enervate

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

castro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [Sanscr. çastra, knife, sword].

To deprive of generative power (both of male and female), to emasculate, castrate, geld:

hircum,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 1 and 4:

agnum,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 18:

gallos,

id. ib. 3, 9, 3; Curt. 6, 3, 12; Val. Max. 6, 1, 13; Suet. Dom. 7:

sues,

Plin. 8, 51, 77, § 208; 10, 21, 25, § 50; 11, 51, 112, § 261 al.—

Transf. to plants, to prune, lop, trim, Cato, R. R. 33, 2; Plin. 17, 20, 33, § 144; 24, 8, 33, § 49.—

Trop.: vina saccis, to pass through a sack or bag, to filter, Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 53; cf. id. 14, 22, 28, § 138 sq.:

siligo castrata,

i. e. cleaned, id. 18, 9, 20, § 86:

semen,

id. 15, 14, 15, § 51.—

In gen., to shorten, cut off, curtail:

caudas catulorum,

Col. 7, 12, 14; cf. Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153:

alvos apum,

to take up, to take out the honey, Col. 9, 15, 4; 9, 15, 11; cf.:

castrare alvearia,

Pall. 7, 7.—

Trop., to enervate, debilitate: castrata res publica morte Africani, weakened (a vulgar figure, acc. to Cic. de Or. 3, 41, 164; Quint. 8, 6, 15):

nisi illum (Maecenatem) enervasset felicitas, immo castrasset,

Sen. Ep. 19, 9:

libellos,

to remove obscenity, to expurgate, Mart. 1, 35, 14:

vires,

to diminish, Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 60:

avaritiam,

to check, restrain, Claud. Eutr. 1, 192.

com-mĭnŭo, ŭi, ūtum, 3, v. a., to make small, either by breaking into many small parts, or by removing parts from the whole (class. in prose and poetry).

To separate into small parts, to break or crumble to pieces, to crush, split, etc.: saxo cere comminuit brum, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 412 (Ann. v. 586 Vahl.):

fores et postes securibus,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 31:

ossa atque artua illo scipione,

id. Men. 5, 2, 103:

tibi caput,

id. Rud. 4, 4, 74:

illi statuam... deturbant, affligunt, comminuunt, dissipant,

Cic. Pis. 38, 93:

scalas,

Sall. J. 60, 7:

anulum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:

lapidem,

Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233:

vitrea,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 73:

fabas molis,

Ov. Med. Fac. 72:

vasa crystallina,

Petr. 64.—Also of medicines:

calculos,

Plin. 20, 4, 13, § 23.—Fig.: diem articulatim, i.e. to divide into hours, Plaut. ap. Gell. 3, 3, 5.—

To lessen, diminish.

Lit. (very rare): argenti pondus et auri, * Hor. S. 1, 1, 43:

opes civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 98:

regni opes,

Sall. J. 62, 1.—

Transf. to persons:

re familiari comminuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 4, 3, 6.—

Trop. (freq.), to weaken, impair, enervate:

nullum esse officium tam sanctum atque solenne, quod non avaritia comminuere atque violare soleat,

Cic. Quint. 8, 26:

ingenia,

Quint. 1, 7, 33; cf.:

ingenii vires,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 34;

and, animum,

Plin. Ep. 9, 2, 1.—

Transf. to persons:

Viriathus, quem C. Laelius praetor fregit et comminuit,

Cic. Off. 2, 11, 40;

so of enemies,

Flor. 1, 3, 3; 2, 6, 28:

nec te natalis origo Comminuit (i. e. animum tuum),

Ov. M. 12, 472:

lacrimis comminuēre meis, i.e. vinceris, commoveberis,

id. H. 3, 134.

con-sūmo, sumpsi, sumptum, 3 ( perf. sync. consumpsti, Prop. 1, 3, 37; inf. consumpse, Lucr. 1, 234), v. a., to take wholly or completely, i. e.,

Lit.

