becomes

morbus, i, m. [Sanscr. mar-, die; Gr. brotos (for mrotos), marainô; cf. morior, marceo], a sickness, disease, disorder, distemper, ailment, illness, malady, of body or mind (class.).

Corporeal:

morbum appellant totius corporis corruptionem: aegrotationem morbum cum imbecillitate: vitium cum partes corporis inter se dissident: ex quo pravitas membrorum, distortio, deformitas,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 13, 28: morbus est habitus cujusque corporis contra naturam, qui usum ejus facit deteriorem, Labeo ap. Gell. 4, 2, 3:

morbi aegrotationesque,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 23:

aeger morbo gravi,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

in morbo esse,

to be sick, id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9:

morbo affectum esse,

id. Div. 1, 30, 63:

corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur,

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59:

animi valentes morbo tentari non possunt, corpora possunt,

id. Tusc. 4, 14, 31:

affligi,

id. Pis. 35, 85:

urgeri,

id. Fat. 9, 17:

tabescere,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 84:

languere,

Lucr. 6, 1221:

conflictari,

Nep. Dion. 2, 4:

in morbum cadere,

to fall sick, Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

incidere,

id. Clu. 62, 175:

delabi,

id. Att. 7, 5, 1:

morbum nancisci,

Nep. Att. 21, 1:

morbo consumi,

id. Reg. 2, 1:

perire,

id. ib. 3, 3:

mori,

id. Them. 10, 4:

absumi,

Sall. J. 5, 6:

confici,

id. ib. 9, 4:

opprimi,

Cic. Clu. 7, 22:

homo aeger morbo gravi,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

ex morbo convalescere,

to recover, id. Fam. 13, 29, 4:

a morbo valere,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 26:

morbum depellere,

Cic. Fam. 7, 26, 2:

levare,

to alleviate, relieve, Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 57:

amplior fit,

becomes more violent, Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 50:

adgravescit,

id. ib. 3, 2, 2:

ingravescit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

comitialis or major,

epilepsy, Cels. 3, 23:

regius,

the jaundice, id. 3, 24: in morbo consumat, a form of imprecation, may he spend it (the money) in sickness, Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 2.—

Mental.

Disease, a fault, vice, etc.: animi morbi sunt cupiditates immensae, et inanes, divitiarum, etc., Cic. Fin. 1, 18, 59:

morbum et insaniam,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1:

nomen insaniae significat mentis aegrotationem et morbum,

id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9:

hic morbus qui est in re publicā, ingravescet,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

ut, si qui aegrotet, quo morbo Barrus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 30:

maxima pars hominum morbo jactatur eodem,

id. ib. 2, 3, 121:

qui vultu morbum incessuque fatetur,

Juv. 2, 17.—

Grief, sorrow, distress:

quod mulier facere incepit, nisi id efficere perpetrat, Id illi morbo, id illi senio est,

affliction, distress, Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 12; cf.:

salvere me jubes, quoi tu abiens offers morbum?

id. As. 3, 3, 3.—

Trop., of trees, plants, etc.:

infestantur namque et arbores morbis,

a disease, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 116 al. —

Morbus, personified as a deity, the son of Erebus and Nox, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; Hyg. Fab. praef.; Sen. Herc. Fur. 694; cf. Verg. A. 6, 275; Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 323.

morbus, i, m. [Sanscr. mar-, die; Gr. brotos (for mrotos), marainô; cf. morior, marceo], a sickness, disease, disorder, distemper, ailment, illness, malady, of body or mind (class.).

Corporeal:

morbum appellant totius corporis corruptionem: aegrotationem morbum cum imbecillitate: vitium cum partes corporis inter se dissident: ex quo pravitas membrorum, distortio, deformitas,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 13, 28: morbus est habitus cujusque corporis contra naturam, qui usum ejus facit deteriorem, Labeo ap. Gell. 4, 2, 3:

morbi aegrotationesque,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 10, 23:

aeger morbo gravi,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

in morbo esse,

to be sick, id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9:

morbo affectum esse,

id. Div. 1, 30, 63:

corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur,

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59:

animi valentes morbo tentari non possunt, corpora possunt,

id. Tusc. 4, 14, 31:

affligi,

id. Pis. 35, 85:

urgeri,

id. Fat. 9, 17:

tabescere,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 84:

languere,

Lucr. 6, 1221:

conflictari,

Nep. Dion. 2, 4:

in morbum cadere,

to fall sick, Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

incidere,

id. Clu. 62, 175:

delabi,

id. Att. 7, 5, 1:

morbum nancisci,

Nep. Att. 21, 1:

morbo consumi,

id. Reg. 2, 1:

perire,

id. ib. 3, 3:

mori,

id. Them. 10, 4:

absumi,

Sall. J. 5, 6:

confici,

id. ib. 9, 4:

opprimi,

Cic. Clu. 7, 22:

homo aeger morbo gravi,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

ex morbo convalescere,

to recover, id. Fam. 13, 29, 4:

a morbo valere,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 26:

morbum depellere,

Cic. Fam. 7, 26, 2:

levare,

to alleviate, relieve, Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 57:

amplior fit,

becomes more violent, Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 50:

adgravescit,

id. ib. 3, 2, 2:

ingravescit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

comitialis or major,

epilepsy, Cels. 3, 23:

regius,

the jaundice, id. 3, 24: in morbo consumat, a form of imprecation, may he spend it (the money) in sickness, Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 2.—

Mental.

Disease, a fault, vice, etc.: animi morbi sunt cupiditates immensae, et inanes, divitiarum, etc., Cic. Fin. 1, 18, 59:

morbum et insaniam,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1:

nomen insaniae significat mentis aegrotationem et morbum,

id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9:

hic morbus qui est in re publicā, ingravescet,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 31:

ut, si qui aegrotet, quo morbo Barrus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 30:

maxima pars hominum morbo jactatur eodem,

id. ib. 2, 3, 121:

qui vultu morbum incessuque fatetur,

Juv. 2, 17.—

Grief, sorrow, distress:

quod mulier facere incepit, nisi id efficere perpetrat, Id illi morbo, id illi senio est,

affliction, distress, Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 12; cf.:

salvere me jubes, quoi tu abiens offers morbum?

id. As. 3, 3, 3.—

Trop., of trees, plants, etc.:

infestantur namque et arbores morbis,

a disease, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 116 al. —

Morbus, personified as a deity, the son of Erebus and Nox, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; Hyg. Fab. praef.; Sen. Herc. Fur. 694; cf. Verg. A. 6, 275; Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 323.

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

ob-stringo, strinxi, strictum, 3, v. a.

To bind to or about; to bind, tie, or fasten up (rare):

follem obstringit ob gulam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23:

quom ego Amphitruonem collo hinc obstricto traham,

id. Am. 3, 2, 72:

cervice obstrictā,

Juv. 10, 88:

tauros aratro,

to yoke, Val. Fl. 7, 602.—

To bind, bind up, close up by binding.

Lit. (rare):

laqueo collum,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 12. —

Transf.

To shut in, confine:

ventos,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 4:

viminibus,

Col. 4, 29.—

To hold together by:

purpurea vestis ingentibus obstricta gemmis,

in which precious stones were the fastenings, Flor. 4, 11, 3.—

Trop., to bind, tie, fetter, hamper; to oblige, lay under obligation (the class. signif. of the word;

syn.: obligo, devincio): donis aliquem obstringere,

Cic. Clu. 66, 190:

civitatem jurejurando,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

legibus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 45, 132:

foedere,

id. Pis. 13, 29:

aliquem aere alieno,

to bring into debt, id. Fam. 11, 10, 5:

jurejurando,

to bind by an oath, Tac. A. 1, 14:

animam suam,

Vulg. Num. 30, 9:

quam plurimas civitates suo sibi beneficio habere obstrictas volebat,

bound, under obligation, Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

Atticum officiis,

Cic. Fam. 3, 18, 2:

qui se tot sceleribus obstrinxerit,

has been guilty of so many crimes, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 8:

se parricidio,

to commit, perpetrate, id. Phil. 11, 12, 29:

se perjurio,

Liv. 26, 48:

aliquem conscientiā,

to bind by privity, by participation, Tac. H. 4, 55: obstringi conscientiā tanti sceleris, ne, etc., to be hindered by the sense of so great a crime, from, etc., Liv. 4, 17, 5:

aliquem societate scelerum,

Tac. A. 4, 57:

fidem suam alicui,

to pledge one's word, to promise positively, Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 8; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; cf. Just. 2, 15, 14.—Mid.: qui alienum... sustulit, furti obstringitur, makes himself guilty, becomes guilty, Sabin. ap. Gell. 11, 18, 21:

eidem sceleri obstrictus est,

Lact. 3, 18, 6.—Hence, obstrictus, a, um, P. a.; according to III., bound, obliged.— Comp.:

obstrictior Debitor,

Paul. Nol. Nat. Felic. 9, 145.—Hence, obstrictē, adv.; comp.: obstrictius, more stringently, Aug. Civ. Dei, 2, 24.

ob-stringo, strinxi, strictum, 3, v. a.

To bind to or about; to bind, tie, or fasten up (rare):

follem obstringit ob gulam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23:

quom ego Amphitruonem collo hinc obstricto traham,

id. Am. 3, 2, 72:

cervice obstrictā,

Juv. 10, 88:

tauros aratro,

to yoke, Val. Fl. 7, 602.—

To bind, bind up, close up by binding.

