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υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

κατά [(A)][ κᾰτᾰ], poet. καταί acc. to A.D.Synt.309.28, found in Compds., as καταιβάτης: Prep. with gen. or acc.:—

A downwards.

A WITH GEN.,

I denoting motion from above, down from, βῆ δὲ κατ' Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων, κατ' Ἰδαίων ὀρέων, βαλέειν κ. πέτρης, Il. 22.187, 16.677, Od.14.399;

κατ' οὐρανοῦ εἰλήλουθας Il.6.128

; καθ' ἵππων ἀΐξαντε ib. 232;

δάκρυα.. κ. βλεφάρων Χαμάδις ῥέε 17.438

;

ἵεις σαυτὸν κ. τοῦ τείχους Ar.V. 355

;

ἁλόμενοι κ. τῆς πέτρας X.An.4.2.17

;

κ. τῶν πετρῶν ὦσαι Pl.Phdr. 229c

;

κ. κρημνῶν ῥιφέντες Id.Lg. 944a

:— for κατ' ἄκρης v. ἄκρα:

Μοῖσα κ. στόματος Χέε νέκταρ Theoc.7.82

(but perh. in sense 11.1).

II denoting downward motion,

1 down upon or over,

κ. Χθονὸς ὄμματα πήξας Il.3.217

; of the dying, κατὰ.. ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ' ἀχλύς a cloud settled upon the eyes, 5.696, cf. 20.321;

τὸν δὲ κατ' ὀφθαλμῶν.. νὺξ ἐκάλυψεν 13.580

; φᾶρος κὰκ κεφαλῆς εἴρυσσε down over.., Od.8.85; [ κόπρος]

κ. σπείους κέχυτο.. πολλή 9.330

; ὕδωρ κ. Χειρός, v. Χείρ; μύρον κ. τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχέαντες Pl.R. 398a;

νάρκη μου κ. τῆς Χειρὸς καταχεῖται Ar.V. 713

;

κ. τῆς τραπέζης καταπάσας τέφραν Id.Nu. 177

; ξαίνειν κ. τοῦ νώτου πολλὰς [ πληγάς] D.19.197;

ἐσκεδασμένοι κ. τῆς Χώρας Plb.1.17.10

;

οἱ κ. νώτου πονοῦντες Id.3.19.7

;

ῥόπαλον ἤλασα κὰκ κεφαλῆς Theoc.25.256

; κ. κόρρης παίειν, = ἐπὶ κόρρης, Luc.Cat.12, al.

b Geom., along, upon, πίπτειν κατ' [ εὐθείας] Archim.Sph.Cyl.1 Def.2; αἱ γωνίαι κ. κύκλων περιφερειῶν ἐνεχθήσονται will move on.., ib.1.23, al., cf. Aristarch.Sam.1.

2 down into,

νέκταρ στάξε κ. ῥινῶν Il.19.39

; of a dart,

κ. γαίης ᾤχετο 13.504

, etc.;

ἔθηκε κατ' ὄχθης μείλινον ἔγχος 21.172

;

ψυχὴ κ. Χθονὸς ᾤχετο 23.100

; κ. γᾶς underground, Pi.O.2.59; κατ' ὕδατος under water, Hdt.2.149; [ ποταμὸς]

δὺς κ. τῆς γῆς Pl.Phd.

113c, cf. Ti. 25d;

κ. γῆς σύμεναι A.Eu. 1007

(anap.); κ. Χθονὸς κρύψαι to bury. S.Ant.24; ὁ κ. γῆς one dead and buried, X.Cyr.4.6.5;

οἱ κ. Χθονὸς θεοί A.Pers. 689

, etc.;

θεοὶ<οἱ> κ. γᾶς Id.Ch. 475

(lyr.), etc.; so κ. θαλάσσης ἀφανίζεσθαι, καταδεδυκέναι, Hdt.7.6, 235; also βᾶτε κατ' ἀντιθύρων go down by or through.., S.El. 1433.

3 later, towards a point, τοξεύειν κ. σκοποῦ to shoot at, Hdn.6.7.8;

κατ' ἰχνῶν τινος ὁδεύειν Luc.Rh.Pr.9

.

4 of vows or oaths, by,

καθ' ἡμῶν ὀμνύναι D.29.26

, cf. 54.38;

ἐπιορκήσασα κ. τῶν παίδων Lys.32.13

; esp. of the victims, etc., over which the oath is taken, ὀμνυόντων τὸν ἐπιχώριον ὅρκον καθ' ἱερῶν τελείων Foed. ap. Th.5.47, cf. Arist.Ath.29.5, Foed.Delph.Pell.1A9, etc.;

κ. τῶν νικητηρίων εὐξάμενοι D.Ep.1.16

; also κατ' ἐξωλείας ὀμνύναι to imprecate destruction on oneself, Id.21.119;

κατ' ἐξ. ἐπιορκεῖν Id.57.22

.

b to make a vow towards, i.e. make a vow of offering..,

κ. Χιλίων εὐχὴν ποιήσασθαι Χιμάρων Ar. Eq. 660

.

5 in hostile sense, against, A.Ch. 221, S.Aj. 304, etc.;

κ. πάντων φύεσθαι D.18.19

; esp. of judges giving sentence against a person, A.Th. 198, S.Aj. 449, etc.;

ψεύδεσθαι κατά τινος Lys.22.7

;

λέγειν κατά τινος κακά S.Ph.65

, cf. X.HG1.5.2, etc.; of speeches, [ λόγος] κ. Μειδίου, etc. (opp. πρὸς Λεπτίνην, in reply to L.);

δῶρα εἰληφέναι κατά τινος Din.3.6

, cf. 18.

6 of Time, for,

μισθοῦν κ. εἴκοσι ἐτῶν IG12.94.37

; κ. βίου for life, Tab.Heracl.1.50;

κὰπ παντὸς Χρόνοι IG9(2).517.20

([place name] Larissa ) (but

κ. παντὸς τοῦ Χρόνου σκέψασθε D. 22.72

falls under 7);

κ. παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος ἀείμνηστον Lycurg.7

.

