calls+for

τέττιξ, ῑγος (but ῑκος Ar. and Theoc. acc. to Hdn.Gr. ap. Choerob. in Theod.1.292 H.), ὁ,

A cicala, Cicada plebeia or allied species, a winged insect fond of basking on trees, when the male makes a chirping or clicking noise by means of certain drums or 'tymbals' underneath the wings, whence the joke in Xenarch.14, εἶτ'.. οἱ τέττιγες οὐκ εὐδαίμονες, ὧν ταῖς γυναιξὶν οὐδ' ὁτιοῦν φωνῆς ἔνι; prov.,

τέττιγος ἐδράξω πτεροῦ Archil.143

(v.

συλλαμβάνω 11.1

). This noise is freq. used as a simile for sweet sounds, Il.3.151, Hes.Op. 582, Sc. 393, Simon.173, 174, etc.; and Plato calls them οἱ Μουσῶν προφῆται, Phdr.262d; but they also became a prov. for garrulity,

λαλεῖν τέττιξ Aristopho10.7

:

τ. πολλοὶ γινόμενοι νοσῶδες τὸ ἔτος σημαίνουσι Thphr.Sign.54

. They were thought to sing continually without food or drink, Ar.Nu. 1360, Pl.Phdr. 259c; or on a diet of air and dew, Arist.HA 532b13, Theoc.4.16, AP6.120 (Leon.), Anacreont.32, Plu.2.660f. The Greeks ate τέττιγες to whet the appetite, Ath.4.133b, cf. Ar.Frr.51, 569.4, Alex.162.13 (anap.), Anaxandr.41.59 (anap., unless here the τέττιξ ἐνάλιος is meant, v. infr. 11); and as a medical remedy, Dsc. 2.51, Orib.Fr.64.

2 gold ornament worn in the hair (cf.

χρύσειαι δὲ κόρυμβαι ἐπ' αὐτῶν τέττιγες ὥς Asius Fr.Ep.13.5

), esp. in early Attica, Th.1.6, Heraclid.Pont. ap. Ath.12.512c; ἀρχαῖα.. καὶ τεττίγων ἀνάμεστα, i.e. full of old-fashioned notions, Ar.Nu. 984 (anap.), v. Sch.( 980) and cf. τεττιγοφόρας; γυνὴ.. ἔχει τ. ἐπιχρύσους, in a list of votive offerings at Samos, Michel832.51 (iv B.C.).

3 Com. name for a foreign cook, Ath.14.659a, Hsch., cf. Poll.4.148, 150.

4 Ἀκάνθιος τ., prov. of a silent person, Zen.1.51, St.Byz. s.v. Ἄκανθος.

II τ. ἐνάλιος a kind of lobster, Arctos ursus, Ael.NA13.26.

III part of the ear,

τοῦ λοβοῦ τὸ περὶ τῇ κυψέλῃ Poll.2.86

.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to decline, to descend', esp. of the balance (scales), `to sway down, to turn out, to gain the upper hand', w. prefix also trans. `to lower, to let tilt' (Il.).

Other forms: Rare fut. ῥέψω and aor. ῥέψαι (IA.).

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀντι-, κατα-.

Derivatives: 1. ῥοπή f. `lowering, tilting (of the scales), swing' (Alc., IA.), to which a.o. ἀντί-ρροπος `equipoising, counterweighing', also connected with ῥέπω (Att.), with ἀντιρροπ-ίη (v. l. -ή) f. `counterweight' (Hp.). 2. περί-ρρεψις f. `tilting' (Hp.). 3. ῥόπαλον n. `bludgeon, mace' (Il.) [but Chantraine, Form. 246 calls connection with ῥέπω doubtful; I think that the word is rather Pre-Greek]with ῥοπάλ-ιον n. (hell. inscr. a. pap.), - ωτός `equipped with a club-like rounding' (D. C.), - ώδης `(pulsing) like a club', of the pulse, - ωσις f. des. of a hairdisease (medic.), - ικός `club-like', as des. of a verse (gramm.), - ίζει στρέφει, κινεῖ ὡς ῥόπαλον H. with - ισμοί pl. (Ar. Lys.); on the meaning of ῥόπαλον cf. below. 4. ῥόπτρον n. `the wood in a trap, knocker, ring at the door, tamboutine' (Archil., Att.); with dissim. ῥόπτον meaning unclear (Epid. IV<sup>a</sup>), - τίον κλειδίον H. 5. περι-, ἐπι-, κατα-ρρεπής `tilting etc.' (IA.), ἑτερο-ρρεπής prop. "tilting to (one or) the other side", `indecisive, unbiased' (A. in lyr., Hp.). 6. ῥεπτικός `tilting' ( Stoik.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Beside the full grade root-present ῥέπω one assumes as zero grade ῥάπτω, ῥαπίζω (IE *u̯rep-: u̯r̥p-?), also with lengthened grade ῥώψ, but see s.v. As the main semantic denominator one posits `turn (together), wind, bend', but it is impossible to indicate in every case the connections. For ῥέπω one would like to assume a meaning `bow (away) from the straight position, divert', first of the scales. A basic meaning `turn', from where `throw' (cf. Lat. torqueō `turn, throw') one wanted to find in ῥόπαλον, ῥόπτρον (cf. WP. 1, 276 with Curtius a.o.); for the in that case to be assumed meaning `throwing stick' (cf. καλαῦροψ) there is however not the slightest indication. A direct connection with ῥαπίζω, ῥαπίς (prop. `rod, staff'; Persson Beitr. 1, 499) lies formally farther than direct connection with ῥέπω, ῥοπή. So ῥόπαλον prop. "the (for the blow) lowered, falling down (club)" like ῥόπτρον of the wood falling down ? Cf. ξύλον καθῆκε (E. HF 993) of the on the head of a boy downcoming club of Heracles. -- Cf. ῥέμβομαι w. references.

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λέγω (Hom.+; on the mng. of the word ADebrunner, TW IV 71–73) impf. ἔλεγον (3 pl. ἔλεγαν s. B-D-F §82 app.; Mlt-H. 194; KBuresch, RhM 46, 1891, 224). Only pres. and impf. are in use; the other tenses are supplied by εἶπον (q.v., also B-D-F §101 p. 46; Mlt-H. 247), but the foll. pass. forms occur: fut. 3 sg. λεχθήσεται; aor. ptc. fem. sg. λεχθεῖσα (SyrBar 14:1), neut. pl. τὰ λεχθέντα (Jos. 24, 27; Esth 1:18; Papias, Just.), 3 sg. ἐλέχθη and pl. ἐλέχθησαν; pf. 3 sg. λέλεκται; plupf. ἐλέλεκτο; pf. ptc. λελεγμένος (all Just.; B-D-F §101) ‘say’ (beginning w. Hes. [Hom. uses the word in the senses ‘gather, collect’, as Il. 11, 755 al., and mid. ‘select’, as Il. 21, 27, and esp. of stories that one elects to ‘tell over’ or ‘recount’, as Od. 14, 197] and more freq. in Pind.; the usual word since the Attic writers; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.).

① to express oneself orally or in written form, utter in words, say, tell, give expression to, the gener. sense (not in Hom., for this εἶπον, ἐν[ν]έπω, et al.)

ⓐ w. an indication of what is said

α. in the acc. ταύτην τ. παραβολήν Lk 13:6. (τὴν) ἀλήθειαν (Teles p. 4, 14; TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 27 [Stone p. 42]) J 8:45f; Ro 9:1; 1 Ti 2:7. ἀληθῆ (cp. Herodian 4, 14, 4) J 19:35. παροιμίαν οὐδεμίαν 16:29. τὶ καινότερον Ac 17:21 (w. ἀκούω as Pla., Prot. 310a; Dio Chrys. 3, 28; 4, 37). τί λέγουσιν what they say Mt 21:16; cp. Lk 18:6; 1 Cor 14:16. τί λέγω; what shall I say? Hb 11:32. ὸ̔ λέγει Lk 9:33; cp. 2 Ti 2:7; Phlm 21. ἃ λέγουσιν 1 Ti 1:7; AcPlCor 1:9. ταῦτα (τοῦτο) λ. (Jos., Vi. 291) Lk 9:34; 11:45b; 13:17; J 2:22; τοιαῦτα λ. Hb 11:14. τὸ αὐτὸ λέγειν be in agreement (not only in words: Thu. 4, 20, 4; 5, 31, 6; Polyb. 2, 62, 4; 5, 104, 1; Jos., Ant. 18, 375; 378) 1 Cor 1:10.—Also τινί τι tell someone someth. παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς Lk 18:1. μυστήριον ὑμῖν 1 Cor 15:51. τ. ἀλήθειαν ὑμῖν J 16:7. ὸ̔ λέγω ὑμῖν Mt 10:27. μηδενὶ λ. τοῦτο Lk 9:21. οὐδὲν αὐτῷ λέγουσιν they say nothing to him J 7:26. ταῦτα ἔλεγον ὑμῖν 2 Th 2:5.—τὶ πρός τινα (Pla, Gorg. 465a) παραβολὴν πρὸς αὐτούς Lk 5:36; cp. 14:7; 20:9.—24:10; 11:53 v.l. W. double acc. ἀδύνατα ταῦτα εἴρηκας Hm 11:19.

β. by direct discourse or direct question foll., mostly abs. (extremely freq.) Mt 9:34; 12:44; Mk 3:30; Lk 5:39; J 1:29, 36; 1 Cor l2:3; Js 4:13. Also oft. introduced by recitative ὅτι Mt 9:18; Mk 1:15; 2:12; 3:21f; 5:28; 6:14f (on the textual problem s. FNeirynck, ETL 65, ’89, 110–18), 35; 7:20; Lk 1:24; 4:41; 17:10; 21:8 v.l.; J 6:14; 7:12; 8:33; Ac 2:13; 11:3 and oft.—καὶ ἔλεγεν Mk 4:21, 24, 26, 30 may = he used to say (so that they might memorize): WEssame, ET 77, ’66, 121.

γ. by indirect discourse or indirect question foll.; abs. Mt 21:27; Mk 11:33c; Lk 20:8.—Introduced by ὅτι (Diod S 11, 4, 3; 11, 6, 2; 14, 4, 3; Petosiris, Fgm. 14c; Jos., Bell. 4, 543) Lk 22:70; Ac 20:23.—In acc. w. inf. τίνα λέγουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶναι τ. υἱὸν τ. ἀνθρώπου; Mt 16:13; cp. vs. 15; Lk 9:20; 11:18; 23:2b; 24:23b; J 12:29a; Ac 4:32; 8:9; 17:7.—W. the inf. only Lk 24:23a; Js 2:14; 1J 2:6, 9.

ⓑ w. indication of the pers. or thing about which someth. is said, or that is meant by someth.

α. by a prep. περί τινος (Soph., Thu. et al.) οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἔγνωσαν ὅτι περὶ αὐτῶν λέγει the Pharisees perceived that he was talking about them Mt 21:45. λέγει περὶ αὐτοῦ he said concerning him J 1:47; cp. 2:21; 11:13; 13:18, 22. εἴς τινα (Eur., Med. 453; X., Mem. 1, 5, 1) Ac 2:25; Eph 5:32. ἐπί τινα Hb 7:13. πρός τινα Lk 12:41; Hb 1:7.

