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demand-led

  • 21 aumento

    m.
    1 increase, rise.
    un aumento del 10 por ciento a 10 percent increase
    ir en aumento to be on the increase
    2 promotion.
    3 magnifying power.
    4 jump.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: aumentar.
    * * *
    1 increase, growth
    2 (óptica) magnification
    3 (fotos) enlargement
    4 (sonido) amplification
    5 (salario) rise, US raise
    \
    ir en aumento to be on the increase
    aumento de precios rise in prices
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de tamaño] increase; (Fot) enlargement; (Ópt) magnification
    2) [de cantidad, producción, velocidad, intensidad] increase; [de precio] increase, rise

    se registró un aumento de temperatura — an increase o rise in temperature was recorded

    aumento de peso — [en objeto] increase in weight; [en persona] weight gain

    aumento de sueldo, aumento salarial — (pay) rise

    3) (Elec, Radio) amplification
    4)
    5) (Ópt) magnification
    6) Méx (=posdata) postscript
    * * *
    a) ( incremento) rise, increase

    aumento de algo: aumento de peso increase in weight; aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo — salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)

    b) (Ópt) magnification

    lentes con or de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

    * * *
    = boost, build-up [buildup], extension, growth, increase, rise, tide, expansion, deepening, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, upswing, widening, waxing, enlargement, heightening.
    Ex. Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.
    Ex. No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex. These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex. This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    Ex. The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.
    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex. What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex. This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex. There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex. If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.
    Ex. The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.
    Ex. The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.
    Ex. The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.
    Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex. This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.
    Ex. This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.
    Ex. The arts can serve the heightening of our sensibilities to the theological dimensions of cultural movements.
    ----
    * aumento acelerado = spurt.
    * aumento acusado = sharp increase.
    * aumento asociado a la inflación = inflation-adjusted.
    * aumento de = increased.
    * aumento de cantidad = increase in quantity.
    * aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.
    * aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.
    * aumento de la producción = increased production.
    * aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * aumento de pecho = breast augmentation, breast enlargement.
    * aumento de peso = weight gain.
    * aumento de precios = price increase, increased price.
    * aumento de tamaño = increase in size.
    * aumento en espesor = thickening.
    * aumento notable = rising tide.
    * aumento repentino = upsurge.
    * aumento salarial = salary increase, pay rise, salary rise.
    * aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.
    * aumento transitorio de tensión = surge.
    * aumento vertiginoso = explosion, spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * conceder aumento salarial = award + salary increase.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, growing, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * espejo de aumento = magnifying mirror.
    * experimentar un aumento = experience + rise.
    * experimentar un aumento vertiginoso = experience + explosion.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * ir en aumento = be on the increase.
    * lector de aumento = magnifying reader.
    * lente de aumento = magnifying glass, magnifier.
    * mamoplastía de aumento = augmentation mammoplasty.
    * ritmo de aumento = rate of increase.
    * tasa de aumento = growth rate, rate of growth, rate of increase.
    * * *
    a) ( incremento) rise, increase

    aumento de algo: aumento de peso increase in weight; aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo — salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)

    b) (Ópt) magnification

    lentes con or de mucho aumento — glasses with very strong lenses

    * * *
    = boost, build-up [buildup], extension, growth, increase, rise, tide, expansion, deepening, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, upswing, widening, waxing, enlargement, heightening.

    Ex: Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.

    Ex: No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex: These can be seen as extensions of the supportive role provided by Neighbourhood Advice Centres to community groups.
    Ex: This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    Ex: The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.
    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex: This is not a simple general expansion of a description but an increasing emphasis upon aspects of the book.
    Ex: There is a categorical moral imperative for a deepening and a renewal of the concept of collegiality -- that is a blend of intense competition and mutual support -- in relations between research scholars and research librarians.
    Ex: If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.
    Ex: The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.
    Ex: The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.
    Ex: The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.
    Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex: This waning of one discipline and waxing of another represents the fundamental incommensurability, yet mutual dependence, of existing disciplinary categories of knowledge.
    Ex: This enlargement of interests forms the basis of the claim to provide an information education appropriate to other than library-type environments.
    Ex: The arts can serve the heightening of our sensibilities to the theological dimensions of cultural movements.
    * aumento acelerado = spurt.
    * aumento acusado = sharp increase.
    * aumento asociado a la inflación = inflation-adjusted.
    * aumento de = increased.
    * aumento de cantidad = increase in quantity.
    * aumento de costes = increased costs, cost increase.
    * aumento de la demanda = increase in (the) demand, increased demand.
    * aumento de la producción = increased production.
    * aumento de las diferencias entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * aumento del conocimiento = knowledge building.
    * aumento de los impuestos = tax increase.
    * aumento del uso = increased use.
    * aumento de pecho = breast augmentation, breast enlargement.
    * aumento de peso = weight gain.
    * aumento de precios = price increase, increased price.
    * aumento de tamaño = increase in size.
    * aumento en espesor = thickening.
    * aumento notable = rising tide.
    * aumento repentino = upsurge.
    * aumento salarial = salary increase, pay rise, salary rise.
    * aumento salarial por méritos = merit salary increase.
    * aumento transitorio de tensión = surge.
    * aumento vertiginoso = explosion, spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * conceder aumento salarial = award + salary increase.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, growing, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * espejo de aumento = magnifying mirror.
    * experimentar un aumento = experience + rise.
    * experimentar un aumento vertiginoso = experience + explosion.
    * gran aumento = heavy increase.
    * ir en aumento = be on the increase.
    * lector de aumento = magnifying reader.
    * lente de aumento = magnifying glass, magnifier.
    * mamoplastía de aumento = augmentation mammoplasty.
    * ritmo de aumento = rate of increase.
    * tasa de aumento = growth rate, rate of growth, rate of increase.

    * * *
    1 (incremento) rise, increase
    pedir un aumento to ask for a pay raise ( AmE) o ( BrE) rise
    las tarifas experimentarán or sufrirán un ligero aumento there will be a small increase o rise in fares
    la tensión va en aumento tension is growing o mounting o increasing
    el aumento de las cotizaciones en las bolsas the rise in stock market prices
    la velocidad del cuerpo va en aumento a medida que … the speed of the object increases as …
    aumento DE algo:
    aumento de peso increase in weight, weight gain
    aumento de temperatura rise in temperature
    aumento de precio price rise o increase
    aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise ( AmE), pay rise ( BrE)
    2 ( Ópt) magnification
    un microscopio de 20 aumentos a microscope with a magnifying power o magnification of 20
    tiene gafas or ( AmL) lentes con or de mucho aumento he wears glasses with very strong lenses
    * * *

     

    Del verbo aumentar: ( conjugate aumentar)

    aumento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    aumentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    aumentar    
    aumento
    aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo

    ‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raise
    b) (Opt) to magnify

    verbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise;
    [ velocidad] to increase;
    [precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise;

    aumento de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth;
    aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
    aumento sustantivo masculino


    aumento de temperatura rise in temperature;
    aumento de precio price rise o increase;
    aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)
    b) (Ópt) magnification;


    aumentar
    I verbo transitivo to increase
    Fot to enlarge
    Ópt to magnify
    II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise
    (de valor) to appreciate
    aumento sustantivo masculino
    1 increase
    aumento de sueldo, pay rise
    2 Fot enlargement
    3 Ópt magnification
    ' aumento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    lente
    - más
    - petición
    - producción
    - progresiva
    - progresivo
    - salarial
    - agudo
    - auge
    - aumentar
    - autorizar
    - bonificación
    - escalada
    - nubosidad
    - prever
    - prometido
    - rápido
    - representar
    - retroactivo
    - sensible
    - triple
    - valorización
    - votar
    English:
    appreciation
    - attribute
    - bolster
    - build-up
    - by
    - gain
    - growing
    - growth
    - hike
    - hysteria
    - improvement
    - increase
    - leap
    - mount
    - negotiate
    - of
    - raise
    - rise
    - surge
    - wage increase
    - build
    - glass
    - jump
    - pay
    - rising
    - settlement
    - up
    * * *
    1. [de temperatura, precio, gastos, tensión] increase, rise;
    [de sueldo] Br rise, US raise; [de velocidad] increase;
    un aumento del 10 por ciento a 10 percent increase;
    las temperaturas experimentarán un ligero aumento temperatures will rise slightly;
    ir o [m5] estar en aumento to be on the increase
    aumento lineal [de sueldo] across-the-board pay Br rise o US raise;
    aumento de sueldo pay increase;
    pedir un aumento de sueldo to ask for a (pay) Br rise o US raise
    2. [en óptica] magnification;
    una lente de 20 aumentos a lens of magnification x 20
    3. Méx [posdata] postscript
    * * *
    m de precios, temperaturas etc rise (de in), increase (de in);
    de sueldo raise, Br (pay) rise;
    ir en aumento be increasing
    * * *
    incremento: increase, rise
    * * *
    aumento n increase / rise
    ir en aumento to be increasing / to be rising

    Spanish-English dictionary > aumento

  • 22 mercado

    m.
    1 market.
    mercado de abastos wholesale food market
    mercado bursátil stock market
    el mercado Común Common Market
    mercado de divisas currency market
    mercado exterior foreign market
    mercado financiero financial market
    mercado inmobiliario housing o property market
    mercado interbancario interbank market
    mercado interior domestic market
    mercado laboral labor market
    mercado libre free market
    mercado monetario money market
    mercado negro black market
    mercado de trabajo job market
    mercado único single market
    mercado Único Europeo European Single Market
    2 marketplace, mart, market, market place.
    3 market town.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: mercar.
    * * *
    1 market
    \
    mercado bursátil stock market
    Mercado Común Common Market
    mercado de abastos wholesale food market
    mercado de trabajo job market
    mercado de valores stock market
    mercado negro black market
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) fair
    * * *

