niż ja he’s no less in a state than I am
    2. (niewielka ilość) mało ludzi/drzew (only a) few a. not many people/trees
    - mało słońca/czasu/wdzięku not much sun/time/charm
    - mam mało książek I only have a few books, I don’t have many books
    - mamy mało czasu we don’t have much time
    - jest mało masła there’s not much butter
    - mamy mało masła we don’t have much butter, we’re low on butter
    - za mało too little/few
    - mieć za mało czasu to have too little time
    - mieć za mało lat to be too young
    - mam za mało ubrań I have too few clothes, I don’t have enough clothes
    - mało co hardly anything
    - mało co zjadłeś you ate hardly anything a. almost nothing
    - mało czego nie widział na tym świecie there are few things in this world he hasn’t seen
    - mało kto hardly anyone
    - mało kto potrafi tak ładnie śpiewać jak ona hardly anyone can sing as beautifully as she can
    - mało kto o tym wie (very) few people know that
    - jeździł konno jak mało kto (very) few people could ride as well as he could
    - jest pazerny jak mało kto he’s as greedy as they come
    - mało który hardly any
    - mało które zwierzę jest takie mądre jak mój pies (very) few animals can match my dog’s intelligence
    - mało gdzie hardly anywhere
    - mało gdzie chodzi bez obstawy he goes almost nowhere without his bodyguards
    - mało gdzie potrafię tak wypocząć jak tutaj there are (very) few places I can relax (in) as much as here
    - mało kiedy hardly ever
    - mało kiedy tam chodzę I hardly ever go there
    - mało kiedy ją widuję I hardly ever see her, I don’t see much of her
    - jakich mało like no other
    - impreza jakich mało a party like no other
    - to fachowiec jakich mało he’s a professional in a million
    Ⅱ part. that’s not the word for it
    - on jest naprawdę wysoki, mało wysoki – olbrzymi he’s really tall – no, tall is not the word for it, he’s gigantic
    Ⅲ mniej adv. comp. trzy/cztery/pięć mniej C/B/A minus
    - z klasówki dostał trzy mniej he got (a) C minus in the test
    Ⅳ najmniej part. at least
    - zarabia najmniej trzy tysiące miesięcznie he earns at least three thousand a month
    Ⅴ bez mała almost, (very) nearly
    - miał bez mała dwadzieścia lat he was almost a. nearing twenty
    Ⅵ mało- w wyrazach złożonych small-, low-
    - małomiasteczkowe plotki small-town gossip
    - małokaloryczna dieta a lowcalorie diet
    ■ mało brakowało, żeby się utopił he almost drowned
    - mało brakowało, a nabiłaby sobie guza she (very) nearly got a bump on her head
    - mało tego and a. but that’s not all
    - nie odrobił lekcji, mało tego, nie zrobił zakupów he didn’t do his homework and what’s more he didn’t do the shopping
    - mało tego, że go okradli, to jeszcze pobili not only was he robbed, (but) he also got beaten up
    - przewrócił się, i jakby tego było mało, złamał nogę he fell over and, as if that weren’t enough, he broke his leg
    - ma udane małżeństwo i cudowne dzieci, jeszcze jej mało she is happily married and has adorable kids – but she’s still not satisfied
    - mało ci tego, że dostałeś dom i samochód? you got the house and the car, what more do you want?
    - mniej więcej more or less, approximately
    - on wygląda na mniej więcej trzydzieści lat he looks more or less thirty
    - wrócę mniej więcej za dwie godziny I’ll be back in approximately two hours
    - ona jest mniej więcej mojego wzrostu she’s about my height
    - ni mniej, ni więcej, tylko/jak… none other than…
    - posądzono go ni mniej, ni więcej, tylko o kradzież he was accused of nothing less than theft
    - nie pozostawało jej ni mniej, ni więcej, jak przywitać się she had no other choice but a. than to say hello
    - tym mniej much less, let alone
    - nie znała się na szyciu, tym mniej na kroju she didn’t know how to sew, let alone how to cut out
    - co najmniej (przynajmniej) at least; (prawie) almost; (mówiąc eufemistycznie) to say the least, to put it mildly
    - co najmniej raz w tygodniu at least once a week
    - jego zachowanie było co najmniej dziwne his behaviour was odd to say the least a. to put it mildly
    - o mało co by wpadł pod samochód he almost got run over, he was (very) nearly run over
    - o mało nie zemdlałam I almost fainted
    - o mało nie zginął he came close to being killed, he narrowly escaped being killed

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > m|ało

  • 113 thro'