β. by the acc. alone mean someone or someth. (Demosth. 18, 88; Diod S 15, 23, 5; Phalaris, Ep. 142, 1 ἣν λέγω; Ael. Aristid. 48, 35 K.=24 p. 474 D.: τὸν Φιλάδελφον λέγων; Aelian, NA 8, 3 ὸ̔ δὲ λέγω, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, VH 3, 36; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 3; 10, 2; 2 Macc 14:7; Jos., Ant. 6, 86; TestSol 4:6 D τὸν δύστηνον λέγω γέροντα; Just., D. 130, 2 μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ, λέγω Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ …) τ. ἄνθρωπον τοῦτον ὸ̔ν λέγετε this man whom you mean Mk 14:71. ἔλεγεν τὸν Ἰούδαν J 6:71. συνείδησιν λέγω οὐχὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ I mean not your own conscience 1 Cor 10:29. τοῦτο δὲ λέγω but this is what I mean Gal 3:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:12a (Ptolem., Apotel. 2, 3, 12; 2, 11, 1 λέγω δέ … but I mean).—Mt 26:70; Mk 14:68; Lk 22:60. Cp. 4 end.

γ. w. an indication of the one to whom someth. is said (on the synoptics and Ac s. WLarfeld, Die ntl. Ev. 1925, 237f); mostly in dat. (Aeschyl., Ag. 103; Herodas 4, 42 σοί; POxy 413, 99; s. also 1aα above) Mt 8:7; Mk 2:8, 17f; Lk 3:7; 5:24; J 1:39, 41, 43 and oft.—πρός τινα (Epict. 2, 17, 34 πρὸς ἄλλους ἐρεῖς; TestSol 1:6 D λέγει Νάθαν πρὸς τὸν ἄγγελον; ApcEsdr 6:16; s. also 1aα above) Mk 4:41; 16:3; Lk 4:21; 8:25 (λ. πρὸς ἀλλήλους as Jos., Ant. 2, 108; 9, 239); 9:23; 12:1; 16:1; J 2:3; 3:4; Ac 2:12; 28:4. μετά τινος: ἔλεγον μετʼ ἀλλήλων they said to each other J 11:56.

δ. in other (s. 1aα, 1bα, 1bγ) prep. uses ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ (=ἀπὸ σεαυτοῦ v.l.) σὺ τοῦτο λέγεις; do you say this of your own accord? J 18:34 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 26 [Stone p. 38] al.). εἴς τινα against someone Lk 22:65. τὶ περί τινος say someth. about or concerning someone J 1:22; Ac 8:34; Tit 2:8. λ. περὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ, ὅτι say, with reference to the temple, that Lk 21:5. τί σὺ λέγεις περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι; what have you to say about him, since? J 9:17b (λ. τι περί τινος, ὅτι as Jos., Bell. 7, 215). τινὶ περί τινος say to someone about someone w. direct discourse foll. Mt 11:7. Also πρός τινα περί τινος (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 279 πρὸς αὐτὸν περὶ Μωϋσέως) Lk 7:24. πρός τινα ἐπί τινος bring charges against someone before someone Ac 23:30 (λ. ἐπί τινος as Jos., Vi. 258). λ. περί (v.l. ὑπέρ) τινος say (someth.), speak in someone’s defense 26:1.

ε. in connection w. adverbs and adv. exprs.: Λυκαονιστὶ λ. say in (the) Lycaonian (language) Ac 14:11. καλῶς correctly (X., Mem. 2, 7, 11; 3, 3, 4; TestJob 7:8; EpArist 125; 196) J 8:48; 13:13. ὡσαύτως in the same way Mk 14:31. ἀληθῶς λέγω ὑμῖν truly, I tell you Lk 12:44; 21:3. κατὰ ἄνθρωπον (s. ἄνθρωπος 2b) Ro 3:5; Gal 3:15. κατὰ συγγνώμην, οὐ κατʼ ἐπιταγήν (s. ἐπιταγή) 1 Cor 7:6; cp. 2 Cor 8:8. καθʼ ὑστέρησιν Phil 4:11.

ζ. w. emphasis on a certain kind of saying: φωνῇ μεγάλῃ in a loud voice Rv 5:12; 8:13 (cp. TestSol 16:1). Also ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ 14:7; 9. ἄγγελος ἐν φωνῇ λέγων GJs 20:4 (pap, s. deStrycker p. 387f). Opp. ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ (cp. Ps 13:1) 18:7. Also ἐν ἑαυτῷ (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 11 [Stone p. 62]; TestJob 23:8) Mt 3:9; 9:21; Lk 3:8; 7:39, 49; GJs 1:1,4; 3:1; 5:1; cp. 1:3 (codd.); 2:1 v.l.; 14:1 v.l.

η. in quotations fr. scripture (but s. also Epict. 1, 28, 4 ὡς λέγει Πλάτων with a quotation) Ἠσαί̈ας λέγει Isaiah says Ro 10:16, 20; 15:12. Μωϋσῆς λέγει 10:19. Δαυὶδ λέγει 11:9. ἡ γραφὴ λέγει (Just., D. 56, 17; cp. Paus. 2, 16, 4 τὰ ἔπη λέγει=the epic poets say) 4:3; 10:11; Gal 4:30; 1 Ti 5:18; Js 4:5; cp. 2:23; J 19:24; 2 Cl 14:2. In the case of the quot. formula λέγει without the subj. expressed, ἡ γραφή or ὁ θεός is easily understood (B-D-F §130, 3; Rob. 392.—On the omission of the subj. [Just., D. 101, 1 al.] cp. Epict. 1, 24, 12 λέγει σοι ‘θὲς κτλ.’=someone says to you ‘lay aside [this and that sign of prestige]’). It could prob. be translated indefinitely it says: Ro 15:10; 2 Cor 6:2; Gal 3:16; Eph 4:8; 5:14. ὁ θεός is obviously the subj. (Clearch., Fgm. 69c; Epict. 1, 1, 10 λέγει ὁ Ζεύς, followed by a divine revelation to Epictetus) Hb 5:6. λέγει ὁ κύριος 2 Cl 13:2; cp. Hb 8:8–10 (λέγει κύριος Am 5:27; Is 1:18; Jer 9:24; ParJer 6:16 al.). W. the passage more definitely indicated (schol. on Pind., O. 7, 66 ἐν τοῖς Μουσαίου λέγεται; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1179 Wendel v.l. ἐν τῇ γ´ τῆς Μουσαίου Τιτανογραφίας λέγεται ὡς) ἐν Ἠλίᾳ τί λέγει ἡ γραφή Ro 11:2 (Epict. 2, 17, 34 τί λέγει Χρύσιππος ἐν τοῖς περὶ τοῦ ψευδομένου). Δαυὶδ λέγει ἐν βίβλῳ ψαλμῶν Lk 20:42 (Epict. 2, 19, 14 Ἑλλάνικος λέγει ἐν τοῖς Αἰγυπτιακοῖς with quot.). ἐν τ. Ὡσηὲ λέγει Ro 9:25. λέγει ἐν τῷ Ἠσαί̈ᾳ 2 Cl 3:5 (Just., D. 123, 8); cp. ἐν Δαυίδ Hb 4:7. ὁ νόμος λέγει (cp. Pla., Crito 12, 50c; Epict. 3, 24, 43 τί γὰρ λέγει; [i.e. ὁ νόμος θεῖος]) 1 Cor 14:34. λέγει τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον Hb 3:7 (Just., D. 124, 1). Of words of Jesus: λέγει ὁ κύριος ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ 2 Cl 8:5. λέγει ὁ κύριος 5:2; 6:1. λέγει αὐτός (i.e. ὁ Χριστός 2:7) 3:2. λέγει 4:2.

θ. Hebraistic, though by no means limited to the OT (s. EKieckers, IndogF 35, 1915, 34ff; B-D-F §420; Mlt-H. 454), is the freq. use of λ. to introduce

א. direct discourse (like לֵאמֹר), even though it is preceded by a verb of saying, or one that includes the idea of saying. Esp. λέγων is so used, as in the LXX, e.g. after ἀναβοᾶν, ἀνακράζειν Mk 1:23 (cp. Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 3, 9 Jac. ἀνεκεκράγει λέγων), ἀπαγγέλλειν, ἀποκρίνεσθαι, ἀρνεῖσθαι, βοᾶν, γογγύζειν, διαγογγύζειν, διαλογίζεσθαι, διαμαρτύρεσθαι, διαστέλλεσθαι, διδάσκειν, δοξάζειν, εἰπεῖν Mt 22:1; Lk 12:16; 20:2 (s. B-D-F §101, p. 46; s. Rob. 882f; Kieckers, loc. cit. 36f), ἐμβριμᾶσθαι, ἐντέλλεσθαι, ἐπερωτᾶν, ἐπιτιμᾶν, ἐπιφωνεῖν, ἐρωτᾶν, κατηγορεῖν, κηρύσσειν, κράζειν, κραυγάζειν, λαλεῖν, μαρτυρεῖν, μεριμνᾶν, παραινεῖν, παρακαλεῖν, παρατιθέναι παραβολήν, προσεύχεσθαι, προσφωνεῖν, προφητεύειν, συζητεῖν, συλλαλεῖν, φωνεῖν, ψευδομαρτυρεῖν; s. these entries. Also after such verbs as denote an action accompanied by a statement of some kind: ἄγγελος κυρίου … ἐφάνη αὐτῷ λέγων appeared to him and said Mt 1:20; cp. 2:13; προσεκύνει αὐτῷ λ. fell before him and said 8:2; 9:18; cp. 14:33. ἅπτεσθαι 8:3; 9:29. ἔρχεσθαι Mk 5:35; Lk 18:3; 19:18 al.; cp. Lk 1:66; 5:8; 8:38; 15:9; Ac 8:10, 19; 12:7; 27:23f; 1 Cor 11:25 al.

ב. the content of a written document (2 Km 11:15; 4 Km 10:6.—1 Macc 8:31; 11:57; Jos., Ant. 11, 26) ἔγραψεν λέγων (=יִכְתֹּב לֵאמֹר) he wrote as follows Lk 1:63.

ג. orders or instructions to be carried out by other persons: ἔπεμψεν λέγων he sent and had them say Lk 7:19. ἀπέστειλεν λ. (Judg 11:14f; Jdth 3:1; JosAs 3:2; ParJer 3:21 al.) Mt 22:16; 27:19; Lk 7:20; 19:14; J 11:3. If the persons carrying out the orders are named, the ptc. can refer to them Mt 22:16 v.l.

ד. When it is used w. the ptc. λ. appears in its finite forms ἐμπαίζοντες ἔλεγον they mocked and said Mt 27:41. προσελθὼν αὐτῷ λέγει he approached him and said Mk 14:45. διαρρήξας … λέγει he tore his clothes as he said vs. 63; cp. vs. 67; 15:35; Lk 6:20; J 1:36; Hb 8:8a al.—Also pleonastically (TestSol 2:2; TestJob 23:4; cp. Homeric ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπε Il. 3, 437 al., προσηύδα 14, 270 al.) ἀποκριθεὶς λέγει he answered Mk 8:29b; 9:5, 19; 10:24; 11:22; Lk 3:11; 11:45; 13:8. κράξας λέγει he cried out Mk 5:7; 9:24 (cp. TestAbr B 6 p. 109, 29 [Stone p. 66] κράζων καὶ λέγων; ApcEsdr 1:2 κράξας λέγων).

ι. Now and then short exprs. with λ. are inserted as parentheses (B-D-F §465, 2; Rob. 434): πολλοί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ζητήσουσιν many, I tell you, will seek Lk 13:24. ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ λέγω 2 Cor 11:21b. ὡς τέκνοις λέγω 6:13.

κ. ptc. w. the article τὰ λεγόμενα what was said (EpArist 215, 298; TestSol 15:13; ApcEsdr 2:15; Jos., Ant. 3, 85; 207; Just., D. 46, 4; 115, 1) Lk 18:34. προσεῖχον τ. λεγομένοις ὑπὸ τ. Φιλίππου (προσέχω 2b) Ac 8:6 (προσέχ. τοῖς λεγ. as Jos., Ant. 13, 303; τὰ λ. ὑπό τινος as Bell. 7, 56; 423; Esth 3:3, also Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 24, p. 408, 19 ὑπὸ τῶν μάντεων; Fgm. 30 p. 417, 23 Jac.; Epict. 1, 18, 1; SIG 679, 87). τὰ ἢ λεχθέντα ἢ πραχθέντα (Ps.-Libanius, Charact. Ep. p. 48, 18; 64, 18; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 55) Papias (2:15) in Eus., HE 3, 39, 15 (=Geb., Harn., Zahn 15, p. 72, 17).