    mercado de divisas — currency market, foreign exchange market

    mercado de trabajo — labour o (EEUU) labor market

    mercado exterior — foreign market, overseas market

    mercado laboral — labour o (EEUU) labor market

    mercado persa — Cono Sur cut-price store

    * * *
    1) ( plaza) market

    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado — to go to market

    2) (Com, Econ, Fin) market

    el mercado nacional/extranjero — the domestic/overseas market

    un mercado alcista/bajista — a rising/falling market

    •
    * * *
    = market, marketplace [market place], niche, target market, consumer market, market area.
    Ex. They have some very distinct advantages over more usual indexing techniques, and these are likely to assure citation indexes a place in the information market.
    Ex. These new course programmes will add on desirable new skills to those they already possess to fit them for employment in the information market place.
    Ex. This article describes the development and products of the company Farallon Computing which found a niche and expanded it to include a number of applications and products that people need.
    Ex. The number of copies are fixed in advance on the basis of a known target market, and are distributed by the sales network.
    Ex. Pornography will be a key factor in the sustained growth of the consumer market for CD-ROM databases.
    Ex. This is the result of a large company's process of business diversification based on the use of new technologies and the extension of its market area into Europe.
    ----
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * acaparar el mercado = dominate + the scene, corner + the market.
    * amañar el mercado = rig + the market.
    * analista de mercado = business researcher.
    * aprovecharse del mercado = skim + the market.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * cuota de mercado = market share, mindshare.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * de mercado = marketing.
    * de venta en el mercado = commercially available.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigador de mercado = market researcher, market research worker.
    * lanzar al mercado = ship.
    * lanzarse al mercado = hit + the streets.
    * liberalizar el mercado = deregulate + market, liberalise + market.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * manipular el mercado = rig + the market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * mercado bursátil = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * mercado comercial = commercial market.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * mercado corporativo = corporate market.
    * mercado de abastos = public market.
    * mercado de capitales = financial market, capital market.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mercado de la información = information market place, information market.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * mercado de las microformas, el = microform market, the.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * mercado del turismo = tourist market.
    * mercado de masas = consumer market.
    * mercado de masas, el = mass market, the.
    * mercado de materias primas, el = commodity market, the.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * mercado de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone market.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market, securities market.
    * mercado doméstico = domestic market.
    * mercado editorial = book trade [booktrade].
    * mercado educativo = education market, educational market.
    * mercado empresarial = corporate market.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * mercado financiero = financial market, financial exchange.
    * mercado inmobiliario = property market.
    * mercado inmobiliario de alquiler = rented housing market.
    * mercado inmobiliario, el = housing market, the.
    * mercado internacional = international trade, international market.
    * mercado interno = internal market.
    * mercado laboral = labour market, job market.
    * mercado laboral, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado libre = free market, open market, free-for-all.
    * mercado mundial = global market, world market.
    * mercado naciente = emerging market.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * mercado negro = black market.
    * mercado público = public market.
    * mercado tradicional = traditional market.
    * mercado turístico = tourist market.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * monopolizar el mercado = corner + the market.
    * orientado hacia el mercado = market-orientated [market orientated], market-oriented [market oriented].
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * penetración de mercado = market penetration.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * regido por el mercado = market led [market-led], market-driven.
    * regulador del mercado = market regulator.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.
    * sacar al mercado = bring to + market.
    * saturación del mercado = market saturation.
    * segmento de mercado = market segment.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.
    * * *
    1) ( plaza) market

    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado — to go to market

    2) (Com, Econ, Fin) market

    el mercado nacional/extranjero — the domestic/overseas market

    un mercado alcista/bajista — a rising/falling market

    •
    * * *
    = market, marketplace [market place], niche, target market, consumer market, market area.

    Ex: They have some very distinct advantages over more usual indexing techniques, and these are likely to assure citation indexes a place in the information market.

    Ex: These new course programmes will add on desirable new skills to those they already possess to fit them for employment in the information market place.
    Ex: This article describes the development and products of the company Farallon Computing which found a niche and expanded it to include a number of applications and products that people need.
    Ex: The number of copies are fixed in advance on the basis of a known target market, and are distributed by the sales network.
    Ex: Pornography will be a key factor in the sustained growth of the consumer market for CD-ROM databases.
    Ex: This is the result of a large company's process of business diversification based on the use of new technologies and the extension of its market area into Europe.
    * abrir el mercado = open up + market.
    * abrir nuevos mercados = branch out (into), branch into.
    * acaparar el mercado = dominate + the scene, corner + the market.
    * amañar el mercado = rig + the market.
    * analista de mercado = business researcher.
    * aprovecharse del mercado = skim + the market.
    * base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.
    * con salida al mercado = due out.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * cuota de mercado = market share, mindshare.
    * demanda de mercado = market demand.
    * de mercado = marketing.
    * de venta en el mercado = commercially available.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * economía de mercado = market economy, market economics.
    * especializado en un mercado concreto = niche.
    * estudio de mercado = market survey, market research, marketing audit, consumer research.
    * investigación de mercado = market research, consumer research.
    * investigador de mercado = market researcher, market research worker.
    * lanzar al mercado = ship.
    * lanzarse al mercado = hit + the streets.
    * liberalizar el mercado = deregulate + market, liberalise + market.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * líder del mercado = market leader.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * madurez del mercado = market maturity.
    * manipular el mercado = rig + the market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado bibliotecario, el = library market, the.
    * mercado bursátil = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * mercado comercial = commercial market.
    * Mercado Común, el = Common Market, the.
    * mercado corporativo = corporate market.
    * mercado de abastos = public market.
    * mercado de capitales = financial market, capital market.
    * mercado de la educación = education market, educational market.
    * mercado de la empresa = corporate market.
    * mercado de la información = information market place, information market.
    * mercado de la propiedad = property market.
    * mercado de las microformas, el = microform market, the.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * mercado del turismo = tourist market.
    * mercado de masas = consumer market.
    * mercado de masas, el = mass market, the.
    * mercado de materias primas, el = commodity market, the.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * mercado de telefonía móvil = mobile telephone market.
    * mercado de trabajo = labour market, job market.
    * mercado de trabajo, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market, securities market.
    * mercado doméstico = domestic market.
    * mercado editorial = book trade [booktrade].
    * mercado educativo = education market, educational market.
    * mercado empresarial = corporate market.
    * mercado específico = niche market.
    * mercado financiero = financial market, financial exchange.
    * mercado inmobiliario = property market.
    * mercado inmobiliario de alquiler = rented housing market.
    * mercado inmobiliario, el = housing market, the.
    * mercado internacional = international trade, international market.
    * mercado interno = internal market.
    * mercado laboral = labour market, job market.
    * mercado laboral, el = employment market, the.
    * mercado libre = free market, open market, free-for-all.
    * mercado mundial = global market, world market.
    * mercado naciente = emerging market.
    * mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.
    * mercado negro = black market.
    * mercado público = public market.
    * mercado tradicional = traditional market.
    * mercado turístico = tourist market.
    * mercado único = single market.
    * Mercado Unico Europeo = Single European Market.
    * monopolizar el mercado = corner + the market.
    * orientado hacia el mercado = market-orientated [market orientated], market-oriented [market oriented].
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * penetración de mercado = market penetration.
    * plaza del mercado = market square.
    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * regido por el mercado = market led [market-led], market-driven.
    * regulador del mercado = market regulator.
    * retirar del mercado = withdraw from + sale, take off + the market.
    * sacar acciones al mercado = go + public.
    * sacar al mercado = bring to + market.
    * saturación del mercado = market saturation.
    * segmento de mercado = market segment.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * técnica de mercado = merchandising technique.

    * * *
    A (plaza) market
    ir al mercadoor (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado to go to market
    día de mercado market day
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    Compuestos:
    ● mercado de abastos or ( RPl) de abasto
    ( Méx) flea market
    ● mercado de las pulgas or ( AmL) de pulgas
    flea market
    (CS) bazaar, street market
    B ( Com, Econ, Fin) market
    el mercado del petróleo the oil market
    inundan el mercado con sus productos they are flooding o swamping the market with their products
    el mercado nacional the domestic market
    el nuevo modelo ya salió al mercado the new model is available o on sale now, the new model is now on the market
    no hay mercado para ese producto there's no market for that product
    un mercado alcista a rising o bull market
    un mercado bajista a falling o bear market
    Compuestos:
    foreign exchange market
    ( Hist): el Mercado Común the Common Market
    capital market
    money market
    foreign exchange market
    futures market
    commodities market
    labor* market
    stock market
    emerging market
    niche market
    aftermarket, after-hours market
    labor* market
    money market
    world market
    black market
    niche market
    ( esp AmL period) parallel market, gray* market
    secondary market
    single (European) market
    vertical market
    * * *

     

    Del verbo mercar: ( conjugate mercar)

    mercado es:

    el participio

    mercado sustantivo masculino
    market;
    ir al mercado or (Col, Méx) hacer el mercado to go to market;

    mercado de (las) pulgas flea market;
    mercado persa (CS) bazaar, street market;
    el mercado del petróleo the oil market;
    salir al mercado to come onto the market;
    el Mmercado Común the Common Market;
    mercado de divisas foreign exchange market;
    mercado de trabajo job market;
    mercado negro black market;
    mercado paralelo parallel market
    mercado sustantivo masculino market
    mercado de trabajo, labour market
    mercado nacional/negro, domestic/black market

    ' mercado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abasto
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abrir
    - CNMV
    - duda
    - economía
    - estudio
    - hormiguear
    - nacional
    - negra
    - negro
    - plaza
    - prospección
    - rastro
    - segmento
    - tejemaneje
    - tendencia
    - alcista
    - artesanía
    - barato
    - barrio
    - bazar
    - conquistar
    - estudiar
    - feria
    - hueco
    - libre
    - lonja
    - marchante
    - mundial
    - municipal
    - parada
    - pasar
    - puesto
    - regir
    - salir
    - único
    - vendedor
    - vuelco
    English:
    AMEX
    - arm's length
    - bazaar
    - bottom
    - bullish
    - buoyancy
    - buoyant
    - come out
    - commodity
    - consumer research
    - corner
    - depress
    - depressed
    - dump
    - economy
    - equip
    - future
    - LIBOR
    - market
    - market demand
    - market forces
    - market price
    - market research
    - market share
    - market stall
    - marketplace
    - money market
    - niche
    - open
    - open up
    - out
    - outlet
    - penetrate
    - recall
    - slack
    - stall
    - stand
    - tap
    - target market
    - withdraw
    - black
    - bring
    - common
    - field
    - flea
    - flood
    - inroads
    - muscle
    - release
    - shopping
    * * *
    1. [lugar] market
    RP mercado de abasto wholesale market;
    mercado de abastos wholesale market;
    mercado al aire libre open-air market;
    mercado de ganado cattle market;
    mercado mayorista wholesale market;
    Chile mercado persa flea market; RP Fam
    ser un mercado persa to be a mess;
    Méx mercado sobre ruedas street market
    2. Com & Fin mercado alcista bull market;
    mercado al alza bull market;
    mercado a la baja bear market;
    mercado bajista bear market;
    mercado bursátil stock market;
    mercado de cambios currency market, foreign exchange market;
    mercado de capitales capital market;
    mercado común Common Market;
    Mercado Común Centroamericano Central Amercan Common Market, = Central American economic community formed by Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua;
    Antes Mercado Común Europeo European Common Market;
    Mercado Común del Sur MERCOSUR, = South American economic community consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay;
    mercado continuo continuous market;
    mercado de divisas currency market, foreign exchange market;
    mercado exterior foreign market;
    mercados financieros financial markets;
    mercado de futuros futures market;
    mercado global global marketplace;
    mercado inmobiliario housing market, property market;
    mercado interbancario interbank market;
    mercado interior domestic market;
    mercado laboral labour market;
    mercado libre free market;
    mercado de materias primas commodity market;
    mercado monetario money market;
    mercado mundial global marketplace;
    mercado nacional domestic market;
    mercado negro black market;
    Am mercado paralelo parallel market;
    mercado de trabajo labour o job market;
    UE mercado único single market;
    mercado de valores securities market
    * * *
    m market;
    abrir nuevos mercados open up new markets
    * * *
    : market
    mercado de trabajo: or
    mercado laboral: labor market
    mercado de valores: or
    mercado bursátil: stock market
    * * *
    mercado n market

