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former+debt

  • 1 former debt

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > former debt

  • 2 debt

    n
    долг; задолженность; долговое обязательство

    - accruing debt
    - accumulated debt
    - active debt
    - amortized debt
    - assignable debt
    - bad debt
    - bank debt
    - bill debt
    - blocked debt
    - bond debt
    - bonded debt
    - book debt
    - bottomry debt
    - business debt
    - budget debts
    - clearing debt
    - collateral debt
    - commercial debt
    - company debts
    - consolidated debt
    - contract debt
    - corporation debts
    - crown debt
    - current debt
    - current external national debt
    - deferred debt
    - discounted debt
    - distressed debt
    - doubtful debt
    - dubious debt
    - due debt
    - effective debt
    - equalization debt
    - external debt
    - extinguished debt
    - fixed debt
    - floating debt
    - foreign debt
    - former debt
    - frozen debt
    - funded debt
    - government debt
    - government floating debt
    - gross debt
    - gross national debt
    - heavy debt
    - huge debt
    - hypothecary debt
    - inherited debt
    - interest-bearing debt
    - internal debt
    - irrecoverable debt
    - joint debt
    - joint and several debt
    - judgement debt
    - junior debt
    - liquid debt
    - liquidated debt
    - living debt
    - long-term debt
    - matured debt
    - maturing debt
    - money debt
    - mortgage debt
    - national debt
    - net debt
    - net bonded debt
    - nonperforming debt
    - nonrecoverable debt
    - nonrepayable debt
    - old debt
    - ordinary debt
    - outstanding debt
    - overlapping debt
    - paid debt
    - past debt
    - past due debt
    - permanent debt
    - petty debt
    - plain debt
    - preferential debt
    - preferred debt
    - privileged debt
    - productive debt
    - provable debts
    - public debt
    - recoverable debt
    - recourse debt
    - redeemed debt
    - repaid debt
    - residual debt
    - retired debt
    - rescheduled debt
    - restructured debt
    - secured debt
    - senior debt
    - short-term debt
    - speciality debt
    - stale debt
    - state debt
    - statute-barred debt
    - subordinated debt
    - total debt
    - uncollectible debt
    - undischarged debt
    - unfunded debt
    - unified debt
    - unpaid debt
    - unrecoverable debt
    - unredeemed debt
    - unsecured debt
    - unserviced debt
    - written-off debt
    - debt at law
    - debts in arrears
    - debts in foreign countries
    - debts of a business enterprise
    - debt of deferred maturity
    - debt on a bill
    - debts on loans
    - debt on pawn
    - debt under a contract
    - debts due
    - debt issued by a general government body
    - debts owing and accruing
    - debts owing by and debts owing to
    - debts receivable
    - debts repayable in annual installments
    - debt secured by a document
    - without debts
    - accumulate debt
    - acknowledge a debt
    - acquit a debt
    - acquit from a debt
    - amortize a debt
    - assume a debt
    - attach a debt
    - be encumbered with debts
    - be in debt
    - be involved in debts
    - be out of debt
    - call a debt
    - cancel a debt
    - clear a debt
    - collect debts
    - consolidate a debt
    - contract debts
    - convert debts into bills
    - cover a debt
    - deduct a debt
    - defer a debt
    - discharge a debt
    - encumber with debts
    - extinguish a debt
    - forgive a debt
    - get into debts
    - get out of debts
    - have debts
    - incur debts
    - liquidate a debt
    - make over a debt
    - meet a debt
    - pay a debt
    - pay back a debt
    - pay off a debt
    - pile up debts
    - recover a debt
    - redeem a debt
    - reduce a debt
    - reimburse a debt
    - release from a debt
    - remit a debt
    - repay a debt
    - repudiate a debt
    - reschedule a debt
    - restructure a debt
    - retire a debt
    - roll over the debt
    - run into debts
    - run up a debt
    - service a debt
    - settle a debt
    - sink a debt
    - slash a debt
    - sue for a debt
    - waive a debt
    - wipe out a debt
    - work out a debt
    - write off a debt

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > debt

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 write off

    cancel: cancelar
    1) v + adv write away
    2) v + o + adv, v + adv + o
    a) ( consider beyond repair) \<\<vehicle\>\> declarar siniestro total
    b) ( damage beyond repair) (BrE) destrozar*, hacer* polvo (fam)
    c) (consider a failure, disregard) \<\<marriage/project\>\> dar* por perdido
    d) \<\<debt\>\> cancelar
    1.
    VI + ADV

    to write off for — [+ information, application form, details, goods] escribir pidiendo

    2. VT + ADV
    1) (Econ) [+ debt] cancelar (por considerarla incobrable)

    to write £1000 off for depreciation — amortizar 1000 libras por depreciación

    2) [+ vehicle] [insurer] declarar siniestro total; [driver] destrozar
    3) (=reject) [+ idea, scheme] desechar
    4) (=write quickly) [+ letter, postcard] escribir (rápidamente)
    * * *
    1) v + adv write away
    2) v + o + adv, v + adv + o
    a) ( consider beyond repair) \<\<vehicle\>\> declarar siniestro total
    b) ( damage beyond repair) (BrE) destrozar*, hacer* polvo (fam)
    c) (consider a failure, disregard) \<\<marriage/project\>\> dar* por perdido
    d) \<\<debt\>\> cancelar