7 in respect of, concerning,

μὴ κατ' ἀνθρώπων σκόπει μόνον τοῦτο Pl. Phd. 70d

;

κ. τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν τοιαῦτα εὑρήσομεν Id.Sph. 253b

; οἱ κ. Δημοσθένους ἔπαινοι praises bestowed on D., Aeschin.3.50; ἐρεῖν or λέγειν κατά τινος to say of one, Pl.Ap. 37b, Prt. 323b, etc.;

εἰ κ. θηλείας φαίης A.D.Synt.198.10

;

εἴπερ ἕν γέ τι ζητεῖς κ. πάντων Pl.Men. 73d

, cf. 74b;

ὅπερ εἴρηται καθόλου κ. πασῶν τῶν πολιτειῶν Arist.Pol. 1307b2

; freq. in the Logic of Arist., κατά τινος λέγεσθαι or κατηγορεῖσθαι to be predicated of.., Int.16b10, Cat. 1b10, etc.; καταφῆσαί (or ἀποφῆσαί) τι κατά τινος to affirm (or deny) of.., Metaph. 1007b21; so

κ. τινὸς ὑπάρχειν Int. 16b13

: and in Adv. καθόλου (q.v.).

B WITH Acc.,

I of motion downwards, κ. ῥόον down stream, Od.14.254, Il.12.33; opp. ἀνὰ τὸν ποταμόν, Hdt.2.96; κ. τὸν ποταμόν, κ. τὸ ὑδάτιον, Id.1.194, Pl.Phdr. 229a; κατ' οὖρον ἰέναι, ῥεῖν, down (i.e. with) the wind, A.Th. 690, S.Tr. 468; κ. πνεῦμα, κατ' ἄνεμον ἵστασθαι to leeward, Arist.HA 535a19, 560b13, Dsc.4.153.

2 with or without signf. of motion, on, over, throughout a space, freq. in Hom.,

καθ' Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος Od.1.344

; κατ' Ἀχαΐδα, κ. Τροίην, Il.11.770, 9.329;

κατ' ἠερόεντα κέλευθα Od.20.64

; κ. πόντον, κῦμα, ὕλην, Il.4.276, 6.136, 3.151;

κ. πτόλιν Od.2.383

; κ. ἄστυ, οἶκον, Il.18.286, 6.56; κ. ὅμιλον, στρατόν, 3.36, 1.229; κ. κλισίας τε νέας τε ib. 487;

πόλεμον κάτα δακρυόεντα 17.512

; κ. ὑσμίνην, μόθον, κλόνον, 5.84, 18.159, 16.331;

τὸ ὕδωρ κ. τοὺς ταφροὺς ἐχώρει X.Cyr.7.5.16

, etc. (in later Gr.of motion to a place,

κ. τὴν Ἰταλίαν Zos.3.1

);

καθ' Ἑλλάδα A.Ag. 578

;

κ. πτόλιν Id.Th.6

;

αἱ σκηναὶ αἱ κ. τὴν ἀγοράν D.18.169

;

τὰ κατ' ἀγροὺς Διονύσια Aeschin.1.157

, etc.;

κ. τὸ προάστιον Hdt.3.54

;

τύμβον κατ' αὐτόν A. Th. 528

, cf. Supp. 869 (lyr.): Geom., at a point, Euc.1.1,al.; τέμνειν [ σφαῖραν] κ. κύκλον in a circle, Archim.Aren.1.17; also, in the region of,

οἱ κ. τὸν ἥλιον γινόμενοι ἀστέρες Gem.12.7

: freq. in Hom. in describing the place of a wound, βαλεῖν κ. στῆθος, γαστέρα, etc., Il.11.108, 16.465, al.;

νύξε κ. δεξιὸν ὦμον 5.46

;

οὔτασε κατ' ἰσχίον 11.339

; so βαλεῖν κατ' ἀσπίδα, κ. ζωστῆρα, 5.537, 615; βέλος κ. καίριον ἦλθεν struck upon a vital part, v.l. in 11.439: metaph.,

ἄχος κ. φρένα τύψε 19.125

: generally, κ. φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν in heart and soul, 4.163, al.

3 opposite, over against,

κ. Σινώπην πόλιν Hdt.1.76

, cf. 2.148, Th.2.30, etc.;

ἀνὴρ κατ' ἄνδρα A.Th. 505

;

μολὼν.. μοι κ. στόμα Id.Ch. 573

;

κατ' ὀφθαλμούς τινος LXX 2 Ki.12.11

;

οἱ μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι κ. Λακεδαιμονίους ἐγένοντο X.HG4.2.18

; κατ' Ἀχαιοὺς ἀντετάχθησαν ibid.;

ἐν συμποσίῳ.., περίμενε, μέχρις ἂν γένηται κατὰ σέ Epict.Ench. 15

, cf. D.L.7.108.

II distributively, of a whole divided into parts, κρῖν' ἄνδρας κ. φῦλα, κ. φρήτρας by tribes, by clans, Il.2.362; κ. σφέας μαχέονται by themselves, separately, ib. 366, cf. Th.4.64;

ἐσκήνουν κ. τάξεις X.Cyr.2.1.25

;

αὐτὴ καθ' αὑτήν A.Pr. 1013

; κ. κώμας κατοικημένοι in separate villages, Hdt.1.96; κατ' ἑωυτοὺς ἕκαστοι ἐτράποντο each to his own home, Id.5.15; κ. πόλεις ἀποπλεῦσαι, διαλυθῆναι, Th.1.89, 3.1:

στρατιὰ κ. ἕνδεκα μέρη κεκοσμημένη Pl.Phdr. 247a

; later

οἱ κατ' ἄνδρα λόγοι PLond.2.259.72

(i A. D.), cf. D.Chr.32.6, etc.;

ἡ κατ' οἰκίαν ἀπογραφή PLond.3.904.20

(ii A.D.), etc.; κατ' ἔπος word by word, Ar.Ra. 802; κατ' ὄνομα individually, 3 Ep.Jo.15, etc.; παῖδα κ. κρήνην at each fount a boy, Lyr.Alex.Adesp.37.13, cf. POxy 2108.9 (iii A.D.).