    Spanish-English dictionary > mercado

  • 23 subida

    f.
    1 hill (cuesta).
    2 ascent, climb.
    3 increase, rise (aumento).
    se espera una subida de las temperaturas temperatures are expected to rise
    subida de precios price increase
    4 pick-up, recovery in prices.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: subir.
    * * *
    1 (ascenso) ascent, climb
    2 (pendiente) slope, hill
    3 (automovilismo) hill climb
    4 figurado (aumento - gen) increase; (- de temperatura) rise; (- de precios, salario) rise, increase
    5 argot (drogas) high
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) rise
    2) ascent, climb
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=ascensión) [de montaña, cuesta] ascent
    2) (=pendiente) slope, hill
    3) (=aumento) rise, increase

    subida salarial — pay rise, wage increase

    4) * [de drogas] high *
    * * *
    a) ( pendiente) rise, climb
    b) ( a montaña) ascent, climb; ( al poder) rise
    c) (de temperatura, precios, salarios) rise, increase
    * * *
    = climb, flow, rise, rise, upturn, climb up, raise, upward spiral, upswing, escalation, spiral, hike, ascent, mark-up [markup].
    Ex. The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    Ex. The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).
    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex. Consideration must be given to vertical rises (from floor to floor), wiring compartment (don't underestimate need), horizontal cable distribution, and ducting systems.
    Ex. The only hope for the future of the industry lies in a general upturn in the economy.
    Ex. Women's climb up the career ladder has been fostered through programmes which aim to instil gender awareness in existing male members of staff.
    Ex. The article has the tile 'Look out bosses! Union power's going to get your employees a raise!'.
    Ex. Most worrying for all retailers is the continuing upward spiral in overheads and specifically in rents and rates.
    Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex. Such a formula would seek to contain the escalation in serial prices.
    Ex. The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.
    Ex. The double-digit tuition hikes of recent years have slowed, though tuition is still rising faster than the inflation rate.
    Ex. Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent.
    Ex. Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    ----
    * experimentar una subida = experience + rise.
    * subida acusada = sharp rise.
    * subida al poder = seizure of power.
    * subida de las tasas = rate increase.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * subida de precios = price rise, rising costs, price increase, increased price, price hike, price hike.
    * subida de temperatura = heat gain.
    * subida espectacular = steep rise.
    * subida salarial = pay increase, salary increase, pay rise, salary rise, salary hike, raise.
    * subida salarial por méritos = merit increase.
    * subidas y bajadas = highs and lows.
    * subida vertiginosa = spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * * *
    a) ( pendiente) rise, climb
    b) ( a montaña) ascent, climb; ( al poder) rise
    c) (de temperatura, precios, salarios) rise, increase
    * * *
    = climb, flow, rise, rise, upturn, climb up, raise, upward spiral, upswing, escalation, spiral, hike, ascent, mark-up [markup].

    Ex: The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.

    Ex: The vocabulary used in conjunction with PRECIS is split in two sections, one part for Entities (or things) and the other for Attributes (properties of things, for example colour, weight; activities of things, for example flow, and properties of activities, for example, slow, turbulent).
    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex: Consideration must be given to vertical rises (from floor to floor), wiring compartment (don't underestimate need), horizontal cable distribution, and ducting systems.
    Ex: The only hope for the future of the industry lies in a general upturn in the economy.
    Ex: Women's climb up the career ladder has been fostered through programmes which aim to instil gender awareness in existing male members of staff.
    Ex: The article has the tile 'Look out bosses! Union power's going to get your employees a raise!'.
    Ex: Most worrying for all retailers is the continuing upward spiral in overheads and specifically in rents and rates.
    Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex: Such a formula would seek to contain the escalation in serial prices.
    Ex: The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.
    Ex: The double-digit tuition hikes of recent years have slowed, though tuition is still rising faster than the inflation rate.
    Ex: Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent.
    Ex: Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    * experimentar una subida = experience + rise.
    * subida acusada = sharp rise.
    * subida al poder = seizure of power.
    * subida de las tasas = rate increase.
    * subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.
    * subida de precios = price rise, rising costs, price increase, increased price, price hike, price hike.
    * subida de temperatura = heat gain.
    * subida espectacular = steep rise.
    * subida salarial = pay increase, salary increase, pay rise, salary rise, salary hike, raise.
    * subida salarial por méritos = merit increase.
    * subidas y bajadas = highs and lows.
    * subida vertiginosa = spiralling [spiraling, -USA].

    * * *
    A
    1 (pendiente) rise, climb
    ir de or ( AmL) en subida to go uphill
    2 (a una montaña) ascent, climb; (al trono) ascent; (al poder) rise
    la subida fue más dura que la bajada the ascent was harder than the descent o going up was harder than coming down
    3 (de precios, salarios) rise, increase; (de temperatura) rise, increase
    se registró una fuerte subida del yen there was a sharp rise in the value of the yen, the yen rose sharply o substantially
    la subida del río supuso un peligro the river rose to a dangerous level
    B ( Inf) upload
    * * *

    subida sustantivo femenino


    ( al poder) rise
    c) (de temperatura, precios, salarios) rise, increase

    subido,-a adj fam (intenso) un rojo subido, a deep red
    ♦ Locuciones: una conversación subida de tono, a risqué conversation
    subida sustantivo femenino
    1 (incremento de precios, temperatura, etc) rise, increase
    2 (cuesta, pendiente) slope, hill
    3 (a una montaña) ascent
    ' subida' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ascenso
    - negociar
    - protesta
    - protestar
    - subido
    - brusco
    - crecida
    - escalada
    - trabajoso
    English:
    ascent
    - climb
    - demand
    - escalation
    - gazumping
    - increase
    - jump
    - pay increase
    - rise
    - scramble
    - way
    - hike
    - raise
    - soar
    - up
    * * *
    subida nf
    1. [cuesta] hill
    2. [ascensión] ascent, climb;
    el tenista australiano se impuso en sus subidas a la red the Australian player showed his superiority when he came to the net
    3. [aumento] increase, rise;
    se espera una subida de las temperaturas temperatures are expected to rise
    subida de sueldo Br pay rise, US pay raise
    4. Comp
    RP Fam
    una subida al carro an attempt to jump on the bandwagon
    * * *
    f rise, ascent;
    subida de los precios rise in prices
    * * *
    subida nf
    1) : ascent, climb
    2) : rise, increase
    3) : slope, hill
    ir de subida: to go uphill
    * * *
    1. (aumento) rise
    2. (ascenso) ascent / climb
    3. (cuesta) hill / slope

    Spanish-English dictionary > subida

  • 24 comercial

    adj.
    1 commercial.
    relaciones comerciales trade relations
    2 store.
    f. & m.
    sales rep (vendedor, representante).
    m.
    commercial, ad, advertisement, advert.
    * * *
    1 (del comercio) commercial
    2 (de tiendas) shopping
    1 (vendedor) seller; (hombre) salesman; (mujer) saleswoman
    \
    banco comercial commercial bank
    tratado comercial commercial treaty
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=de tiendas) [área, recinto] shopping antes de s
    2) (=financiero) [carta, operación] business antes de s ; [balanza, déficit, guerra, embargo] trade antes de s ; [intercambio, estrategia] commercial

    el interés comercial de la empresa — the commercial o trading interests of the company

    su novela alcanzó un gran éxito comercial — his novel was very successful commercially, his novel achieved great commercial success

    agente 1., local 2., 1)
    3) [aviación, avión, piloto] civil
    4) [cine, teatro, literatura] commercial
    2.
    SMF (=vendedor) salesperson
    * * *
    I
    a) <zona/operación/carta> business (before n)

    nuestra división comercial — our sales o marketing department; galería, centro

    b) <película/arte> commercial
    II
    1) (AmL) commercial, advert (BrE)
    2) (CS) (Educ) business school
    III
    femenino o masculino ( tienda)
    * * *
    = commercial, commercially available, entrepreneurial, fee-based, marketing, priceable, for-profit, consumer-like, business-like, business-related, market-orientated [market orientated], profit-making, profit-related, readily available, trade-oriented, profit-orientated, marketable, business, off-the-shelf, commercially operated, market-oriented [market oriented], profit-oriented, out of the box, profit-generating.
    Ex. It is these features which have led co-operative members to select these systems rather than those of the commercial software vendor.
    Ex. Computerized information-retrieval systems are also very prominent in commercially available online search systems and applications.
    Ex. It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.
    Ex. The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.
    Ex. Business International Inc. is another US service covering economic and marketing activities in over seventy countries.
    Ex. Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.
    Ex. The friction in this industry between private, for-profit services and not-for-profit learned societies or government bodies is deep-seated.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. It was generally felt that US libraries are organised on more business-like lines than those in the Netherlands.
    Ex. Twinning of libraries in different countries can bring benefits in terms of joint projects, student exchanges, and other buisness-related affairs.
    Ex. In the middle range of authorship there is, then, quite a wide band of writing stretching from the scholarly to the market-orientated = En el nivel medio de autoría existe, pues, a una gran gama de producciones escritas que van desde lo científico a lo comercial.
    Ex. Many types of budgets are not really applicable to libraries, since libraries are not primarily profit-making institutions.
    Ex. However these distinctions are not always clear cut, the public sector may pursue profit-related goals and the private sector may adopt other goals besides profit (improving work environments, quality of life).
    Ex. Librarians generally adopt the common strategy of simply using readily available sources of information.
    Ex. Trade-oriented scholarly presses also predict more titles, smaller press runs and higher prices.
    Ex. Information producers and sellers are profit-orientated.
    Ex. Central to this is the belief that information is a marketable commodity.
    Ex. A major concern of the journal will be the business, economic, legal, societal and technological relationships between information technology and information resource management.
    Ex. A standard off-the-shelf version costs 450 and fully tailored systems usually fall into the range 1,250 -- 1,450.
    Ex. There are a number of microfilming centres in the country including two commercially operated microfilming services.
    Ex. The market oriented economy is changing the role of information and business information services.
    Ex. The author points out dangers inherent in the fact that on-line data bases are privately owned and profit-oriented.
    Ex. Software vendors provide manuals for the ' out of the box' programs they sell.
    Ex. Examples of determined efforts to erase the intellectual boundaries between the profit-generating models of business and the intellectual pursuits of the academic community are considered.
    ----
    * actividad comercial = commercial activity.
    * anuncio comercial = commercial.
    * aplicación comercial = commercial application, business application.
    * aplicaciones comerciales = commercial software.
    * argumento comercial = business case.
    * asequible en establecimiento comercial = over the counter.
    * aviación comercial = commercial aviation.
    * bajo comercial = commercial premise.
    * banco comercial = business bank.
    * barrera comercial = trade barrier.
    * carta comercial = business letter.
    * casa comercial = house.
    * caso comercial = business case.
    * catálogo comercial de compra por correo = mail order catalogue.
    * centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, plaza.
    * comercial 7 papel comercial = commercial paper.
    * compañía comercial = business firm.
    * correspondencia comercial = business correspondence.
    * déficit comercial = trade deficit.
    * déficit de la balanza comercial = trade deficit.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * demanda comercial = market demand, commercial demand.
    * de modo comercial = on a commercial basis.
    * de un gran éxito comercial = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.
    * de uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * director comercial = chief commercial officer.
    * directorio comercial = trade directory, traders' list, traders' catalogue.
    * directorio comercial por calles = street directory.
    * distrito comercial = business district.
    * diversificación comercial = business diversification.
    * edificio comercial = commercial building.
    * editor comercial = commercial publisher.
    * editorial comercial = publishing firm, publishing press.
    * emporio comercial = emporium [emporia, -pl.].
    * empresa comercial = business firm.
    * estafa comercial = business scam.
    * estrategia comercial = business plan, market strategy.
    * éxito comercial = commercial success, financial success.
    * firma comercial = commercial firm, firm, commercial enterprise, business firm.
    * galería comercial = shopping arcade, walking arcade.
    * horario comercial = business hours.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * inglés "comercial" = pidgin English.
    * licencia comercial = trading licence.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * marca comercial = brand name, servicemark, trade name.
    * mundo comercial, el = commercial world, the.
    * nación comercial = trading nation.
    * no comercial = non-profit making, non-commercial [noncommercial].
    * novedad comercial = industry update.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * parque comercial = business estate.
    * poco comercial = uncommercial.
    * polígono comercial = business estate.
    * presentación comercial = technical presentation.
    * producto comercial = retail product.
    * programa informático comercial = commercial application, commercial software.
    * programas comerciales = commercial software.
    * propuesta comercial = business proposition.
    * proyecto comercial = marketing project.
    * razonamiento comercial = business case.
    * relaciones comerciales = business dealings.
    * rentabilidad comercial = business profitability.
    * representante comercial = business traveller.
    * riesgo comercial = business risk.
    * secreto comercial = competitive information.
    * sector comercial, el = profit-oriented sector, the, profit sector, the, commercial sector, the, for-profit sector, the.
    * sector no comercial, el = not-for-profit sector, the, non-profit sector, the.
    * servicio comercial = commercial service.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * situado en la calle comercial = shop-front [shopfront] .
    * socio comercial = business associate.
    * software comercial = commercial software.
    * valor comercial = commercial paper.
    * vehículo comercial = commercial vehicle.
    * viajante comercial = business traveller.
    * visión comercial = business acumen.
    * vuelo comercial = commercial flight.
    * zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.
    * * *
    I
    a) <zona/operación/carta> business (before n)