    English-spanish dictionary > write off

  • 5 get

    get
    ❢ This much-used verb has no multi-purpose equivalent in French and therefore is very often translated by choosing a synonym: to get lunch = to prepare lunch = préparer le déjeuner. get is used in many idiomatic expressions ( to get something off one's chest etc) and translations will be found in the appropriate entry (chest etc). This is also true of offensive comments ( get stuffed etc) where the appropriate entry would be stuff. Remember that when get is used to express the idea that a job is done not by you but by somebody else ( to get a room painted etc) faire is used in French followed by an infinitive ( faire repeindre une pièce etc). When get has the meaning of become and is followed by an adjective (to get rich/drunk etc) devenir is sometimes useful but check the appropriate entry (rich, drunk etc) as a single verb often suffices ( s'enrichir, s'enivrer etc). For examples and further uses of get see the entry below.
    A vtr ( p prés - tt- ; prét got ; pp got, gotten US)
    1 ( receive) recevoir [letter, school report, grant] ; recevoir, percevoir [salary, pension] ; TV, Radio capter [channel, programme] ; did you get much for it? est-ce que tu en as tiré beaucoup d'argent? ; what did you get for your car? combien as-tu revendu ta voiture? ; we get a lot of rain il pleut beaucoup ici ; our garden gets a lot of sun notre jardin est bien ensoleillé ; we get a lot of tourists nous avons beaucoup de touristes ; you get lots of attachments with this cleaner il y a beaucoup d'accessoires fournis avec cet aspirateur ; you get what you pay for il faut y mettre le prix ; he's getting help with his science il se fait aider en sciences ;
    2 ( inherit) to get sth from sb lit hériter qch de qn [article, money] ; fig tenir qch de qn [trait, feature] ;
    3 ( obtain) ( by applying) obtenir [permission, divorce, custody, licence] ; trouver [job] ; ( by contacting) trouver [plumber, accountant] ; appeler [taxi] ; ( by buying) acheter [food item, clothing] (from chez) ; avoir [theatre seat, ticket] ; to get something for nothing/at a discount avoir qch gratuitement/avec une réduction ; to get sb sth, to get sth for sb ( by buying) acheter qch à qn ; I'll get sth to eat at the airport je mangerai qch à l'aéroport ;
    4 ( subscribe to) acheter [newspaper] ;
    5 ( acquire) se faire [reputation] ; he got his money in oil il s'est fait de l'argent dans le pétrole ;
    6 ( achieve) obtenir [grade, mark, answer] ; he got it right ( of calculation) il a obtenu le bon résultat ; ( of answer) il a répondu juste ; how many do I need to get? ( when scoring) il me faut combien? ; he's got four more points to get il faut encore qu'il obtienne quatre points ;
    7 ( fetch) chercher [object, person, help] ; go and get a chair/Mr Matthews va chercher une chaise/M. Matthews ; to get sb sth, to get sth for sb aller chercher qch pour qn ; get her a chair va lui chercher une chaise ; can I get you your coat? est-ce que je peux vous apporter votre manteau? ;
    8 (manoeuvre, move) to get sb/sth upstairs/downstairs faire monter/descendre qn/qch ; a car to me is just something to get me from A to B pour moi une voiture ne sert qu'à aller de A à B ; I'll get them there somehow je les ferai parvenir d'une façon ou d'une autre ; can you get between the truck and the wall? est-ce que tu peux te glisser entre le camion et le mur? ;
    9 ( help progress) is this discussion getting us anywhere? est-ce que cette discussion est bien utile? ; I listened to him and where has it got me? je l'ai écouté mais à quoi ça m'a avancé? ; this is getting us nowhere ça ne nous avance à rien ; where will that get you? à quoi ça t'avancera? ;
    10 ( contact) did you manage to get Harry on the phone? tu as réussi à avoir Harry au téléphone? ;
    11 ( deal with) I'll get it ( of phone) je réponds ; ( of doorbell) j'y vais ;
    12 ( prepare) préparer [breakfast, lunch etc] ;
    13 ( take hold of) attraper [person] (by à) ; I've got you, don't worry je te tiens, ne t'inquiète pas ; to get sth from ou off prendre qch sur [shelf, table] ; to get sth from ou out of prendre qch dans [drawer, cupboard] ;
    14 ○ ( oblige to give) to get sth from ou out of sb faire sortir qch à qn [money] ; fig obtenir qch de qn [truth] ;
    15 ○ ( catch) gen arrêter [escapee] ; got you! gen je t'ai eu! ; ( caught in act) vu! ; a shark got him un requin l'a eu ; when I get you, you won't find it so funny quand tu auras affaire ○ à moi, tu trouveras ça moins drôle ;
    16 Med attraper [disease] ; he got the measles from his sister sa sœur lui a passé la rougeole ;
    17 ( use as transport) prendre [bus, train] ;
    18 ( have) to have got avoir [object, money, friend etc] ; I've got a headache/bad back j'ai mal à la tête/au dos ;
    19 ( start to have) to get (hold of) the idea ou impression that se mettre dans la tête que ;
    20 ( suffer) to get a surprise être surpris ; to get a shock avoir un choc ; to get a bang on the head recevoir un coup sur la tête ;
    21 ( be given as punishment) prendre [five years etc] ; avoir [fine] ; to get (a) detention être collé ○ ;
    22 ( hit) to get sb/sth with toucher qn/qch avec [stone, arrow, ball] ; got it! ( of target) touché! ; the arrow got him in the heel la flèche l'a touché au talon ;
    23 (understand, hear) comprendre ; I didn't get what you said/his last name je n'ai pas compris ce que tu as dit/son nom de famille ; did you get it? tu as compris? ; now let me get this right… alors si je comprends bien… ; ‘where did you hear that?’-‘I got it from Paul’ ‘où est-ce que tu as entendu ça?’-‘c'est Paul qui me l'a dit’ ; get this! he was arrested this morning tiens-toi bien! il a été arrêté ce matin ;
    24 ○ (annoy, affect) what gets me is… ce qui m'agace c'est que… ; what really got me was… ce que je n'aimais pas c'était… ;
    25 (learn, learn of) to get to do ○ finir par faire ; to get to like sb finir par apprécier qn ; how did you get to know ou hear of our organization? comment avez-vous entendu parler de notre organisation? ; we got to know them last year on a fait leur connaissance l'année dernière ;
    26 ( have opportunity) to get to do avoir l'occasion de faire ; do you get to use the computer? est-ce que tu as l'occasion d'utiliser l'ordinateur? ; it's not fair, I never get to drive the tractor ce n'est pas juste, on ne me laisse jamais conduire le tracteur ; when do we get to eat the cake? quand est-ce qu'on va pouvoir manger le gâteau? ;
    27 ( start) to get (to be) commencer à devenir ; he's getting to be proficient ou an expert il commence à devenir expert ; it got to be quite unpleasant ça a commencé à devenir plutôt désagréable ; he's getting to be a big boy now c'est un grand garçon maintenant ; to get to doing ○ commencer à faire ; we got to talking/dreaming about the holidays on a commencé à parler/rêver des vacances ; then I got to thinking that puis je me suis dit que ; we'll have to get going il va falloir y aller ;
    28 ( must) to have got to do devoir faire [homework, chore] ; it's got to be done il faut le faire ; you've got to realize that il faut que tu te rendes compte que ; if I've got to go, I will s'il faut que j'y aille, j'irai ; there's got to be a reason il doit y avoir une raison ;
    29 ( persuade) to get sb to do demander à qn de faire ; I got her to talk about her problems j'ai réussi à la faire parler de ses problèmes ; did you get anything out of her? est-ce que tu as réussi à la faire parler? ;
    30 ( have somebody do) to get sth done faire faire qch ; to get the car repaired/valeted faire réparer/nettoyer la voiture ; to get one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux ; how do you ever get anything done? comment est-ce que tu arrives à travailler? ;
    31 ( cause) to get the car going faire démarrer la voiture ; to get the dishes washed faire la vaisselle ; this won't get the dishes washed! la vaisselle ne se fera pas toute seule! ; to get sb pregnant ○ mettre qn enceinte ○ ; as hot/cold as you can get it aussi chaud/froid que possible ; to get one's socks wet mouiller ses chaussettes ; to get one's finger trapped se coincer le doigt.
    B vi ( p prés - tt- ; prét got ; pp got, gotten US)
    1 ( become) devenir [suspicious, rich, old] ; how lucky/stupid can you get! il y en a qui ont de la chance/qui sont vraiment stupides! ; it's getting late il se fait tard ; how did he get like that? comment est-ce qu'il en est arrivé là? ;
    2 ( forming passive) to get (oneself) killed/trapped se faire tuer/coincer ; to get hurt être blessé ;
    3 ( become involved in) to get into ○ ( as hobby) se mettre à [astrology etc] ; ( as job) commencer dans [teaching, publishing] ; fig to get into a fight se battre ;
    4 ( arrive) to get there arriver ; to get to the airport/Switzerland arriver à l'aéroport/en Suisse ; to get (up) to the top ( of hill etc) arriver au sommet ; how did your coat get here? comment est-ce que ton manteau est arrivé là? ; how did you get here? ( by what miracle) comment est-ce que tu es arrivé là? ; ( by what means) comment est-ce que tu es venu? ; where did you get to? où est-ce que tu étais passé? ; we've got to page 5 nous en sommes à la page 5 ;
    5 ( progress) it got to 7 o'clock il était plus de 7 heures ; I'd got as far as underlining the title j'en étais à souligner le titre ; I'm getting nowhere with this essay je n'avance pas dans ma dissertation ; are you getting anywhere with your investigation? est-ce que votre enquête avance? ; now we're getting somewhere ( making progress) on avance vraiment ; ( receiving fresh lead) voilà quelque chose d'intéressant ; it's a slow process but we're getting there c'est un processus lent, mais on avance ; it's not perfect yet but we're getting there ce n'est pas encore parfait mais on avance ;
    6 ○ ( put on) to get into mettre [pyjamas, overalls].
    get ○ ! fiche-moi le camp ○ ! ; get along with you ○ ! ne sois pas ridicule! ; get away with you ○ ! arrête de raconter n'importe quoi ○ ! ; get her ○ ! regarde-moi ça! ; get him ○ in that hat! regarde-le avec ce chapeau! ; he got his ○ ( was killed) il a cassé sa pipe ○ ; I'll get you ○ for that je vais te le faire payer ○ ; I'm getting there je progresse ; it gets me right here! tu vas me faire pleurer! ; I've/he's got it bad ○ je suis/il est vraiment mordu ; I've got it je sais ; to get above oneself commencer à avoir la grosse tête ○ ; to get it together ○ se ressaisir ; to get it up ● bander ●, avoir une érection ; to get one's in ○ US prendre sa revanche ; to tell sb where to get off envoyer qn promener ; to get with it ○ se mettre dans le coup ○ ; what's got into her/them? qu'est-ce qui lui/leur a pris? ; where does he get off ○ ? pour qui se prend-il? ; you've got me there! alors là tu me poses une colle ○ !
    1 ( manage to move) se déplacer (by doing en faisant) ; she doesn't get about very well now elle a du mal à se déplacer maintenant ;
    2 ( travel) voyager, se déplacer ; do you get about much in your job? vous voyagez beaucoup pour votre travail? ; he gets about a bit ( travels) il voyage pas mal ; ( knows people) il connaît du monde ;
    3 ( be spread) [news] se répandre ; [rumour] courir, se répandre ; it got about that la nouvelle s'est répandue que, le bruit a couru que.
    1 ( pass to other side) traverser ;
    2 ( be communicated) [message] passer ;
    ▶ get across [sth] ( cross) traverser [river, road etc] ;
    ▶ get [sth] across
    1 ( transport) how will we get it across? (over stream, gap etc) comment est-ce qu'on le/la fera passer de l'autre côté? ; I'll get a copy across to you (in separate office, building etc) je vous en ferai parvenir un exemplaire ;
    2 ( communicate) faire passer [message, meaning] (to à) ;
    ▶ get across [sb] ○ US ( annoy) se mettre [qn] à dos ○ [person].
    1 ( make progress) [person] progresser ; to get ahead of prendre de l'avance sur [competitor] ;
    1 ( progress) how's the project getting along? comment est-ce que le projet se présente? ; how are you getting along? ( in job) comment ça se passe? ; ( to sick or old person) comment ça va? ; ( in school subject) comment est-ce que ça se passe? ;
    2 ( cope) s'en sortir ; we can't get along without a computer/him on ne s'en sortira pas sans ordinateur/lui ;
    3 ( be suited as friends) bien s'entendre (with avec) ;
    4 (go) I must be getting along il faut que j'y aille.
    1 (move, spread) = get about ;
    2 to get around to doing: she'll get around to visiting us eventually elle va bien finir par venir nous voir ; I must get around to reading his article il faut vraiment que je lise son article ; I haven't got around to it yet je n'ai pas encore eu le temps de m'en occuper ;
    ▶ get around [sth] ( circumvent) contourner [problem, law] ; there's no getting around it il n'y a rien à faire.
    ■ get at ○:
    ▶ get at [sb /sth]
    1 ( reach) atteindre [object] ; arriver jusqu'à [person] ; fig découvrir [truth] ; let me get at her ( in anger) laissez-moi lui régler son compte ○ ;
    2 ( spoil) the ants have got at the sugar les fourmis ont attaqué le sucre ;
    3 ( criticize) être après [person] ;
    4 ( intimidate) intimider [witness] ;
    5 ( insinuate) what are you getting at? où est-ce que tu veux en venir?
    ■ get away:
    1 ( leave) partir ;
    2 ( escape) [person] s'échapper ; the fish got away le poisson s'est échappé ;
    3 fig ( escape unpunished) to get away with a crime échapper à la justice ; you'll never get away with it! tu ne vas pas t'en tirer comme ça! ; he mustn't be allowed to get away with it il ne faut pas qu'il s'en tire à si bon compte ; she can get away with bright colours elle peut se permettre de porter des couleurs vives ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] away ( for break) emmener [qn] se changer les idées ; to get sb away from a bad influence tenir qn à l'écart d'une mauvaise influence ; to get sth away from sb retirer qch à qn [weapon, dangerous object].
    ▶ get away from [sth]
    1 ( leave) quitter [town] ; I must get away from here ou this place! il faut que je parte d'ici! ; ‘get away from it all’ ( in advert) ‘évadez-vous de votre quotidien’ ;
    2 fig ( deny) nier [fact] ; there's no getting away from it on ne peut pas le nier ;
    3 fig ( leave behind) abandonner [practice, method] ;
    ▶ get away from [sb] lit, fig échapper à.
    ■ get back:
    1 ( return) gen rentrer ; ( after short time) revenir ; when we get back à notre retour ;
    2 ( move backwards) reculer ; get back! reculez! ;
    3 ( take revenge) to get back at se venger de [aggressor] ;
    ▶ get back to [sth]
    1 ( return to) rentrer à [house, city] ; revenir à [office, centre, point] ; we got back to Belgium nous sommes rentrés en Belgique ; when we get back to London à notre retour à Londres ;
    2 ( return to former condition) revenir à [teaching, publishing] ; to get back to sleep se rendormir ; to get back to normal redevenir normal ;
    3 ( return to earlier stage) revenir à [main topic, former point] ; to get back to your problem,… pour en revenir à votre problème,… ;
    ▶ get back to [sb]
    1 ( return to) revenir à [group, person] ;
    2 ( on telephone) I'll get right back to you je vous rappelle tout de suite ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] back
    1 ( return) ( personally) ramener [object, person] ; ( by post etc) renvoyer ; Sport ( in tennis etc) renvoyer [ball] ; when they got him back to his cell quand ils l'ont ramené dans sa cellule ;
    2 ( regain) récupérer [lost object, loaned item] ; fig reprendre [strength] ; she got her money back elle a été remboursée ; she got her old job back on lui a redonné son travail ; he got his girlfriend back il s'est remis avec sa petite amie ○.
    ▶ get behind ( delayed) prendre du retard ;
    ▶ get behind [sth] se mettre derrière [hedge, sofa etc].
    ■ get by
    1 ( pass) passer ;
    2 ( survive) se débrouiller (on, with avec) ; we'll never get by without him/them nous ne nous en sortirons jamais sans lui/eux.
    ■ get down:
    1 ( descend) descendre (from, out of de) ;
    2 ( leave table) quitter la table ;
    3 ( lower oneself) ( to floor) se coucher ; ( to crouching position) se baisser ; to get down on one's knees s'agenouiller ; to get down to ( descend to reach) arriver à [lower level etc] ; atteindre [trapped person etc] ; ( apply oneself to) se mettre à [work] ; to get down to the pupils' level fig se mettre à la portée des élèves ; let's get down to business parlons affaires ; when you get right down to it quand on regarde d'un peu plus près ; to get down to doing se mettre à faire ;
    ▶ get down [sth] descendre [slope] ; if we get down the mountain alive si nous arrivons vivants en bas de la montagne ; when we got down the hill quand nous nous sommes retrouvés en bas de la colline ;
    ▶ get [sth] down, get down [sth]
    1 ( from height) descendre [book, jar etc] ;
    2 ( swallow) avaler [medicine, pill] ;
    3 ( record) noter [speech, dictation] ;
    ▶ get [sb] down
    1 ( from height) faire descendre [person] ;
    2 ○ ( depress) déprimer [person].
    ■ get in:
    ▶ get in
    1 lit ( to building) entrer ; ( to vehicle) monter ;
    2 fig ( participate) to get in on réussir à s'introduire dans [project, scheme] ; to get in on the deal ○ faire partie du coup ;
    3 ( return home) rentrer ;
    4 ( arrive at destination) [train, coach] arriver ;
    5 ( penetrate) [water, sunlight] pénétrer ;
    6 Pol [Labour, Tories etc] passer ; [candidate] être élu ;
    7 Sch, Univ [applicant] être admis ;
    8 ( associate) to get in with se mettre bien avec [person] ; he's got in with a bad crowd il traîne avec des gens peu recommandables ;
    ▶ get [sth] in, get in [sth]
    1 ( buy in) acheter [supplies] ;
    2 ( fit into space) I can't get the drawer in je n'arrive pas à faire rentrer le tiroir ;
    3 Agric ( harvest) rentrer [crop] ;
    4 Hort ( plant) planter [bulbs etc] ;
    5 (deliver, hand in) rendre [essay, competition entry] ;
    6 ( include) (in article, book) placer [section, remark, anecdote] ; he got in a few punches il a distribué quelques coups ;
    7 ( fit into schedule) faire [tennis, golf] ; I'll try to get in a bit of tennis ○ j'essayerai de faire un peu de tennis ;
    ▶ get [sb] in faire entrer [person].
    ■ get into:
    ▶ get into [sth]
    1 ( enter) entrer dans [building] ; monter dans [vehicle] ;
    2 ( be admitted) ( as member) devenir membre de [club] ; ( as student) être admis à [school, university] ; I didn't know what I was getting into fig je ne savais pas dans quoi je m'embarquais ;
    3 ( squeeze into) rentrer dans [garment, size] ; ⇒ debt, habit, trouble ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] into faire entrer [qn/qch] dans [good school, building, room, space].
    ■ get off:
    ▶ get off
    1 ( from bus etc) descendre (at à) ;
    2 ( start on journey) partir ;
    3 ( leave work) finir ;
    4 ○ ( escape punishment) s'en tirer (with avec) ;
    5 to get off to partir pour [destination] ; did they get off to school OK? est-ce qu'ils sont partis sans problèmes pour l'école? ; ( make headway) to get off to a good/poor start prendre un bon/mauvais départ ; to get off to sleep s'endormir ; to get off on doing ○ péj ( get buzz from) prendre plaisir à faire ; to get off with, GB rencontrer, ramasser ○ pej [person] ;
    ▶ get off [sth]
    1 ( climb down from) descendre de [wall, ledge] ;
    2 ( alight from) descendre de [bus etc] ;
    3 ( remove oneself from) get off my nice clean floor/the grass ne marche pas sur mon sol tout propre/la pelouse ;
    4 fig ( depart from) s'écarter de [subject] ;
    ▶ get off ○ [sb] ( leave hold) get off me! lâche-moi! ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] off
    1 ( lift down) descendre [object] ; faire descendre [person] ;
    2 ( dispatch) envoyer [parcel, letter, person] ; I've got the children off to school j'ai envoyé les enfants à l'école ;
    3 ( remove) enlever [stain] ;
    4 ○ ( send to sleep) endormir [baby].
    ■ get on:
    ▶ get on
    1 ( climb aboard) monter (at à) ;
    2 ( work) get on a bit faster/more sensibly travaille un peu plus vite/plus sérieusement ;
    3 ( continue with work) let's get on! continuons! ;
    4 GB ( like each other) bien s'entendre ;
    5 ( fare) how did you get on? comment est-ce que ça s'est passé? ;
    6 ( cope) how are you getting on? comment est-ce que tu t'en sors? ;
    7 GB ( approach) he's getting on for 40 il approche des quarante ans ; it's getting on for midnight il est presque minuit ; there are getting on for 80 people ○ il y a presque 80 personnes ;
    8 ( grow late) time's getting on le temps passe ;
    9 ( grow old) to be getting on a bit commencer à vieillir ;
    ▶ get on [sth] ( board) monter dans [vehicle] ;
    ▶ get [sth] on, get on [sth] ( put on) mettre [boots, clothing] ; monter [tyre] ; mettre [lid, tap washer etc].
    ■ get onto:
    ▶ get onto [sth]
    1 ( board) monter dans [vehicle] ;
    2 ( be appointed) être nommé à [Board] ;
    3 ( start to discuss) arriver à parler de [topic, subject] ;
    4 GB ( contact) contacter ; I'll get on to the authorities je contacterai les autorités.
    ▶ get on with [sth] ( continue to do) to get on with one's work/with preparing the meal continuer à travailler/à préparer le repas ; let's get on with the job! au travail! ;
    ▶ get on with [sb] GB s'entendre avec [person].
    ■ get out:
    ▶ get out
    1 ( exit) sortir (through, by par) ; get out and don't come back! va-t'en et ne reviens pas! ; they'll never get out alive ils ne s'en sortiront jamais vivants ;
    2 ( make social outing) sortir ; you should get out more tu devrais sortir plus ;
    3 (resign, leave) partir ;
    4 ( alight) descendre ;
    5 ( be let out) [prisoner] être libéré ; he gets out on the 8th il sera libéré le 8 ;
    6 ( leak) [news] être révélé ;
    ▶ get [sth] out, get out [sth]
    1 ( bring out) sortir [handkerchief, ID card] ;
    2 ( extract) retirer [cork, stuck object] ; extraire [tooth] ;
    3 ( erase) enlever [stain] ;
    4 ( take on loan) emprunter [library book] ;
    5 ( produce) sortir [plans, product] ;
    6 ( utter) I couldn't get the words out les mots ne voulaient pas sortir ;
    7 ( solve) faire [puzzle] ;
    ▶ get [sb] out ( release) faire libérer [prisoner] ; to get sb out of sth ( free from detention) ( personally) libérer qn de qch ; ( by persuasion) faire libérer qn de qch [prisoner] ; to get sth out of sth ( bring out) sortir qch de qch [handkerchief etc] ; ( find and remove) récupérer qch dans qch [required object, stuck object] ; I can't get it out of my mind je ne peux pas l'effacer de mon esprit.
    ▶ get out of [sth]
    1 ( exit from) sortir de [building, bed] ;
    2 ( alight from) descendre de [vehicle] ;
    3 ( leave at end of) sortir de [meeting] ;
    4 ( be freed from) être libéré de [prison] ;
    5 ( withdraw from) quitter [organization] ; échapper à [responsibilities] ; he's got out of oil ○ ( as investment) il a vendu toutes ses actions dans le pétrole ;
    6 ( avoid doing) s'arranger pour ne pas aller à [appointment, meeting] ; I'll try to get out of it j'essaierai de me libérer ; I accepted the invitation and now I can't get out of it j'ai accepté l'invitation et maintenant je ne peux pas me défiler ○ ; to get out of doing s'arranger pour ne pas faire ;
    7 ( no longer do) perdre [habit] ;
    8 ( gain from) what do you get out of your job? qu'est-ce que ton travail t'apporte? ; what will you get out of it? qu'est-ce que vous en retirerez?
    ■ get over:
    ▶ get over ( cross) passer ;
    ▶ get over [sth]
    1 ( cross) traverser [bridge, stream] ;
    2 ( recover from) se remettre de [illness, shock] ; to get over the fact that se remettre du fait que ; I can't get over it ( in amazement) je n'en reviens pas ; I couldn't get over how she looked ça m'a fait un choc de la voir comme ça ; I can't get over how you've grown je n'en reviens pas de ce que tu as grandi ;
    3 ( surmount) surmonter [problem] ; to get sth over with en finir avec qch ; let's get it over with finissons-en ;
    4 ( stop loving) oublier ; she never got over him elle ne l'a jamais oublié ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] over
    1 ( cause to cross) faire passer [injured person, object] ; faire passer [qn/ qch] au-dessus de [bridge, wall etc] ;
    2 ( cause to arrive) get the plumber over here at once faites venir tout de suite le plombier ;
    3 ( communicate) faire passer [message].
    ■ get round GB:
    ▶ get round [sth] = get around [sth] ;
    ▶ get round ○ [sb] persuader [qn], avoir [qn] au sentiment ○ ; can't you get round him? est-ce que tu ne peux pas le persuader? ; she easily gets round her father elle fait tout ce qu'elle veut de son père.
    1 ( squeeze through) passer ;
    2 Telecom to get through to sb avoir qn au téléphone ; I couldn't get through je n'ai pas réussi à l'avoir ;
    3 to get through to ( communicate with) convaincre [person] ;
    4 ( arrive) [news, supplies] arriver ;
    5 ( survive) s'en sortir (by doing en faisant) ;
    6 Sch, Univ [examinee] réussir ;
    ▶ get through [sth]
    1 ( make way through) traverser [checkpoint, mud] ;
    2 ( reach end of) terminer [book, revision] ; finir [meal, task] ; [actor] finir [performance] ;
    3 ( survive mentally) I thought I'd never get through the week j'ai cru que je ne tiendrais pas la semaine ;
    4 ( complete successfully) [candidate, competitor] réussir à [exam, qualifying round] ; I got through the interview l'entretien s'est bien passé ;
    5 (consume, use) manger [supply of food] ; boire [supply of drink] ; dépenser [money] ; I get through two notebooks a week il me faut or j'use deux carnets par semaine ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] through
    1 ( squeeze through) faire passer [car, object, person] ;
    2 ( help to endure) [pills, encouragement, strength of character] aider [qn] à continuer ; her advice/these pills got me through the day ses conseils/ces comprimés m'ont aidé à tenir le coup ○ ;
    3 ( help through frontier etc) faire passer [person, imported goods] ;
    4 Sch, Univ ( help to pass) permettre à [qn] de réussir [candidate] ;
    5 Pol faire passer [bill].
    ▶ get together ( assemble) se réunir (about, over pour discuter de) ;
    ▶ get [sb/sth] together, get together [sb/sth]
    1 ( assemble) réunir [different people, groups] ;
    2 ( accumulate) réunir [money] ; rassembler [food parcels, truckload] ;
    3 ( form) former [company, action group].
    ■ get under:
    ▶ get under passer en-dessous ;
    ▶ get under [sth] passer sous [barrier, floorboards etc].
    ■ get up:
    ▶ get up
    1 (from bed, chair etc) se lever (from de) ; get up off the grass! ne reste pas sur l'herbe! ;
    2 (on horse, ledge etc) monter ; how did you get up there? comment est-ce que tu es monté là-haut? ;
    3 Meteorol [storm] se préparer ; [wind] se lever ;
    4 to get up to ( reach) arriver à [page, upper floor] ; what did you get up to? fig ( sth enjoyable) qu'est-ce que tu as fait de beau? ; ( sth mischievous) qu'est-ce que tu as fabriqué ○ ? ;
    ▶ get up [sth]
    1 arriver en haut de [hill, ladder] ;
    2 ( increase) augmenter [speed] ;
    3 (start, muster) former [group] ; faire [petition] ; obtenir [support, sympathy] ;
    ▶ get [sth] up organiser ;
    ▶ get [oneself] up ○ in mettre [outfit].

