Auson

abs-tĭnĕo, ŭi, tentum, 2, v. a and n. [teneo], to keep off or away, to hold back, to hold at a distance. In the comic writers and Cic. this verb is in most cases purely active, hence constr. with aliquem (or se) re or ab re; the neuter signif. first became prevalent in the Aug. per. = se abstinere.

Act.:

dum ted abstineas nuptā, viduā, virgine, etc.,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 37:

urbanis rebus te,

id. Cas. 1, 1, 13; id. Men. 5, 6, 20; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 132: manus a muliere, Lucil. ap. Non. 325, 32; cf.:

manus abstineant,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 11:

amor abstinendust (apstandust, R.),

id. ib. 2, 1, 30:

me ostreis et muraenis facile abstinebam,

Cic. Fam. 7, 26:

ab alienis mentes, oculos, manus, de Or. 1, 43: manus animosque ab hoc scelere,

id. Verr. 1, 12 fin.:

se nullo dedecore,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 38:

se cibo,

Caes. B. C. 8, 44:

ne ab obsidibus quidem iram belli hostis abstinuit,

Liv. 2, 16:

aliquos ab legatis violandis,

id. 2, 22:

se armis,

id. 8, 2 al. —Hence:

manum a se,

to abstain from suicide, Cic. Tusc. 4, 37 al.

Neutr.: abstinere, to abstain from a thing; constr. with abl., ab, inf., quin or quominus, the gen., or absol.

With abl.:

haud abstinent culpā,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 18 Ritschl:

injuriā,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 72:

fabā (Pythagorei),

id. Div. 2, 58, 119:

proelio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22, 3:

pugnā,

Liv. 2, 45, 8:

senatorio ambitu,

Tac. A. 4, 2:

manibus,

id. Hist. 2, 44:

auribus principis,

to spare them, id. Ann. 13, 14:

sermone Graeco,

Suet. Tib. 71:

publico abstinuit,

did not go out, id. Claud. 36 al. — Impers.:

ne a me quidem abstinuit,

Cic. de Or. 3, 43, 171:

ut seditionibus abstineretur,

Liv. 3, 10, 7; so id. 5, 50, 7.—

With ab:

ut ne a mulieribus quidem atque infantibus abstinerent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 47, 5.—

With inf.:

dum mi abstineant invidere,

if they only cease to envy me, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 2; so Suet. Tib. 23.—

With quin or quominus:

aegre abstinent, quin castra oppugnent,

Liv. 2, 45, 10: ut ne clarissimi quidem viri abstinuerint, quominus et ipsi aliquid de eā scriberent, Suet. Gram. 3.—( * e) With the gen. (in Greek construction like the Greek apechesthai tinos):

abstineto irarum calidaeque rixae,

Hor. C. 3, 27, 69 (cf. infra, abstinens).—

Absol.:

te scio facile abstinere posse,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 19:

non tamen abstinuit,

Verg. A. 2, 534.—Esp. in med., to abstain from food:

abstinere debet aeger,

Cels. 2, 12, 2.—Hence, abstĭnens, entis, P. a., abstaining from (that which is unlawful), abstinent, temperate; constr absol. with abl., or poet. with gen.:

esse abstinentem, continere omnes cupiditates praeclarum est,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11:

praetorem decet non solum manus, sed etiam oculos abstinentes habere,

id. Off. 1, 40, 144:

impubi aut certe abstinentissime rebus venereis,

Col. 12, 4, 3:

animus abstinens pecuniae,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 37; so,

alieni abstinentissimus,

Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 5; and:

somni et vini sit abstinentissimus,

Col. 11, 1, 3.— Comp., Auson. Grat. Act. 28.— Sup., Col. and Plin. l. l.— Adv.: abstĭnenter, unselfishly, Cic. Sest. 16, 37.— Comp., Augustin. Mor. Manich. 2, 13.

ac-cingo, nxi, nctum, 3, v. a.