    nuestra división comercial — our sales o marketing department; galería, centro

    b) <película/arte> commercial
    II
    1) (AmL) commercial, advert (BrE)
    2) (CS) (Educ) business school
    III
    femenino o masculino ( tienda)
    * * *
    = commercial, commercially available, entrepreneurial, fee-based, marketing, priceable, for-profit, consumer-like, business-like, business-related, market-orientated [market orientated], profit-making, profit-related, readily available, trade-oriented, profit-orientated, marketable, business, off-the-shelf, commercially operated, market-oriented [market oriented], profit-oriented, out of the box, profit-generating.

    Ex: It is these features which have led co-operative members to select these systems rather than those of the commercial software vendor.

    Ex: Computerized information-retrieval systems are also very prominent in commercially available online search systems and applications.
    Ex: It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.
    Ex: The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.
    Ex: Business International Inc. is another US service covering economic and marketing activities in over seventy countries.
    Ex: Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.
    Ex: The friction in this industry between private, for-profit services and not-for-profit learned societies or government bodies is deep-seated.
    Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex: It was generally felt that US libraries are organised on more business-like lines than those in the Netherlands.
    Ex: Twinning of libraries in different countries can bring benefits in terms of joint projects, student exchanges, and other buisness-related affairs.
    Ex: In the middle range of authorship there is, then, quite a wide band of writing stretching from the scholarly to the market-orientated = En el nivel medio de autoría existe, pues, a una gran gama de producciones escritas que van desde lo científico a lo comercial.
    Ex: Many types of budgets are not really applicable to libraries, since libraries are not primarily profit-making institutions.
    Ex: However these distinctions are not always clear cut, the public sector may pursue profit-related goals and the private sector may adopt other goals besides profit (improving work environments, quality of life).
    Ex: Librarians generally adopt the common strategy of simply using readily available sources of information.
    Ex: Trade-oriented scholarly presses also predict more titles, smaller press runs and higher prices.
    Ex: Information producers and sellers are profit-orientated.
    Ex: Central to this is the belief that information is a marketable commodity.
    Ex: A major concern of the journal will be the business, economic, legal, societal and technological relationships between information technology and information resource management.
    Ex: A standard off-the-shelf version costs 450 and fully tailored systems usually fall into the range 1,250 -- 1,450.
    Ex: There are a number of microfilming centres in the country including two commercially operated microfilming services.
    Ex: The market oriented economy is changing the role of information and business information services.
    Ex: The author points out dangers inherent in the fact that on-line data bases are privately owned and profit-oriented.
    Ex: Software vendors provide manuals for the ' out of the box' programs they sell.
    Ex: Examples of determined efforts to erase the intellectual boundaries between the profit-generating models of business and the intellectual pursuits of the academic community are considered.
    * actividad comercial = commercial activity.
    * anuncio comercial = commercial.
    * aplicación comercial = commercial application, business application.
    * aplicaciones comerciales = commercial software.
    * argumento comercial = business case.
    * asequible en establecimiento comercial = over the counter.
    * aviación comercial = commercial aviation.
    * bajo comercial = commercial premise.
    * banco comercial = business bank.
    * barrera comercial = trade barrier.
    * carta comercial = business letter.
    * casa comercial = house.
    * caso comercial = business case.
    * catálogo comercial de compra por correo = mail order catalogue.
    * centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, plaza.
    * comercial 7 papel comercial = commercial paper.
    * compañía comercial = business firm.
    * correspondencia comercial = business correspondence.
    * déficit comercial = trade deficit.
    * déficit de la balanza comercial = trade deficit.
    * de gran éxito comercial = high selling.
    * demanda comercial = market demand, commercial demand.
    * de modo comercial = on a commercial basis.
    * de un gran éxito comercial = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.
    * de uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * director comercial = chief commercial officer.
    * directorio comercial = trade directory, traders' list, traders' catalogue.
    * directorio comercial por calles = street directory.
    * distrito comercial = business district.
    * diversificación comercial = business diversification.
    * edificio comercial = commercial building.
    * editor comercial = commercial publisher.
    * editorial comercial = publishing firm, publishing press.
    * emporio comercial = emporium [emporia, -pl.].
    * empresa comercial = business firm.
    * estafa comercial = business scam.
    * estrategia comercial = business plan, market strategy.
    * éxito comercial = commercial success, financial success.
    * firma comercial = commercial firm, firm, commercial enterprise, business firm.
    * galería comercial = shopping arcade, walking arcade.
    * horario comercial = business hours.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * inglés "comercial" = pidgin English.
    * licencia comercial = trading licence.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * marca comercial = brand name, servicemark, trade name.
    * mundo comercial, el = commercial world, the.
    * nación comercial = trading nation.
    * no comercial = non-profit making, non-commercial [noncommercial].
    * novedad comercial = industry update.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * parque comercial = business estate.
    * poco comercial = uncommercial.
    * polígono comercial = business estate.
    * presentación comercial = technical presentation.
    * producto comercial = retail product.
    * programa informático comercial = commercial application, commercial software.
    * programas comerciales = commercial software.
    * propuesta comercial = business proposition.
    * proyecto comercial = marketing project.
    * razonamiento comercial = business case.
    * relaciones comerciales = business dealings.
    * rentabilidad comercial = business profitability.
    * representante comercial = business traveller.
    * riesgo comercial = business risk.
    * secreto comercial = competitive information.
    * sector comercial, el = profit-oriented sector, the, profit sector, the, commercial sector, the, for-profit sector, the.
    * sector no comercial, el = not-for-profit sector, the, non-profit sector, the.
    * servicio comercial = commercial service.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * situado en la calle comercial = shop-front [shopfront].
    * socio comercial = business associate.
    * software comercial = commercial software.
    * valor comercial = commercial paper.
    * vehículo comercial = commercial vehicle.
    * viajante comercial = business traveller.
    * visión comercial = business acumen.
    * vuelo comercial = commercial flight.
    * zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.

    * * *
    1 ‹distrito/operación› business ( before n)
    una importante firma comercial an important company
    el desequilibrio comercial entre los dos países the trade imbalance between the two countries
    un emporio comercial fenicio a Phoenician trading post
    algunos critican su agresividad comercial some people criticize their aggressive approach to business
    el déficit comercial the trade deficit
    una carta comercial a business letter
    nuevas iniciativas comerciales new business initiatives
    nuestra división comercial our sales o marketing department
    el derribo de un avión comercial the shooting down of a civil aircraft
    2 ‹película/arte› commercial
    ( AmL)
    commercial, advert ( BrE)
    or
    A
    (tienda): [ S ] Comercial Hernández Hernandez's Stores
    B (CS) ( Educ) business school
    * * *

     

    comercial adjetivo
    a) ‹zona/operación/carta› business ( before n);


    el déficit comercial the trade deficit;
    See Also→ galería, centro
    b) ‹película/arte› commercial

    ■ sustantivo masculino

    b) (CS) (Educ) business school

    comercial adjetivo commercial
    ' comercial' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    balanza
    - centro
    - depresión
    - erotizar
    - galería
    - propaganda
    - recibo
    - Sres.
    - feria
    - gerente
    - pasaje
    - relación
    - señalización
    - señalizar
    - zona
    English:
    accessible
    - arcade
    - brand name
    - business
    - commercial
    - commercialize
    - delay
    - delegation
    - head-hunt
    - mall
    - merchant bank
    - moneymaker
    - profit margin
    - rep
    - run across
    - sales brochure
    - sales promotion
    - sales rep
    - selling point
    - shopping centre
    - trade agreement
    - trade deficit
    - trade embargo
    - trade gap
    - trade route
    - tradename
    - trading partner
    - trading results
    - unbusinesslike
    - break
    - cash
    - fair
    - for
    - mix
    - opening
    - plaza
    - precinct
    - representative
    - shopping
    - trade
    - trading
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [de empresas] commercial;
    [embargo, déficit, disputa] trade;
    relaciones comerciales trade relations;
    aviación comercial civil aviation;
    política comercial trade policy;
    gestión comercial business management
    2. [que se vende bien] commercial;
    una película muy comercial a very commercial film
    ♦ nmf
    [vendedor, representante] sales rep
    ♦ nm
    Am commercial, Br advert
    * * *
    I adj commercial; de negocios business atr ;
    el déficit comercial the trade deficit
    II m/f representative
    III m L.Am. ( anuncio) commercial
    * * *
    comercial adj & nm
    : commercial
    * * *
    comercial1 adj commercial
    comercial2 n salesman [pl. salesmen] / saleswoman [pl. saleswomen]

    Spanish-English dictionary > comercial

  • 25 incremento

    m.
    1 increase.
    2 increment, build-up, increase, augmentation.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: incrementar.
    * * *
    1 increase, rise
    \
    incremento salarial wage rise, US raise
    * * *
    SM [de conocimiento] increase, gain; [de precio, sueldo, productividad] increase, rise
    * * *
    masculino (frml) increase
    * * *
    = increase, increment, rise, tide, blossoming, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, jump, upswing, widening, mark-up [markup].
    Ex. The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.
    Ex. The volume increment gives information about the numbering scheme for volumes.
    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex. What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex. There has been a blossoming in new consumer health information services.
    Ex. If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.
    Ex. The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.
    Ex. The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.
    Ex. The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.
    Ex. One of these proposals, a large jump in the dues for students and retired members, was watered down before finally being passed.
    Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex. Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex. Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    ----
    * incremento de = increased.
    * incremento de la demanda = increased demand.
    * incremento de la producción = increased production.
    * incremento del salto = jump increment.
    * incremento del uso = increased use.
    * incremento notable = rising tide.
    * incremento presupuestario = budget increase.
    * incremento salarial = salary increase.
    * por incremento gradual = incremental.
    * por incrementos graduales = incrementally.
    * * *
    masculino (frml) increase
    * * *
    = increase, increment, rise, tide, blossoming, augmentation, increase in numbers, growth in number, surge, jump, upswing, widening, mark-up [markup].