    Big English-French dictionary > get

  • 6 old

    old [əʊld]
    vieux ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e), 2 âgé de ⇒ 1 (c) ancien ⇒ 1 (d)
    (compar older, superl oldest)
    (a) (not new or recent) vieux (vieille);
    ∎ the old traditions of the countryside les vieilles traditions campagnardes;
    ∎ there's an old saying that… il y a un vieux dicton qui dit que…;
    ∎ it's hard to shake off old habits on ne se débarrasse pas facilement de ses vieilles habitudes;
    ∎ not that old excuse again! tu ne vas pas/il ne va pas/ etc ressortir encore une fois la même excuse!;
    ∎ they're old friends ce sont de vieux amis ou des amis de longue date;
    ∎ he's an old friend of mine c'est un de mes vieux amis;
    ∎ to go over old ground revenir sur un terrain déjà parcouru;
    ∎ an old debt une dette de longue date;
    ∎ that's an old dodge c'est un coup classique;
    ∎ the old country la mère patrie
    (b) (not young) vieux (vieille);
    ∎ an old man un vieil homme;
    ∎ an old woman une vieille femme;
    ∎ I don't like that old man/woman je n'aime pas ce vieux/cette vieille;
    ∎ old people personnes fpl âgées;
    ∎ the old people next door le couple âgé qui habite à côté, familiar les vieux qui habitent à côté;
    ∎ to get or grow old vieillir;
    ∎ who will look after me in my old age? qui s'occupera de moi quand je serai vieux?;
    ∎ I've got a little money put aside for my old age j'ai quelques économies de côté pour mes vieux jours;
    ∎ old people's home maison f de retraite
    ∎ how old is she? quel âge a-t-elle?;
    ∎ to be old enough to do sth être en âge de faire qch;
    ∎ she's old enough to know better elle ne devrait plus faire ce genre de chose à son âge;
    ∎ he's old enough to look after himself il est (bien) assez grand pour se débrouiller tout seul;
    ∎ he's old enough to be my father! il pourrait être mon père!;
    ∎ you're as old as you feel on a l'âge de ses artères;
    ∎ she is older than I am elle est plus âgée ou vieille que moi;
    ∎ she's two years older than him elle a deux ans de plus que lui;
    ∎ my boy wants to be a soldier when he's older mon fils veut être soldat quand il sera grand;
    ∎ the older generation la vieille génération;
    ∎ my older sister ma sœur aînée;
    ∎ the oldest of the tribe l'aîné(e) m,f de la tribu;
    ∎ she's six months/twenty-five years old elle a six mois/vingt-cinq ans, elle est âgée de six mois/vingt-cinq ans;
    ∎ at six years old à (l'âge de) six ans;
    ∎ they have a fourteen-year-old boy ils ont un garçon de quatorze ans;
    ∎ a three-day-old baby un bébé de trois jours
    (d) (former) ancien;
    ∎ that's my old address c'est mon ancienne adresse;
    ∎ an old admirer of hers un de ses anciens admirateurs;
    ∎ an old Etonian un ancien élève d'Eton;
    ∎ in the old days autrefois, jadis;
    ∎ the good old days le bon vieux temps;
    ∎ he went to my old school il a fréquenté mon ancienne école;
    ∎ of the old school de la vieille école;
    ∎ a writer of the old school un écrivain de la vieille école
    ∎ old Jimmy wants to speak to you le vieux Jimmy veut te parler;
    ∎ good old Frank! ce (bon) vieux Frank!;
    ∎ old-fashioned hello, old thing or chap! salut, mon vieux ou ma vieille branche!
    ∎ it's a funny old life! la vie est drôle, quand même!;
    ∎ very familiar you old bastard! espèce de salaud!;
    ∎ silly old bat espèce de vieille folle!;
    ∎ we had a fine old time nous avons passé un sacré bon moment;
    ∎ any old bit of wood will do n'importe quel vieux bout de bois fera l'affaire□ ;
    ∎ any old how n'importe comment□ ;
    ∎ I just wear any old thing to do the gardening je porte n'importe quel vieux truc pour jardiner;
    ∎ he's not just any old scientist, he's a Nobel prizewinner ce n'est pas n'importe quel scientifique, c'est un prix Nobel□
    ∎ the old les vieux mpl
    ∎ in days of old autrefois, jadis;
    ∎ the knights of old les chevaliers du temps jadis ou de jadis
    ∎ I know them of old je les connais depuis longtemps
    ►► British old age pension (pension f de) retraite f;
    British old age pensioner retraité(e) m,f;
    the Old Bailey = la cour d'assises de Londres;
    British old boy (former pupil) ancien élève m; familiar (old man) vieux m; familiar old-fashioned (form of address) mon vieux;
    ∎ he's a nice old boy c'est un vieux monsieur charmant;
    British familiar old boy network = contacts privilégiés entre anciens élèves d'un même établissement privé;
    ∎ he got the job through the old boy network il a obtenu ce poste en faisant jouer ses relations□ ;
    British familiar old dear (elderly woman) grand-mère f; (mother) vieille f;
    the Old Dominion State = surnom donné à la Virginie;
    old gold (colour) vieil or m inv;
    Old English vieil anglais m;
    Old Faithful = geyser naturel dans le parc national de Yellowstone;
    British familiar the Old Firm = appellation collective des deux grandes équipes de football de Glasgow, Celtic et Rangers;
    old flame ancien béguin m;
    Old French ancien français m;
    British old girl (former pupil) ancienne élève f; familiar (old woman) vieille f; familiar old-fashioned (form of address) ma chère, chère amie;
    ∎ she's a nice old girl c'est une vieille dame charmante;
    American Old Glory = surnom du drapeau américain;
    old guard vieille garde f;
    old hand vieux routier m, vétéran m;
    ∎ he's an old hand at flying these planes cela fait des années qu'il pilote ces avions;
    familiar old hat dépassé□, vieux (vieille)□ ;
    Old High German ancien haut allemand m;
    Old Labour = appellation populaire du parti travailliste avant le passage au New Labour, insistant sur le fait qu'il se situait alors plus à gauche sur l'échiquier politique;
    familiar old lady (wife) bourgeoise f; (mother) vieille f;
    British familiar old lag truand m;
    the Old Line State = surnom donné au Maryland;
    old maid vieille fille f;
    familiar old man (husband) homme m, jules m; (father) vieux m; British old-fashioned (form of address) mon cher, cher ami;
    American Old Man River = surnom donné au Mississippi;
    Botany old man's beard (Clematis vitalba) clématite f des haies, clématite f vigne blanche;
    old master (painter) grand maître m (de la peinture); (painting) tableau m de maître;
    old money (before decimalization) ancien système m monétaire;
    ∎ 10 shillings in old money 10 shillings dans l'ancien système monétaire;
    ∎ he married into old money (wealth) il a épousé une riche héritière;
    old moon vieille lune f;
    familiar Old Nick Satan□ m, Lucifer□ m;
    Linguistics Old Norse vieux norrois m;
    Linguistics Old Persian vieux perse m;
    British History the Old Pretender le Prétendant (surnom de Jacques Édouard Stuart (1688-1766), fils du roi Jacques II d'Angleterre, qui lutta en vain pour devenir roi de Grande-Bretagne);
    British old school tie (garment) cravate f aux couleurs de son ancienne école; figurative pejorative = attitudes et système de valeurs typiques des anciens élèves des écoles privées britanniques;
    old stager vieux routier m, vétéran m;
    Bible Old Testament Ancien Testament m;
    Old Trafford (cricket ground) = terrain de cricket à Manchester; (football ground) = terrain de football à Manchester;
    Old Vic = surnom du Royal Victoria Theatre à Londres;
    old wives' tale conte m de bonne femme;
    familiar old woman (wife) patronne f, bourgeoise f; (mother) vieille f; figurative pejorative (timid, fussy man) chochotte f;
    ∎ he's such an old woman il est comme une petite vieille;
    the Old World l'Ancien Monde m
    ✾ Book 'The Old Curiosity Shop' Dickens 'Le Magasin d'antiquités'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > old