Lit. (rare):

laqueo collum,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 12. —

Transf.

To shut in, confine:

ventos,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 4:

viminibus,

Col. 4, 29.—

To hold together by:

purpurea vestis ingentibus obstricta gemmis,

in which precious stones were the fastenings, Flor. 4, 11, 3.—

Trop., to bind, tie, fetter, hamper; to oblige, lay under obligation (the class. signif. of the word;

syn.: obligo, devincio): donis aliquem obstringere,

Cic. Clu. 66, 190:

civitatem jurejurando,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

legibus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 45, 132:

foedere,

id. Pis. 13, 29:

aliquem aere alieno,

to bring into debt, id. Fam. 11, 10, 5:

jurejurando,

to bind by an oath, Tac. A. 1, 14:

animam suam,

Vulg. Num. 30, 9:

quam plurimas civitates suo sibi beneficio habere obstrictas volebat,

bound, under obligation, Caes. B. G. 1, 9:

Atticum officiis,

Cic. Fam. 3, 18, 2:

qui se tot sceleribus obstrinxerit,

has been guilty of so many crimes, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 8:

se parricidio,

to commit, perpetrate, id. Phil. 11, 12, 29:

se perjurio,

Liv. 26, 48:

aliquem conscientiā,

to bind by privity, by participation, Tac. H. 4, 55: obstringi conscientiā tanti sceleris, ne, etc., to be hindered by the sense of so great a crime, from, etc., Liv. 4, 17, 5:

aliquem societate scelerum,

Tac. A. 4, 57:

fidem suam alicui,

to pledge one's word, to promise positively, Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 8; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 11; cf. Just. 2, 15, 14.—Mid.: qui alienum... sustulit, furti obstringitur, makes himself guilty, becomes guilty, Sabin. ap. Gell. 11, 18, 21:

eidem sceleri obstrictus est,

Lact. 3, 18, 6.—Hence, obstrictus, a, um, P. a.; according to III., bound, obliged.— Comp.:

obstrictior Debitor,

Paul. Nol. Nat. Felic. 9, 145.—Hence, obstrictē, adv.; comp.: obstrictius, more stringently, Aug. Civ. Dei, 2, 24.

pĕrīcŭlum (contr. pĕrīclum, very freq. in the poets, e. g. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 29; Ter. And. 2, 2, 13; 5, 1, 2; 5, 2, 26 al.; Lucr. 1, 580; 2, 5 et saep.; Verg. A. 2, 709; 751; 3, 711 et saep.; Juv. 6, 94), i, n. [root, Sanscr. par, pi-par-mi, to conduct, guide; Gr. peraô, to pierce; poros. a way through, passage; Lat. porta, portus, ex - perior, per-itus; cf. Germ. fahren, Gefahr], a trial, experiment, attempt, proof, essay (class.; cf. disorimen).

Lit.:

fac periculum in litteris,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 23:

miser est homo qui amat... Scio qui periclum feci,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 27:

priusquam periclum faceret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21:

ex aliis,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 36:

alicujus fidei periculum facere,

to make trial of, to try, Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 34:

quā in re tute tui periculum fecisti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27: legionum, Auct. B. Afr. 79.—

Transf.

Concr., an attempt in writing, an essay:

faciunt imperite, qui in isto periculo non ut a poëtā, sed ut a teste, veritatem exigent (speaking of a poem in honor of Marius),

Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 4; Aus. Idyll. 10, 215.—

Risk, hazard, danger, peril (which acompanies an attempt;

the common signif. of the word): meo periclo rem gero,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 100:

tuo ego istaec dicam illi periculo,

id. ib. 4, 2, 17:

periculum facere,

to run a risk, id. ib. 1, 1, 63:

si ei subito sit allatum periculum discrimenque patriae,

Cic. Off. 1, 43, 154:

salus sociorum summum in periculum ac discrimen vocatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:

discriminum et periculorum comites,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 166:

obire pericula ac labores,

Liv. 1, 54:

periculum adire capitis,

to run the risk of one's life, Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

in periculo animarum suarum,

Vulg. 1 Par. 11, 19:

subire pro amico,

Cic. Part. 19, 66:

suscipere,

to take upon one's self, id. Mur. 36, 76:

ingredi,

id. ib. 2, 4:

conflare alicui,

to cause, occasion, id. Sull. 4, 13:

intendere in aliquem,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

intendere alicui,

id. Att. 2, 19, 1:

mortis alicui inicere,

id. Caecin. 29, 83:

facessere innocenti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

facere alicui,

Sall. C. 33, 1; cf.:

ego nihil facio tibi periculi,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 7:

creare alicui,

Cic. Att. 22, 2:

comparare alicui,

id. Fl. 38, 96:

moliri optimis civibus,

id. Sest. 1, 1:

amici depellere,

id. Clu. 6, 8:

subterfugere,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 4:

adducta est res in maximum periculum et extremum paene discrimen,

id. Phil. 7, 1, 1:

se in periculum capitis atque in vitae discrimen inferre,

id. Balb. 10, 25:

arcessere aliquem in summum capitis periculum,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

includere in periculum,

id. Clu. 55, 155:

in periculum se committere,

to get into danger, id. Inv. 2, 8, 37:

eripere ex periculo,

id. Clu. 26, 70:

extrahere ex periculo,

to release from danger, id. Sest. 4, 11:

rem publicam a periculo prohibere,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

liberare periculis,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

res in periculo vertitur,

the affair becomes perilous, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 12:

esse in periculo,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2:

in periculo versari,

id. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

a securi negat ei periculum esse,

that danger threatens him, id. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

periculum est, ne,

there is danger that, id. Tusc. 5, 40, 118; so id. Verr. 1, 11, 32: periculo meo, tuo, suo, at my, your, his risk:

meo periculo,

id. Sest. 52, 111:

crede audacter meo periculo,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 51:

meo periculo rem gero,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 100; id. As. 2, 4, 51:

des ei nummos fide et periculo meo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

navem sumptu periculoque suo armatam mittere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 20, § 50; id. Fl. 17, 41:

rem periculi sui facere,

to do a thing at one's own risk, Dig. 23, 5, 16: bono periculo, safely, without danger (post-class.), App. Mag. p. 320, 16.—

In partic.

A trial, action, suit at law (class.):

meus labor in privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2:

aliquem in periculis defendere,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3.—

A writ of judgment, a sentence:

unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo inscriberent, etc.,

Nep. Ep. 8:

pericula magistratuum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79, § 183.—

A sickness, attack of sickness (post-Aug.):

in acutis vero periculis nullis dandum est vinum,

Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 48.—

Ruin, destruction (postclass.):

tremefactae nutant usque ad periculum civitates,

Arn. 1, 4.

pĕrīcŭlum (contr. pĕrīclum, very freq. in the poets, e. g. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 29; Ter. And. 2, 2, 13; 5, 1, 2; 5, 2, 26 al.; Lucr. 1, 580; 2, 5 et saep.; Verg. A. 2, 709; 751; 3, 711 et saep.; Juv. 6, 94), i, n. [root, Sanscr. par, pi-par-mi, to conduct, guide; Gr. peraô, to pierce; poros. a way through, passage; Lat. porta, portus, ex - perior, per-itus; cf. Germ. fahren, Gefahr], a trial, experiment, attempt, proof, essay (class.; cf. disorimen).

Lit.:

fac periculum in litteris,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 23:

miser est homo qui amat... Scio qui periclum feci,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 27:

priusquam periclum faceret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21:

ex aliis,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 36:

alicujus fidei periculum facere,

to make trial of, to try, Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 34:

quā in re tute tui periculum fecisti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27: legionum, Auct. B. Afr. 79.—

Transf.

Concr., an attempt in writing, an essay:

faciunt imperite, qui in isto periculo non ut a poëtā, sed ut a teste, veritatem exigent (speaking of a poem in honor of Marius),

Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 4; Aus. Idyll. 10, 215.—

Risk, hazard, danger, peril (which acompanies an attempt;

the common signif. of the word): meo periclo rem gero,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 100:

tuo ego istaec dicam illi periculo,

id. ib. 4, 2, 17:

periculum facere,

to run a risk, id. ib. 1, 1, 63:

si ei subito sit allatum periculum discrimenque patriae,

Cic. Off. 1, 43, 154:

salus sociorum summum in periculum ac discrimen vocatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:

discriminum et periculorum comites,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 166:

obire pericula ac labores,

Liv. 1, 54:

periculum adire capitis,

to run the risk of one's life, Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

in periculo animarum suarum,

Vulg. 1 Par. 11, 19:

subire pro amico,

Cic. Part. 19, 66:

suscipere,

to take upon one's self, id. Mur. 36, 76:

ingredi,

id. ib. 2, 4:

conflare alicui,

to cause, occasion, id. Sull. 4, 13:

intendere in aliquem,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

intendere alicui,

id. Att. 2, 19, 1:

mortis alicui inicere,

id. Caecin. 29, 83:

facessere innocenti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

facere alicui,

Sall. C. 33, 1; cf.:

ego nihil facio tibi periculi,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 7:

creare alicui,

Cic. Att. 22, 2:

comparare alicui,

id. Fl. 38, 96:

moliri optimis civibus,

id. Sest. 1, 1:

amici depellere,

id. Clu. 6, 8:

subterfugere,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 4:

adducta est res in maximum periculum et extremum paene discrimen,

id. Phil. 7, 1, 1:

se in periculum capitis atque in vitae discrimen inferre,

id. Balb. 10, 25:

arcessere aliquem in summum capitis periculum,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

includere in periculum,

id. Clu. 55, 155:

in periculum se committere,

to get into danger, id. Inv. 2, 8, 37:

eripere ex periculo,

id. Clu. 26, 70:

extrahere ex periculo,

to release from danger, id. Sest. 4, 11:

rem publicam a periculo prohibere,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

liberare periculis,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

res in periculo vertitur,

the affair becomes perilous, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 12:

esse in periculo,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2:

in periculo versari,

id. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

a securi negat ei periculum esse,

that danger threatens him, id. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

periculum est, ne,

there is danger that, id. Tusc. 5, 40, 118; so id. Verr. 1, 11, 32: periculo meo, tuo, suo, at my, your, his risk:

meo periculo,

id. Sest. 52, 111:

crede audacter meo periculo,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 51:

meo periculo rem gero,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 100; id. As. 2, 4, 51:

des ei nummos fide et periculo meo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

navem sumptu periculoque suo armatam mittere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 20, § 50; id. Fl. 17, 41:

rem periculi sui facere,

to do a thing at one's own risk, Dig. 23, 5, 16: bono periculo, safely, without danger (post-class.), App. Mag. p. 320, 16.—

In partic.

A trial, action, suit at law (class.):

meus labor in privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2:

aliquem in periculis defendere,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3.—

A writ of judgment, a sentence:

unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo inscriberent, etc.,

Nep. Ep. 8:

pericula magistratuum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79, § 183.—

A sickness, attack of sickness (post-Aug.):

in acutis vero periculis nullis dandum est vinum,

Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 48.—

Ruin, destruction (postclass.):

tremefactae nutant usque ad periculum civitates,

Arn. 1, 4.

pŏsĭtĭo, ōnis, f. [pono], a putting, placing, setting (post-Aug.; in Cic. Fl. 26, 62, possessione is the correct reading).

Lit.:

calicis positio,

Front. Aquaed. 36:

surculi,

Col. 3, 17:

linearum,

id. 3, 3 fin.:

brassicae,

id. 11, 3, 24.—

Transf., a position of the body or of places, a posture, situation:

corporis nostri positio,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 16, 7:

caeli locique,

Col. 3, 4, 1:

loci,

Quint. 3, 7, 26:

pro situ et positione locorum,

id. 3, 21, 9:

Italiae procurrentis,

Plin. 37, 13, 77, § 201:

uniuscujusque stellarum forma et positio,

Gell. 14, 1.—

Trop.

A placing, use of a word: metônumia est nominis pro nomine positio, Quint. 8, 6, 23; 1, 5, 51.—

In partic., affirmation:

paupertas non per positionem sed per detractionem dicitur,

Sen. Ep. 87, 39.—

Transf.

In rhet., a proposition, theme, subject, argument, Quint. 2, 10, 15; 7, 4, 40.—

In gram., an ending, termination, Quint. 1, 5, 60; so id. 1, 5, 65; 1, 6, 10; 12; 22.—

In prosody.

A downward beat, in marking time:

a sublatione ad positionem,

Quint. 9, 4, 48; so id. 9, 4, 55; Mart. Cap. 9, § 981; so of the voice (opp. elevatio), Isid. 1, 16, 21.—

Positio syllabae, the place of a short vowel before two consonants, by which the syllable becomes long, position, Quint. 1, 5, 28; 9, 4, 86; Diom. p. 423 P. et saep.—

A state of mind, mood:

in quācumque positione mentis sim,

Sen. Ep. 64, 3.—

Positiones, circumstances of a thing, Quint. 7, 4, 40.

rē̆-plĕo, ēvi, ētum (contr. form replesti, Stat. S. 3, 1, 92:

replerat,

Lucr. 6, 1270), 2, v. a.

To fill again, refill; to fill up, replenish, complete, etc.

Lit. (class.): [p. 1570] exhaustas domos, Cic. Prov. Cons. 2, 4:

exhaustum aerarium,

Plin. Pan. 55, 5:

consumpta,

to supply, make up for, Cic. Mur. 25, 50:

exercitum,

to fill up the number of, Liv. 24, 42; cf.:

castra, tribus ex his,

Plin. Pan. 28, 5:

scrobes terrā,

Verg. G. 2, 235:

fossam humo,

Ov. F. 4, 823:

vulnera,

i. e. to fill up again with flesh, Plin. 34, 15, 46, § 155:

alopecias,

id. 20, 23, 99, § 263.— Absol.:

cinis purgat, conglutinat, replet, adstringit,

Plin. 23, 7, 63, § 124:

veteremque exire cruorem Passa, replet sucis (corpus),

Ov. M. 7, 287. —

Mid.: quoties haustum cratera repleri vident,

filled again, Ov. M. 8, 680.—

Trop., to supply, make up for, complete (rare):

quod voci deerat, plangore replebam,

Ov. H. 10, 37; cf.:

repletur ex lege, quod sententiae judicis deëst,

Dig. 42, 1, 4, § 5: quae (in oratione) replenda vel deicienda sunt, to be filled out, supplied (shortly before, adicere, detrahere), Quint. 10, 4, 1:

pectora bello Exanimata reple,

i. e. strengthen again, reinvigorate, reanimate, Stat. Th. 4, 760.—

(With the idea of the verb predominating.) In gen., to fill up, make full, to fill (freq. in the poets and in post-Aug. prose).

Lit.: navibus explebant sese terrasque replebant, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 6, 545 (Ann. v. 310 Vahl.):

delubra corporibus,

Lucr. 6, 1272; cf.:

campos strage hominum,

Liv. 9, 40 Drak.:

sanguine venas,

Ov. M. 7, 334:

flore sinus,

id. F. 4, 432:

lagenam vino,

Mart. 7, 20, 19:

galeas et sinus conchis,

Suet. Calig. 46:

corpora carne,

to fill, satisfy, satiate, Ov. M. 12, 155; cf.:

se escā,

Phaedr. 2, 4, 19:

se cibo,

Col. 9, 13, 2; Petr. 96; 111:

virginem,

to get with child, Just. 13, 7, 7; cf.

equas,

Pall. Mart. 13, 1:

orbem (luna),

to fill, Ov. F. 3, 121; cf.

numerum,

to complete, Lucr. 2, 535:

summam,

Manil. 2, 719:

pretium redemptionis,

to make up, Dig. 40, 1, 4, § 10:

foramen auris repletum,

stopped up, Lucr. 5, 814.— Poet.:

femina, quom peperit, dulci repletur lacte,

becomes filled, Lucr. 5, 814:

(Etesiae) undas replent,

swell up, id. 6, 718:

tu, largitor opum, juvenem replesti Parthenopen (i. e. exornasti),

Stat. S. 3, 1, 92.—

Trop.:

nemora ac montes gemitu,

Lucr. 5, 992; so Verg. A. 2, 679; Ov. M. 1, 338; 3, 239:

populos sermone,

Verg. A. 4, 189:

Pontum rumore,

Ov. P. 4, 4, 19:

aures,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 6, 22:

vias oculorum luce,

Lucr. 4, 319; cf. id. 4, 378:

naumachiae spectaculis animos oculosque populi Romani,

Vell. 2, 100, 2; cf.: patriam laetitiā id. 2, 103, 1:

eruditione varia repletus est,

Suet. Aug. 89:

fabulis omnis scaenas,

Just. 11, 3, 11.—

Esp. freq. in eccl. Lat.: replere aliquem spiritu intellegentiae,

Vulg. Ecclus. 39, 8:

amaritudinibus,

id. Thren. 3, 15:

insipientia,

id. Luc. 6, 11:

gaudio,

id. Rom. 15, 13:

replevi Evangelium,

I have thoroughly disseminated the Gospel, id. ib. 15, 19.—

Mid.: repleri justā juris civilis scientiā,

Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 191.— Hence, rē̆plētus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II.), filled full (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

referto foro repletisque omnibus templis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; so,

Curia,

Suet. Dom. 23:

amnes,

Verg. A. 5, 806:

paulatim gracilitas crurum,

Suet. Calig. 3. —

With abl.: amphorae argento, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12 fin.:

cornu pomis,

Ov. M. 9, 87:

insula silvis,

Plin. 12, 10, 21, § 38:

cauda pavonis luce,

Lucr. 2, 806:

exercitus iis rebus (sc. frumento et pecoris copiā),

abundantly provided, Caes. B. G. 7, 56 fin.:

repletus epulis,

Claud. Fesc. 16. —

With gen.:

repletae semitae puerorum et mulierum,

Liv. 6, 25, 9 Drak.—

Trop., with abl.:

(terra) trepido terrore,

Lucr. 5, 40:

quaeque asperitate,

id. 4, 626:

genus antiquom pietate,

id. 2, 1170:

vates deo,

Capitol. Macr. 3: curantis eādem vi morbi repletos traherent, infected (cf. impleo and anapimplamenoi, Thuc. 2, 51, 4), Liv. 25, 26, 8:

vita,

i. e. long enough, Luc. 3, 242:

vox repleta,

full, Stat. Th. 2, 625:

repleti his voluptatibus,

Petr. 30, 5.— Comp., sup., and adv. do not occur.

rĕ-solvo, solvi, sŏlūtum, 3, v. a., to untie, unfasten, unbind; to loose, loosen, release, open (not freq. till after the Aug. per.; cf.: relaxo, resero, recludo, libero).