    Ex: The term you have chosen indicates an increase in specificity, since it is one of the members of the group described by the basic term.

    Ex: The volume increment gives information about the numbering scheme for volumes.
    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex: There has been a blossoming in new consumer health information services.
    Ex: If the budget will not permit staff augmentation, then the reference librarian must help the department head to make the most of available resources.
    Ex: The present increase in numbers of overseas students in Australia tertiary institutions has implications for libraries.
    Ex: The growth in number of national, regional and international agricultural organisations has resulted in a vast output of scientific and technical literature, issued in a wide variety of forms.
    Ex: The Internet is also creating a new surge of interest in information in all forms, and a revitalized interest in reading.
    Ex: One of these proposals, a large jump in the dues for students and retired members, was watered down before finally being passed.
    Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex: Despite growth in export volume in recent years, there has been a widening of the national current account deficit from 8.8% to over 20%.
    Ex: Customers will be charged either a mark-up or a mark-down, depending on whether they are buying or selling.
    * incremento de = increased.
    * incremento de la demanda = increased demand.
    * incremento de la producción = increased production.
    * incremento del salto = jump increment.
    * incremento del uso = increased use.
    * incremento notable = rising tide.
    * incremento presupuestario = budget increase.
    * incremento salarial = salary increase.
    * por incremento gradual = incremental.
    * por incrementos graduales = incrementally.

    * * *
    ( frml)
    (aumento) increase; (del salario) increase, increment
    * * *

     

    Del verbo incrementar: ( conjugate incrementar)

    incremento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    incrementó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    incrementar    
    incremento
    incrementar ( conjugate incrementar) verbo transitivo (frml) to increase
    incremento sustantivo masculino (frml) increase
    incrementar verbo transitivo to increase
    incremento sustantivo masculino increase, growth
    incremento salarial, wage rise
    ' incremento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    subida
    - aumento
    - multiplicación
    English:
    increase
    - increment
    - rise
    * * *
    [de precios, salario] increase, rise; [de actividad] increase; [de temperatura] rise incremento porcentual percentage increase
    * * *
    m growth
    * * *
    aumento: increase

    Spanish-English dictionary > incremento

  • 26 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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  • 27 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 28 alfabetismo informático

    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    * * *

    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > alfabetismo informático

  • 29 alfabetización en informática

    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    * * *

    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > alfabetización en informática

  • 30 auge

    m.
    1 boom (gen) & (economics).
    estar en (pleno) auge to be booming
    2 prosperity, progress, development.
    3 climax, acme, apex, culmination.
    * * *
    2 (de precios) boost
    3 (de fama etc) peak, summit
    4 (de órbita) apogee
    \
    cobrar auge to gain importance, become important
    estar en auge to be on the increase, be thriving, be booming
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) boom
    2) height, peak
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=apogeo) peak
    2) (=ascendencia)

    el feminismo está en auge — feminism is increasingly successful o influential, feminism is on the up and up *

    3) (Astron) apogee
    * * *
    a) ( punto culminante) peak

    en el auge de su carrera — at the peak o height of his career

    b) ( aumento)
    * * *
    = rise, heyday, boom, bouyancy, elevation.
    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    Ex. The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex. The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.
    Ex. The author outlines the reason for the buoyancy of the book trade and discusses the prospects for exports which appear to be much better.
    Ex. Within the last 40 years, information has undergone remarkable elevation.
    ----
    * alcanzar + Posesivo + auge = reach + Posesivo + height.
    * ciudad en auge = boom town.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en pleno auge = in full cry, at its height.
    * en sus años de auge = in + Posesivo + heyday.
    * estar en auge = go + strong.
    * * *
    a) ( punto culminante) peak

    en el auge de su carrera — at the peak o height of his career

    b) ( aumento)
    * * *
    = rise, heyday, boom, bouyancy, elevation.

    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

    Ex: The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex: The article 'The electronic boom: a gamble or a sure bet?' considers the threat of the new technology to the future of newspapers.
    Ex: The author outlines the reason for the buoyancy of the book trade and discusses the prospects for exports which appear to be much better.
    Ex: Within the last 40 years, information has undergone remarkable elevation.
    * alcanzar + Posesivo + auge = reach + Posesivo + height.
    * ciudad en auge = boom town.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en pleno auge = in full cry, at its height.
    * en sus años de auge = in + Posesivo + heyday.
    * estar en auge = go + strong.

    * * *
    estaba en el auge de su carrera he was at the peak o height of his career
    un artista que alcanzó su auge en los años veinte an artist who reached his peak o had his heyday in the twenties
    2
    (aumento): la comida vegetariana está en auge vegetarian food is on the increase o is enjoying a boom
    el idioma español está tomando un gran auge internacional Spanish is rapidly gaining in importance worldwide
    un período de auge económico a period of economic growth
    * * *

    auge sustantivo masculino

    ◊ en el auge de su carrera at the peak o height of his career

    b) ( aumento):


    un período de auge económico a period of economic growth
    auge sustantivo masculino peak
    Econ boom: el cine cubano está en pleno auge, Cuban cinema is at its very peak
    ' auge' also found in these entries:
    English:
    boom
    - rise
    - booming
    - heyday
    * * *
    auge nm
    1. [apogeo]
    estar en (pleno) auge to be booming;
    una idea que está cobrando auge an idea that is becoming more popular
    2. [ascenso]
    el auge del fascismo en la primera mitad de siglo the rise of fascism during the first half of the century;
    el auge de la economía the growth of the economy
    * * *
    m peak;
    estar en auge aumento be enjoying a boom
    * * *
    auge nm
    1) : peak, height
    2) : boom, upturn

    Spanish-English dictionary > auge

  • 31 aventajar

    v.
    1 to overtake.
    aventajar a alguien en algo to surpass somebody in something
    El auto aventajó a su contrincante The car overtook its rival.
    2 to surpass, to beat out, to excel, to outwit.
    María aventaja a los demás estudiantes Mary surpassed the other students.
    3 to score over, to outdo.
    * * *
    1 (exceder) to surpass, beat
    2 (ir en cabeza) to lead, be ahead; (llegar) to come first, come ahead (a, of)
    * * *
    verb
    1) to surpass, excel
    2) lead
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=superar) to surpass, excel (en in)
    [en carrera] to outstrip; CAm (Aut) to overtake

    aventajar con mucho a algn — to beat sb easily, be far better than sb, leave sb standing *

    2) (=mejorar) to improve, better
    3) (=preferir) to prefer
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo ( estar por delante de) to be ahead of; ( adelantarse) to overtake, get ahead of
    * * *
    = outstrip, score over, outpace.
    Ex. The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.
    Ex. A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.
    Ex. Technology is outpacing most countries and the international community.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo ( estar por delante de) to be ahead of; ( adelantarse) to overtake, get ahead of
    * * *
    = outstrip, score over, outpace.

    Ex: The increasing demand for paper of all sorts, which the giant productivity of the Fourdrinier machine could easily meet, resulted in a parallel demand for rags which was soon outstripping the supply.

    Ex: A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.
    Ex: Technology is outpacing most countries and the international community.

    * * *
    aventajar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (estar por delante de) to be ahead of
    2 (adelantarse) to overtake, get ahead of
    * * *

    aventajar ( conjugate aventajar) verbo transitivo ( estar por delante de) to be ahead of;
    ( adelantarse) to overtake, get ahead of
    aventajar verbo transitivo to be ahead [a, of]
    ' aventajar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sobrepasar
    - exceder
    - ganar
    - llevar
    English:
    excel
    - lead
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [rebasar] to overtake
    2. [estar por delante de] to be ahead of;
    aventajar a alguien en algo to surpass sb in sth
    * * *
    v/t be ahead of
    * * *
    1) : to be ahead of, to lead
    2) : to surpass, to outdo
    * * *
    aventajar vb to be ahead of / to lead [pt. & pp. led]

    Spanish-English dictionary > aventajar

  • 32 bandazo

    m.
    1 lurch.
    dar bandazos to lurch; (barco, borracho) to chop and change (ir sin rumbo)
    2 violent roll, lurch.
    * * *
    1 lurch
    \
    dar bandazos to lurch
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=sacudida) [al andar] lurch, jolt; (Náut) heavy roll; LAm (Aer) air pocket, sudden drop

    • dar bandazos, el coche iba dando bandazos — the car swerved from side to side

    caminaba dando bandazos — he stumbled along, he reeled from side to side

    2) (=cambio repentino) marked shift
    * * *
    * * *
    = lurch.
    Ex. The leftward lurch in the Swedish Social-Democratic Party since 1973 led to a sudden demand for 'industrial democracy' & 'worker participation.
    ----
    * dar bandazos = lurch.
    * * *
    * * *

    Ex: The leftward lurch in the Swedish Social-Democratic Party since 1973 led to a sudden demand for 'industrial democracy' & 'worker participation.

    * dar bandazos = lurch.

    * * *
    la bola entró después de dos bandazos the ball went in off two cushions
    dar bandazos: sujeta bien el equipaje para que no dé bandazos make sure the luggage is tied down properly so that it doesn't move about
    la rueda reventó y el coche empezó a dar bandazos the tire burst and the car started swerving all over the road
    iba dando bandazos por el pasillo he lurched from side to side as he went along the corridor
    daba bandazos de un empleo a otro she was constantly moving from one job to another
    dar el bandazo ( Méx); to change sides
    * * *

    bandazo sustantivo masculino:
    ◊ dar bandazos [ equipaje] to move about;


    [ coche] to swerve about
    bandazo sustantivo masculino lurch: el coche iba dando bandazos, the car was lurching
    ' bandazo' also found in these entries:
    English:
    lurch
    * * *
    [de barco, avión] lurch;
    dar bandazos [barco, avión] to lurch;
    dar un bandazo [con el volante] to swerve violently;
    el borracho bajaba por la calle dando bandazos the drunk was lurching from side to side as he walked down the street;
    su estilo da continuos bandazos he is constantly chopping and changing his style
    * * *
    m
    :
    dar bandazos de coche swerve
    * * *
    : swerving, lurch

    Spanish-English dictionary > bandazo

  • 33 conocimientos básicos de informática

    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    * * *

    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > conocimientos básicos de informática

  • 34 crear

    v.
    1 to create.
    me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems
    Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence
    Ricardo crea obras de arte Richard creates works of art.
    Ellas crean criaturas raras They create weird creatures.
    2 to invent.
    3 to found.
    4 to make, to make up.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to create
    2 (fundar) to found, establish; (partido) to set up
    3 (inventar) to invent
    1 to make, make for oneself
    2 (imaginarse) to imagine
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=hacer, producir) [+ obra, objeto, empleo] to create
    2) (=establecer) [+ comisión, comité, fondo, negocio, sistema] to set up; [+ asociación, cooperativa] to form, set up; [+ cargo, puesto] to create; [+ movimiento, organización] to create, establish, found

    ¿qué se necesita para crear una empresa? — what do you need in order to set up o start a business?

    aspiraban a crear un estado independiente — they aimed to create o establish o found an independent state