  • 7 run

    [rʌn] 1. гл.; прош. вр. ran; прич. прош. вр. run
    1)
    а) бежать, бегать

    I've got to run for my bus. — Мне пришлось побежать, чтобы успеть на автобус.

    He ran the mile in under four minutes. — Он пробежал милю меньше чем за четыре минуты.

    The dog ran at the visitor and bit him. — Собака бросилась на посетителя и укусила его.

    I opened the door and the cat ran in. — Я открыл дверь, и в дом забежала кошка.

    He ran at me and kicked me. — Он подбежал ко мне и ударил.

    Would you run up and get my glasses? — Поднимись, пожалуйста, принеси мне очки.

    Lots of people ran out to see what had caused the noise. — Масса народу выбежала на улицу поглядеть, из-за чего этот шум.

    Don't run away, I want to talk to you. — Погоди, я хочу с тобой поговорить.

    б) бегать, передвигаться свободно, без ограничений

    Let chickens run loose. — Пусть цыплята побегают на свободе.

    в) быстро уходить, убегать; спасаться бегством, дезертировать

    The robbers took the money and ran. — Грабители забрали деньги и сбежали.

    I should have to run the country. — Мне придётся покинуть страну.

    If they run their board I shall have to pay it. — Если они сбегут, не заплатив за еду, платить придётся мне.

    Syn:
    2)
    а) преследовать; гнать
    б) заставлять (лошадь и т. п.) быстро бежать ( особенно при езде верхом), гнать, погонять

    The horses were run rapidly forward to the skirmish-line. — Лошадей галопом направили к линии огня.

    to run smb. ragged / off his legs — загонять кого-л. до изнеможения

    He had almost run himself to a standstill. — Он набегался так, что не мог сдвинуться с места.

    You'd never believe that woman was nearly eighty, she could run us all off our feet. — Ни за что не скажешь, что этой женщине было почти восемьдесят, она нас всех могла загонять.

    г) ( run out (of)) выгонять (откуда-л.)

    There's enough of us here to run you out. — Нас здесь вполне достаточно для того, чтобы тебя прогнать.

    3)
    а) двигать, передвигать, заставлять скользить быстро и без труда

    I cook a meal for him occasionally and I run a vacuum over the place. — Время от времени я готовлю ему еду и провожу уборку с помощью пылесоса.

    б) иск. двигать, перемещать ( декорации) по сцене
    4)
    а) быстро перемещаться; двигаться, ехать ( о транспорте)
    б) ходить, курсировать, плавать (о поездах, судах и т. п.)

    to run late — опоздать, прийти не по расписанию

    The shuttle runs daily from New York to Boston. — Самолёты каждый день совершают регулярные рейсы Нью-Йорк - Бостон.

    The trains aren't running now. — Поезда сейчас не ходят.

    Syn:
    5)

    Far ran the naked moon. — Высоко плыла беззащитная луна.

    On that day she deviated from the course of the voyage and ran for Mauritius. — В тот день корабль отклонился от намеченного пути и взял курс на остров Маврикий.

    We were winning the boat race until our boat ran aground on a sandbank. — Мы шли впереди всех в лодочной гонке, пока наша лодка не налетела на мель.

    б) быстро плыть, идти на нерест ( о рыбе)
    6)
    а) управлять (транспортным средством, судном и т. п.)

    They no longer run steamers there. — Они больше не водят здесь пароходы.

    She got back after lunch and ran the car into the garage. — Она вернулась после завтрака и поставила машину в гараж.

    в) держать (двигатель, машину и т. п.) работающим, действующим

    I can't collect you. I don't run a car. — Я не могу за тобой заехать. У меня не заводится машина.

    7)
    а) перевозить, транспортировать; доставлять к месту назначения

    The engine runs trucks to and from the piers on the island. — На острове машина привозила и отвозила товары с пирса и на пирс.

    б) = run across, = run along подвозить (кого-л.)

    I ran Johnson back to my house. — Я отвёз Джонсона обратно к себе домой.

    Don't wait for the bus in this cold weather, I'll run you across to your mother's. — Зачем тебе ждать автобуса на холоде, давай я подброшу тебя до дома твоей матери.

    There's no hurry to get there; I can run you along in the car. — Незачем спешить, я подвезу тебя на своей машине.

    в) перевозить, ввозить ( контрабандный товар)
    8) = run over, = run up совершать краткое путешествие

    During the last five years Fry had formed the habit of running over to Paris. — В течение последних пяти лет у Фрая выработалась привычка ненадолго ездить в Париж.

    9)
    а) (run (up)on / against / into) налетать, наталкиваться на (что-л.); сталкиваться с (чем-л.)

    The boat ran (up)on the rocks. — Лодка наскочила на камни.

    Guess whom I ran against in London the other day? — Угадай, с кем я на днях столкнулся в Лондоне?

    б) (run against, run into) ударять, стукать обо (что-л. / кого-л.), сталкивать с (чем-л. / кем-л.)
    10)
    а) двигаться, катиться (о мяче; о костях, когда их кидают)

    The ball ran into the street. — Мяч выкатился на улицу.

    б) ударять (по шару, особенно в бильярде), катить (шар, особенно в боулинге)

    He ran the ball strongly 30ft. past the hole. — Он ударил по мячу так, что тот на 30 футов перелетел через лунку.

    11) проводить, пробегать (рукой, глазами и т. п.)

    She ran her fingers over the smooth material. — Она провела пальцами по гладкой ткани.

    I caught myself running my glance round. — Я поймал себя на том, что мельком оглядываю всё вокруг.

    She ran down the first page of her letter. — Она пробежала первую страницу письма.

    His eye swiftly ran from line to line. — Его глаза быстро перебегали с одной строчки на другую.

    Let's run through the whole play from the beginning. — Давайте посмотрим всю пьесу сначала.

    Syn:
    12)
    а) вращаться, крутиться

    In which case the wheel will have liberty to run. — В этом случае колесо сможет свободно вращаться.

    Syn:
    б) идти, крутиться (о киноплёнке, магнитной плёнке); демонстрироваться ( о фильме)

    I'd been to see a film in the afternoon, and it ran longer than I expected. — Днём я пошёл посмотреть фильм, и он продолжался дольше, чем я думал.

    The film began to run. — Начался фильм.

    13)
    а) литься, струиться, течь

    The stream runs down the valley. — Поток стекает в долину.

    Tears ran from her eyes. — Из глаз у неё текли слёзы.

    б) ( run with) сделаться мокрым от (чего-л.)

    The mud walls ran down with damp. — Грязные стены отсырели от влажности.

    Syn:
    в) протекать, течь; переполняться ( о сосудах); наполняться ( о ванне)
    Syn:
    14) расплываться; линять (о рисунке и т. п.)

    Her red blouse ran on the lighter colored clothes in the wash. — При стирке красная блузка линяла, окрашивая более светлые вещи.

    15)
    а) плавиться, таять, течь ( в результате таяния)

    The ice cream ran in the warm sun. — Мороженое на солнце растаяло.

    Syn:
    б) соединяться (в один кусок, особенно во влажном или расплавленном состоянии), затвердевать ( комком)
    16)
    а) скользить, легко двигаться, идти гладко

    The neck-halter seems to have been tarry, and did not run. — Верёвка с петлей, похоже, не была пропитана и поэтому не скользила.

    б) ( run through) проводить по (чему-л.), пропускать через (что-л.)

    to run a pen through smth. — зачеркнуть, перечеркнуть что-л. ручкой

    Will you run a thread through an eyelet? — Продень нитку в иголку, будь так добр.

    17)
    а) простираться, расстилаться, тянуться прям. и перен.

    A balustrade runs round the building. — Вокруг здания тянется балюстрада.

    He was brilliantly attired in crimson pyjamas. Who would have thought his taste would run to the exotic? (S. Woods) — Он был облачён в малиновую пижаму. Кто бы мог предположить, что он дойдёт до такой экзотики?

    Syn:
    б) тянуться, расти, обвиваться ( о растениях)
    18) спорт.
    а) соревноваться, участвовать (в соревнованиях, скачках)
    Syn:
    б) проводить (бега, гонки, скачки)

    The Derby has been run in a snowstorm. — Дерби проводилось во время бурана.

    в) заявлять ( лошадь) на скачки

    No person can run more than one horse for any plate. — На любые скачки на приз каждый может заявить только одну лошадь.

    19) брать назад (слово, обещание и т. п.), расторгать, нарушать ( договор)

    The contracting party may be inclined to run from his word. — Договаривающаяся сторона, возможно, захочет взять назад своё слово.

    20) ( run off) не оказывать влияния на (кого-л.)

    The scoldings run off him like water off a duck's back. — Его ругают, а с него всё как с гуся вода.

    21)
    а) преим. амер. баллотироваться, выставлять (свою) кандидатуру на выборах

    Richard Roe will run for mayor. — Ричард Роу выставит свою кандидатуру на пост мэра.

    22) амер. навязывать, расхваливать, рекламировать

    I went with him to the house he was running for. — Я пошёл с ним к дому, который он так расхваливал.

    A whisper ran through the crowd. — По толпе пробежал шёпот.

    The news ran all over town. — Известие быстро распространилось по всему городу.

    Syn:
    24) муз.; = run down исполнять, выводить рулады; быстро пропевать
    25)
    а) быстро вырастать, давая семена
    26)

    Her stocking ran. — У неё на чулке спустилась петля.

    27) работать, функционировать

    One of these little engines recently ran forty-seven days and nights without stoppage. — Один из этих маленьких моторчиков недавно проработал сорок семь суток без остановки.

    The American university: how it runs, where it is going. — Американский университет: как он живёт, куда он движется.

    28) крутиться, вертеться, постоянно возвращаться ( о мыслях)

    phrase running in the head — фраза, которая крутится в голове

    It runs in my head that I've heard something about it. — У меня вертелось в голове, что я где-то уже об этом слышал.

    My thoughts have been running upon the future. — Я всё думаю о будущем.

    29)
    а) проходить, бежать, лететь

    Life ran smoothly in its ordinary grooves. — Жизнь текла гладко в своём привычном русле.

    Their talks ran on for hours. — Они говорили часами.

    Syn:

    The night was almost run. — Ночь почти прошла.

    Syn:
    come to an end, expire
    30) идти, продолжаться, длиться; быть действительным ( на определённый срок)

    The lease runs for five years. — Аренда действительна на пять лет.

    Syn:
    31)
    а) идти (о пьесе, фильме)

    This film is now running at all cinemas. — Этот фильм идёт сейчас во всех кинотеатрах.

    б) показывать (пьесу, фильм)
    32)
    а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)
    б) действовать на определённой территории, распространяться на определённой территории (о законах, воззваниях)

    Musical ability runs in my family. — В нашей семье ярко выражены музыкальные способности.

    34)
    а) быть напечатанным, быть опубликованным, появиться

    The story ran in all the papers. — История появилась во всех газетах.

    Syn:
    б) печатать, публиковать

    The ad was run in the paper for two days. — Объявление публиковалось в газете два дня.

    35) гласить (о документе, тексте и т. п.); быть выраженным ( определённым способом)

    I know not how his proper official title ran. — Я не знаю, каков был его официальный титул.