2 of Time, καθ' ἡμέραν, κατ' ἦμαρ, day by day, daily, v. ἡμέρα 111; καθ' ἑνιαυτόν, κατ' ἔτος, Test.Epict.6.24, Ev.Luc.2.41, etc.;

κ. μῆνα POxy.275.18

(i A.D.).

3 of Numbers, by so many at a time, καθ' ἕνα one at a time, individually, Hdt.7.104 (later

τὸ καθ' ἕν

detailed list,

PTeb.47.34

(ii B.C.), etc.); κ. μίαν τε καὶ δύο by ones and twos, Hdt.4.113;

δύο μνέαι τεταγμέναι κατ' ἄνδρα αἰχμάλωτον ἕκαστον Id.6.79

;

ἐκ τῶν συμμάχων ἐξελέγετο κατ' ὀλίγους Id.8.113

; κ. τὰς πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι μνᾶς πεντακοσίας δραχμὰς εἰσφέρειν to pay 500 drachmae on every 25 minae, D.27.7;

κ. διακοσίας καὶ τριακοσίας ὁμοῦ τι τάλαντον διακεχρημένον

in separate sums of

200

and 300 drachmae, Id.27.11; of ships, κ. μίαν (sc. ναῦν) in column, Th.2.90;

κ. μίαν ναῦν ἐπιτάττειν Plb.1.26.12

, cf. Th.2.84: Geom., μετρεῖν, μετρεισθαι κατά.. , measure, be measured a certain number of times, Euc.7 Def.8,9,al.; μετρεῖν κ. τὰς ἐν τῷ Β μονάδας as many times as there are units in B, Id.7.16.

III of direction towards an object or purpose, πλεῖν κ. πρῆξιν on a business, for or after a matter, Od. 3.72, 9.253; πλάζεσθαι κ. ληΐδα to rove in search of booty, 3.106; κ.

ληΐην ἐκπλῶσαι Hdt.2.152

;

ἔβη κ. δαῖτα Il.1.424

;

ἐπιδημεῖν κατ' ἐμπορίαν IG22.141.32

, cf. Arist.Ath.11.1; κ. Χρέος τινὸς ἐλθεῖν come to seek his help, consult him, Od.11.479, etc.;

ἵεται κ. τὴν φωνήν Hdt.2.70

; κ. θέαν ἥκειν to have come for the purpose of seeing, Th.6.31;

κ. πλοῦν ἤδη ὤν Id.7.31

;

καθ' ἁρπαγὴν ἐσκεδασμένοι X.An.3.5.2

; κ. τί; for what purpose? why? Ar.Nu. 239.

2 of pursuit,

κ. πόδας τινὸς ἐλαύνειν Hdt.9.89

; simply κ. τινά after him, Id.1.84;

ἰέναι κ. τοὺς ἄλλους Id.9.53

; κατ' ἴχνος on the track, S.Aj.32, A.Ag. 695 (lyr.);

ὥσπερ κατ' ἴχνη κ. τὰ νῦν εἰρημένα ζῆν Pl.Phd. 115b

.

3 Geom., in adverbial phrases, κ. κάθετον in the same vertical line, Archim. Quadr.6; κατ' εὐθεῖάν τινι in the same straight line with.., Papp. 58.7.

IV of fitness or conformity, in accordance with,

κ. θυμόν Il.1.136

; καθ' ἡμέτερον νόον after our liking, 9.108;

κ. νόον πρήξωμεν Hdt.4.97

; κ. μοῖραν as is meet and right, Il.1.286; κατ' αἶσαν, κ. κόσμον, 10.445, 472;

κ. νόμον Hes.Th. 417

;

κὰν νόμον Pi.O.8.78

;

κ. τοὺς νόμους IG22.1227.15

; αἰτίαν καθ' ἥντινα for what cause, A.Pr. 228; κατ' ἔχθραν, κ. φθόνον, for (i.e. because of) hatred, envy, Id.Supp. 336, Eu. 686; καθ' ἡδονήν τι δρᾶν, ποιεῖν, do as one pleases, Th. 2.37,53;

κ. τὸ ἔχθος τὸ Θεσσαλῶν Hdt.8.30

, cf. 9.38; κ. φιλίαν, κατ' ἔχθος, Th.1.60, 103, etc.; κατ' ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, ὅτι δέ.. for no other reason but that.., Pl.Phdr. 229d; κ. δύναμιν to the best of one's power, Hdt.3.142, etc. ( κὰδ δ. Hes.Op. 336); κ. τρόπον διοικεῖν arrange suitably, Isoc.2.6,al.; κατ' εὐνοίην with goodwill, Hdt.6.108;

κ. τὰ παρηγγελμένα X.An.2.2.8

, etc.; in quotations, according to,

κατ' Αἰσχύλον Ar.Th. 134

;

κ. Πίνδαρον Pl.Phdr. 227b

, etc.

2 in relation to, concerning, τὰ κατ' ἀνθρώπους = τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, A.Eu. 930, 310;

τὰ κ. τὸν Τέλλον Hdt.1.31

; τὰ κ. τὴν Κύρου τελευτήν ib. 214; τὰ κ. πόλεμον military matters, Aeschin.1.181; αἱ κ. τὴν πόλιν οἰκονομίαι (opp. αἱ πολεμικαὶ πράξεις ) the management of public affairs, Din. 1.97;

τὰ κ. τὰς θυσίας SIG506.7

(Delph., iii B.C.); so τὸ κατ' ὑμέας as far as concerns you, Hdt.7.158; τὸ κατ' ἐμέ as far as I am concerned, D.18.247; κ. τοῦτο in this respect, Hdt.5.3, etc.; κ. ταὐτά in the same way, Id.2.20; καθ' ὅτι so far as, Th.1.82, etc.