    3) (=dar lugar a) [+ condiciones, clima, ambiente] to create; [+ problemas] to cause, create; [+ expectativas] to raise

    el vacío creado por su muerte — the gap left o created by her death

    4) liter (=nombrar) to make, appoint
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop
    b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build
    2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn
    2.
    crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself
    * * *
    = design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.
    Ex. In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.
    Ex. The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex. In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.
    Ex. Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.
    Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex. There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.
    Ex. In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.
    Ex. MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    Ex. The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.
    Ex. The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.
    Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    ----
    * crear adicción = be addictive.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * crear canales para = establish + channels for.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * crear consenso = forge + consensus.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * crear desconfianza = create + distrust.
    * crear desesperación = yield + despair.
    * crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.
    * crear lazos = build up + links.
    * crear lazos afectivos = bond.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * crear prototipos = prototype.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * crearse = build up, hew.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crearse una identidad = forge + identity.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * crear una base = form + a basis.
    * crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.
    * crear una coalición = forge + coalition.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * crear una ilusión = create + illusion.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.
    * crear una injusticia = create + injustice.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * crear una preocupación = create + concern.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * crear un clima = promote + climate.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * crear vínculos = build up + links.
    * crear vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * oposición + crear = opposition + line up.
    * que crea adicción = addictive.
    * que crea hábito = addictive.
    * volver a crear = recreate [re-create].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <obra/modelo/tendencia> to create, < producto> to develop
    b) < sistema> to create, establish, set up; < institución> to set up, create; <comisión/fondo> to set up; < empleo> to create; < ciudad> to build
    2) <dificultades/problemas> to cause, create; <ambiente/clima> to create; <fama/prestigio> to bring; < reputación> to earn
    2.
    crearse v pron < problema> to create... for oneself
    * * *
    = design (for/to), construct, create, engender, establish, fashion, forge, form, invent, set up, compose, originate, bring into + being, mint, found, institute, come into + existence, mother, come up with.

    Ex: In lists designed for international use a symbolic notation instead of textual notes may be used.

    Ex: The objective in executing these three stages is to construct a document profile which reflects its subject = El propósito de llevar a cabo estas tres etapas es elaborar un perfil documental que refleje su materia.
    Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.
    Ex: In addition to problems with new subjects which lacked 'accepted' or established names, this guiding principle engendered inconsistency in the form of headings.
    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: Formed in 1969, the first operational system was implemented in 1972-3.
    Ex: Frequently, but not always, this same process will have been attempted by the author when inventing the title, and this explains why the title is often a useful aid to indexing.
    Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex: There have never been any attempts to compose a bibliography of US government documents relating to international law.
    Ex: In the 'office of the present', a document is usually produced by several people: someone, say an administrator or manager, who originates and checks it, a typist, who prepares the text, and a draughtsman or artist who prepares the diagrams.
    Ex: MARC was brought into being originally to facilitate the creation of LC catalogue cards.
    Ex: The article 'The newly minted MLS: what do we need to know today?' describes the skills which, ideally, every US library school graduate should possess at the end of the 1990s.
    Ex: The earliest community information service in Australia dates from as recently as 1958 when Citizens' Advice Bureaux, modelled on their British namesake, were founded in Perth = El primer servicio de información ciudadana de Australia es reciente y data de 1958 cuando se creó en Perth la Oficina de Información al Ciudadano, a imitación de su homónima británica.
    Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg family income supplement, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: Necessity mothers invention, and certainly invention in the presentation of books mothers surprised interest.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    * crear adicción = be addictive.
    * crear alianzas = form + alliances, make + alliances.
    * crear apoyo = build + support.
    * crear canales para = establish + channels for.
    * crear con gran destreza = craft.
    * crear consenso = forge + consensus.
    * crear demanda = make + demand.
    * crear de nuevo = recreate [re-create].
    * crear desconfianza = create + distrust.
    * crear desesperación = yield + despair.
    * crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.
    * crear interés = build + interest.
    * crear la ilusión = generate + illusion.
    * crear lazos = build up + links.
    * crear lazos afectivos = bond.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * crear problemas = make + waves, build up + problems, make + trouble.
    * crear prototipos = prototype.
    * crear relaciones = structure + relationships.
    * crearse = build up, hew.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * crear servidor web = put up + web site.
    * crearse una identidad = forge + identity.
    * crearse una vida = build + life.
    * crear una alianza = forge + alliance.
    * crear una base = form + a basis.
    * crear una buena impresión en = make + a good impression on.
    * crear una coalición = forge + coalition.
    * crear una colección = build + collection.
    * crear un acuerdo = work out + agreement.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * crear una ilusión = create + illusion.
    * crear una imagen = build + an image, create + image, summon up + image.
    * crear una injusticia = create + injustice.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * crear una ocasión = create + opportunity.
    * crear una preocupación = create + concern.
    * crear una situación = create + a situation.
    * crear un clima = promote + climate.
    * crear un comité = set up + committee.
    * crear un entorno = create + an environment.
    * crear un equilibrio = establish + a balance.
    * crear un fondo común de conocimientos = pool + knowledge.
    * crear un fondo común de experiencias profesionales = pool + expertise.
    * crear un grupo = set up + group.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * crear un mercado para = produce + a market for.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * crear un servidor web = open up + web site.
    * crear vínculos = build up + links.
    * crear vínculos afectivos = bond.
    * oposición + crear = opposition + line up.
    * que crea adicción = addictive.
    * que crea hábito = addictive.
    * volver a crear = recreate [re-create].

    * * *
    crear [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹obra/modelo› to create; ‹tendencia› to create
    crear una nueva imagen para el producto to create a new image for the product
    crearon un producto revolucionario they developed o created a revolutionary product
    2 ‹sistema› to create, establish, set up; ‹institución› to set up, create; ‹comisión/fondo› to set up; ‹empleo› to create
    crearon una ciudad en pleno desierto they built a city in the middle of the desert
    B ‹dificultades/problemas› to cause, create; ‹ambiente/clima› to create; ‹fama/prestigio› to bring; ‹reputación› to earn
    su arrogancia le creó muchas enemistades his arrogance made him many enemies
    no quiero crear falsas expectativas en mis alumnos I don't want to raise false hopes among my students, I don't want to give my students false hopes
    se crea muchas dificultades he creates o makes a lot of problems for himself
    ¿para qué te creas más trabajo? why make more work for yourself?
    será difícil llenar el vacío creado con su desaparición it will be difficult to fill the gap left by his death
    * * *

     

    crear ( conjugate crear) verbo transitivo
    to create;
    ‹ producto› to develop;
    ‹institución/comisión/fondo› to set up;
    ‹fama/prestigio› to bring;
    ‹ reputación› to earn;
    ◊ crea muchos problemas it causes o creates a lot of problems;

    no quiero crear falsas expectativas I don't want to raise false hopes
    crearse verbo pronominal ‹ problema› to create … for oneself;

    ‹ enemigos› to make
    crear verbo transitivo to create
    ' crear' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    falsificar
    - hacer
    - ilusionar
    - infundio
    - rompecabezas
    - constituir
    - formar
    - meter
    English:
    boat
    - bonding
    - create
    - fashion
    - never-never land
    - rapport
    - stage
    - afoot
    - develop
    - devise
    - disrupt
    - establish
    - illusion
    - set
    - you
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hacer, producir, originar] to create;
    crear empleo/riqueza to create jobs/wealth;
    han creado un nuevo ministerio para él they have created a new ministry for him;
    me crea muchos problemas it gives me a lot of trouble, it causes me a lot of problems;
    Picasso creó escuela Picasso's works have had a seminal influence
    2. [inventar] to invent;
    [poema, sinfonía] to compose, to write; [cuadro] to paint
    3. [fundar] to found
    * * *
    v/t create; empresa set up
    * * *
    crear vt
    1) : to create, to cause
    2) : to originate
    * * *
    crear vb
    1. (en general) to create
    2. (comité, empresa, etc) to set up

    Spanish-English dictionary > crear

  • 35 efecto multiplicador

    m.
    multiplier effect, leverage, leverageability.
    * * *
    Ex. The publicizing of their success has had a multiplier effect for other local authorities and led to a demand for increased information.
    * * *

    Ex: The publicizing of their success has had a multiplier effect for other local authorities and led to a demand for increased information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > efecto multiplicador

  • 36 elevado

    adj.
    1 elevated, upland, high, towering.
    2 lofty, elevated, rarified, rarefied.
    3 dignified.
    4 high.
    5 elevated, high, steep.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: elevar.
    * * *
    1→ link=elevar elevar
    1 (gen) high
    2 figurado lofty, noble
    \
    elevado,-a a MATEMÁTICAS raised to
    * * *
    (f. - elevada)
    adj.
    1) high
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en nivel] [precio, temperatura, cantidad] high; [velocidad] high, great; [ritmo] great
    2) [en altura] [edificio] tall; [montaña, terreno] high
    paso II, 1., 2)
    3) (=sublime) [estilo] elevated, lofty; [pensamientos] noble, lofty
    4) [puesto, rango] high, important
    2.
    SM Cuba (Ferro) overhead railway; (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1) <terreno/montaña> high; < edificio> tall, high
    2) < cantidad> large; <precio/impuestos/índice> high; < pérdidas> heavy, substantial
    3) <categoría/calidad> high; <puesto/posición> high
    4) <ideas/pensamientos> noble, elevated; < estilo> lofty, elevated
    * * *
    = sharply rising, steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.], heightened, raised, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], elevated, soaring, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].
    Ex. The end of the eighteenth century saw a sharply rising demand for cheap print, associated with increases in population and in literacy which occurred all over Europe.
    Ex. The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    Ex. The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex. The cords themselves could be placed either outside the backs of the folded sheets, where they would show as raised bands across the spine of the book, or in slots sawn into the folds to give the book a flat back.
    Ex. Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.
    Ex. Public investment in rebuilding the church and the gifts of individual donors were important indications of its elevated social standing.
    Ex. Detailed images of soaring aisles, delicate carvings, and stained-glass windows from the 12th and 13th centuries are captured on this new Web site.
    Ex. Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    ----
    * aljibe elevado = water tower.
    * camino elevado = causeway.
    * carretera elevada = causeway.
    * cisterna elevada = water tower.
    * depósito de agua elevado = water tower.
    * excepcionalmente elevado = exceptionally high.
    * ferrocarril elevado = elevated railroad.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.
    * paso elevado = overpass.
    * paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * posición elevada = high ground.
    * ser elevado = be steep.
    * temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.
    * terreno elevado = high ground.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    1) <terreno/montaña> high; < edificio> tall, high
    2) < cantidad> large; <precio/impuestos/índice> high; < pérdidas> heavy, substantial
    3) <categoría/calidad> high; <puesto/posición> high
    4) <ideas/pensamientos> noble, elevated; < estilo> lofty, elevated
    * * *
    = sharply rising, steep [steeper -comp., steepest -sup.], heightened, raised, lofty [loftier -comp., loftiest -sup.], elevated, soaring, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.].

    Ex: The end of the eighteenth century saw a sharply rising demand for cheap print, associated with increases in population and in literacy which occurred all over Europe.