    36) = run out, = run up достигать ( определённого) количества, стоимости, доходить, равняться

    Last autumn arrests of illegal immigrants were running 80 a week. — Прошлой осенью число арестов нелегальных иммигрантов доходило до 80 в неделю.

    The bill runs to $100. — Счёт составляет 100 долларов.

    The prices run from $5 to $200. — Цены варьируются от 5 до 200 долларов.

    The book ran into five editions. — Книга выдержала пять изданий.

    The total area runs out at 25,000 square miles. — Вся область составляет 25000 квадратных миль.

    The bill for the repairs might run up to $300. — Счёт за ремонт может составить около 300 долларов.

    Syn:

    The members encouraged one another in running the Christian course. — Все члены поддерживали друг друга в следовании христианской религии.

    38) подвергаться (опасности, риску и т. п.)

    We run a danger of wasting time. — Мы рискуем потерять время.

    She's not afraid to run a risk. — Она не боится риска.

    Syn:
    39)
    а) прорывать, преодолевать (какое-л. препятствие); пробиваться сквозь (что-л.)

    The escaped prisoners ran the roadblock. — Сбежавшие заключённые проскочили сквозь дорожно-пропускной пункт.

    б) разг. проскочить ( на красный свет)

    Wilson told officers the brakes of his truck failed, causing him to run a red light at the intersection. — Уилсон сказал полицейским, что у его грузовика отказали тормоза, поэтому ему пришлось на перекрёстке проскочить на красный свет.

    40)
    а) сшивать на скорую руку, смётывать
    в) прикреплять (ленту, тесьму и т. п.), пропуская через прорези в одежде
    41) ( be run) быть стеснённым (в чём-л.)

    I shall be hard run unless I can get a certain sum of money. — У меня будут большие денежные затруднения, если я не достану определённую сумму денег.

    Both author and artist were notoriously always run for time. — И писатель, и художник были известны тем, что у них всегда не хватало времени.

    42) наседать, поджимать (в состязаниях, соперничестве)

    Gloriana would run her very close on the score of beauty. — Глориана не отставала от неё по красоте.

    43) преим. амер. руководить, управлять; вести (дело, предприятие и т. п.); следить (за кем-л.), контролировать

    Teach me how to run the business. — Научи меня вести дела.

    Our staff are highly efficient; the place runs itself almost without our interference. — У нас высококвалифицированные служащие; предприятие работает практически без нашего вмешательства.

    You're my father and all that, but I'll be damned if you run me any more. — Ты мой отец и всё такое, но будь я проклят, если я ещё хоть раз позволю тебе собой командовать.

    Syn:
    44) ввести (кого-л.) в общество
    45) амер. помогать, обеспечивать средствами к существованию

    I was running a small fever. — У меня была небольшая температура.

    I don't like her running this temperature. — Мне не нравится, что у неё такая высокая температура.

    47) = run through приводить в действие, включать ( кинокамеру)
    48) проводить (эксперимент, тест), проводить измерения
    49) амер.; австрал.; разг. дразнить, досаждать, изводить,
    Syn:
    50) разг. заявлять (о ком-л.) в полицию, передавать (кого-л.) в руки полиции
    51) воен. выдвигать обвинение против (кого-л.)
    52) подтасовывать, фальсифицировать
    Syn:
    53)
    а) вырезать ( знак), рисовать, чертить ( линию) на поверхности
    б) вести, тянуть, проводить (что-л. в определённом направлении или до определённой длины)
    Syn:
    54) прослеживать, устанавливать (параллели, сходство); проводить ( различия)
    55) объединять, соединять

    The events of two days have been run into one. — События двух дней были объединены в одно.

    Syn:
    56) ( run to) тяготеть к (чему-л.), иметь склонность к (чему-л.)

    The writer runs to descriptive details. — Этот писатель очень любит подробно описывать детали.

    57) ( run to) обращаться к (кому-л., за помощью или советом)
    58) ( run to) хватать, быть достаточным для (чего-л.)

    The money won't run to a car. — Этих денег не хватит на машину.

    Syn:
    59) ( run with) общаться с (кем-л.); водить компанию с (кем-л.)

    In his younger days he ran with some very undesirable types. — В юности он общался с некоторыми очень подозрительными типами.

    60) ( run across) (случайно) встретиться с (кем-л.); натолкнуться на (кого-л. / что-л.)

    I ran across my former teacher this afternoon. — Сегодня я встретил своего старого учителя.

    I ran across an excellent book on history. — Я тут обнаружил замечательную книгу по истории.

    61) ( run after) "бегать", ухаживать за (кем-л.)

    All the girls are running after the attractive new student. — Девушки прохода не дают этому симпатичному студенту-новичку.

    62) ( run into) наезжать на (что-л.), врезаться во (что-л.)

    I ran into the gatepost and hurt my knee. — Я налетел на столб и повредил колено.

    This lamppost looks as if it's been run into by a bus. — Этот столб выглядит так, как будто в него врезался автобус.

    63) ( run into) случайно встретить (кого-л.), столкнуться с (кем-л.)

    Guess who I run into in the High Street this afternoon? — Знаешь, кого я сегодня встретил на Хай-Стрит?

    Syn:
    bang I 2. 8), bump, barge, knock
    64) ( run into) столкнуться с (чем-л. неприятным)
    65) ( run (up)on) касаться (какой-л. темы), вращаться вокруг (какой-л. темы)

    His thoughts ran upon the happy times that he had spent there. — Он вспомнил о том счастливом времени, которое провёл здесь когда-то.

    66) ( run over) просматривать; повторять (что-л.)

    Just run over your notes before the examination. — Просто прогляди свои конспекты перед экзаменом.

    67) ( run through) промотать ( деньги)
    68) (run + прил.) становиться, делаться

    The little pond ran dry. — Маленький пруд высох.

    The roads ran wild. — Дороги заросли.

    Some say whiskey will run a man crazy. — Некоторые говорят, что от виски человек становится психом.

    - run low
    - run cold
    - run mad
    - run hot
    Syn:
    69) держать, мыть ( под краном)
    накапливаться, образовываться ( о долге)

    It is found a great safeguard against debt not to run long accounts. — Хорошая гарантия не делать долгов - не накапливать счёта.

    71)
    а) ( run into) втыкать, вонзать во (что-л.)
    б) ( run through) прокалывать, пронзать, протыкать (кого-л.)

    Ormonde ran two of the cowards through the body. — Ормонд пронзил тела двух трусов.

    72) иметь ( определённый) склад, характер, свойство, форму

    His hair was brown, with a tendency to run in ringlets. — У него были каштановые волосы, имеющие тенденцию завиваться колечками.

    73)
    а) преим. австрал. выпускать на подножный корм (коров, овец)
    Syn:
    б) запустить (хорька, которого держат для отлова кроликов, уничтожения крыс) в нору
    74) диал. скисать, сквашиваться ( о молоке)
    Syn:
    75)
    а) истекать (чем-л.)

    His lips, his fangs, ran blood. — С его губ, с его клыков стекала кровь.

    The drains will run the water out of the land. — Дренажные канавы осушат земли.

    Syn:
    •
    - run ashore
    - run aground
    - run foul of
    - run short
    - run counter
    - run about
    - run along
    - run around
    - run away
    - run back
    - run down
    - run in
    - run off
    - run on
    - run out
    - run over
    - run round
    - run through
    - run up
    ••

    to run one's mouth / off at the mouth — амер.; разг. неумеренно болтать, пустозвонить

    - run to form
    - run off the rails
    - run for luck
    - run messages
    - run it close
    - run it fine
    - run smth. close
    - run smb. close
    - run too far
    - run the gantlope
    - run oneself into the ground
    - run away with the idea     2. сущ.
    1)
    а) бег, пробег, пробежка

    to keep smb. on the run — не давать кому-л. остановиться

    We took a run around the track. — Мы побежали по беговой дорожке.

    Syn:
    б) перебежка, за которую засчитывается очко ( в крикете или бейсболе)
    в) гон; забег ( на скачках)
    2) короткая поездка, небольшое путешествие

    Let's take a run upstate for the day. — Давай съездим на денёк за город.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) плавание, переход ( особенно между двумя портами)
    б) ж.-д. пробег (паровоза, вагона)
    в) ж.-д. отрезок пути; прогон
    Syn:
    5)
    а) воен. наступательная операция, атака с моря или воздуха
    б) авиа заход на цель

    The aircraft is seen making its second run over the target. — Видно, как самолёт делает второй заход на цель.

    а) полёт, перелёт; рейс

    I was on the Sydney-Melbourne run. — Я совершал перелёт из Сиднея в Мельбурн.

    б) расстояние, пролетаемое самолётом
    7) выгрузка контрабандного товара ( доставляемого по морю), прибытие контрабандного товара

    Keep careful watch tonight; run expected. — Будьте на страже сегодня ночью; ожидается прибытие контрабандного товара.

    8) регулярный обход, объезд

    At night when they had done the evening run on their traps they would return home. — Вечером после того, как они объезжали все свои ловушки, они возвращались домой.

    9) амер.
    а) ручей, речушка
    Syn:
    б) сток, водослив
    Syn:
    в) поток, сильный прилив
    10) струя песка, обвал, оползень
    Syn:
    12) муз. рулада
    13) период времени, полоса (удач, неудач и т. п.)

    Gamblers always hope for a run of good luck. — Игроки всегда надеются, что наступит полоса удач.

    We have had a long-continued run of the loveliest weather. — На длительный период установилась чудеснейшая погода.

    Syn:
    14) геол. простирание пласта; направление рудной жилы
    16) амер. спустившаяся петля ( обычно на чулке)

    I'm darning up a run in my old ski sweater. — Я зашиваю спустившуюся петлю на старом свитере.

    Syn:
    17) непрерывная серия, последовательность
    18) рыба, идущая на нерест

    run of the Field Newspaper from 1985 — подшивка газеты "Филд" с 1985 года

    20) горн. поезд или ряд вагонеток ( в шахте)
    21) ( the run) разг. приступ поноса
    22)
    а) фин. наплыв требований к банкам о немедленных выплатах

    In July the failure of some commercial firms resulted in a run on several German banks. — В июле банкротство нескольких коммерческих фирм привело к массовому изъятию вкладов из нескольких немецких банков.

    б) спрос (на какой-л. товар)

    The book has a considerable run. — Книга хорошо распродаётся.

    в) наплыв, скопление (покупателей и т. п.)
    23) период, в который спектакль, фильм остаётся на сцене, идёт в прокате; период, в который выставка открыта для посетителей

    This comedy has a lengthened run. — Эта комедия уже долго идёт на сцене.

    The International Textile Exhibition closed yesterday after a run of something like six weeks. — Вчера закрылась международная текстильная выставка, которая работала около шести недель.

    24)
    а) ток ( жидкости); количество жидкости, протекающее в единицу времени

    It was no hard run - but my 104 buckets would probably yield 40 or 50 gallons of maple sap today. — Ток был не очень обильным - однако сегодня 104 моих ведра, возможно, дали 40 или 50 галлонов кленового сока.

    б) нефт. погон, фракция
    25)
    а) ход, работа, действие (машины, двигателя)

    Only one experimental run to test the machinery has been made. — Для проверки оборудования было проведено только одно экспериментальное испытание.

    в) информ. (однократный) проход, прогон ( программы)
    26) нечто среднее, стандарт; большинство

    common / general / normal / ordinary run — обычный, средний тип, класс

    We've had nothing exciting - just the usual run of applicants. — У нас не происходило ничего особенного - обычные просители.

    a man of mind, above the run of men — умный человек, превосходящий большинство людей

    27) выводок (о детёнышах животных, птиц)
    Syn:
    28) партия товара, класс товара

    The best runs of English and foreign wheat sell at full prices. — Лучшие сорта английской и иностранной пшеницы продаются по полной цене.

    run of 3,000 copies — тираж в 3000 экземпляров

    30) тропа, проложенная животными
    31) нора, убежище

    The kids are building a rabbit run. — Дети строят норку для кролика.

    Syn:
    32)

    Fowls are restricted to a narrow yard or run. — Домашние птицы содержатся в узком загоне или вольере.

    б) австрал. (овечье) пастбище
    в) австрал. скотоводческая ферма
    33) уклон; трасса
    34) ( runs) амер. место разгрузки, погрузки или сортировки вагонов, горка
    35)
    а) жёлоб, лоток, труба и т. п. (для воды)
    б) горн. бремсберг, уклон
    36) мор. кормовое заострение ( корпуса)
    37) направление; тенденция развития

    We shall find, I think, the general run of things to be such as I have represented it. — Я думаю, что мы обнаружим общую тенденцию развития такой, как я здесь представил.

    Syn:
    38) разг. свобода, возможность пользования (чем-л.)

    You have the run of my office. — Вы можете свободно пользоваться моим офисом.

    Then I have the run of the place entirely to myself. — Итак, это место в полном моём распоряжении.