② to express oneself in a specific way, say

ⓐ ask w. direct question foll: Mt 9:14; 15:1; 18:1; Mk 5:30f. ὁ διδάσκαλος λέγει the Master asks 14:14. W. dat. of pers. and a direct question foll.: Mt 9:28a; 15:34; 16:15; 20:6.

ⓑ answer (Lucian, Syr. Dea 18; TestSol 5:8 al.; ApcMos 5) Mt 17:25; Mk 8:24; J 1:21; 18:17b. W. dat. of pers. and direct discourse: Mt 4:10; 8:26; 9:28b; 14:17; 15:33; 18:22; 19:7, 20 al. W. dat of pers. and direct discourse introduced by ὅτι Mt 19:8.

ⓒ order, command, direct, enjoin, recommend more or less emphatically (Syntipas p. 9, 4; Num 32:27; TestSol 4:7 D; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 21 [Stone p. 44]) τὶ someth. 2 Cl 6:4. ἃ λέγω Lk 6:46. τί τινι command someone (to do) someth. ὅ τι ἂν λέγῃ ὑμῖν J 2:5b (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 8 [Stone p. 10]); cp. Ac 21:23 (s. Num 32:31). ὅ ὑμῖν λέγω, πᾶσιν λέγω, γρηγορεῖτε the order I give to you I give to everyone: be on your guard! Mk 13:37 (for the formal nuance cp. reff. at end of this parag.). Gener. w. dat. of pers. and direct discourse foll.: Mt 5:44; 6:25; 8:4, 9; 26:52; Mk 3:3, 5; 5:8; 6:10; Lk 6:27; 7:8; J 2:7f. W. dat. of pers. and inf. foll.: Rv 10:9; 13:14; w. an inf. and a negative forbid (X., An. 7, 1, 40) Mt 5:34, 39.—Here belongs χαίρειν τινὶ λέγειν (Epict. 3, 22, 64) extend a greeting to someone, since the greeting consists in saying χαῖρε=‘may you prosper’ 2J 10f. W. ἵνα foll. recommend that, tell to τῷ λαῷ λέγων … ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν Ac 19:4. οὐ περὶ ἐκείνης λέγω ἵνα ἐρωτήσῃ I do not recommend that anyone should pray about that (sin) 1J 5:16. W. inf. foll.: Ro 2:22.—τάδε λέγει is the formal style of one who is giving an order (introductory formula for the edicts of the Persian kings [IMagnMai 115, 4]; in the OT a favorite method of introducing a prophetic statement [Thackeray p. 11]) Ac 21:11, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14 (s. Gerhard, Philol. 64, 1905, 27ff; Thieme 23; GRudberg, Eranos 11, 1911, 177f; LLafoscade, De epistulis imperatorum 1902, 63 and 77. Roman edicts gener. use the simple λέγει as in the praescriptio of SEG IX, 8 I, 1–3 αὐτοκράτωρ Καίσαρ Σεβαστὸς … λέγει; also by Augustus: Jos., Ant., 16, 162; s. MBenner, The Emperor Says ’75).

ⓓ assure, assert; w. direct discourse foll. Esp. in the formulas λέγω σοι, λ. ὑμῖν, ἀμὴν (ἀμὴν) λ. ὑμῖν (TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 19f [Stone p. 18]) Mt 11:22; 12:31; 19:24; 23:39; Mk 11:24; Lk 4:25; 7:9, 28; 9:27.—Mt 5:26; 6:2, 5; 8:10; Mk 3:28; 9:41; 10:15; Lk 4:24; 18:17, 29; 23:43; J 1:51; 3:3, 5, 11; 5:19, 24f; 6:26, 32 al.

ⓔ maintain, declare, proclaim as teaching, w. direct discourse foll.: Gal 4:1; 1J 2:4. Foll. by acc. and inf. (X., Symp. 5, 5) Mt 22:23; Mk 12:18; Lk 20:41; 23:2b; Ro 15:8; 2 Ti 2:18. Foll. by ὅτι and direct discourse Mk 12:35b; 1 Cor 15:12. W. dat. of pers. and direct discourse after ὅτι Mt 5:20, 22, 28, 32; 8:11 al. Someth. like interpret εἰς w. ref. to Eph 5:32.—σὺ λέγεις (that is what) you maintain Mt 27:11; Mk 15:2; Lk 23:3 (cp. σὺ εἶπας Mt 26:25 and s. εἶπον 1a). Cp. also Lk 22:70; J 18:37 (s. OMerlier, RevÉtGr 46, ’33, 204–19; Goodsp., Probs. 64–68 [strong affirmative, yes]; MSmith, JBL 64, ’45, 506–10 [intentionally ambiguous, so you say, Tannaitic Parallels to the Gospels, ’51, 27–30]; DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’70/71, 213–26). τί λέγει ἡ γνῶσις; what does Gnosis teach about this? With the answer in direct discourse B 6:9 (cp. Epict. 3, 13, 11 καὶ τί λέγει [i.e., ὁ λόγος ὁ τῶν φιλοσόφων=philosophy]; direct discourse follows).

ⓕ of written communications (Hdt. 3, 40; 122; 8, 140; UPZ 68, 5 [152 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 13, 80) 1 Cor 6:5; 7:6; 15:51; 2 Cor 6:13; 8:8; Gal 5:2; Phil 4:11; Col 2:4; Phlm 21, al. in Paul.

③ to inform about / tell of someth., speak, report (Diog. L. 1, 31) τινί to someone Mk 7:36. τὶ about someth. (X., Cyr. 1, 2, 16 νῦν λέξομεν τὰς Κύρου πράξεις) τὴν ἔξοδον αὐτοῦ of his death (lit., departure) Lk 9:31. τὰ περὶ τ. βασιλείας Ac 1:3. τὰ γινόμενα ὑπʼ αὐτῶν αἰσχρόν ἐστιν καὶ λέγειν it is a disgrace even to speak of the things they do Eph 5:12 (Demosth. 10, 27 ὸ̔ … οὔτε λέγειν ἄξιον). τινὶ περί τινος bring a report about someone to someone Mk 1:30; 8:30. Likew. τινί τινα Phil 3:18.

④ to identify in a specific manner, call, name (Aeschyl. et al.) w. double acc. (Epict. 2, 19, 19 τί Στωικὸν ἔλεγες σεαυτόν; Diog. L. 8, 88 τὴν ἡδονὴν λέγειν τὸ ἀγαθόν=call pleasure the [real] good; 2 Macc 4:2; Just., D. 61, 1 ἀρχηστρατηγὸν ἑαυτὸν λέγει) τινά τι describe someone as someth. τί με λέγεις ἀγαθόν; why do you call me good? Mk 10:18; Lk 18:19. Δαυὶδ λέγει αὐτὸν κύριον David calls him Lord Mk 12:37. πατέρα ἴδιον ἔλεγεν τὸν θεόν he called God his Father J 5:18. οὐκέτι λέγω ὑμᾶς δούλους I no longer call you slaves 15:15; cp. Ac 10:28; Rv 2:20. Pass. be called, named Mt 13:55; Hb 11:24. ὁ λεγόμενος the so-called (Epict. 4, 1, 51 οἱ βασιλεῖς λεγόμενοι; Socrat., Ep. 14, 7 ὁ λ. θάνατος) λεγόμενοι θεοί so-called gods 1 Cor 8:5 (Herm. Wr. 2, 14 the λεγόμενοι θεοί in contrast to μόνος ὁ θεός. Somewhat differently Jos., Ant. 12, 125 Ἀντίοχος ὁ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν θεὸς λεγόμενος). οἱ λεγόμενοι ἀκροβυστία ὑπὸ τῆς λ. περιτομῆς those who are called ‘the uncircumcised’ (i.e. gentiles) by the so-called circumcision (i.e. Jews) Eph 2:11. ὁ λεγόμενος (B-D-F §412, 2; Rob. 1107; cp. BGU 1117, 9 [13 B.C.]; PRyl 133, 11; 137, 19; 2 Macc 12:17; 14:6; 3 Macc 1:3; TestAbr B 13 p. 118, 14 [Stone p. 84]; TestJob 46:5; 47:1; Just., A I, 22, 1, D. 32, 1) who is called … Mt 1:16; 27:17; whose surname is (Appian, Liby. 49 §213 Ἄννων ὁ μέγας λεγόμενος; Jos., Ant. 13, 370, Vi. 4) 10:2; Col 4:11; by name Mt 9:9; 26:3, 14; 27:16; Mk 15:7; Lk 22:47; J 9:11.—Of things: of the name of a star Rv 8:11. Of place-names (BGU 326, 19 [II A.D.]; 2 Macc 9:2; 12:21) Mt 2:23; 26:36; J 4:5; 11:54; 19:13; Ac 3:2; 6:9; Hb 9:3. Of the local, vernacular name λ. Ἑβραϊστί J 5:2 v.l.; 19:17b.—In the transl. of foreign words (which) means: ὅ ἐστιν κρανίου τόπος λεγόμενος which means ‘Place of a Skull’ Mt 27:33b. Cp. also J 4:25; 11:16; 20:24; 21:2. Also ὸ̔ λέγεται 20:16. ὸ̔ λ. μεθερμηνευόμενον which, when translated, means 1:38. ἣ διερμηνευομένη λέγεται Ac 9:36.—Other exx. of the significance mean (Aeschyl. et al.) are Gal 4:1; 2 Cl 6:4; 8:6 Cp. 1bβ.—B. 1253f; 1257; 1277. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. S. λόγος, ῥῆμα, λαλέω.

μεμβράνα, ης, ἡ (Lat. loanw.: membrana; s. B-D-F §5, 1 [μεμβράνη]; Rob. 109; GMeyer, D. lat. Lehnworte im Neugriech.: SBWienAk 132, 1895, 44 [μεμβρᾶνα];—Charax of Pergamum [II/III A.D.]: 103 Fgm. 37 Jac.; Acta Barn. 6 p. 66 Tisch. τὰς μεμβράνας; POxy 2156, 9 [c. 400 A.D.]) parchment, used for making of books or for sundry writing purposes. τὰ βιβλία, μάλιστα τὰς μ. the books (better: ‘the written works’, i.e. scrolls, whether Jewish or others, made of papyrus or animal skins), especially the parchments 2 Ti 4:13 (in favor of ‘scrolls’ cp. Theodoret 3, 695 Sch. μεμβράνας τὰ εἱλητὰ κέκληκεν• οὕτω γὰρ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσι τὰ δέρματα. ἐν εἱλητοῖς δὲ εἶχον πάλαι τὰς θείας γραφάς. οὕτω δὲ καὶ μέχρι τοῦ παρόντος ἔχουσιν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ‘he calls the scrolls μεμβράνας, for the Romans apply this term to skins. Of old they had the sacred scriptures in rolls and so the Jews do up to the present time’. But WHatch [letter of Sept. 12, ’53] concluded that the μεμβράνα of 2 Ti were parchment codices, pointing to Martial, Ep. 14, 7; 184: pugillares membranei = ‘parchments of a size to be held in one’s fist’; cp. Ep. 14, 186; 188; 190; 192; MJames, Companion to Latin Studies³ ’43, 238. So also CMcCown, HTR 34, ’41, 234f.—RAC 2, 664ff (lit.); Kl. Pauly III 1185f (lit.).—B. 1289. M-M.