3 in Comparisons, corresponding with, after the fashion of, κρομύοιο λοπὸν κ. like the coat of an onion, dub. in Od.19.233;

μέλος κ. Φοίνισσαν ἐμπολὰν πέμπεται Pi.P.2.67

; κ. Μιθραδάτην answering to the description of him, Hdt.1.121; τὴν ἰδέαν κ. πνιγέα like an oven in appearance, Ar.Av. 1001; κηδεῦσαι καθ' ἑαυτόν to marry in one's own rank of life, A.Pr. 890;

οὐ κατ' ἄνθρωπον φρονεῖν Id.Th. 425

;

λέγω κατ' ἄνδρα, μὴ θεόν, σέβειν ἐμέ Id.Ag. 925

; οὐ κατὰ σέ none of your sort, Chionid.1 (but ἵνα προσείπω σε κατὰ σέ to address you in your own style, Pl.Grg. 467c);

τὸ κατ' ἐμὲ καὶ οὐ κατ' ἐμέ Arr.Epict.1.28.5

;

οὐ κ. τὰς Μειδίου λῃτουργίας D.21.169

;

ἡ βασιλεία κ. τὴν ἀριστοκρατίαν ἐστί Arist.Pol. 1310b3

: freq. after a [comp] Comp.,

μέζων ἢ κατ' ἀνθρώπων φύσιν Hdt.8.38

, cf. Pl.Ap. 20e, etc.; μείζω ἢ κ. δάκρυα too great for tears, Th.7.75; ἤθεα βαθύτερα ἢ κ. Θρήϊκας morerefined than was common among the Thracians, Hdt.4.95.

V by the favour of a god, etc.,

κ. δαίμονα Pi.O.9.28

, cf. P.8.68;

κ. θεῖον Ar.Eq. 147

codd. (κ. θεὸν Cobet);

κ. τύχην τινά D.48.24

.

VI of round numbers (v. infr. v11.2), nearly, about,

κ. Χίλια ἑξακόσια ἔτεα 1600

years more or less, Hdt.2.145, cf. 6.44, al.; κατ' οὐδέν next to nothing, Pl.Plt. 302b.

VII of Time, during or in the course of a period,

κ. τὸν πόλεμον Hdt.7.137

; καθ' ἡμέραν, κατ' ἦμαρ, by day, A. Ch. 818, Ag. 668;

κατ' εὐφρόνην Id.Pers. 221

; κ. Χειμῶνα, κ. θερείαν, PLille 1r14 (iii B.C.), PTeb.27.60 (ii B.C.).

2 about,

κ. τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον Χρόνον Hdt.3.131

, etc.;

κ. τοὺς θανάτους τῶν βασιλέων Id.6.58

; esp. with names of persons, κ. Ἄμασιν βασιλεύοντα about the time of Amasis, Id.2.134;

κ. τὸν κ. Κροῖσον Χρόνον Id.1.67

; οἱ κατ' ἐκεῖνον (sc. τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην)

ὑμέτεροι πρόγονοι D.21.146

(v.l. κατ' ἐκ. τὸν Χρόνον)

; κ. τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας X.Lac.10.8

; οἱ καθ' ἑαυτοὺς ἄνθρωποι their contemporaries, Id.Mem.3.5.10.

3 καθ' ἕτος this year, SIG 284.24 (Erythrae, iv B.C.), OGI458.64 (i B.C./iA.D.), CIG3641b5,38 ([place name] Lampsacus).

VIII periphrastically with abstract Subst., κατ' ἡσυχίην, κ. τάχος, = ἡσύχως, ταχέως, Hdt.1.9,7.178; κ. κράτος by force, X.HG2.1.19, etc.; κ. μέρος partially, Arist.Po. 1456a16; individually, severally, Pl.Tht. 157b, Lg. 835a; κ. φύσιν naturally, Hdt. 2.38, Pl.R. 428e; κ. τὴν τέχνην skilfully, Luc.DDeor.20.7; οὔτ' ἐμοὶ λέγειν καθ' ἡδονήν [ ἐστι] it is not pleasant for me to tell you, A.Pr. 263.

C Position: κατά may follow both its cases, and is then written with anastr. κάτα, as Il.20.221, etc.; so also in tmesi, when it follows its Verb, 17.91.

D abs. as ADV. in all the above senses, esp. like κάτω, downwards, from above, down, freq. in Hom.

E κατά in COMPOS.,

I downwards, down, as in

καταβαίνω, καταβάλλω, κατάκειμαι, καταπέμπω, καταπίπτω, καταπλέω 1

.

II in answer to, in accordance with, as in κατᾴδω ( occino), καταινέω, καταθύμιος.

III against, in hostile sense (cf. A.11.5), as in καταγιγνώσκω, κατακρίνω, καταψηφίζομαι: more rarely with a Subst., as καταδίκη.

IV back, back again, as in

κάτειμι, καταπορεύομαι, καταπλέω 11

.

V freq. only to strengthen the notion of the simple word, as in κατακόπτω, κατακτείνω, καταφαγεῖν, etc.; also with Substs. and Adjs., as in κατάδηλος, κάτοξος.

VI sts. to give a trans. force to an intr. Verb, our be-, as in καταθρηνέω bewail.

VII implying waste or consumption, as in καταλειτουργέω, καθιπποτροφέω, καταζευγοτροφέω: and generally in a disparaging sense, as in

καταγιγνώσκω 1

.

F κατά as a Prep. was shortd. in some dialects, esp. in [dialect] Ep., into κάγ, κάδ, κάκ, κάμ, κάν, κάπ, κάρ, κάτ, before γ, δ, κ, μ, ν, π (or φ) , ῥ, τ (or θ), respectively; see these forms in their own places. Mss. and the older Edd. join the Prep. with the following word, as καγγόνυ, καδδέ, κακκεφαλῆς, καππεδίον, καπφάλαρα, καρρόον, καττάδε, καττόν, etc. In compd. Verbs, κατά sts. changes into καβ, καλ, καρ, κατ, before β, λ, ρ, θ, respectively, as κάββαλε, κάλλιπε, καρρέζουσα, κάτθανε; and before στ, σχ, the second syll. sts. disappears, as in καστορνῦσα, κάσχεθε, as also in the [dialect] Dor. forms καβαίνων, κάπετον.