Lit., to gird to or on, to gird round or about (in prose, first after the Aug. per.;

in poetry, a favorite word with Verg.): lateri ensem,

Verg. A. 11, 489; and med., to gird one's self:

accingitur ense,

id. ib. 7, 640; cf.:

quo (ense) fuit accinctus,

Ov. M. 6, 551; so,

ferro,

Tac. A. 6, 2.—

Transf., to arm, equip, furnish, provide:

facibus pubes accingitur,

Verg. A. 9, 74:

gladiis accincti,

Liv. 40, 13;

hence: accinctus miles,

an armed soldier, Tac. A. 11, 18:

ornat Phraaten accingitque (sc. diademate imposito) paternum ad fastigium,

id. ib. 6, 32:

accinctus gemmis fuigentibus ensis,

Val. Fl. 3, 514.

Fig.

In gen., to endow, provide; in medicine:

magicas accingier artes,

to have recourse to, Verg. A. 4, 493.—

In part.: accingere se or accingi, to enter upon or undertake a thing, girded, i. e. well prepared, to prepare one's self, make one's self ready (taken from the girding of the flowing robes when in active occupation); constr. absol., with ad, in, dat., or inf.:

tibi omne est exedendum, accingere,

make yourself ready, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 4; so id. Eun. 5, 9, 30; Lucr. 2, 1043:

illi se praedae accingunt,

Verg. A. 1, 210:

accingi ad consulatum,

Liv. 4, 2; in Tac. very often actively, to make any one ready for something:

turmas peditum ad munia accingere, A. 12, 31: accingi ad ultionem,

id. H. 4, 79:

in audaciam,

id. ib. 3, 66 al.; with inf.:

accingar dicere pugnas Caesaris,

Verg. G. 3, 46;

so: navare operam,

Tac. A. 15, 51.—

Also in the active form, as v. neutr. = se accingere: age, anus, accinge ad molas, Pompon. ap. Non. 469, 28 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 235):

accingunt omnes operi,

all go vigorously to the work, Verg. A. 2, 235.—Hence, ac-cinctus, a, um, P. a., well girded.

Lit.: cujus aut familiaris habitus condecentior aut militaris accinctior, Auson. Grat. Act. 27.—

Fig., ready, strict (opp. negligens):

tam in omnia pariter intenta bonitas et accincta,

Plin. Pan. 30 fin.:

comitatus,

id. ib. 20, 3.

Aurunci, ōrum, m., = Ausones, q.v., = Aurounkoi Tzetz.

The Aurunci, Verg. A. 11, 318; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56.—Hence,

A.. Aurunca, ae, f., an old town in Campania (acc. to the fable, built by Auson, the son of Ulysses and Calypso, Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 15): magnus Auruncae alumnus, i. e. the satirist Lucilius, whose paternal city, Suessa Aurunca, was a colony of the Aurunci, Juv. 1, 20 Rup.—Hence,

Au-runcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Aurunca, Auruncian:

senes,

Verg. A. 7, 206:

patres,

id. ib. 7, 727:

manus,

id. ib. 7, 795: Suessa Aurunca, now Sessa, Vell. 1, 14.

Aurunci, ōrum, m., = Ausones, q.v., = Aurounkoi Tzetz.

The Aurunci, Verg. A. 11, 318; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56.—Hence,

A.. Aurunca, ae, f., an old town in Campania (acc. to the fable, built by Auson, the son of Ulysses and Calypso, Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 15): magnus Auruncae alumnus, i. e. the satirist Lucilius, whose paternal city, Suessa Aurunca, was a colony of the Aurunci, Juv. 1, 20 Rup.—Hence,

Au-runcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Aurunca, Auruncian:

senes,

Verg. A. 7, 206:

patres,

id. ib. 7, 727:

manus,

id. ib. 7, 795: Suessa Aurunca, now Sessa, Vell. 1, 14.

Aurunci, ōrum, m., = Ausones, q.v., = Aurounkoi Tzetz.

The Aurunci, Verg. A. 11, 318; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 56.—Hence,

A.. Aurunca, ae, f., an old town in Campania (acc. to the fable, built by Auson, the son of Ulysses and Calypso, Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 15): magnus Auruncae alumnus, i. e. the satirist Lucilius, whose paternal city, Suessa Aurunca, was a colony of the Aurunci, Juv. 1, 20 Rup.—Hence,

Au-runcus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Aurunca, Auruncian:

senes,

Verg. A. 7, 206:

patres,

id. ib. 7, 727:

manus,

id. ib. 7, 795: Suessa Aurunca, now Sessa, Vell. 1, 14.