προσήλυτος, ου, ὁ (cp. ἦλθον; also ἔλευσις) one who has come over from polytheism to Judean religion and practice, convert (so Goodsp., Probs. 36f; the transliterated form ‘proselyte’ NRSV, REB, but only Ac 2:11, otherwise ‘convert’ or ‘worshiper’), a designation for a gentile won for the Israelite community through missionary efforts (the word is found in Apollon. Rhod. 1, 834 [μετοίκους καὶ προσηλύτους] and in the LXX. Plainly in a technical sense in Philo; cp. Spec. Leg. 1, 51 τούτους δὲ καλεῖ προσηλύτους ἀπὸ τοῦ προσεληλυθέναι καινῇ καὶ φιλοθέῳ πολιτείᾳ=these he [apparently Moses] calls ‘proselytes’ because they have ‘proselyted’ to a new state where love of God prevails; Sb 1742 Σάρρα προσήλυτος. Roman grave inscriptions also contain ‘proselytus’ or ‘proselyta’ [Schürer III 162, 55].—Perh. πρ. was used as a t.t. in the Isis cult [=Lat. ‘advena’ in Apuleius, Metam. 11, 26; s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 193]). W. Ἰουδαῖοι Ac 2:11. Of Nicolaus of Antioch 6:5. Of Jewish efforts to proselytize Mt 23:15.—They are to be differentiated fr. the σεβόμενοι τὸν θεόν, who had obligated themselves only to follow certain commandments; in a mixed expr. Ac 13:43 speaks of σεβόμενοι πρ.—ABertholet, Die Stellung der Israeliten u. der Juden zu den Fremden 1896, 257ff; KAxenfeld, Die jüd. Propaganda als Vorläuferin der urchristl. Mission: Missionswissenschaftl. Studien für GWarneck 1904, 1–80; ILevi, Le Prosélytisme juif: REJ 50, 1905, 1 ff; 51, 1906, 1ff; 53, 1907, 56ff; Schürer III 150–76; HGressmann, ZMR 39, 1924, 10ff; 169ff; MMeinertz, Jesus u. die Heidenmission² 1925; Bousset, Rel.³ 76ff; Billerb. I 924ff; II 715; IV 353ff; Harnack, Mission I⁴ 1923, 1–23 (Eng. tr., JMoffatt², 1908, 1–23); GRosen, Juden u. Phönizier 1929; GMoore, Judaism I, 1927, 323–53; FDerwacter, Preparing the Way for Paul 1930; HLietzmann, Gesch. d. Alten Kirche 1, ’32, 68–101; CSchneider, Ntl. Zeitgeschichte ’34, 173–75; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 290–93; WBraude, Jewish Proselyting in the First Five Centuries of the Common Era ’40; SLieberman, Greek in Jewish Palestine ’42: Gentiles and Semi-Proselytes, 68–90; JKlausner, From Jesus to Paul (tr. WStinespring)’43, 31–49; ESimon, Verus Israel ’48; SZeitlin, Proselytes and Proselytism, etc.: HAWolfson-Festschr. ’65, 871–81. Add. bibl., esp. since ’65, Schürer III 1–3; ABD V 505.—Pauly-W., Suppl. IX, 1248–83; Kl. Pauly IV, 1187; BHHW IV 1515.—S. also lit. s.v. σέβω 1b.—DELG s.v. ἐλεύσομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σωτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ (σῴζω) one who rescues, savior, deliverer, preserver, as a title of divinities Pind., Aeschyl.+; ins, pap; TestSol 17:4. This was the epithet esp. of Asclepius, the god of healing (Ael. Aristid. 42, 4 K. ς. τῶν ὅλων; OGI 332, 9 [138–133 B.C.], s. note 8; SIG 1112, 2; 1148); Celsus compares the cult of Ascl. w. the Christian worship of the Savior (Origen, C. Cels. 3, 3). Likew. divinities in the mystery religions, like Sarapis and Isis (Σαράπιδι Ἴσιδι Σωτῆρσι: OGI 87; Sb 597 [both III B.C.]; Sb 169 [Ptolemaic times]; 596; CIG 4930b [I B.C.]), as well as Heracles (τῆς γῆς κ. τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς.: Dio Chrys. 1, 84) or Zeus (Ael. Aristid. 52 p. 608 D.: Ζεὺς ὁ ς.).—GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 47ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 105ff.—In gnostic speculation: ὁ ς. = ὁ παράκλητος Iren. 1, 4, 5 (Harv. I, 38, 9). The LXX has σωτήρ as a term for God; so also ApcSed 13:6 p. 135, 29 Ja.; and so do Philo (s. MDibelius, Hdb., exc. on 2 Ti 1:10) and SibOr 1, 73; 3, 35; but ς. is not so found in EpArist, Test12Patr, or Josephus (s. ASchlatter, Wie sprach Jos. von Gott? 1910, 66).—At an early date σωτήρ was used as a title of honor for deserving pers. (s. X., Hell. 4, 4, 6, Ages. 11, 13; Plut., Arat. 53, 4; Herodian 3, 12, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Ocyp. 78 in an address to a physician [s. θεός 4a]; JosAs 25:6 [of Joseph]; the same phrase IXanthos p. 45 no. 23, 3f, of Marcus Agrippa [I B.C.]; Jos., Vi. 244; 259 Josephus as εὐεργέτης καὶ σωτήρ of Galilee), and in ins and pap we find it predicated of high-ranking officials and of persons in private life. This is never done in our lit. But outside our lit. it is applied to personalities who are active in the world’s affairs, in order to remove them fr. the ranks of ordinary humankind and place them in a significantly higher position. For example, Epicurus is called σωτήρ by his followers (Philod.: pap, Herc. 346, 4, 19 ὑμνεῖν τὸν σωτῆρα τὸν ἡμέτερον.—ARW 18, 1930, 392–95; CJensen, Ein neuer Brief Epikurs: GGAbh. III/5, ’33, 80f). Of much greater import is the designation of the (deified) ruler as ς. (Ptolemy I Soter [323–285 B.C.] Πτολεμαῖος καὶ Βερενίκη θεοὶ Σωτῆρες: APF 5, 1913, 156, 1; see Sb 306 and oft. in later times, of Roman emperors as well [Philo, In Flacc. 74; 126, Leg. ad Gai. 22; cp. Jos., Bell. 3, 459]).—PWendland, Σωτήρ: ZNW 5, 1904, 335ff; Magie 67f; HLietzmann, Der Weltheiland 1909; WOtto, Augustus Soter: Her 45, 1910, 448–60; FDölger, Ichthys 1910, 406–22; Dssm., LO 311f (LAE 368f); ELohmeyer, Christuskult u. Kaiserkult 1919; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 241ff; EMeyer III 392ff; E-BAllo, Les dieux sauveurs du paganisme gréco-romain: RSPT 15, 1926, 5–34; KBornhausen, Der Erlöser 1927; HLinssen, Θεος Σωτηρ, diss. Bonn 1929=Jahrb. f. Liturgiewiss. 8, 1928, 1–75; AOxé, Σωτήρ b. den Römern: WienerStud 48, 1930, 38–61; WStaerk, Soter, I ’33; II ’38. S. also GHerzog-Hauser, Soter … im altgriech. Epos ’31; ANock, s.v. εὐεργέτης.—CColpe, Die Religionsgeschichtliche Schule ’61 (critique of some of the lit. cited above); FDanker, Benefactor ’82.

ⓐ of God ὁ θεὸς ὁ σωτήρ μου (Ps 24:5; 26:9; Mi 7:7 al.) Lk 1:47. θεὸς ς. ἡμῶν 1 Ti 1:1; Jd 25. ὁ ς. ἡμῶν θεός 1 Ti 2:3; Tit 1:3; 2:10; 3:4. ς. πάντων ἀνθρώπων μάλιστα πιστῶν 1 Ti 4:10 (cp. PPetr III, 20 I, 15 [246 B.C.] πάντων σωτῆρα and s. above Heracles as τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς. and in b below Sarapis). ὁ τῶν ἀπηλπισμένων σωτήρ the Savior of those in despair 1 Cl 59:3.

ⓑ of Christ (Just., A I, 33, 7 τὸ … Ἰησοῦς … σωτὴρ τῇ Ἑλληνίδι διαλέκτῳ δηλοῖ) Lk 2:11; Ac 13:23; Phil 3:20; Dg 9:6; Ox 840, 12; 21 (restored); 30; GMary 463, lines 4, 8, 18, 22, 31; Ox 1081, 27 (SJCh 90, 4); Qua. W. ἀρχηγός Ac 5:31; 2 Cl 20:5 (ἀρχηγὸς τῆς ἀφθαρσίας). σωτὴρ τοῦ σώματος Savior of the body (i.e. of his body, the Christian community) Eph 5:23. ὁ σωτὴρ τοῦ κόσμου (ins; cp. WWeber, Untersuchungen zur Gesch. des Kaisers Hadrianus 1907, 225f; 222) J 4:42; 1J 4:14. ς. τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Ael. Aristid. 45, 20 K.=8 p. 90 D. calls Sarapis κηδεμόνα καὶ σωτῆρα πάντων ἀνθρώπων αὐτάρκη θεόν) GPt 4:13. ὁ ς. ἡμῶν Χρ. Ἰ. 2 Ti 1:10; ISm 7:1; w. Χρ. Ἰ. or Ἰ. Χρ. preceding Tit 1:4; 3:6; IEph 1:1; IMg ins; Pol ins. ὁ μέγας θεὸς καὶ ς. ἡμῶν Χρ. Ἱ. our great God and Savior Christ Jesus Tit 2:13 (cp. PLond III, 604b, 118 p. 80 [47 A.D.] τῷ μεγάλῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι; but the presence of καί Tit 2:13 suggests a difft. semantic aspect and may justify the rendering in NRSV mg). S. MDibelius, exc. after Tit 2:14; HWindisch, Z. Christologie der Past.: ZNW 34, ’35, 213–38.—ὁ σωτὴρ κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. IPhld 9:2. ὁ ς. τῶν ψυχῶν MPol 19:2. ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν καὶ ς. Ἰ. Χρ. 2 Pt 1:1. ὁ κύριος (ἡμῶν) καὶ ς. Ἰ. Χρ. vs. 11; 2:20; 3:18; without any name (so ὁ σωτήρ [meaning Asclep.] Ael. Aristid. 47, 1 K.=23 p. 445 D.; 66 K.=p. 462 D.; 48, 7 K.=24 p. 466 D.—Orig., C. Cels. 6, 64, 16; Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 27) 2 Pt 3:2; AcPl Ha 8, 29 (restored: καὶ σωτῆρα). S. Loewe s.v. σωτηρία end.—Pauly-W. 2, VI 1211–21; Kl. Pauly V 289; RAC VI 54–219; DLNT 1082–84; BHHW I 430–32.—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἰατρός, οῦ, ὁ (s. ἰάομαι; Hom.+)

① one who undertakes the cure of physical ailments, physician Mt 9:12; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:31 (cp. on these pass. Plut., Mor. 230f, Phocion 746 [10, 5]; Stob., Floril. III p. 462, 14 H. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἰατρὸς ὑγιείας ὢν ποιητικὸς ἐν τοῖς ὑγιαίνουσι τὴν διατριβὴν ποιεῖται=no physician who can produce cures wastes time among the healthy); Ox 1 recto, 9–14 (ASyn. 33, 85, s. GTh 31; cp. Dio Chrys. 8 [9], 4 νοσοῦντες ἐπιδημοῦντος ἰατροῦ μὴ προσῄεσαν said in irony, of sick people unwilling to consult a resident physician); Mk 5:26 (Sb 8266, 13ff [161/160 B.C.] when physicians refuse to help, the god Amenothis intervenes with a miracle). ἰατροῖς προσαναλίσκειν ὅλον τὸν βίον spend all of one’s money on physicians Lk 8:43 v.l. (PStras 73, 18f, a physician’s fee of 20 drachmas; Diod S 32, 11, 3 a physician διπλοῦν ἀπῄτει τὸν μισθόν. But some physicians are honored for accepting no remuneration, s. FKudlien, in Sozialmassnahmen und Fürsorge, ed. HKloft, ’88, 90–92; s. also Danker, Benefactor, nos. 1–4 for positive view). Given as the profession of one named Luke Col 4:14 (Heraclid. Pont., Fgm. 118 W. Ἀσκληπιάδης ὁ ἰ.; Strabo 10, 5, 6 p. 486 Ἐρασίστρατος ὁ ἰ.; Sb 8327 [ins II A.D.] Ἀπολλώνιος ἰατρός). In a proverb (s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 172f; EKlostermann and FHauck ad loc.) ἰατρὲ θεράπευσον σεαυτόν physician, heal yourself Lk 4:23 (Eur., Fgm. 1086 Nauck² ἄλλων ἰατρὸς αὐτὸς ἕλκεσιν βρύων. Aesop, Fab. 289 P.=H. 78 and 78b=Babr. 120 πῶς ἄλλον ἰήσῃ, ὸ̔ς σαυτὸν μὴ σῴζεις).—Papias (3:2); AcPl Ha 5, 34. For IEph 7:2 s. 2.