    θru: = through указывает на: сквозное движение: насквозь - to pierce smth. * проткнуть что-л. насквозь - he struck his enemy with his spear right * он пронзил своего врага копьем - soaked /wet/ * промокший насквозь - chilled * продрогший до костей, окоченевший от холода движение до конечного пункта( о поездах и т. п.): прямо, до места, до пункта назначения - to buy * to one's farthest destination купить прямой билет до места назначения - the next train goes /runs/ * to B. следующий поезд идет прямо до В. - the luggage was registered * багаж был отправлен до станции назначения устранение препятствий для въезда, входа, включения и т. п. - to let smb. * впустить кого-л. - England are * to the semifinal Англия вышла в полуфинал совершение действия в течение целого периода времени: весь, целый - he studied the whole summer * он занимался все лето совершение действия (от начала) до конца или на его исчерпывающий характер: до конца;
    передается тж. глагольными приставками про-, за-, с- и др. - to look smth. * просмотреть что-л. (до конца) - to sing a song * спеть всю песню - to carry smth. * завершить что-л.;
    провести что-л. до конца - to put * a plan провести /осуществить/ план - he heard the speech * without interruption он прослушал всю речь не перебивая - to go * with smth. довести что-л. до конца - I will go * with it, whatever happens что бы ни случилось, я доведу дело до конца - to be * with smth. окончить что-л. - is the work * yet? закончена ли работа? - he is * with school он окончил школу - he is * with his work он окончил работу - I'm nearly * with the book я почти кончил книгу - are you *? (американизм) вы закончили разговор? (по телефону) - to get * with smth. (разговорное) закончить что-л. отказ от чего-л., оставление чего-л. - to be * with smth. покончить с чем-л., бросить что-л. - he is * with drinking он бросил пить - he is * with school он бросил школу - he is * with his work он бросил работу - he is * with his family он бросил /оставил/ семью - to get * with smth. (разговорное) покончить с чем-л. - to be * with smb. порвать с кем-л. - I'm * with that fellow я порвал /разделался/ с этим парнем - he'll change his tune when I'm * with him я с ним поговорю по-свойски, и он (у меня) запоет иначе - I'm * with you, we're * между нами все кончено исчерпанность возможностей субъекта - he's * in politics в политике он конченый человек, его политическая карьера закончилась - the horse is * лошадь выбилась из сил, лошадь загнали измерение по диаметру: в диаметре - a tree measuring twelwe inches * дерево, имеющее двенадцать дюймов в диаметре установление телефонной связи - to get * to smb. связаться с кем-л. - to put smb. * соединить кого-л. - I'm putting you * to the secretary я соединяю вас с секретарем - are you *? вас соединили?, вам ответили? > * and * совершенно, до конца, вполне;
    основательно;
    снова и снова > to read a book * and * прочесть книгу от корки до корки > he is an honest man * and * он в высшей степени честный человек > he knows his business * and * он основательно /досконально/ знает свое дело > he read the letter * and * он вновь и вновь перечитывал письмо > to fall /to drop/ * окончиться безрезультатно, провалиться > the deal fell * сделка не состоялась /провалилась/ > the plan for our trip fell * план нашей поездки сорвался указывает на: прохождение через какой-л. предмет или движение через какую-л. среду: через, сквозь - a path (going /leading/) * the woods тропинка( ведущая) через лес - he pushed * the crowd он протиснулся сквозь толпу - to drive a nail * the board гвоздем пробить доску насквозь - to make a hole * smth. сделать дыру в чем-л., продырявить что-л. - he put his arms * the straps of his pack он продел руки в лямки рюкзака - she drew her hand * his arm она взяла его под руку - to walk * the door пройти через дверь - the stone flew * the open window камень влетел в открытое окно - he went out * the kitchen он ушел через кухню - the sun is breaking * the clouds сквозь тучи пробивается солнце - he speaks * the nose он говорит в нос, он гнусавит - an idea flashed * my mind у меня промелькнула мысль проникновение взгляда через какое-л. отверстие, света через какую-л. среду и т. п.: через, сквозь - * the keyhole через /сквозь/ замочную скважину - to look * a telescope смотреть в телескоп - we looked * the window at the street через окно мы смотрели на улицу восприятие более слабого звука на фоне более сильного: сквозь - we could hear him * the noise мы слышали его, несмотря на шум;
    его голос доносился сквозь шум - we couldn't hear him * the noise шум заглушал его слова, мы не слышали его из-за шума - to talk * the radio говорить, заглушая радио (часто all *) распространение движения по какой-л. территории: по - all * the country по всей стране - they drove * Czechoslovakia они пересекли Чехословакию /ехали по Чехословакии/ - to walk * the wood идти по лесу - he followed her * the streets он шел за ней по улицам - a sigh of relief went * the audience вздох облегчения пронесся по всему залу движение в какой-л. среде или в каких-л. условиях: по - to fly * the air лететь по воздуху - to sail * the water плыть по воде - the drove * a dark winter day они ехали темным зимним днем - he walked all day * heavy rain он шел под сильным дождем весь день - journey * time and space путешествие во времени и в пространстве /сквозь время и пространство/ (часто all *) протекание действия в течение целого периода времени: в течение, в продолжение - * many centuries в течение многих веков - every day * November and December каждый день в течение всего ноября и декабря - all * the day весь день, в течение всего дня - all * his life в течение всей его жизни, всю его жизнь - they will continue the construction * the winter months строительство будет продолжаться всю зиму - he stayed with them * Saturday он пробыл у них всю субботу - he won't last * the night он не доживет до утра - he's slept * a thunderstorm он проспал всю грозу;
    он крепко спал, пока бушевала гроза продолжение действия до определенного срока включительно: с... по... (включительно) - 1961 * 1962 с 1961 г. по 1962 г. включительно - from May * September с мая по сентябрь включительно - numbers 1 * 30 номера от первого до тридцатого включительно - sizes 9 * 19 размеры с 9 по 19 включительно - 7th grade * high school от седьмого класса (вплоть) до окончания средней школы посредника: через - he did it * an agent он сделал это через посредника - he spoke * an interpreter он объяснялся через переводчика - he sees only * your eyes он на все смотрит вашими глазами - to send smth. * the post послать что-л. по почте источник: из, от, по, через - I learned it * your secretary я узнал об этом от /через/ вашего секретаря - he learned it * reports он узнал об этом из сообщений - * personal experience по личному опыту инструмент или способ: через, путем;
    посредством - * the agency of посредством, при помощи - * smb.'s help с чьей-л. помощью, благодаря чьей-л. помощи - to express ideas * words выражать мысли посредством /с помощью/ слов - he educated himself * correspondence courses он окончил заочные курсы - only * work can you attain good results только работа поможет вам добиться хороших результатов преодоление препятствия, опасности и т. п.: через - to pass * many dangers преодолеть /пройти через/ множество опасностей - the child came very well * the illness ребенок хорошо перенес болезнь - he was going * a difficult time он переживал тяжелое время - they helped him * hard times они поддержали его в трудное время;
    все это трудное время они помогали ему - he has got * his examinations он сдал экзамены - the bill was put * Congress last week законопроект был проведен в конгрессе на прошлой неделе - the bill passed * Parliament законопроект прошел через парламент - he's been * it /* a lot/ он здорово натерпелся, ему пришлось несладко, он повидал всякое движение без остановки у препятствия - to drive * a red light проехать на красный свет совершение действия от начала до конца;
    передается глагольными приставками про-, пере- - to go * the accounts просмотреть счета - to go * college пройти курс обучения в колледже - to go * smb.'s pockets обыскать кого-л., проверить содержимое чьих-л. карманов - we are * school at three o'clock занятия в школе кончаются у нас в три часа - I'm half way * this book я наполовину прочитал эту книгу - when I'm * my work когда я закончу работу - it was half way * act 1 that I saw him прошла уже половина 1-го действия, когда я увидел его быстрое доведение действия до конца;
    передается глагольной приставкой про- - he could go * three books in a day он может проглотить три книги за один день - he went * a fortune in one year за год он промотал состояние причину: из-за, по (причине) ;
    благодаря - * error по ошибке - to lose an opportunity * indecision упустить возможность из-за нерешительности - she refused help * pride она отказалась от помощи из гордости - it was all * you that we were late мы опоздали из-за вас - it happened * no fault of mine это произошло не по моей вине - we succeeded * his help мы добились успеха благодаря его помощи - * illness he lost the use of his legs в результате болезни у него отнялись ноги > to see * smth., smb. видеть что-л., кого-л. насквозь > I can see * him я его насквозь вижу > to see * the trick разгадать фокус /трюк/, не дать себя провести /обмануть/ > to put smb. * it подвергнуть кого-л. строжайшему /жесткому/ допросу, допросить кого-л. с пристрастием > to see smb. * smth. помочь кому-л. сделать что-л. > * the length and breadth (of) вдоль и поперек > to travel * the length and breadth of the country исколесить всю страну