In gen. (post-Aug. and rare):

vasti surgunt immensis torquibus orbes, tergaque consumunt pelagus,

take up, completely cover, Manil. 5, 584:

tela omnia solus pectore consumo,

Sil. 5, 640; cf.:

clipeo tela,

id. 10, 129:

jugulo ensem,

Stat. Th. 10, 813:

ferrum pectore,

id. ib. 12, 745; cf. id. Achill. 2, 205; Dig. 26, 7, 54.—

In partic., of food, to eat, consume, devour (class.):

agri multa efferunt quae vel statim consumantur vel mandentur condita vetustati,

Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 151:

frumenta,

Caes. B. G. 6, 43; cf. id. ib. 7, 17;

7, 77: fruges,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27:

vitiatum (aprum),

id. S. 2, 2, 92:

angues,

Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101:

draconem,

Suet. Tib. 72:

mensas accisis dapibus,

Verg. A. 7, 125 al. —

Transf.

In gen., to consume, devour, waste, squander, annihilate, destroy, bring to naught, kill.

Of inanimate things:

faciat quod lubet: Sumat, consumat, perdat,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 56; cf. Sall. C. 12, 2:

patrimonium per luxuriam,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:

bona paterna,

Quint. 3, 11, 13; 3, 11, 16:

omnem materiam,

Ov. M. 8, 876: omne id aurum in ludos, Liv. 39, 5, 9; Val. Max. 3, 1, 1 fin.; cf. 2. b infra:

omnes fortunas sociorum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11; cf.:

omnes opes et spes privatas meas,

Sall. H. Fragm. 2, 96, 2 Dietsch:

omnia flammā,

Caes. B. C. 2, 14; cf.:

aedes incendio,

Liv. 25, 7, 6:

domum incendio,

Suet. Calig. 59:

consumpturis viscera mea flammis,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

3: viscera fero morsu,

Ov. M. 4, 113:

anulum usu,

id. P. 4, 10, 5; cf.:

ferrum rubigine,

to eat, consume, Curt. 7, 8, 15.—Of time, to spend, pass:

horas multas saepe suavissimo sermone,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 5:

dicendo tempus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 39, § 96:

diem altercatione,

id. Fam. 1, 2, 1; id. Univ. 1 fin.; id. Fam. 7, 1, 1:

annua tempora,

Lucr. 5, 618:

consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 31; id. B. C. 2, 23:

magnam partem diei,

id. B. G. 5, 9 fin.:

omne tempus,

Liv. 29, 33, 9; 24, 14, 10:

dies decem in his rebus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11:

in eo studio aetatem,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2:

tota nox in exinaniendā nave consumitur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 25, § 64; Caes. B. C. 2, 23, 1:

multos dies per dubitationem,

Sall. J. 62, 9; cf. Tac. H. 4, 43 fin.:

omne tempus circa Medeam,

id. Or. 3:

continuum biduum epulando potandoque,

Suet. Tib. 42: precando Tempora cum blandis verbis, to waste or lose time and words in supplications, Ov. M. 2, 575:

multis diebus et laboribus consumptis,

Sall. J. 93, 1:

ubi longa meae consumpsti tempora noctis?

Prop. 1, 3, 37.—Of strength, feeling, voice, etc.:

in quo tanta commoveri actio non posset, si esset consumpta superiore motu et exhausta,

Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 103:

adfectus,

Quint. 2, 13, 13; 4, 2, 120:

spiritus,

id. 11, 3, 53:

vocem instans metus,

Tac. H. 1, 42:

ignominiam,

id. ib. 3, 24:

gratiam rei nimiā captatione,

Quint. 8, 6, 51:

vires ipsā subtilitate,

id. 12, 2, 13:

bona ingenii,

id. 12, 5, 2; 3, 11, 23; cf. Sall. J. 25, 11.— Poet.: cum mare, cum terras consumpserit, aëra tentet, i. e.- seek a refuge therein in vain, Ov. H. 6, 161.—

Of living beings.

To destroy, kill:

si me vis aliqua morbi aut natura ipsa consumpsisset,

Cic. Planc. 37, 90; cf.:

quos fortuna belli consumpserat,

Sall. H. 1, 41, 5 Dietsch:

tantum exercitum fame,

Caes. B. G. 7, 20 fin.; so,

siti,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 41 fin.:

acie,

Vell. 2, 52, 5:

morte,

Tib. 1, 3, 55:

morbo,

Nep. Reg. 2, 1:

senio et maerore,

Liv. 40, 54, 1 al. —Facete:

garrulus hunc consumet,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 33.—

Rarely, to waste, weaken, enervate:

inediā et purgationibus et vi ipsius morbi consumptus es,

Cic. Fam. 16, 10, 1; cf. Ov. M. 9, 663;

and consumpta membra senectā,

id. ib. 14, 148.—

In partic.