Ausŏnes, um, m., = Ausones [prob. of the same root as Oscus or Opicus, Buttm. and Donald.].

The Ausonians, a very ancient, perhaps Greek, name of the primitive inhabitants of Middle and Lower Italy; of the same import prob. with Aurunci (Aurunici, Auruni = Ausuni, Ausones), Opici, and Osei: cf. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Arist. ap. Polyb. 7, 10; Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 727; Nieb. Rom. Gesch. 1, p. 71 sq.; Wachsmuth, Röm. Gesch. p. 65 sq.— Poet., the general name for the inhabitants of Italy, Stat. S. 4, 5, 37.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ausŏnĭa, ae, f., = Ausonia, the country of the Ausonians, Ausonia, Lower Italy, Ov. M. 14, 7; 15, 647; and poet. for Italy, Verg. A. 10, 54; Ov. F. 4, 290 et saep.—

Ausŏnĭus, a, um, adj.

Ausonian:

mare, on the southern coast of Italy, between the Iapygian Peninsula and the Sicilian Straits,

Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 14, 6, 8, § 69; cf. Mann. Ital. I. p. 13 sq. —

In the poets, Italian, Latin, Roman:

terra,

Verg. A. 4, 349:

Thybris,

id. ib. 5, 83:

coloni,

id. G. 2, 385:

urbes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 56:

montes,

Ov. F. 1, 542:

humus,

Italy, id. ib. 5, 658:

Pelorum,

id. M. 5, 350 (quod in Italiam vergens, Mel. 2, 7, 15):

imperium,

Roman, id. P. 2, 2, 72: os, Ausonian lips, i. e. the Roman language, Mart. 9, 87:

aula,

the imperial court, id. 9, 92.— Subst.: Ausŏnĭi, ōrum, m., = Ausones, the Ausonians, or, poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 834.—

Ausŏnĭdae, ārum, m.

The inhabitants of Ausonia, Verg. A. 10, 564.—

Poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 121; Luc. 9, 998.—

Ausŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., Ausonian; and poet., Italian:

ora,

Ov. F. 2, 94:

aqua,

Sil. 9, 187:

matres,

Claud. B. Get. 627 al. —

Auson, ŏnis, m., the mythical progenitor of the Ausonians, son of Ulysses and Calypso, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 171.—As adj.:

Ausone voce,

i. e. Roman, Latin, Avien. Arat. 102.

Ausŏnes, um, m., = Ausones [prob. of the same root as Oscus or Opicus, Buttm. and Donald.].

The Ausonians, a very ancient, perhaps Greek, name of the primitive inhabitants of Middle and Lower Italy; of the same import prob. with Aurunci (Aurunici, Auruni = Ausuni, Ausones), Opici, and Osei: cf. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Arist. ap. Polyb. 7, 10; Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 727; Nieb. Rom. Gesch. 1, p. 71 sq.; Wachsmuth, Röm. Gesch. p. 65 sq.— Poet., the general name for the inhabitants of Italy, Stat. S. 4, 5, 37.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ausŏnĭa, ae, f., = Ausonia, the country of the Ausonians, Ausonia, Lower Italy, Ov. M. 14, 7; 15, 647; and poet. for Italy, Verg. A. 10, 54; Ov. F. 4, 290 et saep.—

Ausŏnĭus, a, um, adj.

Ausonian:

mare, on the southern coast of Italy, between the Iapygian Peninsula and the Sicilian Straits,

Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 14, 6, 8, § 69; cf. Mann. Ital. I. p. 13 sq. —

In the poets, Italian, Latin, Roman:

terra,

Verg. A. 4, 349:

Thybris,

id. ib. 5, 83:

coloni,

id. G. 2, 385:

urbes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 56:

montes,

Ov. F. 1, 542:

humus,

Italy, id. ib. 5, 658:

Pelorum,

id. M. 5, 350 (quod in Italiam vergens, Mel. 2, 7, 15):

imperium,

Roman, id. P. 2, 2, 72: os, Ausonian lips, i. e. the Roman language, Mart. 9, 87:

aula,

the imperial court, id. 9, 92.— Subst.: Ausŏnĭi, ōrum, m., = Ausones, the Ausonians, or, poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 834.—

Ausŏnĭdae, ārum, m.