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > thro'

  • 114 through

    θru:
    1. предл.
    1) указывает на пространственные отношения через, сквозь, по The burglar came through the window. ≈ Грабитель проник в дом через окно. The River Thames flows through London. ≈ Темза протекает через Лондон. The road goes through the forest. ≈ Дорога проходит по лесу. Minute particles diffused through the atmosphere. ≈ Мельчайшие частицы проникли в воздух.
    2) указывает на временные отношения: а) в течение, в продолжение He won't live through the night. ≈ Он не доживет до утра. The children are too young to sit through a long concert. ≈ Дети еще слишком малы, чтобы высидеть длинный концерт. all through his reign ≈ в течение всего срока его правления б) амер. по;
    вплоть до( какого-л. определенного времени) from Monday through Friday ≈ с понедельника по пятницу Syn: up to
    3) в сочетаниях, имеющих переносное значение в, через He went through many hardships. ≈ Он прошел через много трудностей. He got through the examinations. ≈ Он выдержал экзамены.
    4) через (посредство), от I learnt of the position through a newspaper advertisment. ≈ Я узнал об этой вакансии из рекламы в газете. Syn: by means of, by means
    5) по причине, вследствие, из-за, благодаря The accident happened through no fault of yours. ≈ Этот авария произошла не по вашей вине.
    2. нареч.
    1) насквозь;
    совершенно soaked through ≈ насквозь промокший Syn: completely, absolutely, quite
    2) а) от начала до конца;
    в сочетании с глаголами передается приставками пере-, про- He won't let us through. ≈ Он нас не пропустит. Did your brother get through? ≈ Ваш брат выдержал экзамены? Read the book through carefully. ≈ Прочитайте книгу внимательно от начала до конца. Syn: throughout
    2. ∙ through and through - be through - get through - put through
    3. прил.
    1) беспересадочный, прямой through train ≈ прямой поезд through passenger ≈ пассажтр, которому не нужно совершать в пути пересадку Syn: direct
    1.
    2) беспрепятственный, свободный a through road ≈ свободный путь Syn: unhampered, unhindered прямой, беспересадочный, транзитный, сквозной;
    прямого сообщения - * connections прямое сообщение - * train прямой поезд - * passenger транзитный пассажир - * ticket билет на поезд прямого сообщения - * traffic сквозное движение - * highway шоссе без светофоров;
    дорога для скоростного движения свободный, беспрепятственный - * passage свободный проход основательный, капитальный - * repairs( морское) капитальный ремонт указывает на: сквозное движение: насквозь - to pierce smth. * проткнуть что-л. насквозь - he struck his enemy with his spear right * он пронзил своего врага копьем - soaked /wet/ * промокший насквозь - chilled * продрогший до костей, окоченевший от холода движение до конечного пункта( о поездах и т. п.): прямо, до места, до пункта назначения - to buy * to one's farthest destination купить прямой билет до места назначения - the next train goes /runs/ * to B. следующий поезд идет прямо до В. - the luggage was registered * багаж был отправлен до станции назначения устранение препятствий для въезда, входа, включения и т. п. - to let smb. * впустить кого-л. - England are * to the semifinal Англия вышла в полуфинал совершение действия в течение целого периода времени: весь, целый - he studied the whole summer * он занимался все лето совершение действия (от начала) до конца или на его исчерпывающий характер: до конца;
    передается тж. глагольными приставками про-, за-, с- и др. - to look smth. * просмотреть что-л. (до конца) - to sing a song * спеть всю песню - to carry smth. * завершить что-л.;
    провести что-л. до конца - to put * a plan провести /осуществить/ план - he heard the speech * without interruption он прослушал всю речь не перебивая - to go * with smth. довести что-л. до конца - I will go * with it, whatever happens что бы ни случилось, я доведу дело до конца - to be * with smth. окончить что-л. - is the work * yet? закончена ли работа? - he is * with school он окончил школу - he is * with his work он окончил работу - I'm nearly * with the book я почти кончил книгу - are you *? (американизм) вы закончили разговор? (по телефону) - to get * with smth. (разговорное) закончить что-л. отказ от чего-л., оставление чего-л. - to be * with smth. покончить с чем-л., бросить что-л. - he is * with drinking он бросил пить - he is * with school он бросил школу - he is * with his work он бросил работу - he is * with his family он бросил /оставил/ семью - to get * with smth. (разговорное) покончить с чем-л. - to be * with smb. порвать с кем-л. - I'm * with that fellow я порвал /разделался/ с этим парнем - he'll change his tune when I'm * with him я с ним поговорю по-свойски, и он (у меня) запоет иначе - I'm * with you, we're * между нами все кончено исчерпанность возможностей субъекта - he's * in politics в политике он конченый человек, его политическая карьера закончилась - the horse is * лошадь выбилась из сил, лошадь загнали измерение по диаметру: в диаметре - a tree measuring twelwe inches * дерево, имеющее двенадцать дюймов в диаметре установление телефонной связи - to get * to smb. связаться с кем-л. - to put smb. * соединить кого-л. - I'm putting you * to the secretary я соединяю вас с секретарем - are you *? вас соединили?, вам ответили? > * and * совершенно, до конца, вполне;
    основательно;
    снова и снова > to read a book * and * прочесть книгу от корки до корки > he is an honest man * and * он в высшей степени честный человек > he knows his business * and * он основательно /досконально/ знает свое дело > he read the letter * and * он вновь и вновь перечитывал письмо > to fall /to drop/ * окончиться безрезультатно, провалиться > the deal fell * сделка не состоялась /провалилась/ > the plan for our trip fell * план нашей поездки сорвался указывает на: прохождение через какой-л. предмет или движение через какую-л. среду: через, сквозь - a path (going /leading/) * the woods тропинка( ведущая) через лес - he pushed * the crowd он протиснулся сквозь толпу - to drive a nail * the board гвоздем пробить доску насквозь - to make a hole * smth. сделать дыру в чем-л., продырявить что-л. - he put his arms * the straps of his pack он продел руки в лямки рюкзака - she drew her hand * his arm она взяла его под руку - to walk * the door пройти через дверь - the stone flew * the open window камень влетел в открытое окно - he went out * the kitchen он ушел через кухню - the sun is breaking * the clouds сквозь тучи пробивается солнце - he speaks * the nose он говорит в нос, он гнусавит - an idea flashed * my mind у меня промелькнула мысль проникновение взгляда через какое-л. отверстие, света через какую-л. среду и т. п.: через, сквозь - * the keyhole через /сквозь/ замочную скважину - to look * a telescope смотреть в телескоп - we looked * the window at the street через окно мы смотрели на улицу восприятие более слабого звука на фоне более сильного: сквозь - we could hear him * the noise мы слышали его, несмотря на шум;