To divide, make an exhaustive division of (very rare):

inventio in sex partis consumitur,

Auct. Her. 1, 3, 4.—

Aliquid in aliquā re, rar. in aliquid or absol. (in Cic. only with in and abl.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 53), to bestow upon something, to use, employ, spend upon or about something.

In aliquā re:

pecuniam in agrorum emptionibus,

to lay out, invest, Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 14:

aurum in monumento,

id. ib. 1, 4, 12; Nep. Timoth. 1, 2:

studium in virorum fortium factis memoriae prodendis,

Cic. Fam. 6, 12, 5; cf.:

in armis plurimum studii,

Nep. Epam. 2, 5:

tantum laboris in rebus falsis,

Quint. 12, 11, 15:

curam in re unā,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 48:

ingenium in musicis,

Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 50; cf. id. Phil. 5, 18, 49; id. Sest. 13, 31; Quint. 1, 2, 11.—

In aliquid (cf. the Gr. analiskein eis ti):

tota in dulces consument ubera natos,

Verg. G. 3, 178; Prop. 4 (5), 6, 55:

umorem in arbusta,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 11, 3:

bona paterna in opera publica,

Quint. 3, 11, 13:

pecuniam in monumentum,

Dig. 35, 1, 40 fin. —

Absol.:

si quid consili Habet, ut consumat nunc, quom nil obsint doli,

use up, exhaust, Ter. And. 1, 1, 133.

dē-lumbo, no perf., ātum, 1, v. a. [id.], to lame in the loins (very rare).

Lit.:

quadrupede delumbata,

Plin. 28, 4, 7, § 36. —

Transf. to vend: radices delumbatae, Plin 19, 6, 33, § 109: lacunaria curva ad circinum delumbata, bent into an arch, Vitr., 6, 5.—

Trop., to weaken, enervate: sententias (with concīdere), * Cic. Or. 69 fin..; cf. delumbis.

ef-fēmĭno, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [femina], to make feminine. *

Lit.:

effeminarunt eum (sc. aërem) Junonique tribuerunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 26, 66.—

Trop., to make womanish, effeminate, to enervate:

fortitudinis praecepta sunt, quae effeminari virum vetant in dolore,

Cic. Fin. 2, 29, 94: corpus animumque virilem, * Sall. C. 11, 3:

animos,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 3:

homines (with remollescere),

id. ib. 4, 2 fin.; cf.:

cogitationibus mollissimis effeminamur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 40:

vultus,

id. Or. in Clod. Fragm. 5, p. 153 ed. Orell.:

illa elocutio res ipsas effeminat,

Quint. 8 prooëm. § 20.—

Meton. (causa pro effectu), to dishonor, disgrace, Claud. in Eutrop. 1, 10.—Hence, effēmĭnātus, a, um, P. a.

Womanish, effeminate (cf.:

mollis, luxuriosus, dissolutus): ne quid effeminatum aut molle sit,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 129; cf. id. Tusc. 4, 30:

intolerabile est servire impuro, impudico, effeminato,

id. Phil. 3, 5; so absol., Col. praef. § 15; cf.

histrio,

Tert. Spect. 25:

furialis illa vox, religiosis altaribus effeminata,

Cic. Planc. 35, 86:

effeminata ac levis opinio,

id. Tusc. 2, 22, 52:

effeminata et enervis compositio,

Quint. 9, 4, 142; cf. id. 1, 8, 2; 2, 5, 10 al.— Comp.:

multitudo Cypriorum,

Val. Max. 9, 3 fin.—Sup.: animi languor, Q. Cic. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 27. —

In mal. part., that submits to unnatural lust:

pathicus,

Suet. Aug. 68; Auct. Priap. 58, 2; Vulg. 3 Reg. 14, 24 al.— Adv.: effēmĭnāte, effeminately (acc. to A.), Cic. Off. 1, 4 fin.; Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 36; Val. Max. 2, 7, 9.