② one who undertakes the healing of supra-physical maladies, physician (of the soul) (Diog. L. 3, 45 an epigram calls Plato the ἰητὴρ ψυχῆς; schol. on Pla. 227a ὁ Σωκράτης ἰατρὸς περὶ ψυχήν; Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 17, 1 τῆς λύπης ὁ κάλλιστος ἰατρὸς χρόνος; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 31 ἰ. ἁμαρτημάτων) of God (s. DRahnenführer, Das Testament des Hiob, ZNW 62, ’71, 76; Aristoph., Av. 584 and Lycophron 1207; 1377 of Apollo; Simplicius in Epict. p. 41, 51 God as ἰατρός; Ael. Aristid. 47, 57 K.=23 p. 459 D.: Asclepius as ἀληθινὸς ἰατρός) Dg 9:6. Of Jesus Christ ἰ. σαρκικὸς καὶ πνευματικός physician of body and soul (or ph. who is flesh and spirit) IEph 7:2. s. JOtt, D. Bezeichnung Christi als ἰατρός in d. urchristl. Literatur: Der Katholik 90, 1910, 457f; AvHarnack, Mission⁴ I 1923, 129ff; RAC I 720–25. On medical practice in the Gr-Rom. world s. ANRW II Principat 37, 1–3, 93–96.—B. 308. DELG s.v. ἰάομαι. M-M. SEG XXXIX, 1804. TW.

ὀνομάζω (ὄνομα) fut. 3 sg. ὀνομάσει Is 62:2; 1 aor. ὠνόμασα. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. ὀνομασθήσεται Jer 3:16; 1 aor. ὠνομάσθην; pf. ptc. ὠνομασμένος (Just.) (Hom.+)

① to give a name to, call, name w. double acc. (Aelian, NA 12, 2; Wsd 2:13; Philo, Gig. 6 al.; Iren. 1, 1, 3 [Harv. I, 12, 1]; τὸν βλάπτοντα μοιχὸν ὀνομάζει ‘the one who harms her [the soul, described as bride] [God] calls an adulterer’ Did., Gen. 86, 22) οὓς ἀποστόλους ὠνόμασεν to whom he gave the name ‘apostles’ Mk 3:14 (on the rdg. s. JMeier, JBL 116, ’97, 639 n. 11); Lk 6:13. ὸ̔ν ὠνόμασεν Πέτρον whom he named Peter vs. 14 (cp. Jos., Ant. 1, 213 ὸ̔ν Ἴσακον ὠνόμασε.—Olympiodorus, Life of Plato p. 1 Westerm.: the man whose name was formerly Aristocles μετωνομάσθη Πλάτων by his teacher; the reason for this is then given). ὠνόμασεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῆς Μαρία she gave her the name Mary GJs 5:2. Passive w. nom. (Diod S 17, 87, 2 ὠνομάζετο, Ἐμβύσαρος; Jos., Vi. 3) ὠνομάσθη τὸ ὄνομα Ἰ. Lk 2:21 D. τὶς ἀδελφὸς ὀνομαζόμενος one who is called a member, a so-called member 1 Cor 5:11 (cp. 3 Macc 7:17). ἐξ οὗ (i.e. τοῦ πατρός) πᾶσα πατριὰ … ὀνομάζεται from whom every family … receives its name Eph 3:15 (for ὀνομάζειν ἐκ cp. Il. 10, 68; for ὀνομάζεσθαι ἐκ X., Mem. 4, 5, 12).

② to pronounce a name or word, name a name, use a name/word πορνεία … μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν sexual vice … is not even to be mentioned among you (much less is it actually to be practiced) Eph 5:3. ὀν. τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου name the name of the Lord (almost=‘call on’) 2 Ti 2:19 (cp. Is 26:13; Jer 20:9; pass.: Orig., C. Cels. 1, 6, 12; 7, 35, 24). πᾶν ὄνομα ὀνομαζόμενον every name (of a transcendent being) that is named (i.e. called upon) Eph 1:21 (difft. TAllen, NTS 32, ’86, 470–75 God is the namer). ὀν. τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ ἐπί τινα pronounce the name of the Lord Jesus over someone (to heal him) Ac 19:13 (cp. Jer 32:29).— Mention by name PtK 4 p. 15, 32.

③ the pass. ‘be named’ in the sense be known (cp. Esth 9:4; 1 Macc 3:9; 14:10; EpArist 124) οὐχ ὅπου ὠνομάσθη Χριστός not where Christ is already known Ro 15:20.—1 Cor 5:1 v.l.—DELG s.v. ὄνομα. M-M. TW.

-ος,-ον A 7-2-1-0-0=10 Nm 1,16; 26,9; 28,18.26; 29,1

called to Nm 1,16; appointed, designated Jos 20,9

*Nm 28,18 ἡ ἐπίκλητος the called (part.)-קרא for MT מקרא (subst.) con-vocation, festival, see also 28,26; 29,1.7.12; *Jgs^A 15,19 ἐπίκλητος the one called-הקרוא for MT הקורא the one who calls

Cf. WALTERS 1973, 244-246

δημιουργ-ός, [dialect] Ep. [full] δημιοεργός (also Hdt.7.31 codd.), ὁ,

A one who works for the people, skilled workman, handicraftsman (opp. ἰδιώτης, Pl. Plt. 298c, Prt. 327c, Ion 531c), Od.17.383, 19.135;

ἐχάλκευσε ξίφος.. Αιδης δ. ἄγριος S.Aj. 1035

; of medical practitioners, Hp.VM1, Pl.Smp. 186d; but opp. scientific physicians ([etym.] ἀρχιτεκτονικοί), Arist.Pol. 1282a3; of sculptors, Pl.R. 529e; of confectioners and cooks, Hdt.7.31, Men.518.12 (fem.), Antiph.225, Alexandr.Com.3; μέλιτος δ., of the bee, Jul.Or.8.241a; οἱ δ. the artisan class at Athens, Arist.Ath.13.2, Plu.Thes.25; opp. πολιτικοί, Pl.Ap. 23e; δαμιουργοί, = πόρναι, Hsch.

2 metaph., maker,

ἡ μαντικὴ φιλίας θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων δ. Pl.Smp. 188d

; νόμων, πολιτείας, Arist.Pol. 1273b32;

λόγων Aeschin. 3.215

; δ. κακῶν author of ill, E.Fr.1059.7;

πειθοῦς δ. ἡ ῥητορική Pl. Grg. 453a

;

ἀρετῆς Id.R. 500d

, Arist.Pol. 1329a21;

ἐναργείας Demetr. Eloc. 215

; ὄρθρος δημιοεργός morn that calls man to work, h.Merc. 98.

3 creator, producer,

νυκτός τε καὶ ἡμέρας Pl.Ti. 40c

;

οὐρανοῦ Id.R. 530a

; esp. in later philosophy, the Creator of the visible world, Demiurge, [Philol.]21, Hp.Ep.23, Ph.1.632, etc.;

ὁ νοῦς ἀπεκύησε ἕτερον νοῦν δ. Corp.Herm.1.9

; also name for μονάς, Theol.Ar.5.24: as Adj., δ. λόγος creative reason, Syrian.in Metaph.7.27.

II in many Greek states, title of a magistrate, Th.5.47 ([place name] Mantinea), Epist. Philipp. ap. D.18.157 ([place name] Peloponnesus), Plb.23.5.16 (Achaean League), etc.:—[dialect] Dor. [full] δαμιωργός, IG12(3).174 ([place name] Astypalaea); [full] δαμιουργός, ib. 4.679 ([place name] Hermione); [full] δαμιοργός, ib.5(1).1390.116 (Andania, i B. C.); [full] δαμιεργός, ib.12(3).168 ([place name] Astypalaea):—[dialect] Ion. [full] δημιοργός, ib.12(7).241 ([place name] Amorgos), Michel368.1 ([place name] Samos).—In Arist.Pol. 1275b29 there is a play upon the double meaning.

III as a priestly title,

δ. θεᾶς Ῥώμης BGU937.9

(iii A. D.).

ἐνεργός, όν,

A at work, active, busy, Hdt.8.26, etc.; ζῷα ἐ., opp. εἴδωλα ἀκίνητα, X.Mem.1.4.4;

δικασταί, κυβερνῆται, ἐ. ὄντες

on duty,

Pl.Lg. 674b

; ὅπως ἂν ἐ. ὦσι that they may begin business, D.35.7;

ἐ. περί τι γίγνεσθαι Plb.3.17.4

; effective, fit for service, νῆες, στράτευμα, Th.3.17, X.Cyr.2.2.23;

πεζὸν σὺν ἵπποις -ότατον Id.Eq.Mag.9.7

; ἐ. προσβολή vigorous attack, Plb.4.63.8; ἐ. ὑσσοί effective javelins, Id.1.40.12;

πελέκεις D.S.5.39

; ἐ. ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πορείαν march with rapidity, Plb.5.8.3;

τὸ τῆς ὥρας πρὸς τὰς νόσους -ότατον D.S.14.70

; τόποι (in logical sense)

- ότατοι

most effective,

Arist.Top. 154a16

; ἡ γεωργία ἐ. ποιεῖ τὴν τροφήν calls into action the nutritive properties (of the soil), Id.Pr. 924a17.

2 actual, opp. potential, Theol.Ar.6, 12.

II of land, productive, opp. ἀργός, X.Cyr.3.2.19, cf. 5.4.25, HG4.4.1, Plu.Sol.31 ([comp] Comp.); simply, tilled, SIG685.72 ([place name] Itanos); πεδίον πολλαῖς ἐνεργὸν μυριάσι producing enough for multitudes, Plu. Caes.58;

μυλαῖον ἐ.

in working order,

PRyl.167.10

(i A.D.); also of mines, X.Vect.4.2; ἐνεργά (sc. χρήματα) employed capital, which brings in a return, D.27.7,10, cf. X.Hier.11.4;

θησαυρὸς ἐ. PLond.2.216

(i A.D.); τὸ δάνειον ἐ. ποιεῖν to put out to interest, D.56.29.

III Adv. - γῶς with activity,

μαχεῖται X.Mem.3.4.11

;

γυμνάζειν Plb.1.9.7

, al.: [comp] Comp., Id.4.59.3.