    Ex: The graph of the growth of the subject shows an initial flat, a steep climb, a small flat, and a rapid decline.
    Ex: The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex: The cords themselves could be placed either outside the backs of the folded sheets, where they would show as raised bands across the spine of the book, or in slots sawn into the folds to give the book a flat back.
    Ex: Librarians across the world should set themselves the lofty task of striving to create a global society in which people enjoy peaceful coexistence.
    Ex: Public investment in rebuilding the church and the gifts of individual donors were important indications of its elevated social standing.
    Ex: Detailed images of soaring aisles, delicate carvings, and stained-glass windows from the 12th and 13th centuries are captured on this new Web site.
    Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    * aljibe elevado = water tower.
    * camino elevado = causeway.
    * carretera elevada = causeway.
    * cisterna elevada = water tower.
    * depósito de agua elevado = water tower.
    * excepcionalmente elevado = exceptionally high.
    * ferrocarril elevado = elevated railroad.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * Número + elevado a la potencia de + Número = Número + to the power of + Número.
    * paso elevado = overpass.
    * paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * posición elevada = high ground.
    * ser elevado = be steep.
    * temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.
    * terreno elevado = high ground.

    * * *
    elevado1 -da
    A ‹terreno/montaña› high; ‹edificio› tall, high
    B ‹cantidad› large; ‹precio/impuestos› high
    un número elevado de casos a large number of cases
    las pérdidas han sido elevadas there have been heavy o substantial losses
    un elevado índice de abstención a high rate of abstention
    C ‹categoría/calidad› high
    tiene un puesto muy elevado he has a very high o important position
    D ‹ideas/pensamientos› noble, elevated; ‹estilo› lofty, elevated
    la conversación adquirió un tono elevado the tone of the conversation became rather highbrow o elevated
    fly
    * * *

    Del verbo elevar: ( conjugate elevar)

    elevado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    elevado    
    elevar
    elevado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 ‹terreno/montaña› high;
    ‹ edificio› tall, high
    2
    a) ‹ cantidad› large;

    ‹precio/impuestos› high;
    ‹ pérdidas› heavy, substantial
    b) ‹categoría/calidad/posición› high

    c) ‹ideas/pensamientos› noble, elevated;

    ‹ estilo› lofty, elevated
    elevar ( conjugate elevar) verbo transitivo
    1 (frml)

    b) ‹espíritu/mente› to uplift

    c) ‹muro/nivel› to raise, make … higher

    2 (frml)
    a) ( aumentar) ‹precios/impuestos› to raise, increase;

    ‹ nivel de vida› to raise
    b) ‹voz/tono› to raise

    elevarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( tomar altura) [avión/cometa] to climb, gain height;
    [ globo] to rise, gain height
    2 (frml) ( aumentar) [ temperatura] to rise;
    [precios/impuestos] to rise, increase;
    [tono/voz] to rise
    3 (frml) ( ascender):
    ◊ la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached 13%

    elevado,-a adjetivo
    1 (temperatura) high
    (torre, construcción) tall
    2 (altruista, espiritual) noble
    elevar verbo transitivo
    1 to raise
    2 Mat to raise (to the power of)
    elevar al cuadrado, to square
    elevar al cubo, to cube
    elevado a la cuarta, etc, potencia, to raise to the power of four, etc
    ' elevado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - alto
    - elevar
    - elevada
    - carestía
    - cuadrado
    - grande
    - paso
    English:
    elevate
    - flyover
    - high
    - overhead
    - overpass
    - causeway
    - elevated
    - fly
    - grand
    - lofty
    - over
    - upper
    * * *
    elevado, -a adj
    1. [alto] [monte, terreno, precio, inflación] high;
    un elevado edificio a tall building;
    era de elevada estatura he was tall in stature;
    una persona de elevada estatura a person tall in stature;
    un elevado número de accidentes a large o high number of accidents;
    consiguieron elevados beneficios they made a large profit;
    ocupa un elevado cargo en la empresa she has a high-ranking position in the company
    2. [noble] lofty, noble;
    elevados ideales lofty o noble ideals
    3. [estilo, tono, lenguaje] elevated, sophisticated;
    emplea un vocabulario muy elevado she uses very sophisticated vocabulary
    * * *
    adj high; fig
    elevated
    * * *
    elevado, -da adj
    1) : elevated, lofty
    2) : high
    * * *
    elevado adj high

    Spanish-English dictionary > elevado

  • 37 fijar

    v.
    1 to fix.
    Ella fijó las velas She fixed the sails.
    Ella fijó su atención She fixed her attention.
    2 to set, to fix (establecer) (fecha, precio).
    fijar el domicilio to take up residence
    fijar la mirada/la atención en to fix one's gaze/attention on
    3 to determine, to define, to establish, to set.
    Ella fijó las reglas She determined the rules.
    * * *
    1 (sujetar) to fix, fasten; (puerta) to hang; (ventana) to put in
    2 (pegar) to stick
    3 (establecer) to set, determine, fix
    4 (en fotografía, química) to fix
    1 (hacerse fijo) to settle
    2 (darse cuenta) to notice
    ■ ¿te fijaste en el color de sus ojos? did you notice the colour of his eyes?
    3 (poner atención) to pay attention, watch
    \
    fijar la vista to stare (en, at)
    fijar los ojos to stare (en, at)
    fijar residencia to take up residence
    ¡fíjate! (just) fancy that!
    'Prohibido fijar carteles' "Post no bills"
    * * *
    verb
    2) establish, set up
    •
    - fijarse en
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sujetar) (tb Fot) to fix; [con clavos] to secure; [con pegamento] to glue; [con chinchetas] to pin up; [+ pelo] to set
    2) (=centrar) [+ atención] to focus (en on)
    [+ ojos] to fix (en on)

    le contestó sin vacilar, fijando la mirada en sus ojos — she answered him directly, looking him straight in the eye

    3) (=determinar) [+ fecha, hora, precio, plazo] to fix, set; [+ límites, servicios mínimos] to establish; [+ condiciones] to lay down

    no hemos fijado aún la fecha de la boda — we haven't fixed o set a date for the wedding yet

    la organización ha fijado tres condiciones para volver a la mesa de negociaciones — the organization laid down three conditions for their return to the negotiating table

    4) [+ residencia] to take up
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (poner, clavar) to fix
    b) <foto/dibujo> to fix
    2)
    b) <fecha/cifra/precio> to set
    c) reglamento/ley to state

    según fija el reglamento — as stated in o dictated by the regulations

    2.
    fijarse v pron

    si no te fijas en lo que haces, lo vas a hacer mal — if you don't watch o pay attention to what you're doing, you'll do it wrong

    es muy observador, se fija en todo — he's very observant, he notices everything

    b) ( darse cuenta) to notice

    ¿te has fijado en que no discuten nunca? — have you noticed that they never quarrel?

    fíjate qué terrible — it was (o would be etc) awful

    * * *
    = attach, fix, set, brace, fasten together, clamp, lay down, fasten, set forth, clip, peg.
    Ex. In fixed location notation was physically attached to certain places on the shelves and books were always filed in the same place.
    Ex. One of the functions which I have not specified is that the underlying ideology represented by the AACR aims first at fixing a location for an author and then for a work.
    Ex. If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.
    Ex. The cheeks were braced from their tops to the ceiling, to prevent the press from twisting or shifting about in use.
    Ex. A book is physically a collection of sheets usually paper ones fastened together and protected by a cover which do form a genuine unit.
    Ex. The original is clamped around the left hand cylinder and a special stencil fastened around the other cylinder.
    Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.
    Ex. The original is clamped around the left hand cylinder and a special stencil fastened around the other cylinder.
    Ex. She sets forth some of the conditions which may have led to this situation in the hope that it may bring about further study.
    Ex. Plastic-covered wire or metal supports are designed to clip firmly to the shelf itself or to the base of the shelf above.
    Ex. As per estimates, the demand for armoured vehicles in the defence forces is pegged at about 2000 vehicles per year.
    ----
    * fijar fecha con antelación = predate.
    * fijar la atención = fix + Posesivo + attention.
    * fijar la mirada = fasten + glance.
    * fijar las especificaciones de algo = set + specifications.
    * fijar precios = price, fix + price.
    * fijar precios altos = price + high.
    * fijar precios bajos = price + low.
    * fijarse = set up + camp.
    * fijarse una meta = set + goal.
    * fijarse una tarea = set + Reflexivo + task.
    * fijarse un objetivo = set + goal.
    * fijar una nota en un sitio público = post.
    * fijar un color = fix + colour.
    * fijar un límite = set + cut-off point.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (poner, clavar) to fix
    b) <foto/dibujo> to fix
    2)
    b) <fecha/cifra/precio> to set
    c) reglamento/ley to state

    según fija el reglamento — as stated in o dictated by the regulations

    2.
    fijarse v pron

    si no te fijas en lo que haces, lo vas a hacer mal — if you don't watch o pay attention to what you're doing, you'll do it wrong

    es muy observador, se fija en todo — he's very observant, he notices everything

    b) ( darse cuenta) to notice

    ¿te has fijado en que no discuten nunca? — have you noticed that they never quarrel?

    fíjate qué terrible — it was (o would be etc) awful

    * * *
    = attach, fix, set, brace, fasten together, clamp, lay down, fasten, set forth, clip, peg.

    Ex: In fixed location notation was physically attached to certain places on the shelves and books were always filed in the same place.

    Ex: One of the functions which I have not specified is that the underlying ideology represented by the AACR aims first at fixing a location for an author and then for a work.
    Ex: If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.
    Ex: The cheeks were braced from their tops to the ceiling, to prevent the press from twisting or shifting about in use.
    Ex: A book is physically a collection of sheets usually paper ones fastened together and protected by a cover which do form a genuine unit.
    Ex: The original is clamped around the left hand cylinder and a special stencil fastened around the other cylinder.
    Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.
    Ex: The original is clamped around the left hand cylinder and a special stencil fastened around the other cylinder.
    Ex: She sets forth some of the conditions which may have led to this situation in the hope that it may bring about further study.
    Ex: Plastic-covered wire or metal supports are designed to clip firmly to the shelf itself or to the base of the shelf above.
    Ex: As per estimates, the demand for armoured vehicles in the defence forces is pegged at about 2000 vehicles per year.
    * fijar fecha con antelación = predate.
    * fijar la atención = fix + Posesivo + attention.
    * fijar la mirada = fasten + glance.
    * fijar las especificaciones de algo = set + specifications.
    * fijar precios = price, fix + price.
    * fijar precios altos = price + high.
    * fijar precios bajos = price + low.
    * fijarse = set up + camp.
    * fijarse una meta = set + goal.
    * fijarse una tarea = set + Reflexivo + task.
    * fijarse un objetivo = set + goal.
    * fijar una nota en un sitio público = post.
    * fijar un color = fix + colour.
    * fijar un límite = set + cut-off point.