Lit.

In gen.:

equos,

to unyoke, Ov. F. 4, 180; cf.:

juncta juga leonibus,

Cat. 63, 76:

quem suā sponte vinxerit, non resolvat, etc.,

Col. 1, 8, 16; 11, 1, 22:

cinctas vestes,

Ov. M. 1, 382; cf.

nodum,

Cels. 7, 4, 4:

fila,

to loose, separate, Ov. M. 2, 654:

vulnera,

to unbind, Quint. 6, 1, 30; 49:

oras,

to cast loose from the shore, Liv. 22, 19, 10 Drak. N. cr.:

virginem catenis,

i. e. to release, Ov. M. 4, 737; cf.:

crura vinclis,

id. A. A. 3, 272:

(puella) resoluta capillos,

id. Am. 2, 14, 39:

claustra,

to open, Lucr. 1, 415:

litteras,

Liv. 26, 15:

venas,

Tac. A. 6, 48:

jugulum mucrone,

Ov. M. 1, 227:

ferro,

id. ib. 6, 643:

manum in diversum,

Quint. 11, 3, 97:

fauces haec in verba,

Ov. M. 2, 282; cf.:

exspectato Ora sono,

id. ib. 13, 126:

fatis ora,

Verg. G. 4, 452;

and simply ora,

id. A. 3, 457:

ignis aurum resolvit,

melts, dissolves, Lucr. 6, 967:

nivem,

to melt, thaw, Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 13; cf.:

resolutus repente Rhenus,

Suet. Dom. 6:

margaritas in tabem,

Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120:

glaebam in pulverem,

Col. 11, 2, 60:

nummos,

to melt down, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 30 fin. — Poet.:

nebulas ventis ac sole,

to disperse, dissipate, scatter, Ov. M. 14, 400; cf.

tenebras (sidere),

Verg. A. 8, 591:

resoluta caligo,

Sil. 5, 58: Zephyro se glaeba, becomes loose or soft, Verg. G. 1, 44; Curt. 4, 6, 11:

terra resoluta,

Col. 4, 1, 4; 11, 3, 5:

muros ariete,

to break down, Sil. 5, 553:

cinctos muros,

id. 12, 495:

saxa,

id. 1, 369. —

In partic.

To relax, unnerve, enervate, enfeeble the body (cf. remitto):

felicitas hos inflat, illos mollit et totos resolvit,

Sen. Ep. 36, 1:

(Cerberus) immania terga resolvit Fusus humi,

stretched out, Verg. A. 6, 422:

nexos artus,

id. ib. 4, 695:

utrumque (concubitus),

Ov. A. A. 2, 683:

corpus (somno),

id. M. 7, 328:

placitā resoluta quiete,

id. ib. 9, 468:

membra ad molles choros,

Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 42; Curt. 4, 16, 13:

fatigatione resolutus,

id. 6, 8, 21; 9, 5, 10.—

Mostly ante-class., to pay a debt:

minas,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 39:

argentum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 16; id. Men. 5, 5, 30:

pro vecturā,

id. As. 2, 4, 27; cf. Cato, R. R. 144, 3; 145, 1; 148, 2:

damnum boni viri arbitratu resolvere,

id. ib. 149, 2. —

Trop.

In gen. (acc. to I. A.), to separate, unbind, set free, release; to disclose, show, reveal, lay open; to annul, cancel, make void, abolish, destroy (syn. rescindo):

ipsas periodos majoribus intervallis et velut laxioribus nodis resolvemus,

Quint. 9, 4, 127:

quoniam, quā fieri quicquid posset ratione, resolvi,

have disclosed, shown, Lucr. 5, 773:

teque piacula nulla resolvent,

release, Hor. C. 1, 28, 34:

amore resolutus,

Tib. 1, 10, 83:

(Hannibal) Quod sponte abscedat tandemque resolvat Ausoniam,

liberate, Sil. 17, 206:

resoluta legibus urbs,

id. 11, 36:

ira resoluta frenis legum,

Luc. 2, 145:

litem quod lite resolvit,

does away with, ends, Hor. S. 2, 3, 103:

invitat genialis hiems curasque resolvit,

banishes, dispels, Verg. G. 1, 302:

tristitiam animi,

Plin. 24, 6, 15, § 24:

dolos tecti ambagesque,

i. e. find the way through, Verg. A. 6, 29:

jura (pudoris),

id. ib. 4, 27:

dolos fraudesque,

Sil. 7, 153:

gaudia ferro,

id. 13, 508:

amphiboliam,

to destroy, remove, Quint. 7, 9, 4:

ambiguitatem,

id. 12, 2, 13:

dicta ex parte diversā,

i. e. refute, id. 5, 13, 12:

vectigal et onera commerciorum,

to abolish, Tac. H. 4, 65:

stipulationem,

Dig. 21, 2, 57 fin.:

conventionem,

ib. 41, 5, 2:

emptionem,

ib. 18, 2, 2 et saep. —

In partic. (acc. to I. B.).

To relax, soften:

disciplinam militarem,

Tac. H. 1, 51:

judices,

Quint. 4, 2, 19; id. 8, prooem § 12. —

To pay:

unā plagā (cf. I. B. 2. supra),

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 73 (but in Cic. Phil. 14, 14, 38, the correct reading is persoluturum). — Hence, rĕsŏlūtus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 1.), relaxed, enervated, effeminate:

corpora juvenum (with fluxa), Col. praef. § 17: minister Idaeo resolutior cinaedo,

Mart. 10, 98.—

Free, unhampered: os, Val.Max. 8, 7, ext. 1.—

Unbridled:

gaudia,

Sil. 11, 305.— Adv.: rĕsŏlūtē, without restraint:

quo resolutius decachinnetis,

more unrestrainedly, Tert. ad Nat. 1, 19.

rōbŏro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [id.], to make strong; to strengthen, invigorate, confirm (rare but class.).

Lit.:

artus,

Lucr. 4, 1038:

equum largo cibo,

Col. 6, 27, 8:

nidos stramento,

Plin. 10, 33, 49, § 92:

vitem,

id. 17, 22, 35, § 175:

spicam,

id. 18, 28, 67, § 260. —

Trop.:

gravitatem perpetuā constantiā,

Cic. Off. 1, 31, 112; cf.:

haec omnia exercitatione plurimā,

Quint. 8, prooem. §

28: recti cultus pectora roborant,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 34:

educata hujus nutrimentis eloquentia ipsa se postea colorat et roborat,

becomes strong, Cic. Or. 13, 42:

regnum,

Vulg. 2 Par. 11, 17.—Hence, * rōbŏrātus, a, um, P. a., strengthened, strong, vigorous:

roboratior exitus,

Tert. Anim. 25; Hier. Cont. Pel. 3, 8.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

sĕnesco, nŭi, 3 ( gerundive:

senescendi homines,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 11 Müll. N. cr.), v. inch. n. [seneo], to grow old, become aged; to grow hoary.

Lit. (rare):

ita sensim aetas senescit,

Cic. Sen. 11, 38; cf.:

tempora labuntur tacitisque senescimus annis,

Ov. F. 6, 771:

senescente jam Graeciā,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

solve senescentem mature equum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 8:

arbores senescunt,

Plin. 16, 27, 50, § 116: Solon significat se cottidie aliquid addiscentem senescere. Val. Max. 8, 7, 14.—In perf.:

avus (Augusti) tranquillissime senuit,

Suet. Aug. 2:

ego senui et progressioris aetatis sum,

Vulg. Josne, 23, 2.—In gerundive: longissimum spatium senescendorum hominum id (seclum) putarant, Varr. L. L. 6, § 11 Müll. N. cr. —

Transf.

For the usual consenescere, to grow old or gray in an occupation, etc., i. e. to linger too long over it:

inani circa voces studio senescunt,

Quint. 8, prooem. § 18.—

(Causa pro effectu.) To decay or diminish in strength; to grow weak, feeble, or powerless; to waste away, fall off, wane, decline, etc. (the prevailing signif. of the word in prose and poetry; cf. consenesco; while inveterasco is to grow better by age).