------------------------------------

κατά [(B)],

A = κατὰ τά, IG22.334.15; cf. κά. [full] κᾆτα, [dialect] Att. crasis for καὶ εἶτα, v. εἶτα sub fin. [full] κατάβα, for κατάβηθι, [tense] aor. 2 imper. of καταβαίνω.

γράφω [pron. full] [ᾰ], [tense] fut.

A

- ψω Hdt.1.95

, etc.: [tense] aor. ἔγραψα, [dialect] Ep.

γράψα Il.17.599

: [tense] pf.

γέγραφα Cratin.124

, Th.5.26, etc.; later

γεγράφηκα PHib. 1.78.2

(iii B. C.):—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

γράψομαι Ar. Pax 107

, etc. (but in pass. sense, Gal.Protr.13): [tense] aor.

ἐγραψάμην Ar.V. 894

, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

γρᾰφήσομαι Hp.Acut.26

, Nicom.Com.1.39, ([etym.] μετεγ-) Ar.Eq. 1370; more freq.

γεγράψομαι S.OT 411

, Theoc.18.47, etc.: [tense] aor. ἐγράφην [ᾰ], Hdt.4.91, Pl.Prm. 128c, etc.;

ἐγράφθην SIG57.5

(Milet., v B. C.), Archim.Fluit.2.4: [tense] pf. γέγραμμαι (also in med. sense, v. fin.), [ per.] 3sg.

ἔγραπται Opp.C.3.274

; part. ἐγραμμένος or

ἠγρ- SIG9

(Elis, dub.), Leg.Gort.1.45, al.; later

γεγράφημαι Ph.2.637

: [ per.] 3pl.

γεγράφαται IG 12.57.10

, [dialect] Dor.

γεγράβανται Schwyzer 90.12

([place name] Argos): [tense] plpf.

ἐγέγραπτο X.Mem.1.2.64

: [ per.] 3pl.

ἐγεγράφατο D.C.56.32

. Used by Hom. only in [tense] aor. [voice] Act.:—scratch, graze,

αἰχμὴ γράψεν οἱ ὀστέον ἄχρις Il.17.599

; γράψας ἐν πίνακι πτυκτῷ θυμοφθόρα πολλά having marked or drawn signs thereon, 6.169: hence, later, represent by lines, draw, paint, Hdt.2.41, A.Eu.50, Pl.R. 377e; γῆς περιόδους γ. draw maps, Hdt.4.36;

γ. Ἔρωθ' ὑπόπτερον Eub.41.1

;

προσπεπατταλευμένον γ. τὸν Προμηθέα Men.535.2

;

ἀνδριάντα γ. Pl.R. 420c

; ζῷα γ., = ζωγραφεῖν (q. v.), Id.Grg. 453c: metaph.,

ὁπόσα τοὺς λειμῶνας αἱ ὧραι γράφουσι Philostr.Im.Praef.

:—[voice] Med.,

ζῷα γράφεσθαι Hdt.4.88

:—[voice] Pass.,

εἰκὼν γεγραμμένη Ar.Ra. 537

;

πίνακες γεγραμμένοι τὰ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἔργα Philostr.VA2.20

.

2 Math., describe a figure, Euc.Post.3, al., Archim.Sph.Cyl.1.23, al., Gal.1.47.

b of a point or line in motion, generate a figure, Arist.Mech. 848b10, al.;

τὸ σαμεῖον ἕλικα γράψει Archim.Sph.Cyl.1

, cf.Apollon.Perg.Con.1.2, Hero Aut.8.1.

3 brand, mark, Opp.C.1.326:—[voice] Pass. in form γεγράφαται, ib. 322.

II express by written characters, write, τι Hdt.1.125, etc.;

γ. διαθήκην Pl.Lg. 923c

, cf. X.Cyr.4.5.34 ([voice] Pass.); γ. τινὶ ὅτι .. Th.7.14; γ. τινί, c. inf., SIG552.13 (Abae, iii B. C.);

γ. τι εἰς διφθέρας Hdt.5.58

: prov.,

ὅρκους.. γυναικὸς εἰς ὕδωρ γράφω S.Fr. 811

, cf. Xenarch.6;

εἰς τέφραν γ. Philonid.7

; εἰς ὕδωρ, ἐν ὕδατι, Men. Mon.25, Pl.Phdr. 276c;

ἐν χρυσῷ πίνακι Id.Criti. 120c

;

ἐν φλοιῷ Theoc.18.47

;

καθ' ὕδατος Luc.Cat.21

;

εἰς πέλαγος γράμματα γράψαι Epigr.Gr.1038.8

([place name] Attalia):—[voice] Pass., πόθι φρενὸς γέγραπται in what leaf of memory it is written, Pi.O.10(11).3.

2 inscribe, γ. εἰς σκῦλα, εἰς στήλην, E.Ph. 574, D.9.41:—[voice] Pass., γράφεσθαί τι to be inscribed with a thing, S.Tr. 157;

ὧδε γέγραμμαι

have my name inscribed,

IG12(7).3

* (dub.); ἐν τῷ προσώπῳ γραφεὶς τὴν συμφοράν having it branded on his forehead, Pl.Lg. 854d; γεγραμμένα κωκύουσαν, of the hyacinth, Euph.40.

3 write down, γ. τινὰ αἴτιον set him down as the cause, Hdt.7.214; γ. τι ἱερόν τινι register as.., Pi.O.3.30; in magic, invoke a curse upon, Tab.Defix.Aud.14A1; γ. τινὰ κληρονόμον, ἐπίτροπον, institute by a written document, Pl.Lg. 923c, 924a; register, enrol,

ἐμὲ γράφε τῶν ἱππεύειν ὑπερεπιθυμούντων X.Cyr. 4.3.21

; οὐ Κρέοντος προστάτου γεγράψομαι, as a dependent of Cr., S. OT 411.