    Syn:
    39) амер. переселение колонистов на новые земли
    40) австрал.; новозел. стрижка овцы
    ••

    the run of one's teeth / knife — бесплатное питание ( обычно за выполненную работу)

    in the long run — в конце концов; в общем

    to get the run — преим. австрал.; разг. быть уволенным с работы

    - be on the run
    - do smth. on the run
    - have smb. on the run
    - get smb. on the run
    - keep smb. on the run     3. прил.
    2) мор. сбежавший, дезертировавший
    3) идущий на нерест, нерестящийся ( о рыбе)
    4) шотл. туго затянутый ( об узле)
    5) горн. мягкий
    6) диал. скисший, свернувшийся ( о молоке)
    Syn:
    coagulated, clotted
    7) разг. контрабандный ( о товаре)
    Syn:
    8)
    9) гонимый, преследуемый; измученный погоней, выдохшийся
    Syn:
    hunted, chased
    10) продолжающийся, непрерывный
    Syn:
    11) (- run) происходящий ( определённым образом)

    Nothing differs more from a true-run race than the ordinary careful gallop used in training. — Настоящие скачки кардинально отличаются от обычного аккуратного галопа при тренировке.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > run

  • 8 public

    public ['pʌblɪk]
    (a) (of, by the state → education, debt) public;
    ∎ built at public expense construit aux frais du contribuable;
    ∎ to hold public office avoir des fonctions officielles
    (b) (open or accessible to all → place, meeting) public;
    ∎ was it a public trial? le public pouvait-il assister au procès?;
    ∎ let's talk somewhere less public allons discuter dans un endroit plus tranquille;
    ∎ these gardens are public property! ces jardins appartiennent à tout le monde!
    (c) (of, by the people) public;
    ∎ the public interest or good le bien ou l'intérêt m public;
    ∎ in the public interest dans l'intérêt du public;
    ∎ public interest in the matter was flagging le public manifestait de moins en moins d'intérêt pour cette affaire;
    ∎ to make a public protest protester publiquement;
    ∎ the increase in crime is generating great public concern la montée de la criminalité inquiète sérieusement la population;
    ∎ to restore public confidence regagner la confiance de la population;
    ∎ to be in the British public or American public's eye être très en vue;
    ∎ to disappear from the British public or American public's eye tomber dans les oubliettes;
    ∎ a public outcry un tollé général;
    ∎ it created a public scandal ça a provoqué un scandale retentissant;
    ∎ public awareness of the problem has increased le public est plus sensible au problème maintenant;
    ∎ the bill has public support l'opinion publique est favorable au projet de loi
    (d) (publicly known, open) public;
    ∎ to make sth public rendre qch public;
    ∎ to make a public appearance paraître en public;
    ∎ to go into public life se lancer dans les affaires publiques;
    ∎ she's active in public life elle prend une part active aux affaires publiques;
    ∎ the contrast between his public and his private life le contraste entre sa vie publique et sa vie privée;
    ∎ his first public statement sa première déclaration publique;
    ∎ he made a public denial of the rumours il a démenti publiquement les rumeurs, il a apporté un démenti public aux rumeurs;
    ∎ it's public knowledge that… il est de notoriété publique que…
    ∎ to go public (company) s'introduire en Bourse; (reveal information) tout dire ou raconter;
    ∎ the company is going public la société va être cotée en Bourse;
    ∎ to go public with the story raconter toute l'histoire
    3 noun
    public m;
    ∎ the (general) public le (grand) public;
    ∎ in public en public, publiquement;
    ∎ the public is or are tired of political scandals la population est lasse des scandales politiques;
    ∎ Finance to issue shares to the public placer des actions dans le public;
    ∎ her books reach a wide public ses livres touchent un public très large;
    ∎ the movie-going public les amateurs de ou les gens qui vont au cinéma;
    ∎ the viewing public les téléspectateurs;
    ∎ your public awaits or await you votre public vous attend
    en public
    ►► American Television public access channel = chaîne du réseau câblé sur laquelle des particuliers peuvent diffuser leurs propres émissions;
    American Television public access television = chaînes télévisées câblées non commerciales;
    public affairs affaires fpl publiques;
    American public assistance aide f sociale;
    public authorities pouvoirs mpl publics;
    British public bar salle f de bar (dans un "pub" qui contient deux bars séparés, l'expression désigne le plus populaire des deux);
    public baths bains mpl publics;
    British Politics public bill ≃ projet m de loi d'intérêt général;
    public body corporation f de droit public;
    British public call box cabine f (téléphonique) publique;
    public company ≃ société f anonyme;
    British public convenience toilettes fpl publiques;
    British & French Canadian public corporation entreprise f publique;
    Finance public debt dette f publique ou de l'État;
    American Law public defender avocat m commis d'office;
    Finance public deposits = avoirs des différents services du gouvernement britannique à la Banque d'Angleterre;
    public domain domaine m public;
    ∎ to be in the public domain (publication) être dans le domaine public;
    Computing public domain software logiciel m (du domaine) public, French Canadian publiciel m;
    public enemy ennemi m public;
    ∎ public enemy number one ennemi m public numéro un;
    Finance public enterprise (company) entreprise f publique;
    public examination examen m national de l'enseignement public;
    public expenditure dépenses fpl publiques;
    public figure personnalité f très en vue;
    public finance finances fpl publiques;
    British public footpath sentier m public;
    public funds fonds mpl publics;
    public gallery tribune f réservée au public;
    public health santé f publique;
    the public health authorities = administration régionale des services publics de santé;
    public health clinic centre m d'hygiène publique;
    public health hazard risque m pour la santé publique;
    old-fashioned public health inspector inspecteur(trice) m,f sanitaire;
    public health official représentant(e) m,f de la santé publique;
    public holiday jour m férié, fête f légale;
    public house British (pub) pub m, bar m; American (inn) auberge f;
    American public housing logements mpl sociaux, ≃ HLM f inv;
    American Public Housing Administration = services du logement social aux États-Unis;
    American public housing project ≃ cité f HLM;
    Law public indecency outrage m public à la pudeur;
    ∎ to be arrested for public indecency se faire arrêter pour outrage public à la pudeur;
    public inquiry enquête f officielle;
    ∎ to hold a public inquiry faire une enquête officielle;
    British public lavatory toilettes fpl publiques;
    public law droit m public;
    public lending right = droits que touche un auteur ou un éditeur pour le prêt de ses livres en bibliothèque;
    public liability responsabilité f civile;
    public liability insurance assurance f responsabilité civile;
    public library bibliothèque f municipale;
    public limited company ≃ société f anonyme;
    public loan emprunt m public;
    public money deniers mpl ou fonds mpl publics;
    public monies deniers mpl de l'État;
    public nuisance (person) fléau m public, empoisonneur(euse) m,f;
    ∎ the pub's late opening hours were creating a public nuisance (act) les heures d'ouverture tardives du pub portaient atteinte à la tranquillité générale;
    Stock Exchange public offering offre f publique;
    public official fonctionnaire mf;
    public opinion opinion f publique;
    public opinion poll sondage m (d'opinion);
    public ownership nationalisation f, étatisation f;
    ∎ most airports are under public ownership la plupart des aéroports appartiennent à l'État;
    public park jardin m public;
    Law public prosecutor ≃ procureur m général, ≃ ministère m public;
    British the public purse le Trésor (public);
    British Public Record Office ≃ Archives fpl nationales;
    public relations relations fpl publiques;
    ∎ giving them a free meal was great public relations en leur offrant le repas, nous avons fait un excellent travail de relations publiques;
    public relations agency, public relations consultancy agence f conseil en communication;
    public relations consultant conseil m en relations publiques, conseil m en communication;
    public relations exercise opération f de relations publiques;
    ∎ it was a good public relations exercise ce fut une réussite pour ce qui est des relations publiques;
    public relations manager directeur(trice) m,f des relations publiques;
    public relations officer responsable mf des relations publiques;
    public room (in hotel, institution) salle f de réception; Scottish (in house) salon m;
    public school (in UK) public school f, école f privée (prestigieuse); (in US) école f publique;
    British public schoolboy = élève d'une "public school";
    British public schoolgirl = élève d'une "public school";
    public sector secteur m publique;
    British Finance public sector borrowing requirement = besoins d'emprunt du secteur public non couverts par les rentrées fiscales;
    Finance public sector deficit déficit m du secteur public;
    Finance public sector earnings revenus mpl du secteur public;
    public servant fonctionnaire mf;
    public service (amenity) service m public ou d'intérêt général; British (civil service) fonction f publique;
    ∎ she's in public service elle est fonctionnaire;
    ∎ Administration our organization performs a public service notre association assure un service d'intérêt général;
    Stock Exchange public share offer offre f publique de vente;
    public speaker orateur(trice) m,f;
    ∎ he's a very good public speaker c'est un excellent orateur;
    public speaking art m oratoire;
    ∎ humorous unaccustomed as I am to public speaking bien que je n'aie pas l'habitude de prendre la parole en public;
    School public speaking contest concours m d'éloquence;
    Finance public spending (UNCOUNT) dépenses fpl publiques ou de l'État;
    public spirit sens m civique, civisme m;
    American public television (télévision f du) service m public;
    public transport (UNCOUNT) transports mpl en commun;
    ∎ he went by public transport (bus) il est allé en bus; (train) il est allé en train;
    public transport users usagers mpl des transports en commun;
    public utility American (company) = société privée assurant un service public et réglementée par une commission d'État; British (amenity) service m public;
    British public utility company société f d'utilité publique;
    public works travaux mpl publics
    ⓘ PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION Aux États-Unis, on appelle "public access television" les chaînes télévisées câblées non commerciales mises à la disposition d'organisations à but non lucratif et des citoyens. En 1984, le Congrès adopta le "Cable Communications Policy Act" afin de faire face au problème de la monopolisation des chaînes par un nombre réduit de cablo-opérateurs. Cette loi exige des propriétaires de chaînes câblées qu'ils mettent une chaîne à la disposition des communautés locales ainsi qu'un studio et du matériel d'enregistrement, et qu'ils fournissent également une assistance technique si nécessaire.
    ⓘ PUBLIC SCHOOL En Angleterre et au pays de Galles, le terme "public school" désigne une école privée de type traditionnel. Certaines de ces écoles (Eton et Harrow, par exemple) sont très prestigieuses et élitistes. Les "public schools" sont censées former l'élite de la nation. Aux États-Unis et parfois en Écosse, le terme désigne une école publique.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > public

  • 9 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 10 repudiation

    rɪˌpju:dɪˈeɪʃən сущ.
    1) а) отказ (подчиниться и т.п.) ;
    б) отказ (от выполнения обязательств и т.п.)
    2) отречение( от чего-л.) ;
    отрицание They were surprised by his sudden repudiation of all his former beliefs. ≈ Их удивило его внезапное отречение от всех своих прежних убеждений.
    3) развод по одностороннему заявлению;
    обык. со стороны мужа
    4) эк. аннулирование долгов отречение отрицание - * of one's authorship отрицание авторства отказ принять, признать или подчиниться отказ от уплаты долга или выполнения обязательства;
    аннулирование долгов (особ. государственных) развод по одностороннему заявлению (обыкн. мужа) браковка debt ~ отказ от уплаты долга repudiation аннулирование заказа ~ браковка изделия ~ отказ, аннулирование, расторжение ~ отказ от выполнения обязательства ~ отказ от долга, от обязательств;
    аннулирование долгов ~ отказ от уплаты долга ~ отказ признать ~ отказ признать или подчиниться ~ отказ принять ~ отречение ~ отрицание;
    отречение (от чего-л.) ~ развод, даваемый мужем жене ~ расторжение договора

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > repudiation

  • 11 assumption

    сущ.
    1)
    а) общ. принятие на себя (ответственности, обязанности, риска, власти и т. д.)

    assumption of office — приход к власти, вступление в должность

    On his assumption of office, he arrested several of the ministers in the former government. — Придя к власти, он арестовал несколько министров бывшего правительства.