ὄνος, ὁ and ἡ,

A ass, once in Hom., Il.11.558 ; then in IG12.40.12, Hdt.4.135, etc., cf. Arist.HA 580b3 ; ὄνοι οἱ τὰ κέρεα ἔχοντες, together with a number of fabulous animals, Hdt.4.191, 192 ;

ὄ. μονοκέρατος Arist.HA 499b19

, PA 663a23, cf. Ael.NA3.41 :—freq. in provs.:

1 ὄ. λύρας (sc. ἀκούων), of one who can make nothing of music, Men. 527, Id.Mis.18, cf. Varroap.Gell.3.16.13, Diogenian.7.33 ; expld. in Apostol.12.91a, ὄ. λύρας ἤκουε καὶ σάλπιγγος ὗς; ὄ. κάθηται, of one who sits down when caught in the game of ὀστρακίνδα, Poll.9.106, 112 ; the two provs. combined by Cratin. 229 ὄνοι δ' ἀπωτέρω κάθηντ αι τῆς λύρας, cf. κιθαρίζω.

2 περὶ ὄνου σκιᾶς for an ass's shadow, i.e. for a trifle, Ar.V. 191(v. Sch.), Pl.Phdr. 260c ;

ταῦτα πάντ' ὄνου σκιά S. Fr. 331

.

3 ὄνου πόκαι or πόκες, v. πόκος 11 ; ὄνον κείρεις, of those who attempt the impossible, Zen.5.38.

4 ἀπ' ὄνου καταπεσεῖν, of one who gets into a scrape by his own clumsiness. with a pun on ἀπὸ νοῦ πεσεῖν, Ar.Nu. 1273, cf. Pl.Lg. 701d.

5 ὄνος ὕεται an ass in the rain, of being unmoved by what is said or done, Cratin.52, cf. Cephisod.1 ;

ὄνῳ τις ἔλεγε μῦθον, ὁ δὲ τὰ ὦτα ἐκίνει Diogenian.7.30

;

ὄ. εἰς Ἀθήνας Macar.Prov.6.31

.

6 ὄ. ἄγω μυστήρια, i.e my part is to carry burdens, Ar.Ra. 159.

7 ὄνων ὑβριστότερος, of wanton behaviour, X.An.5.8.3 ;

κριθώσης ὄνου S.Fr. 876

.

8 ὦτ' ὄνου λαβεῖν, like Midas, Ar.Pl. 287.

9 ὄ. εἰς ἄχυρα, of one who gets what he wants, Diogenian.6.91 ; ὄνου γνάθος, of a glutton, ib. 100.

10 ὄ. ἐν μελίσσαις, of one who has got into a scrape, Crates Com.36 ; but ὄ. ἐν πιθήκοις, of extreme ugliness, Men.402.8 ; ὄ. ἐν μύρῳ 'a clown at a feast', Suid.

11 εἰς ὄνους ἀφ' ἵππων, of one who has come down in the world, Lib.Ep.34.2, cf. Zen.2.33, etc.

II a fish of the cod family, esp. the hake, Merluccius vulgaris, Epich. 67, Arist.HA 599b33, Fr. 326, Henioch.3.3, Opp.H.1.151, etc.

III wood-louse,

κυλισθεὶς ὥς τις ὄ. ἰσόσπριος S.Fr. 363

, cf. Arist.HA 557a23 (v.l. ὀνίοις), Thphr.HP4.3.6, Hsch.s.v. σηνίκη; cf.

ὀνίσκος 11

, ἴουλος IV.

IV wingless locust, = τρωξαλλίς, Dsc.2.52.

V ὄνων φάτνη a nebulous appearance between the ὄνοι (two stars in the breast of the Crab), Theoc.22.21, cf. Arat.898, Thphr.Sign.23 ( ἡ τοῦ ὄνου φάτνη ib.43,51), Ptol.Tetr.23.

VI ὄνου πετάλειον, = φύλλον ὀνίτιδος, Nic.Th. 628.

VII from the ass as a beast of burden the name passed to:

1 windlass, Hdt.7.36, Hp.Fract.31, Arist.Mech. 853b12.

2 the upper millstone which turned round,

ὄ. ἀλέτης X.An.1.5.5

; also

ὄ. ἀλετών Alex.13

, 204, cf. Hsch. s.v. μύλη ; perh. simply, millstone, Herod.6.83 : Phot. says that Aristotle also calls the fixed nether millstone ὄνος (but Arist.Pr. 964b38 says, ὄνου λίθον ἀλοῦντος when the millstone is grinding stone, as it does when no grist is in the mill).

3 beaker, winecup, Ar.V. 616, Posidon.2 J.

4 spindle or distaff, Poll.7.32,10.125, Hsch.

5 perh. coping of a wall, Inscr.Délos 372 A 158 (iii/ii B.C.).

VIII ass's load, as a measure,

πυροῦ ὄ. τρεῖς PFay.67.2

(i A.D.).

Grammatical information: m. pl.

Meaning: `legs and feet of a sheep-skin', generally `offal' (Ar. V. 672 only).

Other forms: Cf. ἀργίλοφοι· λαπάραι κωδίων [read: κῳδίων `sheepskin']· οἱ δε πρωκτόν. καὶ μηλωταί (`sheepskin') H.

Dialectal forms: Acc. to the sch. and AB 8 Attic for ποδεῶνες `ragged ends of the skins of animals'.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Derivation from ἀργός (but a form in - ε- is then impossible) and λόφος "kann jedenfalls unmöglich richtig sein" (Frisk). One is inclined to consider it as a momentary creation of Aristophanes, but how could his audience then have understood him? Rather simply a word that we do not know. Fur. 358 adduces the gloss with - ι-, which prob. demonstrates a substr. origin. He calls the gloss "völlig unklar", but it is clearly the useless parts of a sheep(skin) (also the meanings `anus' or `membrum virile' (for ποδεών)). A Pre-Gr. word seems probable (e.g. *arg-al^y-ap- or - apʷ-?).

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `couch, mattras' (Rhinth., Criton Com., Arr.).

Other forms: κράβαττος, κράβατος, also - ακτος, - ον (from ` reversed writing'?, Schwyzer 317 n. 1).

Compounds: Comp. κραβατο-πόδιον = ἑρμίς, `leg of a bed' (sch.).

Derivatives: Diminut.: κραβάτιον (Arr., - άκτιον pap. V--VI^p), κρεβαττάριον (Ed. Diocl.), NGr. κρεββάτι. Adj. κραβακτήριος (pap. VI^p).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Maced.

Etymology: Unclear κραβάτριος, perh. `chamberlain'? ( IPE 2, 297). Cf. Lat. grabātus (- attus), after Kretschmer Festschr. Bezzenberger 91 ff. Maced.-Illyr. from a word for `oak', *γράβος, which is seen in γράβιον (s. v.), which Fur. 126 n. 41 calls semant. arbitrary. On anl. κ- for γ- Schwyzer ZII 6, 242. Further Kramer, Arch. f. Pap. 45 (1995) 205-216; the word would have been adopted independently by Greeks and Romans (thus Fur. ib.). Hardly to γάβαθον, Fur. 352.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `lily, Lilium candidum' (h. Cer. 427, Hp., A. R., Thphr., Dsc.; λείριον ἄνθεμον Pi.), also `narciss' (Thphr., Dsc.).

Compounds: As 2. member im PN Ποδα-λείριος (Il.).

Derivatives: λείρινος `made of lilies' (Dsc., Gal.), also `lily-like' ( ἄνθος, Thphr. HP 3, 18, 11; not quite certain), λειρι-ώδης `lily-like' (Thphr.), - όεις `belonging to the lily' (Nic. Al. 406). - Also λειριόεις of the skin (N 830), of the voice or the song of the cicadas (Γ 152), of the song of the Muses (Hes. Th. 41, Q. S. 2, 418); λείριος of the voice (A. R., Orph.), also of the eyes (B. 17, 95), λειρός, n. pl. λειρά of the song of the cicadas (IG 14, 1934 f6, verse-inscr.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Like Lat. līlium the word comes from an eastern Mediterraneam language; a comparable deignation of the lily is found in Coptic, hrêri, hlêli (Egypt. ḥrr-t). Further several words for `flower', Hamit. ilili, alili, Alb. lule, Hitt. alil, alēl; s. W.-Hofmann s. līlium, Benveniste BSL 50, 43. - Also the poetic λειριόεις and the later attested, prob. backformations λείριος and λειρός as adjuncts of the skin and the voice can be understood as derivv. of λείριον ('lily-white, -soft'), s. Wærn Eranos 50, 19 f. Leumann Hom. Wörter 27 f. (who for Ποδα-λείριος reminds of the opposite Μελάμ-πους) calls the problem unsolvable as intermediate phases cannot be reconstructed. - Quite diff. Bechtel (s. Lex. s. λειριόεις), Fick 1, 538, Fraenkel Wb. 330: to λειρός (cod.- ώς) ὁ ἰσχνὸς καὶ ὠχρός H.; through dissimilation from *λειλός to Lith. leĩlas `thin, slender'.

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θύρα, ας, ἡ (Hom.+) ‘door’. As is oft. the case in earlier lit. (e.g. Il. and Od. passim), the pl. can be used of one door (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 1, 3 Jac.; Philo, Ebr. 49; cp. Jos., C. Ap. 2, 119.—B-D-F §141, 4; Rob. 408).

① door

ⓐ of habitable quarters ἀνοίγειν open the door (LXX; JosAs 10:9; Jos., Vi. 246) Ac 5:19; B 16:9. Pass. Ac 16:26f (Achilles Tat. 7, 13, 1 Λευκίππη τὰς θύρας ἀνεῳγμένας ὁρῶσα). (ἀπο)κλείειν shut Mt 6:6; Lk 13:25a. Pass (LXX; JosAs 10:6; 14:5; Jos., Ant. 18, 74) Mt 25:10; Lk 11:7; J 20:19, 26; Ac 21:30; κρούειν τὴν θ. knock at the door 12:13; Lk 13:25b; also πρὸς τὴν θ. GJs 12:2; ἔδραμεν πρὸς τήν θ. ibid. διὰ τῆς θ. J 10:1f. ἐπὶ τ. θυρῶν before the door(s) Ac 5:23. Also ἐπὶ θύραις (LXX; Aesop, Fab. 466 P.; Jos., Ant. 17, 90. Also with art.: Clearchus, Fgm. 24 p. 17, 21; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 93 §385) 1 Cl 39:9 (Job 5:4); ἐπὶ τῇ θ. Ac 5:9. πρὸ τῆς θύρας 12:6 (schol. on Nicander, Ther. 860 πρὸ τ. θυρῶν); so also JosAs 5:1. πρὸς (τὴν) θ. at the door (Hegesippus Com. [III B.C.] 1, 24 K.) Mk 1:33; 11:4; τὰ πρὸς τὴν θ. the place near the door 2:2 (TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 6 [Stone p. 14]). πρὸς τῇ θ. ἔξω outside the door J 18:16 (cp. Lucian, Herm. 7, 7 ὁ παρὰ τὴν θύραν ἔξω ἑστώς).—θ. τοῦ πύργου Hv 3, 9, 6.—On the θύρα ὡραία Ac 3:2 s. ὡραῖος 2.—1 Cl 43:3 v.l.

ⓑ fig. (Maximus Tyr. 19, 5d ὁ ἔρως ἔστη ἐπὶ θύραις τ. ψυχῆς; Iambl., Myst. 10, 5 [Herm. Wr. IV p. 39, 5ff Sc.] ἡ ἱερατικὴ δόσις καλεῖται ‘θύρα πρὸς θεόν’).

α. ἐγγύς ἐστιν ἐπὶ θύραις he is near, at your very door (cp. X., An. 6, 5, 23; Just., D 32, 3) Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29. Also πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν Js 5:9; cp. also Ac 5:9. ἕστηκα ἐπὶ τ. θύραν καὶ κρούω Rv 3:20a; s. also vs. 20b.

β. of the door to the kgdm. of heaven: εἰσελθεῖν διὰ τῆς στενῆς θύρας come in through the narrow door Lk 13:24. Perh. the same door is meant in δέδωκα ἐνώπιόν σου θύραν ἠνεῳγμένην Rv 3:8. But here sense

γ. is also prob., acc. to which the opening of the door represents something made possible or feasible: θύρα μοι ἀνέῳγεν μεγάλη 1 Cor 16:9 (HNie, Vox Theologica 10, ’40, 185–92); cp. 2 Cor 2:12; Col 4:3. Sim. ὁ θεὸς … ἤνοιξεν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν θύραν πίστεως Ac 14:27 (πίστις 2dα).