The inhabitants of Ausonia, Verg. A. 10, 564.—

Poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 121; Luc. 9, 998.—

Ausŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., Ausonian; and poet., Italian:

ora,

Ov. F. 2, 94:

aqua,

Sil. 9, 187:

matres,

Claud. B. Get. 627 al. —

Auson, ŏnis, m., the mythical progenitor of the Ausonians, son of Ulysses and Calypso, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 171.—As adj.:

Ausone voce,

i. e. Roman, Latin, Avien. Arat. 102.

Ausŏnes, um, m., = Ausones [prob. of the same root as Oscus or Opicus, Buttm. and Donald.].

The Ausonians, a very ancient, perhaps Greek, name of the primitive inhabitants of Middle and Lower Italy; of the same import prob. with Aurunci (Aurunici, Auruni = Ausuni, Ausones), Opici, and Osei: cf. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Arist. ap. Polyb. 7, 10; Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 727; Nieb. Rom. Gesch. 1, p. 71 sq.; Wachsmuth, Röm. Gesch. p. 65 sq.— Poet., the general name for the inhabitants of Italy, Stat. S. 4, 5, 37.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ausŏnĭa, ae, f., = Ausonia, the country of the Ausonians, Ausonia, Lower Italy, Ov. M. 14, 7; 15, 647; and poet. for Italy, Verg. A. 10, 54; Ov. F. 4, 290 et saep.—

Ausŏnĭus, a, um, adj.

Ausonian:

mare, on the southern coast of Italy, between the Iapygian Peninsula and the Sicilian Straits,

Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 14, 6, 8, § 69; cf. Mann. Ital. I. p. 13 sq. —

In the poets, Italian, Latin, Roman:

terra,

Verg. A. 4, 349:

Thybris,

id. ib. 5, 83:

coloni,

id. G. 2, 385:

urbes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 56:

montes,

Ov. F. 1, 542:

humus,

Italy, id. ib. 5, 658:

Pelorum,

id. M. 5, 350 (quod in Italiam vergens, Mel. 2, 7, 15):

imperium,

Roman, id. P. 2, 2, 72: os, Ausonian lips, i. e. the Roman language, Mart. 9, 87:

aula,

the imperial court, id. 9, 92.— Subst.: Ausŏnĭi, ōrum, m., = Ausones, the Ausonians, or, poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 834.—

Ausŏnĭdae, ārum, m.

The inhabitants of Ausonia, Verg. A. 10, 564.—

Poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 121; Luc. 9, 998.—

Ausŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., Ausonian; and poet., Italian:

ora,

Ov. F. 2, 94:

aqua,

Sil. 9, 187:

matres,

Claud. B. Get. 627 al. —

Auson, ŏnis, m., the mythical progenitor of the Ausonians, son of Ulysses and Calypso, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 171.—As adj.:

Ausone voce,

i. e. Roman, Latin, Avien. Arat. 102.

Ausŏnes, um, m., = Ausones [prob. of the same root as Oscus or Opicus, Buttm. and Donald.].

The Ausonians, a very ancient, perhaps Greek, name of the primitive inhabitants of Middle and Lower Italy; of the same import prob. with Aurunci (Aurunici, Auruni = Ausuni, Ausones), Opici, and Osei: cf. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Arist. ap. Polyb. 7, 10; Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 727; Nieb. Rom. Gesch. 1, p. 71 sq.; Wachsmuth, Röm. Gesch. p. 65 sq.— Poet., the general name for the inhabitants of Italy, Stat. S. 4, 5, 37.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ausŏnĭa, ae, f., = Ausonia, the country of the Ausonians, Ausonia, Lower Italy, Ov. M. 14, 7; 15, 647; and poet. for Italy, Verg. A. 10, 54; Ov. F. 4, 290 et saep.—

Ausŏnĭus, a, um, adj.