    1assumption of risk, risk assumption — принятие риска

    See:
    б) фин., банк., юр. (принятие на себя ответственности по обязательствам другой стороны; напр., продавец ипотеки продолжает нести вторичную ответственность по ипотечному обязательству, если заимодавец не освободит его от ответственности)
    See:
    2) общ. присвоение, захват
    3) общ. предположение, допущение (в теории и т. п.); посылка

    to make an assumption — сделать предположение, предположить что-л.

    we proceed from the assumption that— мы исходим из того, что

    See:

    * * *
    принятие ответственности по обязательствам другой стороны на основе особого соглашения (напр., условие ипотеки, по которому она может быть передана другому лицу); продавец ипотеки обычно продолжает нести вторичную ответственность.
    * * *
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    -----

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > assumption

  • 12 fall

    fall [fɔ:l]
    (verb: preterite fell, past participle fallen)
    1. noun
       a. [of person, rocks] chute f ; (in price, temperature) baisse f (in de)
       b. (US) ( = autumn) automne m
    falls ( = waterfall) chute f d'eau
       a. [person, object] tomber ; [building] s'effondrer ; [temperature, price] baisser
       b. ► to fall + adjective
    ► fall guy (inf!) noun
    ( = scapegoat) bouc m émissaire ; ( = easy victim) pigeon (inf) m
    (British) ( = fall about laughing) se tordre de rire (inf)
    ► fall apart intransitive verb s'effondrer ; [scheme, deal] tomber à l'eau
    ( = retreat) reculer
       a. tomber
       b. ( = fail) [person] échouer
       b. ( = be taken in by) he really fell for it! (inf) il s'est vraiment fait avoir ! (inf)
       b. [troops] former les rangs
    [+ trap] tomber dans ; [+ disfavour, disuse] tomber en
       a. tomber
       b. [sales, numbers, attendances] décliner
    ( = quarrel) se brouiller
    * * *
    [fɔːl] 1.
    1) lit gen chute f ( from de); (of snow, hail) chutes fpl; (of earth, soot) éboulement m; (of axe, hammer, dice) coup m

    to have a fall — faire une chute, tomber

    2) (in temperature, shares, production, demand, quality, popularity) baisse f (in de); ( more drastic) chute f (in de)
    3) (of leader, regime, town) chute f; ( of monarchy) renversement m; ( of seat) perte f
    4)

    fall from grace ou favour — disgrâce f

    5) US ( autumn) automne m
    6) (in pitch, intonation) descente f
    7) ( in wrestling) tombé m; ( in judo) chute f
    2.
    falls plural noun chutes fpl
    3.
    1) ( come down) tomber

    to fall from ou out of — tomber de [boat, nest, bag, hands]

    to fall off ou from — tomber de [chair, table, roof, bike, wall]

    to fall on — tomber sur [person, town]

    to fall in ou into — tomber dans [bath, river]

    to fall down — tomber dans [hole, stairs]

    to fall under — tomber sous [table]; passer sous [bus, train]

    to fall through — passer à travers [ceiling, hole]

    to fall to the floor ou to the ground — tomber par terre

    2) ( drop) [quality, standard, level] diminuer; [temperature, price, production, number, attendance, morale] baisser

    to fall below zero/5% — descendre au-dessous de zéro/5%

    3) ( yield position) tomber

    to fall to — tomber aux mains de [enemy, allies]

    4) euph ( die) tomber
    5) fig ( descend) [night, silence, gaze] tomber (on sur); [blame] retomber (on sur); [shadow] se projeter ( over sur)
    6) ( occur) [stress] tomber (on sur)

    to fall into/outside a category — rentrer/ne pas rentrer dans une catégorie

    to fall to ou on one's knees — tomber à genoux

    to fall at somebody's feet/on somebody's neck — se jeter aux pieds/au cou de quelqu'un

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    did he fall or was he pushed? — hum est-ce qu'il est parti de lui-même ou est-ce qu'on l'a forcé?

    the bigger you are ou the higher you climb, the harder you fall — plus dure sera la chute

    to stand or fall on something — reposer sur quelque chose, dépendre de quelque chose

    English-French dictionary > fall

  • 13 active

    1. n грам. активный или действительный залог
    2. n грам. форма или конструкция в активном залоге
    3. n грам. полит. активист
    4. a деятельный; энергичный; активный; живой
    5. a действительный; эффективный, практический, действенный; настоящий
    6. a быстродействующий
    7. a воен. действующий; действительный
    8. a активно протестующий; возмущённый; бунтующий, мятежный
    9. a фин. активный, находящийся в активе
    10. a эк. оживлённый
    11. a эк. самодеятельный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. agile (adj.) agile; alert; brisk; brisky; catty; driving; dynamic; energetic; enterprising; fast; forceful; kinetic; lissome; lively; mercurial; nimble; peppy; quick; sharp; sprightly; spry; volant; yare; zippy
    2. busy (adj.) animated; busy; consumed with; diligent; eager; earnest; efficient; tireless; vigorous
    3. current (adj.) current; in effect; operative
    4. going (adj.) alive; dynamic; functioning; going; live; running
    5. moving (adj.) acting; astir; living; mobile; motive; moving
    6. practical (adj.) applicable; applied; practical; working
    7. profitable (adj.) interest-bearing; profitable
    Антонимический ряд:
    former; heavy; idle; inactive; indolent; inert; quiet; slow; stupid

    English-Russian base dictionary > active

  • 14 early

    1. a ранний, раннеспелый, скороспелый

    early fruit — скороспелка, скороспелый сорт

    2. a сравнит. ст. в предыдущий
    3. a начальный
    4. a заблаговременный, своевременный
    5. a близкий, ожидаемый в ближайшем будущем, скорейший
    6. a преждевременный, досрочный
    7. a старинный, древний
    8. a тех. происходящий ранее заданного момента времени
    9. a геол. нижний; древний
    10. adv рано
    11. adv в начале

    early on — вначале, на раннем этапе

    early next — в начале; будущий

    12. adv своевременно, заблаговременно
    13. adv скоро, в ближайшее время
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. ancient (adj.) ancient; antediluvian; primal; primitive
    2. first (adj.) beginning; first; initial
    3. premature (adj.) advanced; beforehand; in advance; overearly; oversoon; precocious; premature; soon; untimely
    4. prematurely (adj.) prematurely; too soon
    5. previous (adj.) former; preexistent; previous; primordial
    6. recent (adj.) budding; fresh; new; prime; recent
    7. prematurely (other) ahead of time; before; beforehand; betimes; prematurely; sooner
    8. seasonably (other) oversoon; precipitously; precociously; presently; promptly; punctually; seasonably; soon; timely
    Антонимический ряд:
    belated; final; late; modern; punctual

    English-Russian base dictionary > early

  • 15 call

    call [kɔ:l]
    appeler ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (f), 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (d), 2 (g) pousser un cri ⇒ 1 (c) passer ⇒ 1 (d) s'arrêter ⇒ 1 (e) réveiller ⇒ 2 (c) appel ⇒ 3 (a)-(c) visite ⇒ 3 (d)
    ∎ if you need me, just call si tu as besoin de moi, tu n'as qu'à (m') appeler;
    ∎ she called to her son in the crowd elle appela son fils dans la foule;
    ∎ to call for help appeler à l'aide ou au secours
    ∎ where are you calling from? d'où appelles-tu?;
    ∎ it's Alison calling c'est Alison à l'appareil;
    ∎ who's calling? qui est à l'appareil?, c'est de la part de qui?;
    ∎ may I ask who's calling? qui est à l'appareil, je vous prie?
    (c) (animal, bird) pousser un cri
    (d) British (visit) passer;
    ∎ did the postman call? est-ce que le facteur est passé?;
    ∎ I'll call at the butcher's on the way home je passerai chez le boucher en revenant à la maison;
    ∎ do call again n'hésitez pas à revenir;
    ∎ I was out when they called je n'étais pas là quand ils sont passés
    (e) British (stop) s'arrêter;
    ∎ to call at (train) s'arrêter à; (ship) faire escale à
    (f) Cards (in bridge) appeler (l'atout); (in poker) forcer l'adversaire à déclarer son jeu
    ∎ to call sb's name appeler qn;
    ∎ can you call the children to the table? pouvez-vous appeler les enfants pour qu'ils viennent à table?;
    ∎ "be careful!", he called "attention!", cria-t-il;
    ∎ School to call the roll faire l'appel
    (b) (telephone) appeler;
    ∎ who's calling? qui est à l'appareil?;
    ∎ call me tonight appelle-moi ce soir;
    ∎ don't call me at work ne m'appelle pas au bureau;
    ∎ we called his house nous avons appelé chez lui;
    ∎ to call the police/fire brigade appeler la police/les pompiers;
    ∎ humorous euphemism don't call us, we'll call you on vous écrira
    (c) (wake up) réveiller;
    ∎ can you call me at nine? pouvez-vous me réveiller à 9 heures?
    ∎ he has a cat called Felix il a un chat qui s'appelle Félix;
    ∎ she was called "Ratty" as a child on l'appelait "Ratty" quand elle était enfant;
    ∎ British he was called Charles after his grandfather on l'a appelé Charles comme son grand-père;
    ∎ to call oneself a colonel s'attribuer le titre de colonel;
    ∎ what's this called? comment est-ce qu'on appelle ça?, comment est-ce que ça s'appelle?;
    ∎ she called him a crook elle l'a traité d'escroc;
    ∎ are you calling me a thief? me traitez-vous de voleur?;
    ∎ to call sb names injurier qn, invectiver qn;
    ∎ they called him all sorts of names or every name in the book ils l'ont traité de tous les noms
    ∎ Denver is where I call home c'est à Denver que je me sens chez moi;
    ∎ he had no home to call his own il n'avait pas de chez lui;
    ∎ she had no time to call her own elle n'avait pas de temps à elle;
    ∎ (and you) call yourself a Christian! et tu te dis chrétien!;
    ∎ I don't call that clean ce n'est pas ce que j'appelle propre;
    ∎ British let's call it £10, shall we? disons ou mettons 10 livres, d'accord?;
    ∎ let's call it a day si on s'arrêtait là pour aujourd'hui?
    ∎ to call an election annoncer des élections;
    ∎ to call a meeting convoquer une assemblée;
    ∎ to call a strike appeler à la grève
    (g) (send for, summon) appeler, convoquer;
    ∎ he was called to the phone on l'a demandé au téléphone;
    ∎ to call the doctor faire venir le médecin, appeler le médecin;
    ∎ she was suddenly called home elle a été rappelée soudainement chez elle;
    ∎ to be called away on an emergency être appelé en urgence;
    ∎ he's been called away, his mother is ill il a dû s'absenter parce que sa mère est malade;
    ∎ he was called to his regiment il a été rappelé à son régiment;
    ∎ she was called as a witness elle a été citée comme témoin;
    ∎ he called me over il m'a appelé;
    ∎ to call sth into being former qch
    ∎ to call a loan exiger le remboursement d'un prêt
    (i) Sport (declare, judge) juger;
    ∎ he called it out il a jugé qu'elle était dehors
    (j) Cards (in bridge) annoncer; (in poker) demander
    (k) to call heads/tails choisir face/pile
    ∎ to call sth to mind rappeler qch;
    ∎ the scenery calls to mind certain parts of Brittany le paysage rappelle un peu certaines parties de la Bretagne;
    ∎ to call sth into play faire jouer qch;
    ∎ market forces will soon be called into play on fera bientôt jouer les lois du marché;
    ∎ to call sth into question remettre qch en question;
    ∎ she called into question his competence as a doctor elle a mis ses compétences de médecin en doute;
    ∎ familiar to call the shots or British tune faire la loi
    3 noun
    (a) (cry, shout) appel m; (of animal, bird) cri m; (of bugle, drum) appel m;
    ∎ figurative the call of the sea l'appel du large;
    ∎ he showed dedication (above and) beyond the call of duty il a fait preuve d'un dévouement bien au-delà de ce qu'on était en droit d'attendre de lui;
    ∎ a call for help un appel à l'aide ou au secours;
    ∎ to give sb a call (waken) réveiller qn
    (b) (on telephone) appel m;
    ∎ can I make a call? puis-je téléphoner?;
    ∎ to put a call through passer une communication;
    ∎ to make a call passer un coup de téléphone;
    ∎ there's a call for you on vous demande au téléphone;
    ∎ to take a call prendre un appel;
    ∎ I'll give you a call tomorrow je t'appelle demain;
    ∎ how much does a call to Italy cost? combien est-ce que ça coûte d'appeler en Italie ou l'Italie?;
    ∎ he's on a call il est en ligne;
    ∎ to return sb's call rappeler qn
    (c) (summons) appel m;
    ∎ to come at/answer sb's call venir/répondre à l'appel de qn;
    ∎ to be within call être à portée de voix;
    ∎ this is the last call for passengers for Bordeaux ceci est le dernier appel pour les passagers à destination de Bordeaux;
    ∎ call for tenders appel m d'offres;
    ∎ euphemism to obey or answer a call of nature satisfaire un besoin naturel
    (d) (visit) visite f;
    ∎ British to make or pay a call on sb rendre visite à qn;
    ∎ British she had several calls to make in the neighbourhood elle devait rendre quelques visites dans le voisinage;
    ∎ the doctor doesn't make house calls le médecin ne fait pas de visites à domicile
    ∎ the ship made a call at Genoa le navire a fait escale à Gênes
    (f) (demand, need)
    ∎ there have been renewed calls for a return to capital punishment il y a des gens qui demandent à nouveau le rétablissement de la peine de mort;
    ∎ there is little call for unskilled labour il n'y a qu'une faible demande de travailleurs non spécialisés;
    ∎ there's no call to shout il n'y a aucune raison de crier;
    ∎ there's no call for rudeness! pas besoin ou ce n'est pas la peine d'être impoli!;
    ∎ you have first call on my time je m'occuperai de vous en premier lieu
    (g) Stock Exchange option f d'achat, call m;
    ∎ call of more option f du double
    (h) Finance (for repayment) demande f (d'argent);
    ∎ call for capital appel m de fonds;
    ∎ payable at call payable sur demande ou à présentation ou à vue
    (i) Sport (decision) jugement m
    (j) Cards (in bridge) annonce f; (in solo, whist) demande f
    (k) Religion vocation f;
    ∎ he felt a call (to the ministry) il se sentait une vocation religieuse
    ∎ your call pile ou face?;
    ∎ it's your call! c'est à toi de décider
    (doctor, nurse) de garde; (police, troops) en éveil; (car) disponible; Finance (loan) remboursable sur demande
    ►► call alarm alarme f (pour personne âgée ou handicapée);
    Telecommunications call barring interdiction f d'appels;
    Telecommunications British call box (telephone box) cabine f téléphonique; American (on roadside) borne f d'appel d'urgence;
    call button bouton d'appel;
    Commerce call centre centre m d'appels;
    Telecommunications call connection établissement m d'appel;
    Telecommunications call diversion transfert m d'appel;
    Stock Exchange call feature = clause de remboursement anticipé au gré de l'émetteur;
    Telecommunications call forwarding redirection f d'appel;
    Telecommunications call forwarding device dispositif m de redirection d'appel;
    call girl (prostitute) call-girl f;
    Telecommunications call holding mise f en attente d'appels;
    Telecommunications call key touche f d'appel;
    call letter avis m d'appel de fonds;
    American Radio call letters indicatif m d'appel (d'une station de radio);
    Finance call loan prêt m à vue, prêt m remboursable sur demande;
    Finance call money argent m au jour le jour;
    American call number (on library book) cote f;
    Stock Exchange call option option f d'achat, call m;
    Stock Exchange call price cours m du dont;
    Telecommunications call screening filtrage m d'appels;
    Computing call sequence séquence f d'appel;
    Radio call sign indicatif m d'appel (d'une station de radio);
    Telecommunications call waiting signal m d'appel;
    Telecommunications call waiting service signal m d'appel;
    call warrant warrant m à l'achat
    prendre à part
    ∎ she was called away from the office on l'a appelée et elle a dû quitter le bureau;
    ∎ she's often called away on business elle doit souvent partir en déplacement ou s'absenter pour affaires
    (a) (on telephone) rappeler;
    ∎ I'll call you back later je te rappelle plus tard
    (b) (ask to return) rappeler;
    ∎ I was already at the door when she called me back j'étais déjà près de la porte lorsqu'elle m'a rappelé
    (a) (on telephone) rappeler;
    ∎ can you call back after five? pourriez-vous rappeler après cinq heures?
    (b) (visit again) revenir, repasser;
    ∎ I'll call back tomorrow je reviendrai ou repasserai demain
    ∎ he called down the wrath of God on the killers il appela la colère de Dieu sur la tête des tueurs
    ∎ he called for her at her parents' house il est passé la chercher chez ses parents;
    ∎ whose is this parcel? - someone's calling for it later à qui est ce paquet? - quelqu'un passera le prendre plus tard
    (b) (put forward as demand) appeler, demander; (of agreement, treaty) prévoir;
    ∎ the opposition called for an official statement l'opposition a exigé ou demandé une déclaration officielle;
    ∎ the police are calling for tougher penalties la police réclame des sanctions plus fermes
    (c) (require) exiger;
    ∎ the situation called for quick thinking la situation demandait ou exigeait qu'on réfléchisse vite;
    ∎ this calls for a celebration/a drink! il faut fêter/arroser ça!;
    ∎ that sort of behaviour isn't called for on se passe bien de ce genre de comportement
    formal provoquer, susciter;
    ∎ the article called forth vigorous denials l'article suscita ou occasionna des démentis énergiques
    ➲ call in
    (a) (send for) faire venir;
    ∎ call Miss Smith in, please faites entrer Mlle Smith, s'il vous plaît;
    ∎ an accountant was called in to look at the books on a fait venir un comptable pour examiner les livres de comptes;
    ∎ she called the children in (back into the house) elle a fait rentrer les enfants;
    ∎ the army was called in to assist with the evacuation on a fait appel à l'armée pour aider à l'évacuation
    (b) (recall → defective goods) rappeler; (→ banknotes) retirer de la circulation; (→ library books) faire rentrer
    (c) Finance (debt) rappeler;
    ∎ to call in one's money faire rentrer ses fonds;
    ∎ to call in a loan (of bank) demander le remboursement d'un prêt
    ∎ she called in at her sister's to say goodbye elle est passée chez sa sœur pour dire au revoir
    (b) (telephone) appeler, téléphoner;
    ∎ to call in sick téléphoner pour prévenir qu'on est malade
    (c) Finance (currency) retirer de la circulation
    (a) (appointment, meeting, match, holidays) annuler; (deal) annuler, résilier;
    ∎ to call off a strike (before it takes place) annuler un ordre de grève; (when it has begun) mettre fin à une grève;
    ∎ to call off one's engagement rompre ses fiançailles;
    ∎ the police called off their search la police a arrêté ses recherches
    (b) (dog, attacker) rappeler
    (a) (summon) faire appel à;
    ∎ to call on the experts/sb's services faire appel aux ou avoir recours aux experts/services de qn
    (b) (urge, invite)
    ∎ to call on sb to do sth demander à qn de faire qch;
    ∎ she called on the government to take action elle a demandé au gouvernement d'agir;
    ∎ I now call on Mr Stewart (to speak) je laisse la parole à M. Stewart
    (c) (visit) rendre visite à;
    ∎ I'll call on her this evening je lui rendrai visite ou je passerai chez elle ce soir
    ∎ to call on God invoquer le nom de Dieu
    ∎ "over here!" he called out "par ici!" appela-t-il;
    ∎ she called out the winning number elle a annoncé le numéro gagnant
    (b) (summon) appeler, faire appel à;
    ∎ the army was called out to help on a fait appel à l'armée pour aider;
    ∎ the union called out its members for 24 hours le syndicat appela ses adhérents à une grève de 24 heures
    (shout) appeler;
    ∎ she called out to a policeman elle appela un agent de police;
    ∎ to call out in anger/pain crier de colère/douleur
    exiger
    ∎ can I call round this evening? puis-je passer ce soir?;
    ∎ your mother called round for the parcel votre mère est passée prendre le paquet
    convoquer
    ➲ call up
    (a) (telephone) appeler
    (c) (evoke) évoquer, faire venir à l'esprit
    (d) (summon) appeler, convoquer;
    ∎ she was called up for jury service elle a été appelée ou convoquée pour faire partie d'un jury
    (e) Computing (help screen, menu) rappeler
    appeler
    formal (request, summon) faire appel à;
    ∎ she may be called upon to give evidence il est possible qu'elle soit citée comme témoin;
    ∎ I called upon him for assistance j'ai fait appel à son aide
    ✾ Book 'The Call of the Wild' London 'L'Appel de la forêt'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > call