    его голос доносился сквозь шум - we couldn't hear him * the noise шум заглушал его слова, мы не слышали его из-за шума - to talk * the radio говорить, заглушая радио (часто all *) распространение движения по какой-л. территории: по - all * the country по всей стране - they drove * Czechoslovakia они пересекли Чехословакию /ехали по Чехословакии/ - to walk * the wood идти по лесу - he followed her * the streets он шел за ней по улицам - a sigh of relief went * the audience вздох облегчения пронесся по всему залу движение в какой-л. среде или в каких-л. условиях: по - to fly * the air лететь по воздуху - to sail * the water плыть по воде - the drove * a dark winter day они ехали темным зимним днем - he walked all day * heavy rain он шел под сильным дождем весь день - journey * time and space путешествие во времени и в пространстве /сквозь время и пространство/ (часто all *) протекание действия в течение целого периода времени: в течение, в продолжение - * many centuries в течение многих веков - every day * November and December каждый день в течение всего ноября и декабря - all * the day весь день, в течение всего дня - all * his life в течение всей его жизни, всю его жизнь - they will continue the construction * the winter months строительство будет продолжаться всю зиму - he stayed with them * Saturday он пробыл у них всю субботу - he won't last * the night он не доживет до утра - he's slept * a thunderstorm он проспал всю грозу;
    он крепко спал, пока бушевала гроза продолжение действия до определенного срока включительно: с... по... (включительно) - 1961 * 1962 с 1961 г. по 1962 г. включительно - from May * September с мая по сентябрь включительно - numbers 1 * 30 номера от первого до тридцатого включительно - sizes 9 * 19 размеры с 9 по 19 включительно - 7th grade * high school от седьмого класса (вплоть) до окончания средней школы посредника: через - he did it * an agent он сделал это через посредника - he spoke * an interpreter он объяснялся через переводчика - he sees only * your eyes он на все смотрит вашими глазами - to send smth. * the post послать что-л. по почте источник: из, от, по, через - I learned it * your secretary я узнал об этом от /через/ вашего секретаря - he learned it * reports он узнал об этом из сообщений - * personal experience по личному опыту инструмент или способ: через, путем;
    посредством - * the agency of посредством, при помощи - * smb.'s help с чьей-л. помощью, благодаря чьей-л. помощи - to express ideas * words выражать мысли посредством /с помощью/ слов - he educated himself * correspondence courses он окончил заочные курсы - only * work can you attain good results только работа поможет вам добиться хороших результатов преодоление препятствия, опасности и т. п.: через - to pass * many dangers преодолеть /пройти через/ множество опасностей - the child came very well * the illness ребенок хорошо перенес болезнь - he was going * a difficult time он переживал тяжелое время - they helped him * hard times они поддержали его в трудное время;
    все это трудное время они помогали ему - he has got * his examinations он сдал экзамены - the bill was put * Congress last week законопроект был проведен в конгрессе на прошлой неделе - the bill passed * Parliament законопроект прошел через парламент - he's been * it /* a lot/ он здорово натерпелся, ему пришлось несладко, он повидал всякое движение без остановки у препятствия - to drive * a red light проехать на красный свет совершение действия от начала до конца;
    передается глагольными приставками про-, пере- - to go * the accounts просмотреть счета - to go * college пройти курс обучения в колледже - to go * smb.'s pockets обыскать кого-л., проверить содержимое чьих-л. карманов - we are * school at three o'clock занятия в школе кончаются у нас в три часа - I'm half way * this book я наполовину прочитал эту книгу - when I'm * my work когда я закончу работу - it was half way * act 1 that I saw him прошла уже половина 1-го действия, когда я увидел его быстрое доведение действия до конца;
    передается глагольной приставкой про- - he could go * three books in a day он может проглотить три книги за один день - he went * a fortune in one year за год он промотал состояние причину: из-за, по (причине) ;
    благодаря - * error по ошибке - to lose an opportunity * indecision упустить возможность из-за нерешительности - she refused help * pride она отказалась от помощи из гордости - it was all * you that we were late мы опоздали из-за вас - it happened * no fault of mine это произошло не по моей вине - we succeeded * his help мы добились успеха благодаря его помощи - * illness he lost the use of his legs в результате болезни у него отнялись ноги > to see * smth., smb. видеть что-л., кого-л. насквозь > I can see * him я его насквозь вижу > to see * the trick разгадать фокус /трюк/, не дать себя провести /обмануть/ > to put smb. * it подвергнуть кого-л. строжайшему /жесткому/ допросу, допросить кого-л. с пристрастием > to see smb. * smth. помочь кому-л. сделать что-л. > * the length and breadth (of) вдоль и поперек > to travel * the length and breadth of the country исколесить всю страну ~ and ~ совершенно, насквозь, до конца, во всех отношениях;
    an aristocrat through and through аристократ до кончиков пальцев to be ~ (with) закончить (что-л.) to be ~ (with) покончить (с чем-л.) to be ~ (with) разг. пресытиться( чем-л.) ;
    устать( от чего-л.) ;
    to put a person through соединить (кого-л.) (по телефону) through prep в сочетаниях, имеющих переносное значение в, через;
    to flash through the mind промелькнуть в голове to go ~ many trials пройти через много испытаний he slept the whole night ~ он проспал всю ночь;
    to carry through довести до конца he was examined ~ an interpreter его допрашивали через переводчика ~ насквозь;
    совершенно;
    I am wet through я насквозь промок I have read the book ~ я прочел всю книгу;
    to get through пройти;
    to look through просмотреть ~ prep через (посредство), от;
    I heard of you through your sister я слышал о вас от вашей сестры ~ prep указывает на временные отношения: амер. включительно;
    May 10 through June 15 с 10 мая по 15 июня включительно to be ~ (with) разг. пресытиться (чем-л.) ;
    устать (от чего-л.) ;
    to put a person through соединить (кого-л.) (по телефону) they marched ~ the town они прошли по городу;
    through this country по всей стране ~ and ~ снова и снова ~ and ~ совершенно, насквозь, до конца, во всех отношениях;
    an aristocrat through and through аристократ до кончиков пальцев ~ свободный, беспрепятственный;
    through passage свободный проход ~ прямой, беспересадочный;
    through ticket сквозной билет;
    through service беспересадочное сообщение ~ prep указывает на пространственные отношения через, сквозь, по;
    through the gate через ворота ~ prep указывает на временные отношения: в течение, в продолжение;
    through the night всю ночь they marched ~ the town они прошли по городу;
    through this country по всей стране ~ прямой, беспересадочный;
    through ticket сквозной билет;
    through service беспересадочное сообщение to wait ~ ten long years прождать десять долгих лет ~ prep по причине, вследствие, из-за, благодаря;
    we lost ourselves through not knowing the way мы заблудились из-за того, что не знали дороги you are ~! абонент у телефона, говорите!