4 γ. τινί write a letter to one,

γ. σοὶ ἵνα εἰδῇς PGrenf. 1.11

ii 21 (ii B. C.), etc.;

εἴς τινα Luc.Syr.D.23

.

5 γ. περί τίνος write on a subject, X.Cyn.13.2, etc.;

ὑπέρ τινος Plb.1.1.4

, etc.; εἴς τινα against.., Longin.4.3; πρός τινα address a work to.., Id.1.3; describe,

οἱ ὑφ' ἡμῶν γραφόμενοι καιροί Plb.2.56.4

; esp. of Prose, opp. ποιεῖν, Isoc.2.48: c. dupl. acc.,

τί.. γράψειειν ἄν σε μουσοποιὸς ἐν τάφῳ

;

E.Tr. 1189

.

6 write down a law to be proposed: hence, propose, move, γνώμην, νόμον, ψήφισμα, etc., X.HG1.7.34, Ar.Nu. 1429, etc.: abs. (sc. νόμον), D.18.179;

γ. καὶ νομοθετεῖν περί τινος Id.24.48

; γ. πόλεμον, εἰρήνην, Id.10.55, 19.55: c. inf.,

σὺ γράφεις ταῦτ' εἶναι στρατιωτικά Id.1.19

;

ἔγραψα.. ἀποπλεῖν.. τοὺς πρέσβεις Id.18.25

; enact,

νόμοι οὓς τὸ πλῆθος συνελθὸν ἔγραψε X.Mem.1.2.42

:—[voice] Pass.,

παρὰ τὰ γραφέντα δρᾶν Pl.Plt. 295d

;

τὸ γεγραμμένον ὑπὸ σοῦ ψήφις μα Din.1.70

.

7 prescribe, ordain,

πότμος ἔγραψε Pi.N.6.7

.

8 ὁ γράφων τὸν Ὀξυρυγχίτην (sc. νομόν ) the secretary for the nome of Oxyrhynchus, POxy.239.1 (i A. D.);

τῷ ἰδίῳ λόγῳ γράφοντι τὸν νομόν PFlor.358.5

(ii A. D.).

B [voice] Med., write for oneself or for one's own use, note down, Hdt. 2.82, IG12.57.39, etc.;

γ. τι ἐν φρεσίν A.Ch. 450

(lyr.);

φρενῶν ἔσω S.Ph. 1325

; ἐγραψάμην ὑπομνήματα I wrote me down some memoranda, Pl.Tht. 143a; cause to be written,

συγγραφήν D.56.6

, etc.; γ. πρόσοδον πρὸς τὴν βουλήν petition for a hearing before the Council, Id.24.48.

2 enrol oneself,

γράψασθαι φυλῆς καὶ δήμου καὶ φρατρίας IG12.374.16

, ib.2.115b21: abs., of colonists, Pl.Lg. 850b; but also (cf. A.11.3), ἕνα τῶν μαθητῶν ἐμὲ γράφου enrol me as one of your disciples, Id.Cra.428b.

3 as law-term, γ. τινά to indict one, τινός for some public offence, e.g. τῆς αἰσχροκερδείας, Pl.Lg. 754e;

γ. [τινὰ] παρανόμων D.18.13

; in full,

γραφὴν γράψασθαί τινα Ar.Nu. 1482

(but in [voice] Pass., εἴ σοι γράφοιτο δίκη ib. 758);

γράψασθαι δίκας SIG344.38

([place name] Teos): c. acc. et inf.,

γ. τινὰ ἀδικεῖν Ar.V. 894

, cf. Pax 107: abs., οἱ γραψάμενοι the prosecutors, Id.V. 881;

ἑτέροις οὐκ ἦν γράψασθαι And.1.75

; also γράφεσθαί τι indict an act, i. e. the doer of it, as criminal, ἐγράψατο τὴν Χαβρίου δωρειάν he brought a γραφὴ παρανόμων against the person who proposed the grant to Chabrias, D.20.146, cf. 95; τὸ χάριν τούτων ἀποδοῦναι παρανόμων γράφει ([ per.] 2sg.) Id.18.119.

b [voice] Pass., to be indicted,

γραφεὶς ἀπέφυγον D.18.103

; τοῦτο τὸ ψήφισμα ἐγράφη παρανόμων was indicted as illegal, Aeschin.3.62; ψηφίσματα ὑπὸ τούτου οὐδὲ γραφέντα not even indicted, D.18.222 (but in 18.28, εἰ μὴ τοῦτ' ἐγράφη if this decree had not been proposed, as [voice] Pass. of A. 11.6); τὰ γεγραμμένα the articles of the indictment, Id.18.56; τὸ γεγραμμένον the penalty named in the indiclment, Id.24.83:—but γέγραμμαι usu. takes the sense of the [voice] Med., indict, Id.18.59, 119, cf. Pl.Euthphr.2b, Tht. 210d.

προσπτύσσω,

A embrace, βρέτας, σῶμα, E.El. 1255, 1325 (anap.); [dialect] Ep. [pref] ποτιπτ- Orph.L. 322.

B mostly [voice] Med. προσπτύσσομαι, [dialect] Ep. ποτιπτ- (but in Od.2.77 προτιπτ-, acc. to Sch.): [tense] fut.

- πτύξομαι Od.11.451

, etc.: [tense] aor. - επτυξάμην, [dialect] Ep.

- πτυξάμην 4.647

, etc.: [tense] pf.

- έπτυγμαι Pi.I.2.39

:— cling close to,

προσπτύσσεται πλευραῖσιν ἀρτίκολλος ὥστε τέκτονος χιτὼν ἅπαν κατ' ἄρθρον S.Tr. 767

; ὁρμιῇ λαγόνας π. presses its flanks against the line, Opp.H.3.151.

II commonly of persons,

1 clasp to one's bosom, embrace,

πατέρα Od.11.451

, E.Ba. 1319, cf. Theoc.3.19, Luc.DDeor.7.3, etc.; στόμα γε σὸν προσπτύξομαι will press it to my lips, E.Ph. 1671, cf. Med. 1400(anap.):—[voice] Pass., c. dat., cling to,

παρθένῳ προσπτύσσεται S.Ant. 1237

.