Ausonian:

mare, on the southern coast of Italy, between the Iapygian Peninsula and the Sicilian Straits,

Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 14, 6, 8, § 69; cf. Mann. Ital. I. p. 13 sq. —

In the poets, Italian, Latin, Roman:

terra,

Verg. A. 4, 349:

Thybris,

id. ib. 5, 83:

coloni,

id. G. 2, 385:

urbes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 56:

montes,

Ov. F. 1, 542:

humus,

Italy, id. ib. 5, 658:

Pelorum,

id. M. 5, 350 (quod in Italiam vergens, Mel. 2, 7, 15):

imperium,

Roman, id. P. 2, 2, 72: os, Ausonian lips, i. e. the Roman language, Mart. 9, 87:

aula,

the imperial court, id. 9, 92.— Subst.: Ausŏnĭi, ōrum, m., = Ausones, the Ausonians, or, poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 834.—

Ausŏnĭdae, ārum, m.

The inhabitants of Ausonia, Verg. A. 10, 564.—

Poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 121; Luc. 9, 998.—

Ausŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., Ausonian; and poet., Italian:

ora,

Ov. F. 2, 94:

aqua,

Sil. 9, 187:

matres,

Claud. B. Get. 627 al. —

Auson, ŏnis, m., the mythical progenitor of the Ausonians, son of Ulysses and Calypso, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 171.—As adj.:

Ausone voce,

i. e. Roman, Latin, Avien. Arat. 102.

Ausŏnes, um, m., = Ausones [prob. of the same root as Oscus or Opicus, Buttm. and Donald.].

The Ausonians, a very ancient, perhaps Greek, name of the primitive inhabitants of Middle and Lower Italy; of the same import prob. with Aurunci (Aurunici, Auruni = Ausuni, Ausones), Opici, and Osei: cf. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Arist. ap. Polyb. 7, 10; Serv. ad Verg. A. 7, 727; Nieb. Rom. Gesch. 1, p. 71 sq.; Wachsmuth, Röm. Gesch. p. 65 sq.— Poet., the general name for the inhabitants of Italy, Stat. S. 4, 5, 37.—Hence,

Derivv.

Ausŏnĭa, ae, f., = Ausonia, the country of the Ausonians, Ausonia, Lower Italy, Ov. M. 14, 7; 15, 647; and poet. for Italy, Verg. A. 10, 54; Ov. F. 4, 290 et saep.—

Ausŏnĭus, a, um, adj.

Ausonian:

mare, on the southern coast of Italy, between the Iapygian Peninsula and the Sicilian Straits,

Plin. 3, 10, 15, § 95; 14, 6, 8, § 69; cf. Mann. Ital. I. p. 13 sq. —

In the poets, Italian, Latin, Roman:

terra,

Verg. A. 4, 349:

Thybris,

id. ib. 5, 83:

coloni,

id. G. 2, 385:

urbes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 56:

montes,

Ov. F. 1, 542:

humus,

Italy, id. ib. 5, 658:

Pelorum,

id. M. 5, 350 (quod in Italiam vergens, Mel. 2, 7, 15):

imperium,

Roman, id. P. 2, 2, 72: os, Ausonian lips, i. e. the Roman language, Mart. 9, 87:

aula,

the imperial court, id. 9, 92.— Subst.: Ausŏnĭi, ōrum, m., = Ausones, the Ausonians, or, poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 834.—

Ausŏnĭdae, ārum, m.

The inhabitants of Ausonia, Verg. A. 10, 564.—

Poet., the inhabitants of Italy, Verg. A. 12, 121; Luc. 9, 998.—

Ausŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., Ausonian; and poet., Italian:

ora,

Ov. F. 2, 94:

aqua,

Sil. 9, 187:

matres,

Claud. B. Get. 627 al. —

Auson, ŏnis, m., the mythical progenitor of the Ausonians, son of Ulysses and Calypso, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. Ausoniam, p. 18 Müll.; Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 171.—As adj.:

Ausone voce,

i. e. Roman, Latin, Avien. Arat. 102.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

gaudĭum, ii (apoc. form gau, like cael for caelum, do for domum: replet te laetificum gau, Enn. ap. Auson. Technop. 144; Ann. 451 Vahl.), n. [id.], inward joy, joy, gladness, delight (opp. laetitia, joy which shows itself externally).

Lit.

In gen.