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > through

  • 115 thro

    thro'
    1> указывает на:
    2> сквозное движение: насквозь
    _Ex:
    to pierce smth. thro' проткнуть что-л. насквозь
    _Ex:
    he struck his enemy with his spear right thro' он пронзил
    своего врага копьем
    _Ex:
    soaked (wet) thro' промокший насквозь
    _Ex:
    chilled thro' продрогший до костей, окоченевший от холода
    3> движение до конечного пункта (о поездах и т. п.): прямо,
    до места, до пункта назначения
    _Ex:
    to buy thro' to one's farthest destination купить прямой
    билет до места назначения
    _Ex:
    the next train goes (runs) thro' to B. следующий поезд идет
    прямо до В.
    _Ex:
    the luggage was registered thro' багаж был отправлен до
    станции назначения
    4> устранение препятствий для въезда, входа, включения и т. п.
    _Ex:
    to let smb. thro' впустить кого-л.
    _Ex:
    England are thro' to the semifinal Англия вышла в полуфинал
    5> совершение действия в течение целого периода времени:
    весь, целый
    _Ex:
    he studied the whole summer thro' он занимался все лето
    6> совершение действия (от начала) до конца или на его
    исчерпывающий характер: до конца; передается тж. глагольными
    приставками про-, за-, с- и др.
    _Ex:
    to look smth. thro' просмотреть что-л. (до конца)
    _Ex:
    to sing a song thro' спеть всю песню
    _Ex:
    to carry smth. thro' завершить что-л.; провести что-л. до
    конца
    _Ex:
    to put thro' a plan провести (осуществить) план
    _Ex:
    he heard the speech thro' without interruption он прослушал
    всю речь не перебивая
    _Ex:
    to go thro' with smth. довести что-л. до конца
    _Ex:
    I will go thro' with it, whatever happens что бы ни случилось,
    я доведу дело до конца
    _Ex:
    to be thro' with smth. окончить что-л.
    _Ex:
    is the work thro' yet? закончена ли работа?
    _Ex:
    he is thro' with school он окончил школу
    _Ex:
    he is thro' with his work он окончил работу
    _Ex:
    I'm nearly thro' with the book я почти кончил книгу
    _Ex:
    are you thro'? _ам. вы закончили разговор? (по телефону)
    _Ex:
    to get thro' with smth. _разг. закончить что-л.
    7> отказ от чего-л., оставление чего-л.
    _Ex:
    to be thro' with smth. покончить с чем-л., бросить что-л.
    _Ex:
    he is thro' with drinking он бросил пить
    _Ex:
    he is thro' with school он бросил школу
    _Ex:
    he is thro' with his work он бросил работу
    _Ex:
    he is thro' with his family он бросил (оставил) семью
    _Ex:
    to get thro' with smth. _разг. покончить с чем-л.
    _Ex:
    to be thro' with smb. порвать с кем-л.
    _Ex:
    I'm thro' with that fellow я порвал (разделался) с этим парнем
    _Ex:
    he'll change his tune when I'm thro' with him я с ним поговорю
    по-свойски, и он (у меня) запоет иначе
    _Ex:
    I'm thro' with you, we're thro' между нами все кончено
    8> исчерпанность возможностей субъекта
    _Ex:
    he's thro' in politics в политике он конченый человек,
    его политическая карьера закончилась
    _Ex:
    the horse is thro' лошадь выбилась из сил, лошадь загнали
    9> измерение по диаметру: в диаметре
    _Ex:
    a tree measuring twelwe inches thro' дерево, имеющее
    двенадцать дюймов в диаметре
    10> установление телефонной связи
    _Ex:
    to get thro' to smb. связаться с кем-л.
    _Ex:
    to put smb. thro' соединить кого-л.
    _Ex:
    I'm putting you thro' to the secretary я соединяю вас
    с секретарем
    _Ex:
    are you thro'? вас соединили?, вам ответили?
    _Id:
    thro' and thro' совершенно, до конца, вполне; основательно;
    снова и снова
    _Id:
    to read a book thro' and thro' прочесть книгу от корки
    до корки
    _Id:
    he is an honest man thro' and thro' он в высшей степени
    честный человек
    _Id:
    he knows his business thro' and thro' он основательно
    (досконально) знает свое дело
    _Id:
    he read the letter thro' and thro' он вновь и вновь
    перечитывал письмо
    _Id:
    to fall (to drop) thro' окончиться безрезультатно, провалиться
    _Id:
    the deal fell thro' сделка не состоялась (провалилась)
    _Id:
    the plan for our trip fell thro' план нашей поездки сорвался
    11> указывает на:

    12> прохождение через какой-л. предмет или движение через
    какую-л. среду: через, сквозь
    _Ex:
    a path (going (leading)) thro' the woods тропинка (ведущая)
    через лес
    _Ex:
    he pushed thro' the crowd он протиснулся сквозь толпу
    _Ex:
    to drive a nail thro' the board гвоздем пробить доску насквозь
    _Ex:
    to make a hole thro' smth. сделать дыру в чем-л., продырявить
    что-л.
    _Ex:
    he put his arms thro' the straps of his pack он продел руки
    в лямки рюкзака
    _Ex:
    she drew her hand thro' his arm она взяла его под руку
    _Ex:
    to walk thro' the door пройти через дверь
    _Ex:
    the stone flew thro' the open window камень влетел в
    открытое окно
    _Ex:
    he went out thro' the kitchen он ушел через кухню
    _Ex:
    the sun is breaking thro' the clouds сквозь тучи пробивается
    солнце
    _Ex:
    he speaks thro' the nose он говорит в нос, он гнусавит
    _Ex:
    an idea flashed thro' my mind у меня промелькнула мысль
    13> проникновение взгляда через какое-л. отверстие, света
    через какую-л. среду и т. п.: через, сквозь
    _Ex:
    thro' the keyhole через (сквозь) замочную скважину
    _Ex:
    to look thro' a telescope смотреть в телескоп
    _Ex:
    we looked thro' the window at the street через окно мы
    смотрели на улицу
    14> восприятие более слабого звука на фоне более сильного:
    сквозь
    _Ex:
    we could hear him thro' the noise мы слышали его, несмотря
    на шум; его голос доносился сквозь шум
    _Ex:
    we couldn't hear him thro' the noise шум заглушал его слова,
    мы не слышали его из-за шума
    _Ex:
    to talk thro' the radio говорить, заглушая радио
    15> (часто all thro') распространение движения по
    какой-л. территории: по
    _Ex:
    all thro' the country по всей стране
    _Ex:
    they drove thro' Czechoslovakia они пересекли Чехословакию
    (ехали по Чехословакии)
    _Ex:
    to walk thro' the wood идти по лесу
    _Ex:
    he followed her thro' the streets он шел за ней по улицам
    _Ex:
    a sigh of relief went thro' the audience вздох облегчения
    пронесся по всему залу
    16> движение в какой-л. среде или в каких-л. условиях: по
    _Ex:
    to fly thro' the air лететь по воздуху
    _Ex:
    to sail thro' the water плыть по воде
    _Ex:
    the drove thro' a dark winter day они ехали темным зимним днем
    _Ex:
    he walked all day thro' heavy rain он шел под сильным дождем
    весь день
    _Ex:
    journey thro' time and space путешествие во времени и в
    пространстве (сквозь время и пространство)
    17> (часто all thro') протекание действия в течение целого
    периода времени: в течение, в продолжение
    _Ex:
    thro' many centuries в течение многих веков
    _Ex:
    every day thro' November and December каждый день в течение
    всего ноября и декабря
    _Ex:
    all thro' the day весь день, в течение всего дня
    _Ex:
    all thro' his life в течение всей его жизни, всю его жизнь
    _Ex:
    they will continue the construction thro' the winter months
    строительство будет продолжаться всю зиму
    _Ex:
    he stayed with them thro' Saturday он пробыл у них всю субботу
    _Ex:
    he won't last thro' the night он не доживет до утра
    _Ex:
    he's slept thro' a thunderstorm он проспал всю грозу; он
    крепко спал, пока бушевала гроза
    18> продолжение действия до определенного срока включительно:
    с... по... (включительно)
    _Ex:
    1961 thro' 1962 с 1961 г. по 1962 г. включительно
    _Ex:
    from May thro' September с мая по сентябрь включительно
    _Ex:
    numbers 1 thro' 30 номера от первого до тридцатого
    включительно
    _Ex:
    sizes 9 thro' 19 размеры с 9 по 19 включительно
    _Ex:
    7th grade thro' high school от седьмого класса (вплоть)
    до окончания средней школы
    19> посредника: через
    _Ex:
    he did it thro' an agent он сделал это через посредника
    _Ex:
    he spoke thro' an interpreter он объяснялся через переводчика
    _Ex:
    he sees only thro' your eyes он на все смотрит вашими глазами
    _Ex:
    to send smth. thro' the post послать что-л. по почте
    20> источник: из, от, по, через
    _Ex:
    I learned it thro' your secretary я узнал об этом от (через)
    вашего секретаря
    _Ex:
    he learned it thro' reports он узнал об этом из сообщений
    _Ex:
    thro' personal experience по личному опыту
    21> инструмент или способ: через, путем; посредством
    _Ex:
    thro' the agency of посредством, при помощи
    _Ex:
    thro' smb.'s help с чьей-л. помощью, благодаря чьей-л. помощи
    _Ex:
    to express ideas thro' words выражать мысли посредством
    (с помощью) слов
    _Ex:
    he educated himself thro' correspondence courses он окончил
    заочные курсы
    _Ex:
    only thro' work can you attain good results только работа
    поможет вам добиться хороших результатов
    22> преодоление препятствия, опасности и т. п.: через
    _Ex:
    to pass thro' many dangers преодолеть (пройти через)
    множество опасностей
    _Ex:
    the child came very well thro' the illness ребенок хорошо
    перенес болезнь
    _Ex:
    he was going thro' a difficult time он переживал тяжелое время
    _Ex:
    they helped him thro' hard times они поддержали его в трудное
    время; все это трудное время они помогали ему
    _Ex:
    he has got thro' his examinations он сдал экзамены
    _Ex:
    the bill was put thro' Congress last week законопроект был
    проведен в конгрессе на прошлой неделе
    _Ex:
    the bill passed thro' Parliament законопроект прошел через
    парламент
    _Ex:
    he's been thro' it (thro' a lot) он здорово натерпелся,
    ему пришлось несладко, он повидал всякое
    23> движение без остановки у препятствия
    _Ex:
    to drive thro' a red light проехать на красный свет
    24> совершение действия от начала до конца; передается
    глагольными приставками про-, пере-
    _Ex:
    to go thro' the accounts просмотреть счета
    _Ex:
    to go thro' college пройти курс обучения в колледже
    _Ex:
    to go thro' smb.'s pockets обыскать кого-л., проверить
    содержимое чьих-л. карманов
    _Ex:
    we are thro' school at three o'clock занятия в школе кончаются
    у нас в три часа
    _Ex:
    I'm half way thro' this book я наполовину прочитал эту книгу
    _Ex:
    when I'm thro' my work когда я закончу работу
    _Ex:
    it was half way thro' act 1 that I saw him прошла уже половина
    1-го действия, когда я увидел его
    25> быстрое доведение действия до конца; передается глагольной
    приставкой про-
    _Ex:
    he could go thro' three books in a day он может проглотить
    три книги за один день
    _Ex:
    he went thro' a fortune in one year за год он промотал
    состояние
    26> причину: из-за, по (причине); благодаря
    _Ex:
    thro' error по ошибке
    _Ex:
    to lose an opportunity thro' indecision упустить возможность
    из-за нерешительности
    _Ex:
    she refused help thro' pride она отказалась от помощи
    из гордости
    _Ex:
    it was all thro' you that we were late мы опоздали из-за вас
    _Ex:
    it happened thro' no fault of mine это произошло не по
    моей вине
    _Ex:
    we succeeded thro' his help мы добились успеха благодаря
    его помощи
    _Ex:
    thro' illness he lost the use of his legs в результате
    болезни у него отнялись ноги
    _Id:
    to see thro' smth., smb. видеть что-л., кого-л. насквозь
    _Id:
    I can see thro' him я его насквозь вижу
    _Id:
    to see thro' the trick разгадать фокус (трюк), не дать себя
    провести (обмануть)
    _Id:
    to put smb. thro' it подвергнуть кого-л. строжайшему
    (жесткому) допросу, допросить кого-л. с пристрастием
    _Id:
    to see smb. thro' smth. помочь кому-л. сделать что-л.
    _Id:
    thro' the length and breadth (of) вдоль и поперек
    _Id:
    to travel thro' the length and breadth of the country
    исколесить всю страну