② a passage for entering a structure, entrance, doorway, gate

ⓐ of the door-like opening of a cave-tomb (cp. Od. 9, 243; SEG VIII, 200, 3 [I A.D., Jerus.]) ἡ θ. τοῦ μνημείου Mt 27:60; Mk 15:46; 16:3. θ. τοῦ μνήματος GPt 8:32; cp. 9:37; 12:53f.—The firm vault of heaven has a ‘door’ (cp. Ps 77:23), which opens to admit favored ones Rv 4:1 (difft., GRinaldi, CBQ 25, ’63, 336–47).

ⓑ In John Jesus calls himself ἡ θύρα J 10:9, thus portraying himself as an opening that permits passage: the gate for the sheep; ἡ θύρα (ὁ ποιμήν P⁷⁵ et al.) τῶν προβάτων vs. 7, however, has the sense which is prominent in the context, the gate to the sheep (s. Hdb. ad loc.; EFascher, Ich bin d. Thür! Deutsche Theologie ’42, 34–57; 118–33).—Jesus as the θύρα τοῦ πατρός the door to the Father IPhld 9:1.—B. 466. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

πέτρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. [πέτρη as ‘massive stone’ Il. 15, 273; Od. 10, 87f]+; loanw. in rabb.).

① bedrock or massive rock formations, rock as distinguished from stones (s. 2 below)

ⓐ lit., of the rock in which a tomb is hewn (s. λατομέω 1) Mt 27:60; Mk 15:46. The rocks split apart during an earthquake Mt 27:51 (cp. PGM 12, 242). αἱ πέτραι w. τὰ ὄρη (PGM 13, 872; all the elements are in disorder) Rv 6:16; likew. vs. 15, where πέτρα rather takes on the mng. rocky grotto (as Il. 2, 88; 4, 107; Soph., Phil. 16 al.; Judg 15:13; 1 Km 13:6; Is 2:10; Pr 30:26. Cp. Diod S 5, 39, 5 ἐν ταῖς κοίλαις πέτραις καὶ σπηλαίοις). πέτρα rocky ground with a thin layer of topsoil Lk 8:6, 13 (Maximus Tyr. 20, 9g ἐπὶ πετρῶν σπείρεις; Pla., Leg. 8, 838e; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 302 D.; PSI 433, 6 [260 B.C.] οὐκ ἐφυτεύθη ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας). It forms a suitable foundation for the building of a house Mt 7:24f; Lk 6:48ab v.l.—Used w. an adj.: of Sinai π. ἔρημος a barren rock B 11:3 (Is 16:1). στερεὰ πέτρα 5:14; 6:3 (both Is 50:7; cp. En 22:1; 26:5; OdeSol 11:5). π. ἰσχυρά 11:5 (Is 33:16). π. ἀκίνητος IPol 1:1.—The rock in the vision of Hermas: Hs 9, 2, 1f; 9, 3, 1; 9, 4, 2; 9, 5, 3; 9, 9, 7; 9, 12, 1 (the interpretation); 9, 13, 5; 9, 14, 4.—The rock at various places in the desert fr. which Moses drew water by striking it (Ex 17:6; Num 20:8ff; Ps 77:15f, 20; Philo, Mos. 1, 210; Jos., Ant. 3, 86; Just., D. 86, 1; Mel.—Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1444–46: Heracles, when thirsty, struck a πέτρη at the suggestion of a divinity, and a great stream of water gushed forth at once). Paul calls it πνευματικὴ πέτρα 1 Cor 10:4a and identifies it w. the preexistent Christ vs. 4b (EEllis, JBL 76, ’57, 53–56; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 86 πέτρα = σοφία, Det. Pot. Ins. 118=λόγος θεῖος).

ⓑ in wordplay (as symbol of firmness Reader, Polemo p. 265) w. the name Πέτρος (GGander, RTP n.s. 29, ’41, 5–29). The apostle so named, or the affirmation he has just made, is the rock on which Christ will build his church (for the figure s. Od. 17, 463: Antinous fails to shake Odysseus, who stands firm as rock.—Arrian, Anab. 4, 18, 4ff; 4, 21, 1ff; 4, 28, 1ff πέτρα is a rocky district [so also Antig. Car. 165] as the foundation of an impregnable position or a rocky fortress; 4, 28, 1; 2 this kind of πέτρα could not be conquered even by Heracles.—Diod S 19, 95, 2 and 4; 19, 96, 1; 19, 97, 1 and 2; 19, 98, 1 al. ἡ πέτρα [always with the article] is the rock [Petra] that keeps the Nabataeans safe from all enemy attacks; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Στάσις: πόλις ἐπὶ πέτρης μεγάλης of a city that cannot be taken) Mt 16:18 (s. ADell, ZNW 15, 1914, 1–49; 17, 1916, 27–32; OImmisch, ibid. 17, 1916, 18–26; Harnack, SBBerlAk 1918, 637–54; 1927, 139–52; RBultmann, ZNW 19, 1920, 165–74, ThBl 20, ’41, 265–79; FKattenbusch, Der Quellort der Kirchenidee: Festgabe für Harnack 1921, 143–72, Der Spruch über Pt. u. d. Kirche bei Mt: StKr 94, 1922, 96–131; SEuringer, D. Locus Classicus des Primates: AEhrhard Festschr. 1922, 141–79; HDieckmann, Die Verfassung der Urkirche 1923; JJeremias, Αγγελος II 1926, 108–17; ECaspar, Primatus Petri 1927; KGoetz, Pt. als Gründer u. Oberhaupt der Kirche 1927; JGeiselmann, D. petrin. Primat (Mt 16:17ff) 1927; BBartmann, ThGl 20, 1928, 1–17; HKoch, Cathedra Petri 1930; TEngert, ‘Tu es Pt’: Ricerche relig. 6, 1930, 222–60; FSeppelt, Gesch. d. Papsttums I ’31, 9–46; JTurmel, La papauté ’33, 101ff; VBurch, JBL 52, ’33, 147–52; JHaller, D. Papsttum I ’34, 1–31; ACotter, CBQ 4, ’42, 304–10; WKümmel, Kirchenbegr. u. Gesch.-bewusstsein in d. Urgem. u. b. Jesus: SymbBUps 1, ’43; OSeitz, JBL 69, ’50, 329–40. OCullmann, TManson mem. vol., ’59, 94–105; OBetz, ZNW 48, ’57, 49–77; cp. 1QH 6:26–28; HClavier, Bultmann Festschr., ’54, 94–107.—OCullmann, TW VI 94–99: πέτρα. S. also the lit. under Πέτρος, end).

② a piece of rock, rock (in an OT quot., where πέτρα is used in parallelism w. λίθος) π. σκανδάλου Ro 9:33; 1 Pt 2:8 (both Is 8:14).—B. 51. DELG. M-M. TW.

πίνω (Hom.+) impf. ἔπινον; fut. πίομαι (W-S. 13, 6; 17; B-D-F §74, 2; 77; Rob. 354), 2 sg. πίεσαι (Ruth 2:9; B-D-F §87; Thackeray p. 218; 282; Rob. 340; Mlt-H. 198); 2 aor. ἔπιον (on ἔπιαν 1 Cor 10:4 D s. B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208), impv. πίε, πιέτω, inf. πιεῖν (edd. contracted πεῖν [πῖν]; s. B-D-F §101 p. 48; §31, 2; W-S. §5, 23b; Rob. 72; 204; Mayser 365; Thackeray p. 63f; W-H., app. 170); perf. πέπωκα; plpf. 3 sg. πεπώκει 1 Km 30:12 (W-S. §13, 15; B-D-F §83, 1).

① to take in a liquid internally, drink, w. acc. of someth. that is drunk Mt 6:25; Mk 16:18; Lk 12:29. αἷμα (Num 23:24; 1 Ch 11:19 al.; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]): J 6:53f, 56 (cp. the imagery in Jos., Bell. 5, 344 ἐσθίειν … καὶ τὸ τῆς πόλεως αἷμα πίνειν). οἶνον Lk 1:15 (cp. Dt 29:5); 5:39; cp. Mt 26:29b; Ro 14:21 (Is 22:13) al. τί πίωμεν; what will we have to drink? Mt 6:31. φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν ὅσον ἄν βούλωνται MPol 7:2. ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν τὰ παρά τινος eat and drink what someone sets before one Lk 10:7. Foll. by ἀπό τινος drink (of) someth. (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 1lβ p. 433 Jac. [Sotion Fgm. 17 in Παραδοξογράφοι W. p. 185] π. ἀπʼ αὐτῆς [a spring], resulting in confession of things perpetrated in secret; Ael. Aristid. 39, 4 K.=18 p. 409 D.; Jer 28:7; GrBar 4:6; Just., D. 140, 1) 22:18. μηδεὶς φαγέτω μηδὲ πιέτω ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχαριστίας D 9:5. Foll. by ἔκ τινος (of) someth. (Gen 9:21; TestJos 19:5; GrBar 5:2; Syntipas p. 43, 15 ἐκ τοῦ δηλητηρίου πίομαι) Mt 26:29a; Mk 14:25a; J 4:13f. Foll. by acc. of the vessel fr. which one drinks, in which case the vessel and its contents are identified (ποτήριον a) ποτήριον κυρίου πίνειν 1 Cor 10:21; cp. 11:26f. The vessel can also be introduced by ἐκ (Hipponax [VI B.C.] 16 and 17 D.²; Aristoph., Equ. 1289; Pla., Rep. 417a; X., An. 6, 1, 4 ἐκ ποτηρίων; SIG 1168, 80) ἐκ τοῦ ποτηρίου πινέτω (s. 2 Km 12:3) 1 Cor 11:28; cp. Mt 26:27; Mk 14:23. Likew. ἐξ αὐτοῦ (=ἐκ τοῦ φρέατος.—Paus. Attic. κ, 56 κρήνη, ἐξ ἧς ἔπινον; Num 21:22; Philo, Deus Imm. 155) from it J 4:12. ἐκ πέτρας 1 Cor 10:4b.—On the acc. κρίμα ἑαυτῷ ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει 11:29b cp. κρίμα 4b.—Abs. Mt 27:34b. W. ἐσθίειν 11:18f; Lk 5:33; 12:19 (Phoenix Col. 1, 9 [Coll. Alex. p. 231]), 45 al.; cp 17:8 (on the protocol in 17:7 cp. ViAesopi G 61 P.). ἔφαγεν καὶ ἔπιεν 1 Cl 3:1 (cp. Dt. 32:15); I Tr 9:1. οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ φαγεῖν οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ πεῖν (=πιεῖν) AcPl Ox 6, 7f (=Aa 1, 241, 12f). τρώγειν καὶ π. Mt 24:38; cp. 1 Cor 15:32. ἐσθίειν καὶ π. μετά τινος eat and drink w. someone Mt 24:49; Mk 2:16 v.l.; Lk 5:30. δοῦναί τινι πιεῖν (τι) give someone someth. to drink (numerous exx. of δοῦναι πιεῖν in AKnox and WHeadlam, Herodas 1922 p. 55f; Jos., Ant. 2, 64) Mt 27:34a; Mk 15:23 v.l.; J 4:7 (δὸς πεῖν as POxy 1088, 55 [I A.D.] and Cyranides p. 49, 16. Cp. Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915 p. 12 σοι δώσουσι πιεῖν θείης ἀπὸ κρήνης [IV/III B.C.]), vs. 10. πῶς παρʼ ἐμοῦ πεῖν αἰτεῖς, how can you ask me for a drink? vs. 9.—In imagery, of the earth: γῆ ἡ πιοῦσα τὸν ὑετόν Hb 6:7 (this figure and corresp. exprs. Trag. et al.; cp. Hdt. 3, 117; 4, 198; Anacreontea 21, 1; Dt 11:11; SibOr 3, 696). In J, Jesus calls those who are thirsty to him, that they may drink the water he gives them and never thirst again (cp. Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 5 πίνειν τῆς ἀθανασίας) J 4:14; 7:37.