ē-mollĭo, ii, ītum, 4, v. a., to make soft, to soften (perh. not ante-Aug.).

Lit.:

humor arcus fundasque et jaculorum amenta emollierat,

Liv. 37, 41; Cels. 8, 4:

ova macerata,

Plin. 10, 60, 80, § 167; 18, 7, 17, § 77; 20, 2, 6, § 11 al.—

Transf.:

colores,

to soften, make more delicate, Plin. 35, 17, 57, § 198.—

Trop.

In a good sense, to make mild or gentle, to mollify:

mores,

Ov. P. 2, 9, 48:

severa praecepta,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 48.—

In a bad sense, to enervate, render effeminate:

exercitum (Capua),

Liv. 27, 3; cf. id. 38, 49; Tac. H. 3, 2; id. Agr. 11:

emollit gentes clementia caeli,

Luc. 8, 565:

auctoritatem principis,

to weaken, Aur. Vict. Epit. 1.

ē-nervo, āvi, ātum, 1 (scanned ĕnervans and ĕnervātum in Prud. Cath. 8, 64; contra Symm. 2, 143), v. a. [enervis], to take out the nerves or sinews.

Prop. (rare and post-class.):

poplites securi,

App. M. 8, p. 215:

cerebella,

Apic. 4, 2; 7, 7:

enervatus Melampus,

i. e. unmanned, Claud. in Eutr. 1, 315.—

Transf., in gen., to enervate, weaken, render effeminate (class.; esp. freq. in the part. perf.):

non plane me enervavit senectus,

Cic. de Sen. 10, 32:

corpora animosque,

Liv. 23, 18:

artus undis,

Ov. M. 4, 286:

vires,

Hor. Epod. 8, 2:

animos (citharae),

Ov. R. Am. 753:

orationem compositione verborum,

Cic. Or. 68 fin.; cf.:

corpus orationis,

Petr. S. 2, 2:

incendium belli (with contundere),

Cic. Rep. 1, 1.—Hence, ēnervātus, a, um, P. a., unnerved, weakened, effeminate, weakly, unmanly:

enervati atque exsangues,

Cic. Sest. 10, 24; cf. id. Att. 2, 14; id. Pis. 33 fin.; 35, 12:

philosophus (with mollis and languidus),

id. de Or. 1, 52 fin. — Transf. of inanimate subjects:

ratio et oratio (with mollis),

id. Tusc. 4, 17, 38; cf.:

muliebrisque sententia,

id. ib. 2, 6:

vita (with ignava),

Gell. 19, 12 fin.:

felicitas,

Sen. Prov. 4 med.

ē-nervo, āvi, ātum, 1 (scanned ĕnervans and ĕnervātum in Prud. Cath. 8, 64; contra Symm. 2, 143), v. a. [enervis], to take out the nerves or sinews.

Prop. (rare and post-class.):

poplites securi,

App. M. 8, p. 215:

cerebella,

Apic. 4, 2; 7, 7:

enervatus Melampus,

i. e. unmanned, Claud. in Eutr. 1, 315.—

Transf., in gen., to enervate, weaken, render effeminate (class.; esp. freq. in the part. perf.):

non plane me enervavit senectus,

Cic. de Sen. 10, 32:

corpora animosque,

Liv. 23, 18:

artus undis,

Ov. M. 4, 286:

vires,

Hor. Epod. 8, 2:

animos (citharae),

Ov. R. Am. 753:

orationem compositione verborum,

Cic. Or. 68 fin.; cf.:

corpus orationis,

Petr. S. 2, 2:

incendium belli (with contundere),

Cic. Rep. 1, 1.—Hence, ēnervātus, a, um, P. a., unnerved, weakened, effeminate, weakly, unmanly:

enervati atque exsangues,

Cic. Sest. 10, 24; cf. id. Att. 2, 14; id. Pis. 33 fin.; 35, 12:

philosophus (with mollis and languidus),

id. de Or. 1, 52 fin. — Transf. of inanimate subjects:

ratio et oratio (with mollis),

id. Tusc. 4, 17, 38; cf.:

muliebrisque sententia,

id. ib. 2, 6:

vita (with ignava),

Gell. 19, 12 fin.:

felicitas,

Sen. Prov. 4 med.

lĭquĕfăcĭo, fēci, factum, 3, v. a., and pass. lĭquĕfīo ( e long, Sil. 1, 178), factus, fĭĕri [liqueo-facio], to make liquid, to melt, dissolve, liquefy (class.; but in act. very rare).