Of living subjects (a favorite expression of Livy;

perh. not in Cic., but cf. consenesco, II. 2.): Hannibalem jam et famā senescere et viribus,

Liv. 29, 3 fin.; cf.

of the same,

id. 22, 39:

otio senescere,

id. 25, 7:

non esse cum aegro senescendum,

id. 21, 53:

dis hominibusque accusandis senescere,

to pine away, id. 5, 43 Drak.; cf.:

amore senescit habendi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 85:

socordiā,

Tac. A. 1, 9; Val. Max. 8, 13, 7:

ne (agni) desiderio senescant,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17.—

Of doves,

Col. 8, 8, 4:

quod antiquatur et senescit prope interitum est,

Vulg. Heb. 8, 13.—

Of things:

quaedam faciunda in agris potius crescente lunā quam senescente,

in the waning of the moon, Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 1; so,

luna (opp. crescens),

Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 95; Plin. 2, 9, 6, § 42:

arbores hiemali tempore cum lunā simul senescentes,

Cic. Div. 2, 14, 33:

nunc pleno orbe, nunc senescente (al. senescentem) exiguo cornu fulgere lunam,

Liv. 44, 37:

continuā messe senescit ager,

becomes exhausted, worn out, Ov. A. A. 3, 82:

prata,

Plin. 18, 28, 67, § 259: uniones, i. e. grow pale or dim, id. 9, 35, 56, § 115; cf.

smaragdi,

id. 37, 5, 18, § 70:

caseus in salem,

grows salt with age, id. 11, 42, 97, § 242: coma, falls out, Domit. ap. Suet. Dom. 18 fin.: monumenta virūm, decay (with delapsa), Lucr. 5, 312 et saep.:

mensis senescens,

drawing to an end, closing, Varr. L. L. 6, § 10 Müll.; so,

hiems,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49.—Of abstr. things:

oratorum laus senescit,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; cf.:

ut laus senescens,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 7:

senescere civitatem otio,

Liv. 1, 22, 2:

omnia orta occidunt et aucta senescunt,

Sall. J. 2, 3; cf. Fabri ad Sall. C. 20, 10; so,

somnia,

Sall. J. 35, 3:

vires,

id. H. Fragm. 3, 22, p. 235 Gerl.; Liv. 9, 27:

Hannibalis vis,

id. 25, 16:

bellum,

id. 28, 36; 30, 19:

pugna,

id. 5, 21:

fama,

id. 27, 20; Tac. H. 2, 24; cf.

rumores,

id. A. 2, 77:

consilia,

Liv. 35, 12:

vitia (opp. maturescente virtute),

id. 3, 12:

invidia,

id. 29, 22:

fortuna (opp. florere),

Vell. 2, 11, 3:

amor,

Ov. A. A. 3, 594.

sponsor, ōris, m. [spondeo], one who becomes answerable for another.

Lit., a bondsman, surety (cf.: vas; gen. vadis, praes, vindex):

de tuo negotio, quod sponsor es pro Pompeio, si Galba consponsor tuus redierit, non desinam cum illo communicare,

Cic. Fam. 6, 18, 3:

sponsores et creditores L. Trebellii,

id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; cf. id. Quint. 23, 73:

sponsor promissorum alicujus,

id. Att. 15, 15, 2; 1, 10, 6; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 2: si Pompeius mihi testis de voluntate Caesaris et sponsor est illi de meā, id. Prov. Cons. [p. 1747] 18, 43; cf.:

vel testis opinionis meae vel sponsor humanitatis tuae,

id. Fam. 7, 5, 2:

quem, inquis, deorum sponsorem accepisti?

Sen. Ep. 82, 1; cf.:

(Hymenaeus) mihi conjugii sponsor et obses erat,

Ov. H. 2, 34. — Poet., of a goddess:

sponsor conjugii stat Dea picta sui,

Ov. H. 16, 114.—

Transf. (eccl. Lat.), a godfather, godmother, sponsor, Tert. Bapt. 18 med.

sub-sīdo, sēdi, sessum, 3 (collat. form acc. to 2d conj., subsīdent, Luc. 1, 646; Amm. 28, 4, 22), v. n. and a.

Neutr., to sit down, crouch down, squat; to set one's self down, settle down, sink down (class.).

Lit.

In gen.: agite nunc, subsidite omnes, quasi solent triarii, Plaut. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 89 Müll.; and ap. Fest. p. 306 ib.; cf.:

subsidunt Hispani adversus emissa tela ab hoste, inde ad mittenda ipsi consurgunt,

Liv. 28, 2:

partem militum subsidere in subsidiis jussit,

id. 1, 14; cf.:

poplite subsidens,

Verg. A. 12, 492:

alii elephanti clunibus subsidentes,

Liv. 44, 5:

subsedit in illā Ante fores ara,

Ov. M. 9, 297.—

Of things, to sink, settle, subside:

sidebant campi, crescebant montibus altis Ascensus: neque enim poterant subsidere saxa,

Lucr. 5, 493:

valles,

Ov. M. 1, 43; Curt. 9, 9, 19:

limus mundi ut faex,

Lucr. 5, 497; cf.:

faeces in fundis vasorum,

Col. 12, 50, 14; Sen. Ep. 108, 26:

in urinā quod subsidit, si album est, etc.,

Plin. 28, 6, 19, § 68: aqua subsidit, settles, becomes clear, Auct. B. Alex. 5: flumina, fall, subside (opp. surgit humus), Ov. M. 1, 344:

undae,

subside, abate, Verg. A. 5, 820;

hence, transf., venti,

Prop. 1, 8, 13 (15); Ov. Tr. 2, 151.— Poet.:

extremus galeāque imā subsidit Acestes,

remains at the bottom, Verg. A. 5, 498:

ebur posito rigore Subsidit digitis ceditque,

gives way, yields, Ov. M. 10, 284:

multae per mare pessum Subsedere suis pariter cum civibus urbes,

are sunk, Lucr. 6, 590:

terraene dehiscent Subsidentque urbes,

Luc. 1, 646: subsidere fata videbat, sink, like the heavier weight on the scales, Sil. 6, 28.—

In partic.

Pregn., to settle down, establish one's self in a place; to remain sitting, remain, abide, stay:

si (apes) ex alvo minus frequentes evadunt ac subsidit pars aliqua,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 36:

subsedi in ipsā viā,

Cic. Att. 5, 16, 1:

in Siciliā,

id. Fam. 6, 8, 2: multitudo... quae in castris subsederat, * Caes. B. G. 6, 36:

quosdam ex Vitelliis subsedisse Nuceriae,

Suet. Vit. 1 fin.:

in oppido Reatino,

id. Vesp. 1:

commixti corpore tantum Subsident Teucri,

Verg. A. 12, 836; Quint. 2, 1, 3.—

Of things:

in Nilo navicula subsedit,

ran aground, Liv. Epit. 112.—

To crouch down on the watch, to lie in wait, lie in ambush:

cur neque ante occurrit, ne ille in villā resideret: nec eo in loco subsedit, quo ille noctu venturus esset?

Cic. Mil. 19, 51:

si illum ad urbem noctu accessurum sciebat, subsidendum atque exspectandum fuit,

id. ib. 19, 49:

partem militum subsidere in insidiis jussit,

Liv. 1, 14, 7; v. II. infra.—

Of female animals, to yield, submit to the male ( poet. and very rare):

maribus subsidere (pecudes et equae),

Lucr. 4, 1198:

juvet ut tigres subsidere cervis,

Hor. Epod. 16, 31.—

Trop., to subside, decrease, abate (rare):

in controversiis subsidit impetus dicendi,

Quint. 3, 8, 60:

nec silentio subsidat, sed firmetur consuetudine (vox),

id. 11, 3, 24:

vitia subsidunt,

Sen. Ep. 94, 69:

formidata subsidunt et sperata decipiunt,

id. ib. 13, 12.—

To settle down:

hinc accidit ut aetas jam altioribus disciplinis debita in scholā minore subsidat,

i. e. is held back, Quint. 2, 1, 3.—

Act. (acc. to I. A. 2. b.), to lie in wait for, to waylay any one ( poet. and in post-class. prose):

devictam Asiam (i. e. Agamemnonem) subsedit adulter,

Verg. A. 11, 268:

leonem,

Sil. 13, 221:

copiosos homines,

Amm. 28, 4, 22:

insontem,

id. 16, 8, 3:

serpens foramen,

to watch, id. 16, 2, 4: regnum, Luc. 5, 226 Heyne and Mart. (dub. Lag. regno).

sum, fui, esse (2d pers. es, but usu. es in Plaut and Ter; old forms, indic. pres. esum for sum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 9, § 100 Mull.: essis for es, Att. ap. Non. 200, 30, or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, acc. to Suet. Aug. 87; fut. escit for erit, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25:

esit, XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. nec, p. 162 Mull.: escunt for erunt,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 60, 3, 3, 9; Lucr. 1, 619; perf. fuvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168:

FVVEIT, C. I. L. 1, 1051: fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 23; id. Mil. 3, 1, 159:

fuerim,

id. ib. 4, 8, 54:

fuerit,

id. As. 4, 1, 37; subj. pres. siem, sies, siet, etc., very freq., esp. in Plaut.; e. g. siem, Am. prol. 57; Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:

sies,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 43; Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

siet,

Plaut. Am. prol. 58; Ter. And. 1, 4, 7; Lucr. 3, 101:

sient,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 54; Ter. And. 2, 3, 16; cf. Cic. Or. 47, 157; also,

fuam, fuas, etc., regarded by G. Curtius, de Aorist. Lat. Rel. in Studien zur Gr. u. Lat. Gram. 1, 431 sqq., as an aorist: fuam,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 48; id. Mil. 2, 6, 112: fuas, Liv. Andron. ap. Non 111, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 71; 2, 3, 83; id. Pers. 1, 1, 52; id. Trin. 2, 1, 32: fuat, Pac. ap. Non. 111, 8; Carm. ap. Liv. 25, 12; Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 2; id. Aul. 2, 2, 56; id. Capt. 2, 2, 10 et saep.; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4; Lucr. 4, 639; Verg. A. 10, 108:

fuant,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 110; id. Ep. 5, 1, 13; id. Ps. 4, 3, 12: fuvisset, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 4; part. pres. ens, used by Caesar, acc. to Prisc. p. 1140 P.; and by Sergius Flavius, acc. to Quint. 8, 3, 33; fut. inf. fore for futurum esse, very freq., and so always with partt.; cf. Madv. Gram. § 108; whence, subj. imperf. forem fores, etc., for essem; esp. in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 sqq.), v. n. [root es; Sanscr. as-mi, and the Greek es-mi, whence eimi; perf. fui; root in Sanscr. bhu, to become; bhavas, condition; Gr. phuô, to beget; cf.: fetus, futuo, etc.], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.