    НБАРС > thro

  • 116 through

    1. [θru:] a
    1. прямой, беспересадочный, транзитный, сквозной; прямого сообщения

    through highway [street] - шоссе [улица] без светофоров; дорога [улица] для скоростного движения

    2. свободный, беспрепятственный
    3. основательный, капитальный

    through repairs - мор. капитальный ремонт

    2. [θru:] adv
    1. 1) сквозное движение насквозь

    to pierce smth. through - проткнуть что-л. насквозь

    he struck his enemy with his spear right through - он пронзил своего врага копьём

    soaked /wet/ through - промокший насквозь

    chilled through - продрогший до костей, окоченевший от холода

    2) движение до конечного пункта (о поездах и т. п.) прямо, до места, до пункта назначения

    to buy through to one's farthest destination - купить прямой билет до места назначения

    the next train goes /runs/ through to B. - следующий поезд идёт прямо до B.

    the luggage was registered through - багаж был отправлен до станции назначения

    3) устранение препятствий для въезда, входа, включения и т. п.:

    to let smb. through - впустить кого-л.

    3. 1) совершение действия ( от начала) до конца или на его исчерпывающий характер до конца; передаётся тж. глагольными приставками про-, за-, с- и др.

    to look smth. through - просмотреть что-л. (до конца)

    to carry smth. through - завершить что-л.; провести что-л. до конца

    to put through a plan - провести /осуществить/ план

    he heard the speech through without interruption - он прослушал всю речь не перебивая

    to go through with smth. - довести что-л. до конца

    I will go through with it, whatever happens - что бы ни случилось, я доведу дело до конца

    to be through with smth. - окончить что-л. [см. тж. 2)]

    is the work through yet? - закончена ли работа?

    he is through with school - он окончил школу [см. тж. 2)]

    he is through with his work - он окончил работу [см. тж. 2)]

    are you through? - амер. вы закончили разговор? ( по телефону) [см. тж. 5]

    to get through with smth. - разг. закончить что-л. [см. тж. 2)]

    2) отказ от чего-л., оставление чего-л.:

    to be through with smth. - покончить с чем-л., бросить что-л. [см. тж. 1)]

    he is through with school - он бросил школу [см. тж. 2)]

    he is through with his work - он бросил работу [см. тж. 1)]

    he is through with his family - он бросил /оставил/ семью

    to get through with smth. - разг. покончить с чем-л. [см. тж. 1)]

    to be through with smb. - порвать с кем-л.

    I'm through with that fellow - я порвал /разделался/ с этим парнем

    he'll change his tune when I'm through with him - я с ним поговорю по-свойски, и он (у меня) запоёт иначе

    I'm through with you, we're through - между нами всё кончено

    he's through in politics - в политике он конченый человек, его политическая карьера закончилась

    the horse is through - лошадь выбилась из сил, лошадь загнали

    a tree measuring twelve inches through - дерево, имеющее двенадцать дюймов в диаметре

    to get through to smb. - связаться с кем-л.

    to put smb. through - соединить кого-л.

    are you through? - вас соединили?, вам ответили? [см. тж. 3, 1)]

    ♢ through and through - а) совершенно, до конца, вполне; основательно; to read a book through and through - прочесть книгу от корки до корки; he is an honest man through and through - он в высшей степени честный человек; he knows his business through and through - он основательно /досконально/ знает своё дело; б) снова и снова; he read the letter through and through - он вновь и вновь перечитывал письмо

    to fall /to drop/ through - окончиться безрезультатно, провалиться

    the deal fell through - сделка не состоялась /провалилась/

    3. [θru:] prep
    1. 1) прохождение через какой-л. предмет или движение через какую-л. среду через, сквозь

    a path (going /leading/) through the woods - тропинка (ведущая) через лес

    to make a hole through smth. - сделать дыру в чём-л., продырявить что-л.

    he put his arms through the straps of his pack - он продел руки в лямки рюкзака

    to walk through the door [the gate] - пройти через дверь [через ворота]

    he speaks through the nose - он говорит в нос, он гнусавит

    2) проникновение взгляда через какое-л. отверстие, света через какую-л. среду и т. п. через, сквозь

    through the keyhole - через /сквозь/ замочную скважину

    we looked through the window at the street - через окно мы смотрели на улицу

    we could hear him through the noise - мы слышали его, несмотря на шум; его голос доносился сквозь шум

    we couldn't hear him through the noise - шум заглушал его слова, мы не слышали его из-за шума

    to talk through the radio - говорить, заглушая радио

    2. 1) ( часто all through) распространение движения по какой-л. территории по

    they drove through Czechoslovakia - они пересекли Чехословакию /ехали по Чехословакии/

    a sigh of relief went through the audience - вздох облегчения пронёсся по всему залу

    2) движение в какой-л. среде или в каких-л. условиях по

    he walked all day through heavy rain - он шёл под сильным дождём весь день

    journey through time and space - путешествие во времени и в пространстве /сквозь время и пространство/

    every day through November and December - каждый день в течение всего ноября и декабря

    all through the day - весь день; в течение всего дня

    all through his life - в течение всей его жизни, всю его жизнь

    they will continue the construction through the winter months - строительство будет продолжаться всю зиму

    he's slept through a thunderstorm - он проспал всю грозу; он крепко спал всё время, пока бушевала гроза

    1961 through 1962 - с 1961 г. по 1962 г. включительно

    7th grade through high school - от седьмого класса (вплоть) до окончания средней школы

    4. 1) посредника через

    to send smth. through the post - послать что-л. по почте

    2) источник из, от, по, через

    I learned it through your secretary - я узнал об этом от /через/ вашего секретаря

    he learned it through reports [newspapers] - он узнал об этом из сообщений [из газет]

    3) инструмент или способ через, путём; посредством

    through the agency of - посредством, при помощи

    through smb.'s help - с чьей-л. помощью, благодаря чьей-л. помощи

    to express ideas through words - выражать мысли посредством /с помощью/ слов

    he educated himself through correspondence courses - он окончил заочные курсы

    only through work can you attain good results - только работа поможет вам добиться хороших результатов