Lit.:

glacies liquefacta,

Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 26:

legum aera liquefacta,

id. Cat. 3, 8, 19:

liquefactum plumbum,

Verg. A. 9, 588:

saxa (Aetnae),

i. e. lava, id. G. 1, 473:

ne sol liquefaciat ceram,

Plin. 21, 14, 49, § 84:

sevum liquefieri prius jubent,

id. 28, 9, 38, § 144:

margaritas aceto liquefactas,

Suet. Calig. 37:

ut cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus,

Quint. 10, 1, 19.—

Transf., part. perf., dissolved, putrefied:

caecā medullae Tabe liquefactae,

Ov. M. 9, 175:

liquefacta boum per viscera,

Verg. G. 4, 555.—

Trop.

To weaken, enervate:

quos nullae futtiles laetitiae exsultantes languidis liquefaciunt voluptatibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

sic mea perpetuis liquefiunt pectora curis,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 57.—

To soften. melt: Bacchi dona volunt epulasque [p. 1070] et carmina rursus Pieria liquefacta lyra, Sil. 11, 416.

mācĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [prob. from root mag-, massô, to knead; through an adj. mācerus; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 395; cf. also măcer], to make soft or tender, to soften by steeping, to soak, steep, macerate (not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit.:

brassicam in aquam,

Cato, R. R. 156, 5:

salsamenta,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 27:

in piscina lupinum,

Col. 1, 6, 21:

semen lacte,

id. 11, 3, 51:

(ramos genistae) marinā aquā,

Plin. 24, 9, 40, § 66:

(siliginem) novem diebus maceratum... subigunt,

id. 18, 11, 27, § 106:

grana (cacaliae) in oleo,

id. 25, 11, 85, § 135:

intestina piscium sale,

id. 31, 7, 43, § 93:

podagrici crura macerantes,

Vitr. 18, 3.—

Transf., to weaken in body or mind, to waste away, enervate.

Of the body:

multos iste morbus homines macerat,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 22; Liv. 26, 13:

quam lentis macerer ignibus,

Hor. C. 1, 13, 8; cf.:

Macedo siti maceratus,

Curt. 5, 13, 24:

pars exercitus ad utilitatem nostram macerata perductaque ad exitiabilem famem,

Vell. 2, 112, 4:

Fabius sic maceravit Hannibalem, ut, etc.,

i. e. Hannibal's army, Flor. 2, 6, 28:

muscus crura vitium situ et veterno macerat,

Col. 4, 22, 6:

cor solum viscerum vitiis non maceratur,

Plin. 11, 37, 69, § 182.—

Of the mind, to fret, vex, torment, distress, torture, pain (syn.:

crucio, torqueo): egemet me concoquo et macero et defatigo,

fret myself, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 2:

quor me excrucio? quor me macero? quor meam senectutem sollicito?

Ter. And. 5, 3, 15; cf. id. Eun. 1, 2, 107:

noli te macerare,

id. And. 4, 2, 2:

cura satis me lacrumis maceravi,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 8:

hoc me facinus miserum macerat,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 21: infelix sollicitudo persequitur nec oratorem macerat et coquit, * Quint. 12, 10, 77:

quae vos macerent desiderio,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; 26, 13, 8.— Poet., with a causal object-clause:

consimili ratione ab eodem saepe timore macerat invidia, ante oculos illum esse potentem,

Lucr. 3, 75.— Mid., to vex, torment one's self:

maceror interdum, quod sim tibi causa dolendi,

Ov. H. 2, 125: unum hoc maceror et doleo tibi deesse, Terenti, C. Caes. ap. Suet. Vit. Ter. fin.: ex desiderio magis magisque maceror, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 182 P.