As a verb substantive, to be.

In gen.

Asserting existence, to be, exist, live:

definitionum duo sunt genera prima: unum earum rerum quae sunt: alterum earum quae intelleguntur. Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, cetera. Non esse rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cerni tamen animo atque intellegi possunt, ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, etc.... definias,

Cic. Top. 5, 26 sq.:

si abest, nullus est,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 16:

nunc illut est, quom me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

ita paene nulla sibi fuit Phronesium ( = paene mortuus est),

id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:

omne quod eloquimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

non statim, quod esse manifestum est, etiam quid sit apparet,

Quint. 3, 6, 81: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 23 Vahl.):

flumen est Arar, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt!

Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43:

si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est,

id. Lael. 22, 83:

nec enim, dum ero, angar ulla re, cum omni vacem culpa: et, si non ero, sensu omnino carebo,

id. Fam. 6, 3, 4:

si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna,

id. Att. 11, 4, 1:

si quando erit civitas, erit profecto nobis locus: sin autem non erit, etc.,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 6:

nolite arbitrari, me cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore,

id. Sen. 22, 79:

si erit ulla res publica... sin autem nulla erit,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 5:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse volunt,

Tib. 3, 5, 32: per quinquennia decem fuimus, Prud. Cath. praef. 2.—

Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place:

illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

neque enim est periculum, ne, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23, 37:

amabo, quid tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 24:

quid se futurum esset,

Liv. 33, 27. —

Of location, to be present, to be at a place.

With adv., or other expressions of place:

cum non liceret quemquam Romae esse, qui, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 41, § 100:

cum Athenis decem ipsos dies fuissem,

id. Fam. 2, 8, 3; id. de Or. 2, 7, 27:

cum Africanus constituisset in hortis esse,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cum essemus in castris,

id. ib. 1, 15:

nonne mavis sine periculo tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae?

id. Fam. 4, 7, 4:

vos istic commodissime sperem esse,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—

Of passages in a book or writing, with in and abl., to be, stand, be written, etc.:

deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

quid enim in illis (litteris) fuit praeter querelam temporum,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 1.—

Of personal relations, with ad or apud and acc., or cum and abl. of person:

cum esset (Sulpicius Gallus) casu apud M. Marcellum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21:

eram cum Stoico Diodoto: qui cum habitavisset apud me mecumque vixisset, etc.,

id. Brut. 90, 309:

erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum et pauci, quibuscum essem aeque libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1:

qui me admodum diligunt multumque mecum sunt,

id. ib. 4, 13, 6; cf. with simul:

Smyrnae cum simul essemus complures dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13.—Hence, esp.: esse cum aliquo (aliqua), to be with, i. e. live with, associate with, as husband or wife:

cujus soror est cum P. Quintio,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

ea nocte mecum illa hospitis jussu fuit,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 101; Ov. A. A. 3, 664:

cum hac (meretrice) si qui adulescens forte fuerit,

Cic. Cael. 20, 49; Ov. Am. 2, 8, 27: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 133, 28:

Curio fuit ad me sane diu,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8:

cum ad me bene mane Dionysius fuit,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1; cf.:

esse sub uno tecto atque ad eosdem Penates,

Liv. 28, 18.—

Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, etc., to be, live, be found, etc., with in and abl.:

cum est in sagis civitas,

Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32:

in laxa toga,

Tib. 2, 3, 78: sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus;

Sive erit in Cois, Coa decere puta,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr [p. 1798] 2, 4, 6, §

11: in servitute,

id. Clu. 7, 21:

in illa opinione populari,

id. ib. 51, 142:

in magno nomine et gloria,

id. Div. 1, 17, 31:

in spe,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

in tanta moestitia,

id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:

in odio,

id. Att. 2, 22, 1:

in probris, in laudibus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 61:

in officio,

id. ib. 1, 15, 49:

in injustitia,

id. ib. 1, 14, 42:

in vitio,

id. ib. 1, 19, 62; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 19:

ne in mora quom opus sit, sies,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

ne in mora illi sis,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

hic in noxia'st,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 36:

quae (civitas) una in amore atque in deliciis fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:

in ingenti periculo,

Liv. 5, 47:

in pace,

id. 31, 29.—So with abl. without in, when qualified by an adj.:

(statua) est et fuit tota Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

si quis asperitate ea est et inmanitate naturae,

id. Lael. 23, 87:

ne quo periculo proprio existimares esse,

id. Fam. 4, 15, 2 (B. and K. ex conj.:

in periculo): ego sum spe bona,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

res nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

incredibili sum sollicitudine de tua valetudine,

id. ib. 16, 15, 1; esp. in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one:

rem illam suo periculo esse,

id. Att. 6, 1, 6:

ut quae in naves inposuissent, ab hostium tempestatisque vi publico periculo essent,

Liv. 23, 49, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

dare nummos meo periculo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

communi periculo,

ib. 13, 6, 21, § 1 (cf. II. B. 1. b. infra).—

To depend upon, rest with, with in and abl.:

res erat non in opinione dubia,

Cic. Dom. 5, 11:

sed totum est in eo, si, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 22, 5:

omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum,

Liv. 10, 14, 12:

quoniam totum in eo sit, ne contrectentur pocula,

Col. 12, 4, 3. —

In partic.

Esse (est, sunt, etc.) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. subj., as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the indic. or subj.; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 562 sq.; Roby, Gram. § 1686 sq.; Madv. Gram. § 365; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in class. prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those ( people or things) who ( that), or simply some.

With indic.

Without subject expressed:

mulier mane: sunt Qui volunt te conventam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 37:

sunt hic quos credo inter se dicere,

id. Cas. prol. 67:

sunt quae te volumus percontari,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 47:

quid est, quod tu gestas tabellas?

id. ib. 1, 1, 10:

quid est, quod tu me nunc optuere?

id. Most. 1, 1, 69; cf.:

quid hoc est, quod foris concrepuit?

id. ib. 5, 1, 15:

tun' is es, Qui in me aerumnam obsevisti?

id. Ep. 4, 1, 34:

quid est, quod tuo animo aegre est?

id. Cas. 2, 2, 9; id. Cist. 4, 1, 3:

at ego est quod volo loqui,

id. As. 1, 3, 79:

est quod te volo secreto,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30:

sunt quos scio amicos esse, sunt quos suspicor,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 54:

ita subitum'st, quod eum conventum volo,

id. ib. 5, 2, 51:

sunt quae ego ex te scitari volo,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 13:

sed est quod suscenset tibi,

Ter. And. 2, 6, 17:

est quod me transire oportet,

id. Hec. 2, 2, 31:

quid sit quapropter te jussi, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 1, 7:

sunt item quae appellantur alces,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27 init.:

(nationes) ex quibus sunt qui ovis vivere existimantur,

id. ib. 4, 10 fin.:

sunt qui putant posse te non decedere,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 25:

sunt autem, qui putant non numquam complexione oportere supersederi,

id. Inv. 1, 40, 72:

quamquam sunt, qui propter utilitatem modo petendas putant amicitias,

id. ib. 2, 55, 167:

sunt autem quae praeterii,

id. Att. 10, 4, 11:

sunt, qui abducunt a malis ad bona, ut Epicurus. Sunt, qui satis putant ostendere, nihil inopinati accidisse... Sunt etiam qui haec omnia genera consolandi colligunt,

id. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 Kuhn. N. cr.:

sunt, qui, quod sentiunt, non audent dicere,

id. Off. 1, 24, 84:

Argiletum sunt qui scripserunt ab Argola, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 157 Mull.:

sunt qui ita dicunt,

Sall. C. 19, 4:

sunt qui spiritum non recipiunt sed resorbent,

Quint. 11, 3, 55:

sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 3; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 24: sunt quibus unum opus est, etc., id. C. 1, 7, 5:

sunt quibus in satira videor nimis acer,

id. S. 2, 1, 1:

sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 47.—

With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause:

sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

est genus hominum qui se primos omnium esse volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

multae sunt causae, quam ob rem cupio abducere,

id. ib. 1, 2, 65 Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam):

erat quidam eunuchus, quem mercatus fuerat,

id. ib. 3, 5, 21:

multaeque res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt,

Cic. Lael. 16, 57:

sunt ejus aliquot orationes, ex quibus lenitas ejus perspici potest,

id. Brut. 48, 177:

fuerunt alia genera philosophorum, qui se omnes Socraticos esse dicebant,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 62:

nonnulli sunt, qui aluerunt, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 12, 301:

sunt quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant,

id. Lael. 20, 72:

sunt vestrum, judices, aliquam multi, qui L. Pisonem cognoverunt,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:

multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt,

id. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

permulta sunt, quae dici possunt, quare intellegatur, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 22; id. Off. 1, 14, 43; 1, 20, 69; id. Div. 1, 54, 123:

fuere complures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt,

Sall. C. 39, 5: haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt. Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 152:

alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere,

Sall. C. 52, 21.—

With. subj.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem;

sunt qui nullum censeant fieri discessum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

sunt qui in rebus contrariis parum sibi constent,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71:

de impudentia singulari sunt qui mirentur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

est eisdem de rebus quod dici potest subtilius,

id. Tusc. 3, 15, 32:

praesto est qui neget rem ullam percipi esse sensibus,

id. Ac. 2, 32, 101:

quicquid est quod deceat, id, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 28:

sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 78:

vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curet habere,

id. ib. 2, 2, 182 et saep.—

With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject:

sunt quidam e nostris, qui haec subtilius velint tradere et negent satis esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 31:

rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpore avocent,

id. Div. 1, 49, 111:

quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat?