2 metaph., greet warmly, welcome, τινα Od.8.478: c. dupl. acc., π. τινά τι address a friendly greeting to one,

ὄφρα τί μιν -πτύξομαι 17.509

; οὐδέ τιν' οὔτ' ἔπεϊ προσπτύσσετο οὔτε τι ἔργῳ greeted no one either with word or gesture, h.Cer. 199; π. μύθῳ entreat warmly, importune, Od. 2.77, 4.647.

3 θεῶν δαῖτας προσπτύσσεσθαι welcome the feasts of the gods, i.e. honour or celebrate them, Pi. l.c.—Poet. and late Prose.

φίλος, η, ον, also ος, ον Pi.O.2.93: [[pron. full] ῐ: but Hom. uses the voc. φίλε with [pron. full] ῑ at the beginning of a verse, v. infr.].

I pass., beloved, dear, Il.1.20, etc.;

παῖδε φίλω 7.279

; freq. c. dat., dear to one,

μάλα οἱ φ. ἦεν 1.381

;

φ. ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι 20.347

, etc.: voc., φίλε κασίγνητε (at the beginning of the line) 4.155, 5.359; with neut. nouns,

φίλε τέκνον Od.2.363

, 3.184, etc.; but

φίλον τέκος Il.3.162

; also φίλος for φίλε ([dialect] Att., acc. to A.D.Synt.213.28),

φίλος ὦ Μενέλαε Il.4.189

, cf. 9.601, 21.106, al., Pi.N.3.76, A.Pr. 545 (lyr.), E.Supp. 277 (lyr.), Ar.Nu. 1168(lyr.): gen. added to the voc.,

φίλ' ἀνδρῶν Theoc. 15.74

, 24.40;

ὦ φίλα γυναικῶν E.Alc. 460

(lyr.): as Subst.:

a φίλος, ὁ, friend, κουρίδιος φίλος, i.e. husband, Od.15.22; φίλοι friends, kith and kin,

νόσφιφίλων Il.14.256

;

τῆλεφίλων Od.2.333

, cf.6.287; φ. μέγιστος my greatest friend, S.Aj. 1331; φίλοι οἱ ἐγγυτάτω, οἱ ἔγγιστα, Lys. 1.41 codd., Plb.9.24.2; after Hom. freq. with a gen.,

ὁ Διὸς φίλος A.Pr. 306

; τοὺς ἐμαυτοῦ φ., τοὺς τούτων φ., Aeschin.1.47;

φ. ἐμός S.Ph. 421

; τῶν ἐμε̄ν φ. ib. 509;

τοὺς σφετέρους φ. X.HG4.8.25

: prov., ἔστιν ὁ φ. ἄλλος αὐτός a friend is another self, Arist.EN 1166a31;

κοινὰ τὰ τῶν φ. Pl.Phdr. 279c

, cf. Arist.EN 1159b31;

οὐθεὶς φ. ᾧ πολλοὶ φ. Id.EE 1245b20

; also of friends or allies, opp. πολέμιοι, X.HG 6.5.48;

φ. καὶ σύμμαχος D.9.12

, etc.; of a lover, X.Mem.3.11.4 (in bad sense, Lac.2.13); φίλε my friend, as a form of courteous address, Ev.Luc.14.10, etc.; in relation to things,

οἱ μουσικῆς φ. E.Fr.580.3

;

ἀληθείας Pl.R. 487a

;

τῶν εἰδῶν Id.Sph. 248a

;

Χίους φ. ποιῆσαι Lys. 14.36

, etc.;

ποιεῖσθαι Luc.Pisc.38

;

κτᾶσθαι Isoc.2.27

, cf. Th.2.40;

φίλους τιθέντες τούς γε πολεμιωτάτους E.Hec. 848

;

φίλῳ χρῆσθαί τινι Antipho 5.63

;

ἡμᾶς ἔχειν φίλους And.1.40

; for Hdt.3.49, v. φίλιος.

b φίλη, ἡ, dear one, friend,

κλῦτε, φίλαι Od.4.722

;

λόγοις ἐγὼ φιλοῦσαν οὐ στέργω φίλην S.Ant. 543

; of a wife, φίλην τινὰ ἄγεσθαι take as one's wife, Il.9.146, 288; ἡ Ξέρξου φ., of his mother, A.Pers. 832; of a mistress, X.Mem.2.1.23, 3.11.16;

φίλην ποιήσασθαί τινα Antipho 1.14

.

c φίλον, τό, an object of love, τὸ φ. σέβεσθαι to reverence what the city loves, S.OC 187 (lyr.): addressed to persons, darling,

φ. ἐμόν Ar.Ec. 952

(lyr.); so φίλτατον ib. 970; τὰ φίλτατα one's nearest and dearest, dear ones, such as wife and children, A.Pers. 851, Eu. 216, S.OT 366, OC 1110, E.Med.16: v. φίλτατος; τἀμὰ φίλα, τὰ σὰ φ., Id. Ion 523 (troch.), 613.

d οἱ πρῶτοι φίλοι, a title at the Ptolemaic court, OGI99.3, PTeb.11.4 (ii B. C.), etc.; or simply

οἱ φ. τοῦ βασιλέως OGI100.1

; or οἱ φ. alone, ib. 115.4; τῶν φ. και διοικητοῦ one of the king's friends and dioecetes, PTeb.79.56 (ii B. C.).