  • 16 sink

    sink [sɪŋk]
    évier ⇒ 1 (a) lavabo ⇒ 1 (a) couler ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) faire échouer ⇒ 2 (b) oublier ⇒ 2 (c) enfoncer ⇒ 2 (d) creuser ⇒ 2 (e) investir ⇒ 2 (f) sombrer ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (f) s'enfoncer ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (f), 3 (g) baisser ⇒ 3 (c), 3 (e) s'affaiser ⇒ 3 (c) s'écrouler ⇒ 3 (d) plonger ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (e)
    (pt sank [sæŋk], pp sunk [sʌŋk])
    1 noun
    (a) (in kitchen) évier m; (in bathroom) lavabo m;
    ∎ double sink évier m à deux bacs
    (b) (cesspool) puisard m;
    ∎ figurative a sink of sin and corruption un cloaque du vice
    (c) Geology doline f
    (a) (boat, submarine) couler, envoyer par le fond;
    ∎ figurative to be sunk in thought être plongé dans ses pensées
    (b) (ruin → plans) faire échouer;
    ∎ their bid has sunk any chance of us getting the contract leur offre a réduit à néant nos chances de décrocher le contrat;
    ∎ this latest scandal looks certain to sink him ce dernier scandale va sûrement le couler;
    ∎ familiar if they don't come we're sunk! s'ils ne viennent pas, nous sommes fichus!
    (c) (forget) oublier;
    ∎ he sank his troubles in drink il noya ses soucis dans l'alcool;
    ∎ they'll have to learn to sink their differences il faudra qu'ils apprennent à oublier leurs différends
    (d) (plunge, drive → knife, spear, stake) enfoncer;
    ∎ they're sinking the piles for the jetty ils sont en train de mettre en place les pilotis de la jetée;
    ∎ the fishpond was a metal basin sunk in the ground l'étang à poissons était un bassin en métal enfoncé dans le sol;
    ∎ I sank my teeth into the peach j'ai mordu dans la pêche;
    ∎ the dog sank its teeth into my leg le chien m'enfonça ou me planta ses crocs dans la jambe
    (e) (dig, bore → well, mine shaft) creuser, forer
    (f) (invest → money) mettre, investir; (→ extravagantly) engloutir;
    ∎ we sank a fortune into this company nous avons englouti une fortune dans cette société
    (g) Sport (score → basket) marquer; (→ putt) réussir;
    ∎ to sink the ball (in snooker) couler la bille; (in basketball) réussir le tir ou le panier; (in golf) envoyer la balle dans le trou
    (h) Finance (debt) amortir
    (i) British familiar (drink down) s'envoyer, siffler;
    ∎ to sink a pint s'envoyer une pinte de bière
    (a) (below surface → boat) couler, sombrer; (→ person, stone, log) couler;
    ∎ to sink like a stone couler à pic;
    ∎ the bottle sank slowly to the bottom of the pool la bouteille a coulé lentement jusqu'au fond de la piscine;
    ∎ the prow had not yet sunk beneath the surface la proue n'était pas encore submergée;
    ∎ Atlantis sank beneath the seas l'Atlantide a été engloutie par les mers;
    ∎ to sink without (a) trace disparaître sans laisser de trace; figurative tomber dans l'oubli;
    ∎ figurative it was a case of sink or swim il a bien fallu se débrouiller;
    ∎ now it's up to them to sink or swim by themselves à eux maintenant de se débrouiller comme ils peuvent
    (b) (in mud, snow etc) s'enfoncer;
    ∎ at each step, I sank up to my knees in water à chaque pas, je m'enfonçais dans l'eau jusqu'aux genoux;
    ∎ the wheels sank into the mud les roues s'enfonçaient dans la boue;
    ∎ to sink into quicksand s'enliser dans des sables mouvants
    (c) (subside → level, water, flames) baisser; (→ building, ground) s'affaisser;
    ∎ Venice is sinking Venise est en train de s'affaisser;
    ∎ the sun/moon is sinking le soleil/la lune disparaît à l'horizon;
    ∎ the moon sank behind the mountains la lune a disparu derrière les montagnes;
    ∎ as I climbed, the valley sank out of sight au fur et à mesure que je grimpais, la vallée disparaissait
    (d) (sag, slump → person) s'affaler, s'écrouler; (→ hopes) s'écrouler;
    ∎ I sank back in my seat je me suis enfoncé dans mon fauteuil;
    ∎ her head sank back on the pillow sa tête retomba sur l'oreiller;
    ∎ he sank onto the bed il s'est affalé ou il s'est laissé tomber sur le lit;
    ∎ to sink to the ground s'effondrer;
    ∎ to sink to one's knees tomber à genoux;
    ∎ she sank down on her knees elle tomba à genoux;
    ∎ my heart or spirits sank when I saw I was too late j'ai perdu courage en voyant que j'arrivais trop tard;
    ∎ his heart sinks every time he gets a letter from her il a un serrement de cœur chaque fois qu'il reçoit une lettre d'elle
    (e) (decrease, diminish → wages, rates, temperature) baisser; (more dramatically) plonger, chuter; (→ voice) se faire plus bas;
    ∎ you have sunk in my estimation tu as baissé dans mon estime;
    ∎ the dollar has sunk to half its former value le dollar a perdu la moitié de sa valeur;
    ∎ profits have sunk to an all-time low les bénéfices sont au plus bas;
    ∎ her voice had sunk to a whisper (purposefully) elle s'était mise à chuchoter; (weakly) sa voix n'était plus qu'un murmure
    (f) (slip, decline) sombrer, s'enfoncer;
    ∎ to sink into apathy/depression sombrer dans l'apathie/dans la dépression;
    ∎ he sank deeper into crime il s'enfonça dans la délinquance;
    ∎ the house sank into decay and ruin la maison est tombée en ruines;
    ∎ how could you sink so low? comment as-tu pu tomber si bas?;
    ∎ to sink to new depths tomber plus bas;
    ∎ the patient is sinking fast le malade décline rapidement;
    ∎ he has sunk into a coma il est tombé dans le coma;
    ∎ I sank into a deep sleep j'ai sombré dans un sommeil profond
    (g) (penetrate → blade, arrow) s'enfoncer;
    ∎ I felt the dog's teeth sink into my arm j'ai senti les crocs du chien s'enfoncer dans mon bras
    ►► American sink board égouttoir m;
    British sink estate cité f dépotoir;
    sink tidy = rangement pour ustensiles sur un évier;
    sink unit bloc-évier m
    (a) (nail, blade) s'enfoncer
    (b) (soak → varnish, cream) pénétrer
    (c) (register → news) être compris ou assimilé; (→ allusion) faire son effet;
    ∎ I heard what you said, but it didn't sink in at the time je vous ai entendu, mais je n'ai pas vraiment saisi sur le moment;
    ∎ the implications of the epidemic have not yet sunk in on ne se rend pas encore vraiment compte ou on ne réalise pas encore quelles seront les conséquences de cette épidémie;
    ∎ I paused to let my words sink in j'ai marqué une pause pour que mes paroles fassent leur effet;
    ∎ it was beginning to sink in that things had changed je commençais/il commençait/ etc à comprendre que les choses avaient changé

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sink

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