id. ib. 2, 60, 125; id. de Or. 2, 50, 196:

solus est hic, qui numquam rationes ad aerarium referat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:

quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent,

id. Lael. 23, 86:

erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65, cf.:

quis enim miles fuit, qui Brundisii illam non viderit? quis, qui nescierit, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 25, 61:

sit aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat,

id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

sunt nonnullae disciplinae, quae officium omne pervertant,

id. Off. 1, 2, 5:

est quaedam animi sanitas quae in insipientem quoque cadat,

id. Tusc. 4, 13, 30:

Syracusis lex est de religione, quae jubeat,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 126:

unus est qui curet constantia magis quam consilio,

id. Att. 1, 18, 7:

si est una ex omnibus quae sese moveat,

id. Rep. 6, 26, 28:

multi sunt, qui non acerbum judicent vivere, sed supervacuum,

Sen. Ep. 24, 26:

erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

fuere cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent,

Sall. C. 36, 4:

sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 34:

sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus,

id. A. P. 347.—

Poet.: est, quibus (acc. to the Gr. estin hois):

est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae: est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes,

Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 17.—

With dat., to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have ( possess, = the Fr. etre a used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, etc.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 sq.): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 23:

nomen Mercurio'st mihi, Plaut Am. prol. 19: nisi jam tum esset honos elo quentiae,

Cic. Brut. 10, 40:

est igitur homini cum deo similitudo,

id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

familiaritas, quae mihi cum eo est,

id. Att. 8. 3, 2:

privatus illis census erat brevis,

Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; cf.:

Trojae et huic loco nomen est,

Liv. 1, 1, 5:

Hecyra est huic nomen fabulae,

Ter. Hec. prol. 1:

cui saltationi Titius nomen esset,

Cic. Brut. 62, 225:

cui (fonti) nomen Arethusa est,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118:

Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen,

Liv. 25, 2, 6.—With ellips. of dat. ( poet.):

nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei),

nor is she ashamed, Ov. A. A. 3, 167:

neque testimonii dictio est (sc. servo),

has no right to be a witness, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 63.—

Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person:

tecum nihil rei nobis, Demipho, est,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 74:

sibi cum illa mima posthac nihil futurum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

jussit bona proscribi ejus, quicum familiaritas fuerat, societas erat,

id. Quint. 6, 25:

si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus,

id. Fam. 15, 10, 2.—

Esse with certain prepp. and their cases (cf. also I. A. 2. 3. 4. supra).

Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, etc., of:

es ne tu an non es ab illo milite e Macedonia?

do you belong to? Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 21:

ab Andria est ancilla haec,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 3; 4, 4, 17:

erat enim ab isto Aristotele,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 160:

sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me,

makes for me, id. de Or 1, 13, 55 (cf. ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.). —

Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for:

(judicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse,

Cic. Clu. 32, 88.—

Esse ex aliqua re, to consist of, be made up of:

(creticus) qui est ex longa et brevi et longa,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; cf.:

duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus,

id. Or. 63, 212:

etsi temeritas ex tribus brevibus et longa est,

id. ib. 63, 214; 64, 215 (v. also 6. infra). —

Euphem., in perf. tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead ( poet.):

horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis: Ita paene tibi fuit Phronesium,

i. e. had almost died, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 92:

nunc illud est, cum me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint,

Tib. 3, 5, 32:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens Gloria Teucrorum,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

certus in hospitibus non est amor: errat ut ipsi, Cumque nihil speres firmius esse, fuit,

Ov. H. 16, (17), 192.—

Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; so esp.: est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, etc.:

quid tibi vis dicam, nisi quod est?

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 17:

sunt ista, Laeli,

Cic. Lael. 2, 6:

ista esse credere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: est vero, inquit, Africane, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 1, 18:

est ut dicis, inquam,

id. Fin. 3, 5, 19:

sit quidem ut sex milia seminum intereant,

Col. 3, 3, 13:

esto: ipse nihil est, nihil potest,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; cf.:

verum esto,

id. Fin. 2, 23, 75:

esto,

Verg. A. 7, 313; 10, 67; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 81; 1, 17, 37 al.—Hence,

The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may, etc.

Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, etc.:

sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7 (8), 32:

si est, ut dicat velle se, Redde,

id. Hec. 4, 1, 43:

si est, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 40:

est, ut id maxime deceat,

Cic. Or. 59, 199:

quando fuit, ut, quod licet, non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48:

non est igitur, ut mirandum sit, ea praesentiri, etc.,

id. Div 1, 56, 128:

non erat, ut fieri posset, mirarier umquam,

Lucr. 5, 979:

futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 2:

est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis,

id. C. 3, 1, 9; Dig. 38, 7, 2.—Cf. esse after a neg., with quin:

numquam est enim, quin aliquid memoriae tradere velimus,

Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40.—Also, est ut, there is reason, that, etc.:

magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14 fin.: ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating [p. 1799] id. Mil. 13, 35; cf.:

quid erat cur Milo optaret,

id. ib. 13, 34:

neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3. —

Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes:

erit, ubi te ulciscar, si vivo,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 26:

est, ubi id isto modo valeat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—

Est cum, sometimes:

est cum non est satius, si, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 26, 36.—

Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion:

est quod visam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 26:

etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi quam quod te rogem,

I have more reason to, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:

est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc.,

Liv. 30, 31, 9:

quod timeas non est,

Ov. H. 19, 159:

nil est illic quod moremur diutius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 6:

non est quod multa loquamur,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.—Cf. with cur:

non est cur eorum spes infragatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 6:

nihil est cur,

id. Fam. 6, 20, 1.—

Est, sit, etc., with infin. in Gr. constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, etc. (mostly poet. and post-class.):

est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 32:

Cato, R. R. prooem. § 1: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:

nec non et Tityon terrae omniparentis alumnum Cernere erat,

Verg. A. 6, 596; 8, 676; Sil. 2, 413:

neque est te fallere quicquam,

Verg. G. 4, 447:

unde Plus haurire est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:

est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 103:

quod versu dicere non est,

id. ib. 1, 5, 87:

quod tangere non est,

Ov. M. 3, 478:

quae verbo objecta, verbo negare sit,

Liv. 42, 41, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut conjectare erat intentione vultus,

Tac. A. 16, 34:

est videre argentea vasa,

id. G. 5; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 227.— With dat.:

ne tibi sit frigida saxa adire,

Prop. 1, 20, 13; Tib. 1, 6, 24 (32):

tu procul a patria (nec sit mihi credere tantum!) Alpinas nives Me sine vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46:

fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae,

Sall. J. 110, 3; Dig. 46, 3, 72, § 4.—

In eo ease ut, etc., to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, etc., to be about to, on the point of, etc. ( impers. or with res, etc., as subj.):

cum jam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles,

Liv. 2, 17, 5:

si viderent in eo jam esse ut urbs caperetur,

id. 28, 22, 8:

jamque in eo rem fore, ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

id. 8, 27, 3:

cum res non in eo essent ut, etc.,

id. 33, 41, 9:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut, etc.,

id. 30, 19, 3; 34, 41. —With person. subj. (late Lat.):

cum ab Ulixe adducta Iphigenia in eo esset, ut immolaretur,

Hyg. Fab. 261. —

Like the Engl. to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, etc. (hence also with in and acc.):

ecquid in mentem est tibi, Patrem tibi esse?

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 54:

nam numero mi in mentem fuit,

id. Am. 1, 1, 26:

ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,

Cic. Quint. 5, 22:

portus in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

ut certior fieret, quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus,

id. Att. 15, 4, 2:

qui neque in provinciam cum imperio fuerunt,

id. Fam. 8, 8, 8:

quae ne in potestatem quidem populi Romani esset,

Liv. 2, 14, 4:

nec prius militibus in conspectum fuisse,

Suet. Aug. 16:

esse in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, 66; cf.:

in eorum potestatem portum futurum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 98; v. Gell. 1, 7, 16 sq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 316.—

Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but class.):

diem scito nullum esse, quo, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1.

As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.

In gen.