2 of things, pleasant, welcome,

δόσις ὀλίγη τε φ. τε Od.6.208

, cf. Il.1.167: c. dat. pers.,

αἰεὶ γάρ τοι ἔρις τε φίλη 5.891

, cf. Od.8.248, 13.295;

οὐ φίλα τοι ἐρέω Hdt.7.104

; δαίμοσιν πράσσειν φίλα their pleasure, A.Pr. 660, cf. infr. 11.

b freq. as predic., φίλον ἐστί or γίγνεταί μοι pleases me, it is after my own heart,

εἴ πού τοι φίλον ἐστί Od.7.320

; μὴ φ. Διὶ πατρὶ γένοιτο ib. 316, cf. Il.7.387;

εἰ τόδε πᾶσι φ. καὶ ἡδὺ γένοιτο 4.17

;

καί τοι φ. ἔπλετο θυμῷ Od.13.145

, etc.;

τοῦτο μὲν ἴτω ὅπῃ τῷ θεῷ φίλον Pl.Ap. 19a

: less freq. c. inf.,

οὐ μὲν Τυδέϊ γ' ὧδε φίλον πτωσκαζέμεν Il.4.372

;

πεφιδέσθαι ἐνὶ φρεσὶ φίλτερον ἦεν Τρώων 21.101

, cf. 24.334, Od. 14.378; so

ταῦτα δαίμονί κοω φίλον ἦν οὕτω γενέσθαι Hdt.1.87

, cf. 108, 4.97: rarely c. part., εἰ τόδ' αὐτῷ φιλον κεκλημένῳ if it please him to be so called, A.Ag. 161 (lyr.): agreeing with pl.,

αἰεί τοι τὰ κάκ' ἐστὶ φίλα φρεσὶ μαντεύεσθαι Il.1.107

, cf. Od.17.15;

ἔνθα φίλ' ὀπταλέα κρέα ἔδμεναι Il.4.345

;

σοὶ δ' ἔργα φίλ' ἔστω μέτρια κοσμεῖν Hes.Op. 306

.

c in Hom. and early Poets, one's own; freq. of limbs, life, etc., φίλον δ' ἐξαίνυτο θυμόν he took away dear life, Il.5.155, cf. 22.58;

κατεπλήγη φίλον ἦτορ 3.31

;

εἰς ὅ κε.. μοι φίλα γούνατ' ὀρώρῃ 9.610

;

φίλον κατὰ λαιμόν 19.209

; esp. of one's nearest kin,

πατὴρ φ. 22.408

, Sapph.Supp.20a.11;

ἄλοχος φ. Il.5.480

: cf. φίλτατος: as a standing epith. when no affection is implied, μητρὶ φίλῃ Ἀλθαίῃ χωόμενος κῆρ angry with his own mother, Il.9.555: simply to denote possession,

φίλα εἵματα 2.261

; φ. πόνος their wonted labour, Theoc.21.20.

d applied to the numbers 284 and 220, Iamb. in Nic.p.35P.

II less freq. (chiefly poet.) in act. sense, loving, friendly, Od.1.313, cf. Il.24.775: c. gen., φίλαν ξένων ἄρουραν friendly to strangers, Pi.N.5.8, cf. P.3.5: of things, kindly, pleasing,

φίλα φρεσὶ μήδεα εἰδώς Il.17.325

; φίλα φρονέειν τινί feel kindly, Il.4.219;

φ. ἐργάζεσθαί τινι Od.24.210

;

φ. εἰδέναι τινί 3.277

; φ. ποιέεσθαί τινι deal with one in friendly fashion, do one a pleasure, Hdt.2.152, 5.37.

2 fond of a thing, attached to,

ἄλλων νόμων Arist.Fr. 543

;

δειλίας φίλον Pl.R. 604d

.

III Adv. φίλως, once in Hom., φίλως χ' ὁρόῳτε ye would fain see it, Il.4.347, cf. Hes. Sc.45, A.Ag. 247(lyr.), [ 1591], etc.; φ. ἐμοί in a manner dear or pleasing to me, ib. 1581.

2 in a friendly, kindly spirit,

τήνδε τὴν πόλιν φ. εἰπών S.OC 758

;

φ. δέχεσθαί τινα X.HG4.8.5

, cf. Pl.Epin. 988c.

IV φίλος has several forms of comparison:

1 [comp] Comp. φιλίων [pron. full] [λῐ], ον, gen. ονος, Od.19.351, 24.268: [comp] Sup. φίλιστος, η, ον, interpol. in S.Aj. 842.

2 [comp] Comp. φίλτερος, [comp] Sup. φίλτατος, v. sub voce.

3 [comp] Comp.

φιλαίτερος X.An.1.9.29

, Call.Del.58: [comp] Sup.

φιλαίτατος X.HG7.3.8

, Theoc.7.98.

4 regul. [comp] Comp.

φιλώτερος X.Mem.3.11.18

codd., Call.Fr. 146.

5 also as [comp] Comp.,

μᾶλλον φίλος A.Ch. 219

, S.Ph. 886;

φ. μᾶλλον Thphr. CP6.1.4

; [comp] Sup.,

μάλιστα φ. X.Cyr.8.1.17

.

ἀνδράποδον [pron. full] [δρᾰ], τό,

A one taken in war and sold as a slave, whether originally slave or free, captive, Hdt.3.125, 129,5.31, etc.: orig. dist. from

δοῦλος, ὅσοι δὲ ἦσαν ξεῖνοί τε καὶ δοῦλοι.. ἐν ἀνδραπόδων λόγῳ ποιεύμενος εἶχε Id.3.125

;

τὰ ἀ. πάντα, καὶ δοῦλα καὶ ἐλεύθερα Th.8.28

;

τὰ ἀ. τὰ δοῦλα πάντα ἀπέδοτο X.HG1.6.15

.

II low fellow, 'creature', Pl.Grg. 483b, Thg. 130b, X.Mem.4.2.39, D.Chr.31.109; of a female slave, Pherecr.16 D.

III as a playful mode of address, Arr.Epict.1.4.14, al.—Hom., Il.7.475, has [dialect] Ep.dat.pl. ἀνδραπόδεσσι (as if from ἀνδράπους), where Aristarch. proposed to read ἀνδραπόδοισι; but it is almost certain that the word was post-Homeric, and the line was rejected on that account by Zenod. and Ar.Byz. (Orig. pl.; formed on the analogy of τετράποδα, cf.

τετραπόδων πάντων καὶ ἀνδραπόδων Foed.Delph.Pell.1

.B7. Sg. in X.Ath.1.18, etc.)