② In an idiom πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον w. added words that make the sense clear drink the cup=submit to a severe trial, or death (ποτήριον b) Mt 20:22f; Mk 10:38f; J 18:11; cp. Mt 26:42; ApcPt Rainer 16 (for the fig. use cp. Herodas 1, 25 π. ἐκ καινῆς=from the new cup. Then, as Mt 20:22f; Mk 10:38f of those who suffer the same fate: Aristoph., Eq. 1289 οὔποτʼ ἐκ ταὐτοῦ μεθʼ ἡμῶν πίεται ποτηρίου=he will never drink from the same cup as we do; Libanius, Ep. 355, 4 F. μνήμη τῶν ἐκ ταὐτοῦ κρατῆρος πεπωκότων). Sim. πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Rv 14:10; cp. 18:3 (on the rdg. s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 50f; θυμός 1; 2; cp. w. acc. τρώγειν καὶ π. τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, τὸν τῆς ἀθανασίας ἄρτον Iren. 4, 38, 1 [Harv. II 293, 12]).—B. 331. DELG s.v. πίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

πλήρης, ες (Aeschyl., Hdt.+).

① pert. to containing within itself all that it will hold, filled, full

ⓐ of things

α. τινός with or of someth. (Diod S 2, 4, 2 λίμνη πλήρης ἰχθύων; Appian, Hann. 15 §66; PSI 422, 14 [III B.C.] ἡ γῆ ῥηγμῶν [fissures] πλ. ἐστίν; Num 7:26; Dt 6:11; Diog. L. 6, 37 πάντα ἐστὶ αὐτοῦ [= θεοῦ] πλήρη) baskets κλασμάτων πλ. full of pieces Mk 8:19; cp. 6:43 v.l. A vineyard βοτανῶν πλ. full of weeds Hs 5, 2, 3. Of a mountain ἀκανθῶν καὶ τριβόλων πλ. 9, 1, 5; πηγῶν πλ. vs. 8. Trees καρπῶν πλ. 9, 28, 1. πλήρης πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις τ. δόξης αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 34:6 (Is 6:3). εἰς συναγωγὴν πλήρη ἀνδρῶν δικαίων Hm 11:14.

β. abs. ἑπτὰ σπυρίδες πλήρεις Mt 15:37; cp. 14:20 (GrBar 15:2 τἀ κανίσκια πλήρη). Of jars Hm 12, 5, 3ab.—ἐκ πλήρους (SIG 1104, 21 ἐποίησεν ἐκ πλήρους τὰ δίκαια; PTebt 106, 20 [II B.C.]; 281, 22; BGU 584, 6 and oft. in pap=‘in [the] full [amount]’. Acc. to CTurner, JTS 21, 1920, 198, note 1 this is a Latinism for ‘in pleno’) in full, in all fullness τι ἐκ πλ. Hv 2, 2, 6.

ⓑ of persons, w. gen. ἀνὴρ πλήρης λέπρας Lk 5:12 (=all covered w. it, as 4 Km 7:15; Is 1:15). Mostly full of a power, gift, feeling, characteristic quality, etc. (Eur., El. 384; Pla., Plt. 310d; Jos., Vi. 192 πλ. συνέσεως; Just., D. 93, 2.—Procop. Soph., Ep. 68 πλ. τοῦ θεοῦ) πλ. πνεύματος ἁγίου Lk 4:1; Ac 7:55. πλ. πνεύματος ἁγίου καὶ πίστεως 11:24; cp. 6:5. πλ. πνεύματος καὶ σοφίας vs. 3. πλ. χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας J 1:14 (s. this entry, end). πλ. χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως Ac 6:8. πλ. τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ MPol 7:3. πλ. ἔργων ἀγαθῶν rich in good deeds Ac 9:36. πάσης κακίας πλ. 1 Cl 45:7 (Maximus Tyr. 34, 3a πλ. κακῶν. Similarly Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 19 §69, who calls the murderers of Caesar φόνου πλήρεις). πλ. παντὸς δόλου Ac 13:10 (πλήρης δόλου Sir 1:30; 19:26; Jer 5:27). γενόμενοι πλήρεις θυμοῦ 19:28 (cp. Petosiris, Fgm. 21, ln. 29 πλῆρες τὸ ἀγαθὸν γενήσεται). πλ. ἁμαρτιῶν (cp. Is 1:4) Hs 9, 23, 4. πλ. πάσης ἁπλότητος Hv 1, 2, 4.—Of a heart (cp. 2 Ch 15:17; 1 Esdr 1:21) πλ. εἰδωλολατρίας B 16:7.— Surfeited (with) πλ. εἰμὶ ὁλοκαυτωμάτων I am surfeited with whole burnt offerings B 2:5 (Is 1:11).

② pert. to being complete and w. nothing lacking, complete, full, in full (Hdt. et al.; LXX; AssMos Fgm. e, Denis p. 65) μισθὸς πλ. (X., An. 7, 5, 5; Ruth 2:12. πλ. is a favorite word in the pap for a sum that is complete) 2J 8. πλ. σῖτος fully ripened grain (cp. the ‘fully developed’ στάχυες Gen 41:7, 22, 24) Mk 4:28 v.l. (other mss. πλήρης σῖτον, πλήρη ς.). νηστεία πλ. a complete fast Hs 5, 1, 3. πλ. πνεύματος ἔκχυσις a full outpouring of the Spirit 1 Cl 2:2.—Of persons who are complete in a certain respect or who possess someth. fully πλ. ἔν τινι: ἐν τούτοις πλ. 2 Cl 16:4. πλ. ἐν τῇ πίστει Hm 5, 2, 1; 12, 5, 4.—In some of the passages already mentioned πλήρης is indecl., though never without v.l., and almost only when it is used w. a gen., corresponding to an Engl. expression such as ‘a work full of errors’: τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ … πλήρης (referring to αὐτοῦ) χάριτος καὶ ἀληθείας J 1:14 (cp. CTurner, JTS 1, 1900, 120ff; 561f). ἄνδρα πλήρης πίστεως Ac 6:5 (v.l. πλήρη). It is found as an itacistic v.l. in Mk 8:19; Ac 6:3, 5; 19:28, and without a gen. 2J 8 v.l. (s. N.²⁵ app.). Examples of this use of πλήρης w. the gen. are found fr. the second century B.C., and fr. the first century A.D. on it is frequently found in colloq. H.Gk.: PLeid C II, 14 (160 B.C.). Wooden tablet fr. Egypt fr. the time of Augustus in RevArch 29, 1875, 233f=Sb 3553, 7; BGU 707, 15; POxy 237 IV, 14 (all three II A.D.); Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 499, 9 (II/III A.D.); En 21:7. S. the exx. in Crönert 179, 4 and also s. Mayser 63f (w. lit.); 297; Dssm., LO 99f (LAE 125ff); Thackeray 176f; Reinhold 53; Borger, GGA 139 (lit.); B-D-F §137, 1; Mlt. 50; Rob. 275f.—B. 931. Frisk. M-M. TW.

φωτίζω fut. φωτίσω (1 Cor 4:5; Rv 22:5) and φωτιῶ (Rv 22:5 v.l.; TestLevi 4:3; s.Thackeray 228f); 1 aor. ἐφώτισα. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. pl. φωτισθήσεται,-σονται; 1 aor. ἐφωτίσθην; pf. ptc. πεφωτισμένος (cp. φῶς; Aristot.+; ins, pap, LXX; En 5:8; Test12Patr; ParJer 9:3; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., P. 35, 243 al.)

① intr. (Aristot.; Theophr.; Plut., Num. 4, 9; 8, 2; Sir 42:16; Philo, Dec. 49) to function as a source of light, to shine, of God (Ps 75:5) ἐπί τινα upon someone Rv 22:5.

② trans. to cause to be illumined, give light to, light (up), illuminate (Aristarch. Sam. [III B.C.] p. 358, 20 al.; Diod S 3, 48, 4 of the sun ἀκτῖσι τὸν κόσμον; Galen XIX p. 174 K.; PGM 3, 152; 4, 2345; IDefixWünsch 4, 14; 2 Esdr 19:12, 19 τὴν ὁδόν) τινά someone Lk 11:36; Rv 22:5 v.l.; τὴν πόλιν Rv 21:23. Pass. (Anaximander, Vorsokr. 12 A 1 [in Diog. L. 2, 1] ἀπὸ ἡλίου; Plut., Mor. 1120e; Diog. L. 7, 144 the whole earth ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ [the sun] φωτίζεσθαι) 18:1.

③ trans. to make known in reference to the inner life or transcendent matters and thus enlighten, enlighten, give light to, shed light upon (φῶς 2; 3) fig. ext. of 2

ⓐ in imagery of the heavenly light that is granted the ‘enlightened one’ (cp. the prayer PGM 4, 990, that calls upon the μέγιστος θεός as τὸν τὰ πάντα φωτίζοντα καὶ διαυγάζοντα τῇ ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει τὸν σύμπαντα κόσμον; Herm. Wr. 1, 32 the inspired one prays to a deity for δύναμις and χάρις: ἵνα φωτίσω τοὺς ἐν ἀγνοίᾳ. S. also 13, 18; 19 τὸ πᾶν τὸ ἐν ἡμῖν σῷζε ζωή, φώτιζε φῶς, πνευμάτιζε θεέ; Philo, Fuga 139 and TestBenj 6:4 τ. ψυχήν; Sextus 97; ViHab 14 [p. 87, 6 Sch.].—GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 125f; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 155ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel. 3, 1927, 44; 264; 292); τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινὸν (i.e. Christ, the heavenly Redeemer) φωτίζει πάντα ἄνθρωπον J 1:9 (s. Hdb. ad loc. and s.v. φῶς 1bα.—For the combination w. φῶς: ParJer 9:3; Cleom. [II A.D.] 2, 4 p. 188, 18 τὸ φῶς τὸ φωτίζον αὐτόν; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 103, 28 Pasqu.); φωτίσαι πάντας τίς ἡ οἰκονομία τοῦ μυστηρίου to enlighten everyone about God’s private/mysterious plan Eph 3:9 (perh. in the sense ‘instruct’, cp. 4 Km 17:27f). God is implored to grant πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας enlightened in the eyes of (your) heart = … your inward sight 1:18 (φωτίζειν ὀφθαλμούς: 2 Esdr 9:8; Ps 18:9; Bar 1:12). The Roman Christian community is πεφωτισμένη ἐν θελήματι (i.e. of God) IRo ins (cp. Just., D. 122, 3 ἐθνῶν πεφωτισμένων). οἱ ἅπαξ φωτισθέντες Hb 6:4; cp. 10:32.

ⓑ bring to light, reveal τὶ someth. (Polyb. 22, 5, 10; Epict. 1, 4, 31 τὴν ἀλήθειαν; Plut., Mor. 902c; Jos., Ant. 8, 143 the hidden mng. of a riddle; pass., Lucian, Calum. 32; Mel., P. 41, 285 τὸ εὐαγγέλιον) τὰ κρυπτὰ τοῦ σκότους that which is hidden in the dark 1 Cor 4:5. φ. ζωὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου bring life and immortality to light through the gospel 2 Ti 1:10. Abs., foll. by indir. question φωτίσαι τίς ἡ οἰκονομία τοῦ μυστηρίου to make clear what (God’s) mysterious plan is Eph 3:9 v.l.—DELG s.v. φάε C. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.