Sing.:

cum ratione animus movetur placide atque constanter, tum illud gaudium dicitur: cum autem inaniter et effuse animus exsultat, tum illa laetitia gestiens vel nimia dici potest, quam ita definiunt sine ratione animi elationem,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 13; Sall. C. 48, 1:

voluptas dicitur etiam in animo... non dicitur laetitia nec gaudium in corpore,

id. Fin. 2, 4, 13 (cf. under B.):

veluti ex servitute erepta (plebs) gaudium atque laetitiam agitabat,

Sall. C. 48, 1:

exsultare laetitia, triumphare gaudio,

Cic. Clu. 5, 14: meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16, A, 2:

non possum non confiteri, cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 1:

gaudio compleri, gaudio afficere,

id. Fin. 5, 24, 69 sq.:

tuis litteris perlectis exsilui gaudio,

id. Fam. 16, 16, 1; cf.:

cum tuas litteras legissem, incredibili gaudio sum elatus,

id. ib. 10, 12, 2; id. Rep. 3, 30:

gaudium, tristitiam ostendimus (manibus),

Quint. 11, 3, 86:

missa legatio quae gaudio fungeretur,

to express their joy, offer their congratulations, Tac. H. 2, 55:

prae gaudio ubi sim nescio,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 67; cf.:

nimio gaudio paene desipere,

Cic. Fam. 2, 9, 2:

exclamare gaudio,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 30; cf.:

lacrimare gaudio,

id. Ad. 3, 3, 55: Ha. Gaudio ero vobis. Ad. At edepol nos voluptati tibi, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 47:

quid illud gaudii est?

Ter. And. 5, 5, 7.—With an object-genitive:

gaudium periculosi saltus superati,

Liv. 42, 55, 4.—

Plur.: quocum multa volup ac gaudia clamque palamque, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4 (Ann. v. 247 Vahl.):

cum me tantis affecistis gaudiis,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 105; more freq., the outward expressions of joy:

feminarum praecipue et gaudia insignia erant et luctus,

Liv. 22, 7, 12 (cf. sing.:

gaudio exultans,

id. 21, 42, 3):

quibus gaudiis exsultabis?

Cic. Cat. 1, 10, 26:

ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia, maeror, luctus atque gaudia agitabantur,

Sall. C. 61 fin.:

o qui complexus et gaudia quanta fuerunt!

Hor. S. 1, 5, 43:

gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 104:

in tacito cohibe gaudia clausa sinu,

Prop. 2, 25 (3, 20), 30 (cf. gaudeo, II. A.):

hunc scio mea solide gavisurum gaudia,

Ter. And. 5, 5, 8:

scin' me in quibus sim gaudiis?

id. Eun. 5, 9, 5.—Prov.:

Gaudia principium nostri sunt doloris,

Ov. M. 7, 796.—

In partic., sensual pleasure, delight, enjoyment (rare; not in Cic.; cf.

above the passage,

Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 13; usually in plur.):

dediti corporis gaudiis per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agunt,

Sall. J. 2, 4:

mutua gaudia,

Lucr. 4, 1205; 5, 854:

communia,

id. 4, 1196; cf. ib. 1106; Tib. 1, 5, 39; Hor. C. 3, 6, 28:

non umquam reputant quanti sibi gaudia constent,

Juv. 6, 365:

vini atque cibi,

id. 10, 204:

cenae,

id. 15, 41.—In sing.:

mihi sibique pestiferum hinc abstulit gaudium,

Liv. 1, 58, 8.—

Transf., also, like our joy, for an object which produces joy, a cause or occasion of joy (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

ceterum hoc gaudium magna prope clade in Samnio foedatum est,

Liv. 7, 34, 1:

non animo solum patrio gratum munus, sed corpori quoque salubre gaudium (sc. reditus filii) fuit,

id. 37, 37, 7:

cupidus falsis attingere gaudia palmis, i. e. conjugem,

Prop. 1, 19, 9:

fugiunt tua gaudia,

Ov. H. 15, 109; Phaedr. 4, 20, 27; Petr. 79, 10.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

non omnes (arbores) florent, et sunt tristes quaedam, quaeque non sentiant gaudia annorum,

Plin. 16, 25, 40, § 95:

flos est gaudium arborum,

id. ib.:

adamas opum gaudium,

id. 20 praef. § 2.