    * * *
    fijar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (poner, clavar) ‹poste› to fix
    fija bien la estantería a la pared fix the shelving securely to the wall
    [ S ] prohibido fijar carteles stick no bills
    fijó la mirada en el horizonte she fixed her gaze on the horizon
    conviene fijar la atención en este punto it's important to focus our attention on this point
    había fijado la mente en el pasado he had focused his mind on the past
    2 ‹foto/dibujo› to fix
    1 ‹residencia›
    fijaron su residencia en París they established their residence o took up residence in Paris
    2 (concretar) ‹fecha/cifra› to set
    ya han fijado la fecha they've already set o fixed the date
    todavía no hemos fijado el precio we still haven't agreed (on) a price
    de acuerdo con la política fijada por el partido in accordance with the policy set o established by the party
    3 «reglamento/ley» to state
    la ley fija que … the law states that …
    según fija el reglamento as stated in o dictated by the regulations
    1
    (prestar atención): fíjate bien en el palacio, es una obra de arte take a good look at the palace, it's a work of art
    es muy observador, se fija en todo he's very observant, he notices everything
    fíjate bien en cómo lo hace watch carefully how she does it
    si no te fijas, lo vas a volver a hacer mal if you don't watch what you're doing, you're going to do it wrong again
    2 (darse cuenta) to notice
    ¿te has fijado en que no discuten nunca? have you noticed that o how they never quarrel?
    en seguida se fijó en ella he noticed her immediately
    ¡fíjate lo que ha crecido! just look how she's grown!
    fíjate qué faena, se lo robaron todo can you imagine how awful? they stole everything he had
    estarás contenta con el regalo — ¡fíjate! you must be pleased with the present — you bet! ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    fijar ( conjugate fijar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (poner, clavar) ‹poste/estantería› to fix;

    ( on signs) prohibido fijar carteles stick no bills;

    b) ‹atención/mente› to focus

    2
    a) ‹ residencia› to take up, establish (frml)

    b) ‹fecha/cifra/precio› to set

    c) [reglamento/ley] to state

    fijarse verbo pronominal


    fíjate en lo que haces watch o pay attention to what you're doing

    ◊ ¿te has fijado en que no discuten nunca? have you noticed that they never quarrel?;

    ¡fíjate lo que ha crecido! just look how she's grown!
    fijar verbo transitivo
    1 to fix: se prohíbe fijar carteles, (en letrero) post no bills
    2 (la atención, los ojos, etc) fijar la vista en algo, to fix one's eyes on
    3 (acordar, establecer) to set: fija el día y la hora, set a date
    ' fijar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cartel
    - prohibida
    - prohibido
    - sujetar
    - tasar
    - asegurar
    - residencia
    - señalar
    English:
    anchor
    - appoint
    - arrange
    - attention span
    - fasten
    - fix
    - name
    - peg
    - post
    - set
    - settle
    - stick up
    - tack down
    - affix
    - mount
    - sort
    - time
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [asegurar, sujetar] to fix (a o en onto); [cartel] to stick up;
    [sello] to stick on;
    fijaron las patas al suelo con clavos they nailed the legs to the floor;
    prohibido fijar carteles [en letrero] stick o post no bills
    2. [establecer] to fix;
    se fijaron como objetivo acabar el año con beneficios they set themselves the target of ending the year in profit;
    fijar la mirada/la atención en to fix one's gaze/attention on
    3. [fecha, precio] to set, to fix
    4. [significado] to establish;
    fijar el domicilio to take up residence
    * * *
    v/t
    1 espejo, balda fix; cartel stick
    3 residencia establish
    4 atención focus
    * * *
    fijar vt
    1) : to fasten, to affix
    2) establecer: to establish, to set up
    3) concretar: to set, to fix
    fijar la fecha: to set the date
    * * *
    fijar vb
    1. (determinar) to fix / to set [pt. & pp. set]
    2. (poner) to put up [pt. & pp. put] / to stick [pt. & pp. stuck]
    "prohibido fijar carteles" "stick no bills"
    3. (dirigir) to focus / to turn
    fijar la mirada / fijar la vista to stare

    Spanish-English dictionary > fijar

  • 38 formación en informática

    Ex. The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.
    * * *

    Ex: The rapid rise of computer literacy in the world has led to a demand for the easy availability of many kinds of information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > formación en informática

  • 39 hacia la izquierda

    (adj.) = leftwards, leftward
    Ex. So Hutchins arranges her drawings in such a way that as your eye travels leftwards across the page you see the fox who is stalking the hen and trying to catch her.
    Ex. The leftward lurch in the Swedish Social-Democratic Party since 1973 led to a sudden demand for 'industrial democracy' & 'worker participation.
    * * *
    (adj.) = leftwards, leftward

    Ex: So Hutchins arranges her drawings in such a way that as your eye travels leftwards across the page you see the fox who is stalking the hen and trying to catch her.

    Ex: The leftward lurch in the Swedish Social-Democratic Party since 1973 led to a sudden demand for 'industrial democracy' & 'worker participation.

    Spanish-English dictionary > hacia la izquierda

  • 40 inferior

    adj.
    1 bottom.
    la mitad inferior the bottom o lower half
    la parte inferior (de algo) the bottom (of something)
    2 lower.
    temperaturas inferiores a diez grados temperatures lower than o below ten degrees
    una cifra inferior a cien a figure under o below one hundred
    3 inferior.
    es inferior a la media it's below average
    f. & m.
    inferior.
    trata con desprecio a sus inferiores he treats those beneath him with contempt
    * * *
    2 (cantidad) less, lower
    3 (en calidad) inferior (a, to)
    1 (en rango) subordinate; (en calidad) inferior
    * * *
    noun mf. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en el espacio] lower

    labio inferior — bottom o lower lip

    2) [en categoría, jerarquía] inferior

    de calidad inferior — of inferior quality, inferior

    3) [con cantidades, números] lower

    temperaturas inferiores a los 20° — temperatures lower than 20°, temperatures below 20°

    2.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( en el espacio) lower
    2) ( en jerarquía) <especie/rango> inferior
    3) ( en comparaciones) lower

    inferior a algo: temperaturas inferiores a los 10° temperatures lower than o below 10°; el número de votantes fue inferior a lo previsto the number of voters was lower than expected; nació con un peso inferior al normal he was below average weight when he was born; un número inferior al 20 — a number below twenty

    II
    masculino y femenino inferior
    * * *
    = inferior, low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], lower, nether, low-end.
    Ex. A subordinate body is a corporate body that forms an integral part of a larger body in relation to which it holds an inferior hierarchical rank.
    Ex. Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex. The upper and lower limits for the value are first entered.
    Ex. Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.
    Ex. Therefore real time interaction is feasible on both low-end and high-end machines.
    ----
    * clases inferiores, las = lower orders, the.
    * cubierta inferior = lower deck.
    * de calidad inferior = low-end.
    * de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.
    * de la gama inferior = low-end.
    * esquina inferior derecha = right bottom corner, bottom right.
    * esquina inferior izquierda = left bottom corner, bottom left.
    * extremidades inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.
    * extremo inferior izquierdo = lower left.
    * inferior a = no match for.
    * inferior al título = sub-degree [subdegree].
    * límite inferior = lower bound.
    * mandíbula inferior = lower jaw.
    * margen inferior = bottom margin.
    * maxilar inferior = lower jaw.
    * miembros inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.
    * mitad inferior = lower half.
    * parte inferior = bottom.
    * parte inferior derecha = lower right.
    * paso inferior = underpass, subway.
    * paso inferior de peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso inferior para peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * quijada inferior = lower jaw.
    * vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( en el espacio) lower
    2) ( en jerarquía) <especie/rango> inferior
    3) ( en comparaciones) lower

    inferior a algo: temperaturas inferiores a los 10° temperatures lower than o below 10°; el número de votantes fue inferior a lo previsto the number of voters was lower than expected; nació con un peso inferior al normal he was below average weight when he was born; un número inferior al 20 — a number below twenty

    II
    masculino y femenino inferior
    * * *
    = inferior, low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], lower, nether, low-end.

    Ex: A subordinate body is a corporate body that forms an integral part of a larger body in relation to which it holds an inferior hierarchical rank.

    Ex: Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex: The upper and lower limits for the value are first entered.
    Ex: Squeezed between the upper and nether milestones of increasing demand and dwindling resources, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.
    Ex: Therefore real time interaction is feasible on both low-end and high-end machines.
    * clases inferiores, las = lower orders, the.
    * cubierta inferior = lower deck.
    * de calidad inferior = low-end.
    * de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.
    * de la gama inferior = low-end.
    * esquina inferior derecha = right bottom corner, bottom right.
    * esquina inferior izquierda = left bottom corner, bottom left.
    * extremidades inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.
    * extremo inferior izquierdo = lower left.
    * inferior a = no match for.
    * inferior al título = sub-degree [subdegree].
    * límite inferior = lower bound.
    * mandíbula inferior = lower jaw.
    * margen inferior = bottom margin.
    * maxilar inferior = lower jaw.
    * miembros inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.
    * mitad inferior = lower half.
    * parte inferior = bottom.
    * parte inferior derecha = lower right.
    * paso inferior = underpass, subway.
    * paso inferior de peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso inferior para peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * quijada inferior = lower jaw.
    * vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.

    * * *
    mandíbula/labio inferior lower jaw/lip
    en los pisos inferiores on the lower floors
    las capas inferiores de la atmósfera the lower layers of the atmosphere
    B (en una jerarquía) ‹especie› inferior
    no somos seres inferiores we are not inferior beings
    pero el número puede haber sido muy inferior but the number may have been much lower
    inferior A algo:
    temperaturas inferiores a los 10° temperatures lower than o below 10°
    un número inferior al 20 a number less than o below twenty
    el número de votantes fue inferior a lo que se había previsto the number of voters was lower than expected
    el bebé nació con un peso inferior al normal the baby was below average weight when it was born
    D (pobre) poor
    inferior
    trata a todos sus compañeros como sus inferiores he treats all his workmates as inferiors
    * * *

     

    inferior adjetivo
    1 ( en el espacio) ‹piso/planta› lower
    2 ( en jerarquía) ‹especie/rango› inferior
    3 ( en comparaciones) lower;
    ◊ temperaturas inferiores a los 10° temperatures lower than o below 10°;

    un número inferior al 20 a number below twenty
    inferior
    I adjetivo
    1 (en posición) lower
    2 (en calidad) inferior
    3 (en cantidad) lower, less
    un volumen de ventas inferior a la media, below average turnover
    4 (en rango) inferior
    II mf (persona) subordinate, inferior
    ' inferior' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    señor
    - base
    English:
    average
    - below
    - bottom
    - down-market
    - downgrade
    - downstairs
    - inferior
    - lower
    - par
    - relegate
    - second
    - second-best
    - second-class
    - subaltern
    - substandard
    - third-rate
    - underneath
    - underside
    - beneath
    - jowls
    - less
    - mean
    - third
    - under
    - way
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [de abajo] bottom;
    la parte inferior (de algo) the bottom (of sth);
    la mitad inferior the bottom o lower half;
    labio/mandíbula inferior lower lip/jaw
    2. [menor] lower (a than);
    ser inferior en número, ser numéricamente inferior to be fewer in number;
    temperaturas inferiores a los 10 grados temperatures below 10 degrees;
    una cifra inferior a 100 a figure under o below 100;
    lo venden a un precio un 30 por ciento inferior al del mercado they are selling it for 30 percent less than the market price;
    por un periodo no inferior a tres años for a period of not less than three years
    3. [peor] inferior (a to);
    es inferior a la media it's below average;
    un producto de calidad inferior an inferior o a poor-quality product;
    no me creo inferior a nadie I don't consider myself inferior to anybody
    4. Geog
    curso inferior lower reaches
    5. Geol lower;
    el Paleolítico inferior the Lower Paleolithic
    ♦ nm
    inferior;
    el jefe trata con desprecio a sus inferiores the boss treats those beneath him with contempt
    * * *
    I adj inferior (a to); en el espacio lower (a than)
    II m/f inferior
    * * *
    : inferior, lower
    : inferior, underling
    * * *
    1. (más bajo) lower
    2. (en cantidad) below / under
    3. (en calidad) inferior

    Spanish-English dictionary > inferior

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