    5. 1) преодоление препятствия, опасности и т. п. через

    to pass through many dangers - преодолеть /пройти через/ множество опасностей

    the child came very well through the illness - ребёнок хорошо перенёс болезнь

    they helped him through hard times - они поддержали его в трудное время; всё это трудное время они помогали ему

    the bill was put through Congress last week - законопроект был проведён в конгрессе на прошлой неделе

    he's been through it /through a lot/ - он здорово натерпелся, ему пришлось несладко, он повидал всякое

    6. 1) совершение действия от начала до конца; передаётся глагольными приставками про-, пере-

    to go through smb.'s pockets - обыскать кого-л., проверить содержимое чьих-л. карманов

    we are through school at three o'clock - занятия в школе кончаются у нас в три часа

    it was half way through act 1 that I saw him - уже прошла половина 1-го действия, когда я увидел его

    2) быстрое доведение действия до конца; передается глагольной приставкой про-

    he could go through three books in a day - он может проглотить три книги за один день

    7. причину из-за, по (причине); благодаря

    to lose an opportunity through indecision - упустить возможность из-за нерешительности

    through illness he lost the use of his legs - в результате болезни у него отнялись ноги

    ♢ to see through smth., smb. - видеть что-л., кого-л. насквозь

    to see through the trick - разгадать фокус /трюк/, не дать себя провести /обмануть/

    to put smb. through it - подвергнуть кого-л. строжайшему /жёсткому/ допросу, допросить кого-л. с пристрастием

    to see smb. through smth. - помочь кому-л. сделать что-л.

    to travel through the length and breadth of the country - исколесить всю страну

    НБАРС > through

  • 117 О-14

    ПАДАТЬ/УПАСТЬ В ОБМОРОК VP subj: human to lose consciousness
    X упал в обморок = X fainted (away)
    X fell in a (dead) faint X fell into a swoon X swooned X passed out.
    Сам он, окончив речь свою, поспешно вышел и, повторяю, почти упал в другой комнате в обморок (Достоевский 2). Не himself, having finished his speech, left hastily and, I repeat, nearly fainted in the next room (2a).
    (Наталья Петровна:) Берёзы не тают и не падают в обморок, как нервические дамы (Тургенев 1). (N.P.:) Birches do not melt and do not faint away like nervous ladies (1b). (N.P:) Birch trees don't melt or fall into swoons like nervous ladies (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > О-14

  • 118 падать в обморок

    • ПАДАТЬ/УПАСТЬ в ОБМОРОК
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to lose consciousness:
    - X упал в обморок≈ X fainted (away);
    - X passed out.
         ♦ Сам он, окончив речь свою, поспешно вышел и, повторяю, почти упал в другой комнате в обморок (Достоевский 2). He himself, having finished his speech, left hastily and, I repeat, nearly fainted in the next room (2a).
         ♦ [Наталья Петровна:] Берёзы не тают и не падают в обморок, как нервические дамы (Тургенев 1). [N.P.:] Birches do not melt and do not faint away like nervous ladies (1b). [N.P:] Birch trees don't melt or fall into swoons like nervous ladies (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > падать в обморок

  • 119 упасть в обморок

    • ПАДАТЬ/УПАСТЬ в ОБМОРОК
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    ⇒ to lose consciousness:
    - X упал в обморок≈ X fainted (away);
    - X passed out.
         ♦ Сам он, окончив речь свою, поспешно вышел и, повторяю, почти упал в другой комнате в обморок (Достоевский 2). He himself, having finished his speech, left hastily and, I repeat, nearly fainted in the next room (2a).
         ♦ [Наталья Петровна:] Берёзы не тают и не падают в обморок, как нервические дамы (Тургенев 1). [N.P.:] Birches do not melt and do not faint away like nervous ladies (1b). [N.P:] Birch trees don't melt or fall into swoons like nervous ladies (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > упасть в обморок

  • 120 knee

    ni:
    1) (the joint at the bend of the leg: He fell and cut his knee; The child sat on her father's knee; She was on her knees weeding the garden; He fell on his knees and begged for mercy.) rodilla
    2) (the part of an article of clothing covering this joint: He has a hole in the knee of his trousers.) rodillera
    •
    - knee-deep
    knee n rodilla
    tr[niː]
    1 SMALLANATOMY/SMALL rodilla
    2 (of trousers) rodillera
    1 dar un rodillazo a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to bring the country to its knees llevar el país al borde de la ruina
    knee ['ni:] n
    : rodilla f
    n.
    • rodilla s.f.
    • ángulo s.m.
    v.
    • dar un rodillazo a v.

    I niː
    noun (Anat, Clothing) rodilla f

    to be on one's knees — estar* arrodillado, estar* de rodillas or (liter) de hinojos

    to go o get down on one's knees — ponerse* de rodillas, arrodillarse

    my/his knees were knocking — (colloq) me/le temblaban las piernas

    to bow o bend the knee to somebody — doblar la cerviz ante alguien

    on bended knee(s) — de rodillas, de hinojos (liter)

    to bring something to its knees: the strike brought the country to its knees — la huelga llevó el país al borde del desastre


    II
    transitive verb darle* or pegarle* un rodillazo a
    [niː]
    1.
    N (Anat) rodilla f ; [of garment] rodilla f

    • on one's knees, on bended knee — de rodillas

    • to bow the knee to — humillarse ante, someterse a

    • a sharp pain nearly brought me to my knees — un dolor agudo hizo que casi me cayera de rodillas

    • to fall on one's knees — caer de rodillas

    • to go or get down on one's knees — arrodillarse, ponerse de rodillas

    to go or get down on one's knees to sb — arrodillarse ante algn

    to go to sb on (one's) bended knees — (fig) suplicar a algn de rodillas

    • his knees were knocking — le temblaban las rodillas

    weak 1., 1)
    2.
    3.
    CPD

    knee bend N — flexión f de piernas

    knee breeches NPL — calzón m corto

    knee jerk N — reflejo m rotular

    knee joint N — articulación f de la rodilla

    knee sock N — calcetín m alto

    * * *

    I [niː]
    noun (Anat, Clothing) rodilla f

    to be on one's knees — estar* arrodillado, estar* de rodillas or (liter) de hinojos

    to go o get down on one's knees — ponerse* de rodillas, arrodillarse

    my/his knees were knocking — (colloq) me/le temblaban las piernas

    to bow o bend the knee to somebody — doblar la cerviz ante alguien

    on bended knee(s) — de rodillas, de hinojos (liter)

    to bring something to its knees: the strike brought the country to its knees — la huelga llevó el país al borde del desastre


    II
    transitive verb darle* or pegarle* un rodillazo a

    English-spanish dictionary > knee

Страницы

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