With an adj., subst., or pron.:

et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod in homine multo est evidentius,

id. ib. 8, 27:

sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore,

id. ib. 4, 15:

non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

cum, ignorante rege, uter esset Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, Orestes autem ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret,

id. Lael. 7, 24:

consul autem esse qui potui? etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,

are a mere number, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27:

pars non minima triumphi est victimae praecedentes,

Liv. 45, 49:

nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,

Prop. 4 (5), 9, 20:

sanguis erant lacrimae,

Luc. 9, 811:

ego tu sum, tu es ego: unanimi sumus,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 49:

tuos sum,

id. Bacch. 1, 1, 60: domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:

is enim fueram, cui, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 4, 7.—

Less freq. with adv. (esp. in colloq. language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 57:

sic, inquit, est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

est, inquit, ut dicis,

id. ib. 1, 40, 63:

quod ita cum sit,

id. ib. 1, 45, 69:

quia sunt haud procul ab hujus aetatis memoria,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1 B. and K.:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est,

id. ib. 1, 2, 2: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. Liv. 2, 25:

dato qui bene sit: ego, ubi bene sit, tibi locum lepidum dabo,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 51:

apud matrem recte est,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses,

id. Deiot. 7, 19:

omnes hanc quaestionem haud remissius sperant futuram,

id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11:

dicta impune erant,

Tac. A. 1, 72.—Esp.: facile alicubi (in aliqua re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be:

quod in maritimis facillime sum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2:

locum habeo nullum ubi facilius esse possum,

id. Att. 13, 26, 2 (on esse with an adverb, v. Haase ap. Reisig, Vorles. p. 394; cf. also bene under bonus fin.).—

In partic.

With gen. part., to be of, belong to a class, party, etc.:

in republica ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur,

Nep. Att. 6, 1:

qui ejusdem civitatis fuit,

id. Them. 9, 1:

qui Romanae partis erant, urbe excesserunt,

Liv. 35, 51, 7: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus;

si defenditis, vestri, si deseritis, Samnitium erimus,

id. 7, 30, 9 sq. —

With gen. or abl. denoting quality.

With gen.:

nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii fuisse confiteor,

Cic. Sest. 16, 36:

disputatio non mediocris contentionis est,

id. de Or. 1, 60, 257:

magni judicii, summae etiam facultatis esse debebit,

id. Or. 21, 70:

(virtus) nec tantarum virium est, ut se ipsa tueatur,

id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2; id. Fin. 5, 12, 36:

Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit,

Sall. J. 95, 3:

summi ut sint laboris,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2:

civitas magnae auctoritatis,

id. ib. 5, 54:

refer, Cujus fortunae (sit),

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54:

se nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum,

Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

qui ejusdem aetatis fuit,

id. ib. 11, 1:

invicti ad laborem corporis erat,

Liv. 9, 16:

nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,

id. 21, 60:

somni brevissimi erat,

Suet. Claud. 33.—So of extent, number, etc.:

classis centum navium,

Nep. Them. 2, 2; 2, 5:

annus trecentarum sexaginta quinque dierum,

Suet. Caes. 40.—

With abl.:

bono animo es,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4:

jam aetate ea sum, ut, etc.,

id. Hec. 5, 1, 11:

bellum varia victoria fuit,

Sall. J. 5, 1:

L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, set ingenio malo,

id. C. 5, 1:

Sulla animo ingenti,

id. J. 95, 3:

esse magna gratia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8:

tenuissima valetudine esse,

id. ib. 5, 40:

si fuerit is injustus, timidus, hebeti ingenio atque nullo,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

mira sum alacritate ad litigandum,

id. Att. 2, 7, 2:

bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

ut bono essent animo,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 29:

ut uxores eodem jure sint quo viri,

id. ib. 1, 43, 67:

qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

abi, quaere, unde domo quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54 (cf. I. A. 4. supra). —

With gen. or abl. of price or value.

With gen.:

pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8:

videtur esse quantivis pretii,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15:

a me argentum, quanti (servus) est, sumito,

id. Ad. 5, 9, 20:

si ullo in loco frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:

ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit,

id. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita, etc.,

id. Par. 6, 2, 48:

magni erunt mihi tuae litterae,

id. Fam. 15, 15, 4:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

an emat denario quod sit mille denarium,

id. ib. 3, 23, 92:

parvi pretii est quod nihili est,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4:

mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,

is worth more to me, weighs more with me, id. Att. 12, 28, 2:

neque pluris pretii cocum quam vilicum habeo,

Sall. J. 85, 39:

erat (agellus) centum milium nummum,

Plin. Ep. 6, 3, 1. —

With abl.: sextante sal et Romae et per totam I i aliam erat, was worth, stood at, Liv. 29, 37.—

With gen. of possession, etc., it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of, etc.

In gen.:

audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc.,

who possess, Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent,

Liv. 37, 55, 5:

teneamus eum cursum, qui semper fuit optimi cujusque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:

quamobrem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9; id. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 81, 333:

temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis,

id. Sen. 6, 20:

est adulescentis majores natu vereri,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant,

Liv. 8, 12, 13:

tota tribuniciae potestatis erat,

id. 3, 48:

alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit,

id. 22, 50:

jam me Pompeii totum esse scis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 2:

hominum, non causarum, toti erant,

Liv. 3, 36:

plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse,

were devoted to, favored, id. 23, 14:

Dolopes numquam Aetolorum fuerant: Philippi erant,

id. 38, 3:

Ptolemaeus propter aetatem alieni arbitrii erat,

id. 42, 29:

est miserorum ut malevolentes sint,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 51:

quod alterum divinitatis mihi cujusdam videtur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:

non est gravitatis ac sapientiae tuae, ferre immoderatius casum incommodorum tuorum,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 5:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—Rarely with pronom. posses.:

est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur,

Cic. Mur. 38, 83:

fuit meum quidem jam pridem rem publicam lugere,

id. Att. 12, 28, 2.—

Esp., with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, etc.:

quae res evertendae rei publicae solerent esse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:

regium inperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat,

Sall. C. 6, 7:

qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent,

Liv. 3, 31, 7:

ea prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae esse,

id. 27, 9, 12:

nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam,

id. 38, 51, 8:

frustrationem eam legis tollendae esse,

id. 3, 24, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 39, 8; 5, 3, 5; 40, 29, 11.—

With dat. of the end, object, purpose, etc.:

vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48:

etiam quae esui potuique non sunt, contineri legato,

Dig. 33, 9, 3; Gell. 4, 1, 20:

ut divites conferrent, qui essent oneri ferendo,

Liv. 2, 9:

magis vis morbi curae esset, maxime quod, etc.,

id. 4, 21, 5:

cum solvendo aere (i. e. aeri) alieno res publica non esset,

id. 31, 13:

iniciuntur ea, quae umori extrahendo sunt,

Cels. 4, 10 fin. — Esp. in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay:

tu nec solvendo eras,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4:

cum solvendo civitates non essent,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2 (v. solvo).—

With predicative dat. sing., denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be, etc.

Without second dat. of pers.:

auxilio is fuit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 94:

magis curae'st,

id. Bacch. 4, 10, 3; id. Curc. 4, 2, 15; id. As. 1, 3, 23; id. Capt. 5, 2, 13 sq.:

cui bono fuerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

eo natus sum ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem,

Sall. J. 24, 10: cupis me esse nequam;

tamen ero frugi bonae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 51:

magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 21, 78:

multi Indicioque sui facti persaepe fuere, Lucr 4, 1019: ejus rei ipsa verba formulae testimonio sunt,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

haec res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuit,

Liv. 4, 13:

cujus rei Demosthenes atque Aeschines possunt esse documento,

Quint. 7, 1, 2.—

With second dat. of pers.:

obsecro vos ego mi auxilio sitis,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 5; id. Ep. 5, 2, 11; id. Most. 1, 2, 68:

ne quid Captioni mihi sit,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

mihi cordi est,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

ubi eris damno molestiae et dedecori saepe fueris,

id. As. 3, 2, 25:

metuo illaec mihi res ne malo magno fuat,

id. Mil. 2, 6, 12:

nec Salus nobis saluti jam esse potest,

id. Most. 2, 1, 4:

bono usui estis nulli,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

quae sint nobis morbo mortique,

Lucr. 6, 1095:

quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 46:

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A fin.:

accusant ei, quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13: haec tam parva [p. 1800] civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae nobis omnibus esse possint,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, §

144: minus ea bella curae patribus erant, quam, etc.,

Liv. 35, 23, 1:

sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc.,

id. 4, 7, 6:

si hoc perinde curae est tibi quam illud mihi,

Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 9:

quantaeque curae tibi fuit, ne quis, etc.,

id. Pan. 25, 3:

quantae sit mihi curae,

id. Ep. 6, 8, 2:

si judicibus ipsis aut gloriae damnatio rei aut deformitati futura absolutio,

Quint. 6, 1, 12.—Rarely with dat. gerund:

nec tamen impedimento id rebus gerundis fuit,

Liv. 26, 24 (for a full account of this dative, v. Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 sq.).—

Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for:

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato, R. R. 125:

completae naves taeda et pice reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101:

valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 56, § 124.—

Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing:

sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur,

Cic. Brut. 46, 172:

quodsi in scena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est ad Graecos ire jubeo,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

si Epicurum, id est si Democritum probarem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 6:

ut (sapiens) aegritudine opprimatur, id est miseria,

id. Tusc. 3, 13, 27: a parte negotiali, hoc est pragmatikêi, Quint. 3, 7, 1:

cum in bona tua invasero, hoc est, cum te docuero,

id. 8, 3, 89.—

Poet., with Greek inf. pleonastically:

esse dederat monumentum,

Verg. A. 5, 572 (cf.: dôke xeinêion einai, Hom. Il. 10, 269).

sum = eum, Enn. ap. Fest., v. is.

sum- in composition, for sub before m; v. sub fin.